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INTELLIGENTSIA(intelligentia). There are two different approaches to the definition of intelligentsia. Sociologists understand the intelligentsia as a social a group of people professionally engaged in mental work, the development and spread of culture, usually with higher education. But there is another approach, the most popular in Russian social philosophy, according to which those who can be considered moral standard of society. The second interpretation is narrower than the first.
The concept comes from the word of Latin origin intelligens, which means "understanding, thinking, reasonable." As is commonly believed, the word "intelligentsia" was introduced by the ancient Roman thinker Cicero.
Intelligentsia and intellectuals in foreign countries.
In modern developed countries the concept of "intelligentsia" is used quite rarely. In the West, the term “intellectuals” is more popular, which refers to people professionally engaged in intellectual (mental) activities, without, as a rule, claiming to be the bearers of “higher ideals”. The basis for the allocation of such a group is the division of labor between workers of mental and physical labor.
People professionally engaged in intellectual activities (teachers, artists, doctors, etc.) already existed in antiquity and in the Middle Ages. But they became a large social group only in the era of modern times, when the number of people engaged in mental work increased sharply. Only since that time can we speak of a socio-cultural community whose representatives, through their professional intellectual activities (science, education, art, law, etc.), generate, reproduce and develop cultural values, contributing to the enlightenment and progress of society.
Because the creative activity necessarily implies a critical attitude to the prevailing opinions, the persons of intellectual labor always act as carriers of the "critical potential". It was the intellectuals who created new ideological doctrines(republicanism, nationalism, socialism) and promoted them, thereby providing constant update social value systems.
Since the value of knowledge and creative thinking rises sharply in the era of scientific and technological revolution, in modern world the number of mental workers and their importance in the life of society is also growing. IN post-industrial society intellectuals will become, according to some sociologists, "the new ruling class."
In countries that are lagging behind in their development, the social group of intellectual workers acquires special features. Understanding the backwardness of their country better than others, intellectuals become the main preachers of the values of modernization. As a result, they develop a sense of their own exclusivity, claims to " higher knowledge which all others lack. Such messianic traits are characteristic of the intellectuals of all countries of catching-up development, but they have received the strongest development in Russia. It is this special kind of intellectuals that is called the intelligentsia.
Russian intelligentsia.
"Father" Russian intelligentsia can be considered Peter I, who created the conditions for the penetration into Russia of the ideas of Western enlightenment. Initially, the production of spiritual values was mainly carried out by people from the nobility. "The first typically Russian intellectuals" D.S. Likhachev calls free-thinking nobles of the late 18th century, such as Radishchev and Novikov. In the 19th century, the bulk of this social group began to be made up of people from non-noble strata of society (“raznochintsy”).
The mass use of the concept of "intelligentsia" in Russian culture began in the 1860s, when the journalist P.D. Boborykin began to use it in the mass press. Boborykin himself announced that he had borrowed the term from German culture, where it was used to designate the stratum of society whose representatives are engaged in intellectual activity. declaring himself " godfather"of a new concept, Boborykin insisted on the special meaning he invested in this term: he defined the intelligentsia as persons of a "high mental and ethical culture", and not as "mental workers". In his opinion, the intelligentsia in Russia is a purely Russian moral and ethical phenomenon. The intelligentsia in this sense includes people of different professional groups, belonging to different political movements, but having a common spiritual and moral basis. It was with this special meaning that the word "intelligentsia" then returned back to the West, where it began to be considered specifically Russian (intelligentsia).
In Russian pre-revolutionary culture, in the interpretation of the concept of "intelligentsia", the criterion of engaging in mental labor receded into the background. The main features of the Russian intellectual were the features of social messianism: preoccupation with the fate of his fatherland (civil responsibility); striving for social criticism, to fight against what hinders national development (the role of the bearer of public conscience); the ability to morally empathize with the “humiliated and offended” (a sense of moral belonging). Thanks to a group of Russian philosophers of the "Silver Age", the authors of the sensational collection Milestones. Collection of articles about the Russian intelligentsia(1909), the intelligentsia began to be defined primarily through opposition to the official state power. At the same time, the concepts of “educated class” and “intelligentsia” were partially divorced - not any educated person could be classified as an intelligentsia, but only one who criticized the “backward” government. A critical attitude towards the tsarist government predetermined the sympathy of the Russian intelligentsia for liberal and socialist ideas.
The Russian intelligentsia, understood as a set of mental laborers opposed to the authorities, turned out to be a rather isolated social group in pre-revolutionary Russia. The intellectuals were viewed with suspicion not only by the official authorities, but also by the “common people”, who did not distinguish the intellectuals from the “gentlemen”. The contrast between the claim to be messianic and isolation from the people led to the cultivation among Russian intellectuals of constant repentance and self-flagellation.
A special topic of discussion at the beginning of the 20th century was the place of the intelligentsia in social structure society. Some insisted on a non-class approach: the intelligentsia did not represent any special social group and did not belong to any class; being the elite of society, it rises above class interests and expresses universal ideals (N.A. Berdyaev, M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky, R.V. Ivanov-Razumnik). Others (N.I. Bukharin, A.S. Izgoev and others) considered the intelligentsia within the framework of the class approach, but disagreed on the question of which class / classes it should be assigned to. Some believed that the intelligentsia included people from different classes, but at the same time they do not constitute a single social group, and we must not talk about the intelligentsia in general, but about various types intelligentsia (for example, bourgeois, proletarian, peasant). Others attributed the intelligentsia to some well-defined class. The most common options were the assertions that the intelligentsia is part of the bourgeois class or the proletarian class. Finally, still others singled out the intelligentsia as a separate class.
Beginning in the 1920s, the composition of the Russian intelligentsia began to change dramatically. The core of this social group became young workers and peasants who gained access to education. The new government deliberately pursued a policy that made it easier for those who came from "working people" to receive education and made it difficult for people of "non-working" origin. As a result, with a sharp increase in the number of highly educated people (if Russian Empire mental workers accounted for approximately 2–3%, by the 1980s they accounted for more than a quarter of all workers in the USSR) there was a decrease in the quality of both their education and their general culture. The ethical component in the definition of the intelligentsia receded into the background, under the "intelligentsia" they began to understand all the "knowledge workers" - the social "stratum".
IN Soviet period happened significant changes also in the relationship between the intelligentsia and the authorities. The activities of the intelligentsia were taken under strict control. Soviet intellectuals were obliged to propagate the "only true" communist ideology (or, at least, to demonstrate loyalty to it).
Under conditions of ideological coercion feature life of many Soviet intellectuals became alienated from political life, the desire to engage in only narrowly professional activities. Along with the officially recognized intelligentsia in the USSR, there remained a very small group of intellectuals who sought to defend the right to their independence and creative freedom from the ruling regime. They tried to destroy this opposition part of the intelligentsia “as a class”: many were subjected to repression under far-fetched pretexts (one can recall the life of A. Akhmatova or I. Brodsky), all dissidents experienced pressure from censorship and restrictions on professional activity. In the 1960s, among the Soviet intellectuals, a dissident movement, which remained until the end of the 1980s the only organized form of opposition in the USSR.
Modern Russian intelligentsia.
Opposition sentiments, widespread among the Soviet intelligentsia, found a way out in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when it was the intelligentsia that led the total criticism of the Soviet system, predetermining its moral condemnation and death. In Russia in the 1990s, the intelligentsia gained freedom of expression, but many intellectual workers faced a sharp decline in their standard of living, which caused them to become disillusioned with liberal reforms and become more critical. On the other hand, many prominent intellectuals were able to make a career and continue to support liberal ideology and liberal politicians. Thus, the post-Soviet intelligentsia was split into groups with different, in many respects, polar positions.
In this regard, there is a point of view according to which the intelligentsia in the proper sense of modern Russia not anymore. Supporters of this position distinguish three periods of evolution of the domestic intelligentsia. At the first stage (from the reforms of Peter the Great to the reform of 1861), the intelligentsia was just taking shape, claiming the role of academic adviser to the official authorities. The second period (1860s - 1920s) is the time of the real existence of the intelligentsia. It was during this period that the confrontation "power - intelligentsia - people" arises and the main characteristics of the intelligentsia are formed (service to the people, criticism of the existing government). After this period, the “phantom” existence of the intelligentsia follows and continues to this day: any moral unity among educated people no longer exists, but a part of Russian intellectuals still strives to carry out the mission of educating the authorities.
In modern Russia, both approaches to the definition of the concept of "intelligentsia" are popular - both moral and ethical (in philosophical and cultural studies), and socio-professional (in sociology). The complexity of using the concept of "intelligentsia" in its ethical interpretation is associated with the uncertainty of the criteria by which one can judge whether people belong to this social group. Many of the old criteria - for example, opposition to the government - have partly lost their meaning, and ethical criteria are too abstract to be used for empirical research. More and more frequent use The concept of "intelligentsia" in the sense of "persons of mental labor" shows that there is a rapprochement between the Russian intelligentsia and Western intellectuals.
In the late 1990s in Russian science“intellectual studies” arose as a special direction of interscientific humanitarian research. Based on Ivanovsky state university there is a Center for Intelligent Studies, which studies the intelligentsia as a phenomenon of Russian culture.
Natalia Latova
INTELLIGENTSIA
A social group consisting of educated people with a great internal culture and professionally engaged in mental work (from the Latin intelligentgens- "understanding, thinking, reasonable").
In Russia, the active use of the word intelligentsia began in the 1860s. and is associated with the name of the writer and journalist P.D. Boborykin. He believed that this was a purely Russian moral and ethical phenomenon and defined the intelligentsia as persons of "high intellectual and ethical culture", combining education and high moral qualities.
The Russian intelligentsia was predominantly noble ( cm.) origin. People from other, lower, strata of society were an exception, since, first of all, they were deprived of the opportunity to receive an education and did not have access to cultural values. Only in the second half of the nineteenth century, after the abolition of serfdom and democratization of the education system, the so-called raznochintsy intelligentsia - people from non-noble strata of society ( cm. rank *), who have received higher education and earn their living by professional mental work.
The isolation of the noble and raznochintsy intelligentsia from the people, especially from the peasants ( cm.), gave birth among Russian intellectuals to the idea of guilt and duty to the people. In the 1860s nineteenth century it has become ideological basis movement and philosophy of populism ( cm.). At the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries. part of the intelligentsia turned to liberal and socialist ideas. Representatives of the intelligentsia formed the core of the revolutionary organizations, and then of the parties. One of the most acute and most discussed in society was the problem of "intelligentsia and revolution." Thanks to a group of Russian philosophers "silver age", authors of the sensational collection “Milestones. Collection of Articles on the Russian Intelligentsia” (1909), the intelligentsia began to be defined primarily through opposition to the official government.
After October Revolution of 1917 set itself the task of forming new intelligentsia standing on the ideological positions of Marxism, expressing the interests of the working class and the peasantry. The new Soviet intelligentsia was supposed to be formed from young workers ( cm.) and peasants who gained access to free higher education and the cultural heritage of the country. On the other hand, during these years, some representatives of the so-called old intelligentsia subjected to political repression, often associated only with its noble origin, and was forced to leave Russia. These people made up the so-called first wave of emigration (cm., ). Hatred towards all representatives of the nobility as an oppressor class, including the noble intelligentsia, was also expressed in the language. Expressions appeared rotten intelligentsia And lousy intelligentsia- so some politicians, trying to win the sympathy of the "simple" people, called intellectuals who did not recognize Soviet power.
In the following decades Soviet history In Russia, it was customary to understand the intelligentsia social stratum, all knowledge workers. stood out technical And creative intelligentsia . This variant of the meaning is close to the Western concept of "intellectuals" ( intellectuals), that is, people professionally engaged in intellectual (mental) activity, without, as a rule, claiming to be the bearers of “higher ideals”.
The activities of the intelligentsia, especially the humanitarian and creative, were under strict control of the state. Soviet intellectuals were obliged to propagate the communist ideology, to adhere to the principles of socialist realism . From this, expressions such as court poet or court painter. So they began to call cultural figures, their creativity providing ideological support for the authorities and its leaders. Along with this, the opposition part of the intelligentsia still existed in the country, among which in the 1960s. dissident movement emerged cm.). In the late 1980s - early 1990s. intelligentsia supported, and in the field of science, culture and education led the movement for perestroika, and then the liberal reforms that began. However, a sharp drop in the standard of living of many representatives of intellectual and creative labor led again to an increase in critical sentiments and became the cause of a phenomenon that received colloquial speech Name - brain drain. So they began to call the mass departure to the West of scientists and cultural figures who were deprived of the opportunity to engage in science and creativity in their homeland, mainly for material reasons.
At the end of the nineteenth century. definition appears in Russian intelligent and a stable combination derived from it intelligent person(first used in journalism V.G. Korolenko). There is a designation intellectual , which the popular consciousness gradually filled with its special, purely Russian content: “this is, according to V.M. Shukshina, - restless conscience, mind, complete lack of voice, when it is required - for consonance - to “sing along” to the mighty bass of this powerful world, bitter discord with oneself because of the damned question “what is truth?”, pride ... And - compassion the fate of the people. Inevitable, painful. If all this is in one person, he is an intellectual.”
Since the advent of the word intelligentsia to this day, there is another point of view on what kind of person can be attributed to the intelligentsia, to call intellectual or intelligent; this is not connected with the level of education and the field of human activity, but mainly with its ethical culture, an open and active civic and moral position, indifference to the fate of the Fatherland, the ability to morally empathize with the “humiliated and offended”. Therefore, in modern Russian speech, the words intellectual And intelligentsia cannot be a means of self-identification - one cannot declare oneself an intellectual.
In the ordinary view Russians an intellectual is a “cultured” person, educated, reading a lot, able to keep up a conversation on any topic and behave well in society; neatly but modestly dressed, often wearing glasses, of an unathletic build. An intelligent woman, in addition, is always moderately fashionably dressed, her makeup is refined, modest or absent altogether. Intellectuals - the main audience of concerts classical music, museum visitors and art exhibitions, theaters and libraries.
The eternal questions of the Russian intelligentsia are considered "What to do?" And "Who is guilty?".
In modern Russian there is an expression Chekhov intellectual. So they can call intelligent person, reminiscent of its modesty and disinterestedness of heroes Chekhov's plays and stories.
Words intellectual And intelligentsia entered a number of European languages as Russian words and Russian concepts.
Russia. Large linguo-cultural dictionary. - M.: State Institute Russian language them. A.S. Pushkin. AST-Press. T.N. Chernyavskaya, K.S. Miloslavskaya, E.G. Rostova, O.E. Frolova, V.I. Borisenko, Yu.A. Vyunov, V.P. Chudnov. 2007 .
Synonyms:See what "INTELLIGENCE" is in other dictionaries:
INTELLIGENTSIA- (lat. intelligentia, intellegentia understanding, cognitive power, knowledge; from intelligens, intellegens smart, knowing, thinking, understanding) in the modern generally accepted (ordinary) view, the social stratum of educated people ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies
INTELLIGENTSIA- The word intelligentsia in a meaning close to the modern one appears in the Russian literary language of the 60s 19th century. V. I. Dal places this word in the second edition of the Explanatory Dictionary, explaining it in this way: “reasonable, educated, ... ... The history of words
INTELLIGENTSIA- (lat. intelligentia, intellegentia understanding, cognitive power, knowledge, from intelli geiis, intellegens smart, understanding, knowing, thinking), societies. layer of people professionally engaged in minds. (preferably difficult) labor and usually ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
INTELLIGENTSIA- (lat. intelligentia, from inter between, and legere to choose). Educated, mentally developed part of society. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. INTELLIGENCE [lat. intelligens (intelligentis) knowing, ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
INTELLIGENTSIA Modern Encyclopedia
INTELLIGENTSIA- (from lat. intelligens, understanding, thinking, reasonable), the social stratum of people professionally engaged in mental, mostly complex, creative work, development and dissemination of culture. The concept of intelligentsia is often attached to ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Intelligentsia- (from Latin intelligens, understanding, thinking, reasonable) 1) the social stratum of people professionally engaged in mental, mostly complex, creative work, development and dissemination of culture. The concept of intelligentsia is often attached to ... ... Political science. Dictionary.
Intelligentsia- (from the Latin intelligens, understanding, thinking, reasonable), the social stratum of people professionally engaged in mental, mostly complex creative work, development and dissemination of culture. The concept of intelligentsia is often attached to ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
INTELLIGENTSIA- INTELLIGENCE, intelligentsia, pl. no, female (from lat. intelligentia understanding). 1. The social stratum of intellectual workers, educated people (book). Soviet intelligentsia. “Not a single ruling class could do without its ... ... Dictionary Ushakov
How many people of the current generation think about what intelligence is? How does it express itself and does society need it at all? There were times when this word sounded like an insult, and it happened vice versa - this is how groups of people were called, trying to pull Russia out of the darkness of ignorance and stupidity.
Etymology of the word
"Intelligence" is a word that comes from Latin. Iintelligence- cognitive power, the ability of perception, which, in turn, comes from the Latin intellectus- understanding, thinking. Despite the Latin origin of the word, the concept of "intellectual" is considered native Russian and in most cases is used only in the territory former USSR and among the Russian-speaking segments of the population.
The father of the term "intelligentsia" is considered to be the Russian liberalist writer Pyotr Bobrykin (1836-1921), who repeatedly used it in his critical articles, essays and novels. Initially, this was the name of people of mental labor: writers, artists and teachers, engineers and doctors. In those days, there were very few such professions and people were grouped according to common interests.
Who is an intelligent person?
"Cultural and not swearing," many will say. Some will add: "Smart". And then they will add something about education, erudition. But are all doctors of sciences and great minds of this world intellectuals?
There are enough people in the world with a huge store of knowledge who have read thousands of books, polyglots and true masters your business. Does this automatically make them involved in the intelligentsia, the social stratum?
The simplest definition of intelligence
One of the greatest minds Silver Age gave a very short but capacious definition of the concept of intelligence: “This is higher culture spirit of man, aimed at preserving the dignity of his neighbor.
Such intelligence - that daily work is constant self-improvement, the result of a huge educational process over oneself, one's personality, which first of all cultivates in a person the ability to be attentive and empathetic towards another living being. An intellectual, even if he commits dishonorable act under the will of circumstances, he will suffer greatly from this and be tormented by remorse. He will rather harm himself, but will not be stained by base things.
Human values inherent in an intellectual
According to the results of a social survey, the majority of people indicated the importance of education and good manners. But the great Faina Ranevskaya said: “It is better to be known as a good, but cursing obscenity than a well-bred bastard.” Therefore, higher education and knowledge of etiquette does not mean that you have an intellectual of the old school. More important are the following factors:
- Compassion for someone else's pain, no matter if it's human or animal.
- Patriotism, expressed in deeds, not shouts at rallies from the podium.
- Respect for other people's property: therefore, a true intellectual always pays his debts, but takes them extremely rarely, in the most critical cases.
- Politeness, pliability and gentleness of character are required - they are the first calling card of the intelligentsia. Tact is at the top of their relationship with people: he will never put another person in an uncomfortable position.
- The ability to forgive.
- Lack of rudeness towards anyone: even if the impudent one pushes the intellectual, he will be the first to apologize for the inconvenience caused. Just do not confuse this with cowardice: a coward is afraid, and an intellectual respects all people, whatever they may be.
- Lack of intrusiveness: out of respect for strangers, they are more often silent than frank with anyone.
- Sincerity and unwillingness to lie: again because of decency and love for other people, but more out of self-respect.
- An intellectual respects himself so much that he will not allow himself to be uneducated, unenlightened.
- Craving for beauty: a hole in the floor or a book thrown into the dirt excites their soul more than the absence of dinner.
From all this it becomes obvious that education and intelligence are not related concepts, although they are interacting. An intellectual is a rather complexly structured personality, which is why he is not loved by the lower strata of society: against the background of an esthete who feels the world subtly, they feel flawed and do not understand anything, and this manifests anger, leading to violence.
Modern intellectual
What is intelligence today? Is it even possible to be like that in the arena of total degradation and stupidity from the mass media, social networks and TV shows?
All this is true, but universal human values do not change from era to era: at any time, tolerance and respect for others, compassion and the ability to put oneself in the place of another are important. Honor, inner freedom and depth of soul, together with a sharp mind and a craving for beauty, have always been and will be of paramount importance for evolution. And today's intellectuals are not much different from their brothers in the spirit of the century before last, when a person really sounded proud. They are modest, honest with themselves and others, and necessarily kind from the heart, and not for the sake of PR. On the contrary, spiritual developed person he will never boast of his actions, achievements and actions, but at the same time he will try to do everything possible to become at least a little better, knowing that by changing himself, he changes to best all the world.
Do modern society need intellectuals?
Education and intelligence now is the same important aspect, How global warming or cruelty to animals. The thirst for money and universal adoration has so captured society that the modest attempts of individuals to raise the level of human awareness resemble the painful attempts of a woman in labor, who, despite all the pain, firmly believes in a successful outcome.
It is necessary to believe that intelligence is such a culture of the soul. This is not the amount of knowledge, but actions in accordance with moral principles. Perhaps then our world, mired in the mud of a distorted mind, will be saved. Mankind needs bright soul personalities, intellectuals of the spirit who will promote the purity of relations without mercantile background, the importance spiritual growth and the need for knowledge as an initial basis for subsequent development.
When does the formation of moral qualities take place?
In order to be, or rather, feel like an intellectual and not be burdened by this burden, you need to absorb the inclinations with your mother's milk, be brought up in an appropriate environment and environment, then high moral behavior will be like a part of the being, like a hand or an eye.
It is for this reason that it is important not only to raise a child in the right direction, but also to set a good example by rational actions, right action and not just words.
“What is an intelligent person?
This is a restless conscience...
And - compassion for the fate of the people.
But that's not all. The intelligent knows
which is not an end in itself."
Vasily Shukshin.
"Friendship of Peoples", 1976'11, p. 286.
P.D. Boborykin was the first to introduce the concept of "intelligentsia"
"The intellectual forces of the workers and peasants
grow and grow stronger in the struggle to overthrow
bourgeoisie and its accomplices, intellectuals,
lackeys of capital, who imagine themselves the brain of the nation.
In fact, this is not a brain, but shit ... "
IN AND. Lenin.
Letter to A.M. Gorky from 15.
IX.1919 (PSS, vol. 51, p. 48)
INTELLIGENTSIA. hallmark intelligentsia is not all mental labor, but the most qualified types of mental labor ... Thus, the intelligentsia as a social stratum is community group people professionally employed in the highest, most skilled types of mental labor.
S.N. Nadel. Modern capitalism and the middle strata. M., 1978, p. 203.
Intelligentsia (NFE, 2010)
INTELLIGENCE - the concept was introduced in scientific turnover in Russia in the 60s of the 19th century, in the 20s of the 20th century it entered the English-language dictionaries. Initially, the intelligentsia was called the educated, critically thinking part of society, social function which was unequivocally associated with active opposition to the autocracy and the protection of the interests of the people. Creativity of cultural and moral values (forms) and the priority of social ideals oriented towards universal equality and the interests of human development were recognized as a glorious feature of the consciousness of the intelligentsia.
Intelligentsia (Maslin, 2014)
INTELLIGENCE (lat. intelligens - understanding, thinking) - a layer of educated and thinking people who perform functions that involve a high degree development of intelligence and professional education. One of the first to use the word "intelligentsia" in this sense was the Russian writer P. D. Boborykin, who called it "the highest educated stratum of society" (1866). In Russian, and then in Western European thought, this word quickly replaced the concept of "nihilist", introduced by I. S. Turgenev, and the concept of "thinking proletariat" ("educated proletariat"), known from Pisarev's articles.
Intelligentsia (Berdyaev, 1937)
It is necessary to know what constitutes that peculiar phenomenon, which in Russia is called "intelligentsia". Western people would fall into error if they identified the Russian intelligentsia with what in the West they call intellectuels. Intellectuels are people of intellectual work and creativity, primarily scientists, writers, artists, professors, teachers, etc. A completely different education is represented by the Russian intelligentsia, which could include people who are not engaged in intellectual work and in general are not particularly intelligent linen.
Intelligentsia (Reisberg, 2012)
INTELLIGENCE (lat. intelligens - thinking, reasonable) - a layer of people who gravitate towards creative work, possessing such signs as spirituality, internal culture, education, manners of civilized behavior, independence of thought, humanism, high moral and ethical qualities.
Raizberg B.A. Modern socioeconomic dictionary. M., 2012, p. 193.
Intelligent (Lopukhov, 2013)
INTELLIGENT - a person professionally engaged in an intellectual type of activity, mainly complex creative work. The term was introduced in the 60s. XIX century by the writer P. Boborykin. Later, thanks to the spiritual influence of Russian writers and philosophers of the second half of XIX century, the concept of "intellectual" has expanded significantly. Despite its foreign origin, this word began to denote a specific Russian phenomenon and differ from the concept of "intellectual" adopted in the West.
Intelligentsia (Orlov, 2012)
INTELLIGENCE (lat. intelligens - understanding, thinking, reasonable) - a special social group of people professionally engaged in mental (mostly complex), creative work, which is the main source of income, as well as the development of culture and its dissemination among the population.
The term "intelligentsia" in the 1860s introduced by the writer P. D. Boborykin; moved from Russian to other languages. In the West, the term "intellectuals" is more common, and is also used as a synonym for the intelligentsia.
Intelligentsia (Podoprigora, 2013)
INTELLIGENCE [lat. intellegens - smart, understanding, knowledgeable; connoisseur, specialist] - a social stratum, which includes persons professionally engaged in mental work. The term "intelligentsia" was first introduced into use by the Russian writer P. Boborykin (in the 70s of the 19th century). Initially, the word "intelligentsia" denoted cultured, educated people with progressive views. In the future, it began to be attributed to persons of a certain nature of work, certain professions.
totality personal qualities an individual who meets the social expectations set by society mainly for people engaged in mental work and artistic creativity, in a broader aspect - to people who are considered carriers of culture. Initially, intelligence is a derivative of the concept of intelligentsia, meaning a conditional group that unites representatives of free professions - scientists, artists, writers, etc. The main features of intelligence include a complex of the most important intellectual and moral qualities:
1) a heightened sense of social justice;
2) involvement in the riches of world and national culture, the assimilation of universal values;
3) following the dictates of conscience, and not external imperatives;
4) tact and personal decency, excluding manifestations of intolerance and enmity in national relations, rudeness in interpersonal relations;
5) the ability to compassion;
6) ideological adherence to principles combined with tolerance for dissent. During historical development there was a divergence of the concepts of intelligentsia and intelligence. The first began to be understood as a social role, the second - a special quality, the spirituality of the individual. This was due to the fact that the ethical and psychological characteristics, originally inherent in people belonging only to certain classes and professions, eventually became characteristic of representatives of other strata of society. Intelligence is usually attributed to persons who have a formally understood education. But education is not its necessary, much less sufficient attribute: intelligence can be inherent in any member of society. Nowadays, the attachment of signs of intelligence to representatives of certain classes, "strata", professions, specialties, to holders of various diplomas and certificates is nothing more than a stereotype of everyday consciousness.
In Stalin's and after Stalin period national history ideas about the individualism and social unreliability of the intelligentsia as a "stratum" between the working class and the peasantry were cultivated in the mass consciousness, it was underestimated cultural significance. Therefore, intelligence did not actually act as a socially desirable quality and role model. During the period of domination of the command-administrative system, with an ostentatious disposition towards the intelligentsia, it invariably aroused fear and hostility among the bureaucratic apparatus, which saw in it a community capable of comprehending and condemning deformations. community development.
In connection with the restructuring of all spheres public life opportunities began to emerge for the transformation of intelligence into a universally significant value for the consciousness of it as necessary condition development of the individual and society; however, the subsequent course of perestroika put the intelligentsia in a much worse position, at least from a material standpoint, so that it could face literally starvation extinction or rebirth into something different from the intelligentsia. The sense of social justice characteristic of an intelligent person contradicts the agreement expected by the authorities with any orders and decisions. The internationalism inherent in the intelligentsia and similar qualities of chauvinism come into conflict with nationalist aspirations. The orientation of the carriers of intelligence to universal values is opposite to the stereotypes of antagonism and enmity.
Intelligence
lat. intelligens - understanding, thinking] - a set of personal qualities of an individual that meets the social expectations set by the advanced part of society for persons who are carriers of culture. Initially, I. is a derivative of the concept of "intelligentsia", meaning a conditional group that unites representatives of the so-called. "free professions" (scientists, artists, writers, etc.). Among the main features of I. is a complex of the most important intellectual and moral qualities: a heightened sense of social justice; involvement in the riches of world and national culture and the assimilation of universal values; following the dictates of conscience, and not external imperatives; tact and personal decency, excluding manifestations of intolerance and enmity in national relations, rudeness in interpersonal relations; the capacity for compassion; ideological adherence to principles combined with tolerance for dissent. In the course of historical development, there was a divergence of the concepts of "intelligentsia" and "intellectuals". The concept of "intelligentsia" was introduced by the Russian writer P.D. Boborykin. The first came to be understood social role, under the second - a special quality, the spirituality of the individual. This was due to the fact that the ethical and psychological characteristics that were originally inherent in people belonging only to certain classes and professions, over time, became characteristic of representatives of other strata of society. I. is usually attributed to persons who have a formally understood education. However, this feature of I.'s image is not its necessary and even more sufficient attribute. I. can be inherent in any member of society. At present, the attachment of the signs of I. to the representatives of the c.-l. classes, "layers", professions, specialties, for holders of various diplomas and certificates is nothing more than a stereotype of everyday consciousness. In the Stalinist and post-Stalinist periods of Soviet history, the mass consciousness cultivated ideas about the individualism and social unreliability of the intelligentsia as a "stratum" between the working class and the peasantry, and underestimated its cultural significance. Therefore, I. actually did not act as a socially desirable quality and role model. During the period of totalitarianism, with an ostentatious disposition towards the intelligentsia, the latter invariably aroused fear and hostility among the bureaucratic apparatus of the state, which saw in it a community capable of comprehending and condemning the deformations of social development. The sense of social justice characteristic of an intelligent person contradicts the agreement expected by the authorities with any orders and decisions. Internationalism characteristic of I., contempt for manifestations of chauvinism does not allow a disrespectful attitude towards development national consciousness. The orientation of the carriers of I. to universal values is fundamentally opposite to the stereotypes of antagonism and enmity. At present, in connection with the restructuring of all spheres of public life, objective possibilities are beginning to take shape for the transformation of I. into a generally significant value, for its recognition as a necessary condition for the development of the individual and society. A.V. Petrovsky
