GRAPHIC METHOD "CACTUS"
(Marina Pamfilova. Betrothed. 2000. No. 5. P. 12-13)
Aggressiveness" href="/text/category/agressivnostmz/" rel="bookmark">aggressiveness, its focus.
We remind you that in diagnostics graphic techniques applied in combination with classical tests and the main methods of psychology (observation, experiment, etc.). The combination of diagnostic techniques allows you to interest the subject, set him up for joint work, get more general characteristics personality and note possible problems, confirm the results of other tests.
During the diagnosis, the subject is given a sheet of white paper. standard size A4 and a simple pencil. A variant is possible with the use of pencils of eight "Lusher" colors, in this case, the corresponding indicators of the Luscher test are taken into account when interpreting.
Instruction."On a sheet of white paper, draw a cactus - the way you imagine it."
Questions and additional explanations are not allowed. When processing the results, the data inherent in all graphic methods are taken into account: the spatial arrangement and size of the drawing, the characteristics of the lines, the pressure force of the pencil. In addition, indicators specific to this technique are taken into account: the characteristic of the “image of a cactus” (wild, domestic, primitive, detailed, etc.), the characteristic of needles (size, location, number).
The following qualities of the subjects may appear in the figure:
Aggressiveness -
Impulsivity - jerky lines, strong pressure.
Self-doubt, addiction small drawing located at the bottom of the sheet.
Stealth, caution - disposition zigzags along the contour or inside the cactus.
Optimism - usage bright colors(option with colored pencils), the image of "joyful" cacti.
Anxiety - usage dark colors(option with colored pencils), the predominance of internal shading with broken lines.
Femininity -
Extraversion -
Introversion - The picture shows one cactus.
Pursuit To home protection, a sense of family community - the presence of a flower pot in the picture, the image of a houseplant.
Lack of aspiration To home protection, a feeling of loneliness - wild, desert cacti.
Figure 2(boy 8 years old). Aggressively lonely cactus. The presence of aggressiveness, demonstrativeness, introversion, feelings of loneliness; lack of desire for home protection.
Figure 6 (girl 9 years old). Kind introverted cactus. The presence of a sense of family community, the desire for home protection, femininity, introversion, lack of aggression.
After completing the work, the child can be asked questions, the answers to which will help clarify the interpretation of the drawings:
1. Is this cactus domestic or wild?
2. Is this cactus prickly? Can he be touched?
3. Does the cactus like being looked after, watered, fertilized?
4. Does the cactus grow alone or with some plant in the neighborhood? If it grows with a neighbor, then what kind of plant is it?
5. When the cactus grows up, how will it change (needles, volume, processes)?
Attention! When interpreting the completed drawings, the pictorial experience of the "artist" must be taken into account. The presence or absence of visual skills, the use of stereotypes, templates, age features- all this significantly affects the diagnostic portrait of the individual.
The book by M. Pamfilova Game therapy of communication. Tests and correctional games" can be purchased at the bookstore of the publishing house "Gnome and D Moscow, p. 1. Phone: (0Book by mail).
Aggressiveness - presence of needles. Strongly protruding, long, closely spaced needles reflect a high degree aggressiveness.
Egocentrism, desire for leadership - large drawing located in the center of the sheet.
Demonstrativeness, openness - the presence of protruding processes in the cactus, the pretentiousness of the forms.
Femininity - the presence of decorations, colors, soft lines and shapes.
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Extraversion - the presence in the picture of other cacti or flowers.
Target: assessment of the state of the emotional sphere of a person, the presence of aggressiveness, its direction, intensity, etc.
During the diagnostics, the subject is given a sheet of white paper of standard A4 size and a simple pencil. A variant is possible with the use of pencils of eight "Lusher" colors, in this case, the corresponding indicators of the Luscher test are taken into account when interpreting.
Instruction. "On a sheet of white paper, draw a cactus - the way you imagine."
Questions and additional explanations are not allowed.
When processing the results, the data inherent in all graphic methods are taken into account: the spatial arrangement and size of the drawing, the characteristics of the lines, and the pressure of the pencil. In addition, indicators specific to this technique are taken into account: the characteristic of the “image of a cactus” (wild, domestic, primitive, detailed, etc.), the characteristic of needles (size, location, number).
The following qualities of the subjects may appear in the figure:
Aggression - the presence of needles. Strongly protruding, long, closely spaced needles show a high degree of aggressiveness.
Impulsivity - jerky lines, strong pressure.
Egocentrism, the desire for leadership - a large drawing, the center of the sheet.
Self-doubt, dependence - a small drawing, the location at the bottom of the sheet.
Demonstrativeness, openness - the presence of protruding processes in the cactus, pretentiousness of forms.
Stealth, caution - the location of zigzags along the contour or inside the cactus.
Optimism - the use of bright colors, "joyful" cacti.
Anxiety - the use of dark colors (variant with colored pencils), the predominance of internal shading with broken lines.
Femininity - the presence of jewelry, flowers, soft lines and shapes.
Extroversion - the presence in the picture of other cacti or flowers.
Introversion - the picture shows one cactus.
The desire for home protection, the presence of a sense of family community - the presence of a flower pot in the picture, image houseplant.
Lack of desire for home protection, the presence of a feeling of loneliness - wild, "desert" cacti.
FEEDBACK
Feedback questionnaire (G.L. Bardier)
Target.
Instruction. Please, in writing on a 10-point system, evaluate the following three statements about your participation in the implementation given task(or training in general). Answers should be explained in words:
1. I understood something new for myself:
Score: ... Explanation: ...
2. Got an emotional charge:
Score: ... Explanation: ...
3. New plans have appeared:
Score: ... Explanation: ...
Feedback questionnaire (T.B. Gorshechnikova)
Target. Providing feedback after the training.
Instruction. Please answer the questions below:
1. Have you participated in similar trainings before?
2. What goal did you set for yourself at the first lesson?
3. The most vivid impression of the class?
4. What did you like about the group's work?
5. What effective communication skills did you learn during the course?
6. What information about your personal characteristics did you receive in the group?
7. How can you determine the effectiveness of the training for yourself? For a group?
8. How, in your opinion, can the effectiveness of classes be improved?
9. The atmosphere in the group can be assessed as ... Please mark the score closest to any of the following poles:
10. What color do you associate with the atmosphere in the group?
Thank you!
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Introduction.......................................................................................................... 3
Exemplary thematic plan .................................................................. 4
Theoretical block .............................................................. ...................................... 7
Psychology of groups .............................................................. ............................................... 7
Fundamentals of psychological training .............................................................. ............ 8
Preparation of the leading psychological training .............................................. 16
Practice block..................................................................................... 21
Tasks for students .............................................................. ................................. 21
Examples of rituals in training .......................................................... ................... 25
Metaphor in training ....................................................... ................................. 25
Examples of training exercises ............................................................... .......... 29
Warm-up exercises .................................................................. ................... 29
Communication exercises .................................................................. ............. thirty
Exercises aimed at relieving emotional stress. 35
Exercises personal growth............................................................ 38
Exercises aimed at developing abilities .............................. 41
Game in training .............................................. ......................................... 43
Diagnostics in training .............................................................. ............................... 48
Feedback.......................................................................................... 70
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Getting into new team The child is under stress. And it doesn’t matter at all with what mood the baby begins to go to school or kindergarten: the desire or unwillingness to visit these institutions is directly related to how he perceives others and how they treat him. It is in the study of the emotional sphere of preschoolers and junior schoolchildren and the Cactus technique helps.
The essence of the technique "Cactus"
The technique, developed in the 90s of the twentieth century by the teacher of the Department of Clinical Psychology of the Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Marina Alexandrovna Panfilova, is considered one of the simplest, nevertheless it is very informative. Its essence is simple: the child is invited to draw a cactus as he imagines it. When compiling the test, the author was guided by the fact that it is projective methods, drawing in particular, that are most useful for diagnosing children. This is due to the fact that through the drawing the baby unconsciously demonstrates:
- attitude to the world;
- his place among the people around him;
- formed worldview;
- level of mental development;
- psychophysical state.
The "Cactus" technique helps to identify the characteristics of the psycho-emotional state of the subject, determine his resistance to stress and susceptibility to aggression (as well as its intensity) and understand the causes that cause negative feelings The child has. After analyzing the diagnostic results, the experimenter can easily conclude whether the baby is purposeful, impulsive, egocentric, secretive or demonstrative.
The English writer Iris Murdoch said: “Art is an inconvenient thing, it is bad to joke with it. The drawing expresses the only truth that ultimately matters. Only in the light of art can human affairs be corrected.”
The procedure for conducting diagnostics among younger students
Testing in small groups is allowed
The technique can be used in working with children over 3 years old, that is, with those who are confident enough to hold a pencil in their hand. At the same time, it does not matter how well the child masters the writing subject - all the strokes and lines that will then be explored do not require artistic skills. It is advisable to test in individual form, but if necessary, several children can be combined into small group. For the subject, you need to prepare a sheet of A4 paper, pencils and colored pencils.
Instructions for the child:
- Imagine that you saw a beautiful cactus.
- Remember all the details of this image and, on a signal, start drawing a flower.
- You can't get distracted and ask questions.
If the baby has not seen the plant until this moment, it does not matter: an adult just needs to tell about the existence of a flower with thorns.
The test is given as much time as the child needs to create a drawing, however, the period of work on the task should not last more than 30 minutes. The technique allows the creation of both black and white and color images. The interpretation of the painted picture is recommended to be carried out with a professional child psychologist, since only he will be able to correctly draw conclusions from such a multi-level test.
To create more complete picture after the child completes the drawing, an adult needs to ask a few leading questions:
- Did you draw a domestic cactus or a wild one?
- Is it possible to touch him? Is he very prickly?
- Does this cactus enjoy being looked after? Watering, fertilizing?
- What will your "pet" be like when he grows up? Describe the size, needles, processes.
Processing and interpretation of results
Drawing style analysis
The pressure force and the nature of the lines
To evaluate the first parameter, one should consider the image with reverse side sheet. If the pressure is strong, then this indicates the growing tension of the child. When one detail is emphasized by hardness, this is evidence of the subject's impulsiveness. But a weak, barely noticeable pressure speaks of an oppressed state of mind, general physical and mental weakness.
The broken lines in the figure speak of impetuosity in the character of the child. Such children quickly light up with some business, but rarely finish what they started. If the cactus is depicted with strokes, then this indicates that little artist something is very worried, unsure of himself. When all the lines run clearly and evenly, it can be argued that the subject is able to adequately assess the situation and does not doubt his abilities.
Location and size
If the kid drew a plant at the bottom of the leaf, this clear sign low self-esteem. The location at the top, on the contrary, speaks of too high an opinion of yourself.
It is also worth paying attention to the direction in which the depicted cactus gravitates: to the right - the child is focused on the future, to the left - the subject is prone to constant analysis of the past. The norm is a picture located in the middle, this position signals that the testee is focused on the events that happen to him in the present.
An important characteristic is the size of the image. If the cactus occupies less than a third of the leaf, then the child's self-esteem is underestimated. The drawing, the size of which is more than 2/3 of the sheet, indicates an overestimated conceit. The cactus turned out to be large - we can say that the baby strives for leadership, and in his character there is an obsession with himself. A small plant gives out uncertainty, weakness and dependence of the subject on the opinions of others - such a baby does not make decisions without the approval of an adult.
Consideration of the plot of the drawing
All the details of the drawing matter: the size, color of the cactus, needles or their absence, and even whether the plant is “placed” in a pot or not.
This part of the analysis includes consideration of the cactus itself, the background and other possible characters.
When studying the image of a plant, the following moment is taken into account: whether it looks like a real flower or is depicted as a cartoon character. In the first case, we can say that the child has a very realistic approach to life, he knows where to behave “like an adult”, and when you can remain a baby. For example, the subject understands that if he performs the task differently from what is expected of him, he will not only upset his parents, but may not go to school (or not move to the next class). When the cactus is drawn as animation character, this indicates the infantility of the tested, rich imagination.
The test conditions do not imply the image of additional characters, but they may be present in the child's drawing. Any creatures that the baby added to the cactus, as well as shoots, flowers, or any objects indicate that the subject a good relationship with other people, he is comfortable in society and it is hard to work alone.
Experts came to the conclusion that in children's drawings, a number of common features, which give a clear picture of the nature of the child:
- malice is expressed in the image of a large number of needles, while they are long and sticking out;
- one can speak about the demonstrativeness of the subject when the flower is of a simple form and is drawn in bold lines with rare needles;
- evidence of optimism tested - a large cactus with a smile from ear to ear;
- anxiety is manifested by the creation of an image in dark shades with thick spines;
- a simple and lonely cactus means the introversion of the child;
- the test subject needs home protection if he draws a potted plant;
- the image of a flower in the desert speaks of the loneliness of the baby.
Interpretation of colors
The color of the plant indicates how mobile the child's psyche is:
Interpretation of answers to additional questions
Answers to questions do not have independent interpretations as such, because the conversation is conducted with the child only in order to confirm the conclusions that will be made when analyzing the picture. For example, if a child says that he drew a wild cactus, it is more likely to say: he strives for loneliness, independence, freedom. Description home plant- an indicator that the baby is comfortable in those emotional and psychological conditions in which his life passes. If, according to the subject, the cactus is “bald”, then the child is completely open to others, but the story about the prickly flower speaks of the aggressiveness of the test. The realization that the “pet” needs to be looked after shows, on the contrary, the absence of malice and friendliness in character.
This material presents an analysis of the results psychological test, which can be accessed by the link: !
Initially, this method of personality diagnostics was proposed by M.A. Panfilova for children 3–7 years old. However, it will not be superfluous for adults to learn a little more about themselves. You can take this test with your child, friend, loved one.
Results:
Interpretation of adult drawings
General characteristics of the drawing:
1. The position of the picture on a sheet of paper. The position of the cactus relative to the horizontal middle of the sheet indicates the level of self-esteem of the painter. Adequate self-esteem - the cactus is located approximately in the middle of the leaf. People with low self-esteem, those prone to inferiority complexes tend to draw at the bottom of the page. The drawings of those who have high self-esteem tend to the top. If the cactus occupies more than the left half of the leaf, then this person most likely likes to focus on his past, reminisces. Future-oriented people are more likely to draw a cactus on the right side of the paper. Those who are focused on the present will depict a cactus approximately in the center.
2. Pattern size can also tell about the level of self-esteem. If the cactus takes up less than ⅓ of the page, then this person may have complexes in relation to himself. On the contrary, cactus occupies more than ⅔ of the page for those who strive to stand out, emphasize their superiority, leadership.
3. The nature of the lines. A clear, almost continuous line is characteristic of people with a "firm hand" - confident, resolute. If you see hatching on a cactus, then this person may be prone to a state of anxiety and anxiety. About impulsivity may indicate a fuzzy, broken line.
4. Pressing force. Pay attention to the brightness of the lines that draw the cactus. That is why the test is best done using a simple pencil. A bold, “pressure” line indicates the tension experienced by the person drawing. Pay attention to which particular detail of the cactus is especially highlighted? Weak lines - an indicator of low vitality, loss of strength, fatigue.
Cactus Features:
5. Needles, their number, shape and direction talk about the level of aggression. Large (in relation to the general proportions of the cactus), thick, long, poisonous, especially underlined - such needles are more likely to be drawn by a person experiencing anger, aggression, irritation. It can be expressed in normal behavior, and may be hidden as an unacceptable form of interaction. About focus You can recognize aggression by the direction of growth of the needles. Needles grow up - aggression is directed towards people who are higher than a person in status (parents, bosses), social and financial status; to the sides - to peers, colleagues, "equals"; down - to the weaker, dependent, lower in the social hierarchy (subordinates, children, animals).
6. The shape of the cactus. Cactus unusual shape, "creative" - this means that a person is characterized by a certain demonstrativeness, a desire to manifest and show himself. If the shoots of a cactus protrude beyond the main "body" - then this person is quite open to other people, sociable. If additional the processes are concentrated inside, do not protrude beyond the contour of the cactus - you are dealing with a rather closed and cautious person.
7. Where the cactus grows. A home cactus growing in a pot is usually drawn by people seeking protection, finding home warmth and comfort, family and close circle. If the cactus grows in the wild (in the desert) - such people are characterized by the experience of loneliness, self-centeredness, isolation. However, if other cacti, plants grow next to the “wild” cactus, there are still living objects (animals, people), this may mean that a person strives to gain personal freedom, independence, strives to become strong and independent.
8. Additional cactus details. Jewelry, flowers, the unusual color of the cactus is manifested in those who are prone to narcissism, the manifestation of femininity and coquetry.
9. The colors and "mood" of the cactus show the current state of the person. dark colors, small shading, the general downward slope of the cactus (as if it is withering, or it lacks water) can signal the predominance of negative conditions, symptoms of depression. A joyful, bright, strong cactus, reaching for the sun, is most likely to be drawn by a positive, easy-going person, open to the world.
10. The presence of "kids" on the cactus. It is believed that "kids" on a cactus denote in fact children, either existing or planned in the future. Most often, "kids" are found on "domesticated" cacti, which already means the desire to create a family.
An example of the interpretation of the drawing test "Cactus"
Drawing of a girl 20 years old:
The cactus is located in the middle of the leaf, takes about ⅔ in height - this indicates adequate self-esteem.
The spines are small, but there are quite a lot of them. According to the girl, “you can touch it, the cactus is soft, but if it pricks, it will pinch.” That is, the girl is friendly, but if they offend, she will show aggression (will defend herself).
The cactus is round, there are protruding processes, the flower is femininity and demonstrativeness(Pay attention to me!).
Homemade cactus (in a pot, on a napkin, on a windowsill, next to a curtain) - high value family relations. There is a sad cat nearby - in this case, this is a wish that has not yet come true to have a cat. However, there are no other living creatures in the picture - this may indicate some loneliness, undivided interests.
According to the girl, she had such a cactus at the age of 14 and she really liked it. And in the figure, the cactus is slightly tilted to the left - to the past. Thus, that period in her life is a resource for her: a pleasant memory from which you can draw strength.
The dominant color in the drawing is blue (although there were 24 pencils in the set) - this is a calm and satisfied state at the moment.
“The cactus will no longer grow, it is already an adult” - the feeling of being an adult, a mature person. “He will only have shoots” - this may be the implementation of plans, ideas, or the desire to have children.
Interpretation of children's drawings
When processing the results, the data corresponding to all graphical methods are taken into account, namely:
attitude
picture size
line characteristics
pressure force on the pencil
In addition, specific indicators characteristic of this particular technique are taken into account:
characteristic of the "image of a cactus" (wild, domestic, feminine, etc.)
characteristic of the manner of drawing (drawn, schematic, etc.)
characteristics of needles (size, location, number)
Based on the results of the processed data on the drawing, it is possible to diagnose the personality traits of the child being tested:
Aggressiveness - the presence of needles, especially a large number of them. Strongly protruding, long, closely spaced needles reflect a high degree of aggressiveness.
Impulsivity - jerky lines, strong pressure.
Egocentrism, the desire for leadership - a large figure located in the center of the sheet.
Self-doubt, addiction - a small picture located at the bottom of the sheet.
Demonstrativeness, openness - the presence of protruding processes in the cactus, pretentiousness of forms.
Stealth, caution - the location of zigzags along the contour or inside the cactus.
Optimism - the image of "joyful" cacti, the use of bright colors in the version with colored pencils.
Anxiety - the predominance of internal shading, broken lines, the use of dark colors in the version with colored pencils.
Femininity - the presence of soft lines and shapes, jewelry, flowers.
Extroversion - the presence in the picture of other cacti or flowers.
Introversion - the figure shows only one cactus.
The desire for home protection, a sense of family community - the presence of a flower pot in the picture, the image of a home cactus.
Lack of desire for home protection, a feeling of loneliness - the image of a wild, desert cactus.
Interpretation of colors
The color of the plant indicates how mobile the child's psyche is:
green symbolizes constancy and confidence;
yellow - fear of being rejected by society;
blue - the baby is comfortable in the conditions in which he is in a specific period of time;
red - the subject is experiencing strong emotional arousal;
gray - the child has a neutral attitude to everything that happens;
White color sometimes it indicates that the test person has vision problems, and he does not notice that he is losing the plot in terms of color;
black - the tested person is used to contradicting his relatives in everything, perhaps he is too spoiled.
After completing the drawing, the child can be asked questions as an addition, the answers that will help clarify the interpretation:
Is this cactus domestic or wild? Where does it grow (at someone's home or in the desert)?
Can this cactus be touched? Does he wobble?
Does anyone care about him? He likes it?
Does this cactus grow alone or with some plant in the neighborhood?
When the cactus grows, how will it change? (volume, needles, processes)
Marina Alexandrovna Panfilova- candidate psychological sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Clinical Psychology, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation
