Textbook: Traditions of Sufism in Bashkir Literature. The main stages in the development of Turkic (Bashkir) literature and its inter-literary relationships

The origins of Bashkir literature go back to the ancient Turkic runic and written monuments such as the Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions and to handwritten works of the 11th century. in the Turkic language ("Divanu lugat at-turk" by M. Kashgari, "Kutadgu bilik" by Y. Balasaguni). The Bulgar period of the development of Bashkir literature (11th-13th centuries) is evidenced by Bashkir legends about Alps (giants), cranes, which have survived to this day in oral and written form. form; Arabic travel notes. traveler Ibn-Fadlan, the book of Yakub ibn-Nugman "Tavarikhi Bulgaria" ("History of Bulgaria", 12th century). In the subsequent section the plots of "Tavarikha Bulgaria" are reflected in the production. bash. historians and writers Sh.Muslimi, T.Yalsygul al-Bashkordi, G.Sokroy.

A classic example of fiction of the 1st half of the 13th century. is the poem "Kyssa and Yusuf" Kul Gali. The plot about the love of the heroes of the poem Zuleikha and Yusuf is borrowed from Eastern literature. Among the Bashkirs, many versions of the poem have been preserved in written and oral form. During the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, a number of scientists and writers left for the countries of the Middle East, Egypt, among them Bashkir scientists and poets Gilmetdin Sanjar al-Bashkordi and Nasretdin al-Nasyri.

The Bashkirs created a rich folklore associated with the early period of their history. The works of oral folk art artistically reflect the views of the ancient Bashkirs on nature, their worldly wisdom, psychology, moral ideals, social aspirations and creative fantasy. The genre composition of Bashkir folk art is diverse: epic and fairy tales, legends and legends, riddles, songs (ritual, epic and lyrical), bytes and munajats, etc.

The Bashkir epic, like the epic creativity of other peoples, is born in the era of the decomposition of the primitive communal system and reaches its perfection in the era of feudalism. At the beginning of the XX century. were recorded among the Bashkirs major works with original plots: “Ural-Batyr”, “Akbuzat”, “Zayatulyak and Khuukhylu”, legends about animals “Kara-yurga” (“Black Pacer”), “Akhak-Kola” (“Lame Savrasy”), “Kongur- Buga" ("Brown Bull"), etc.

The epic tales "Ural-batyr", "Akbuzat", "Zayatulyak and Khyuhylu" include cultural layers of different historical eras. The legends “Kuzykurpyas and Mayankhylu”, “Aldar and Zukhra”, “Kusyak-biy”, etc. are of great scientific, educational and artistic interest. .

The oldest part of the Bashkir folklore is cosmogonic and ethnological legends, toponymic and ethnogenetic legends. Cosmogonic legends have preserved the features of ancient mythological ideas about the "connections" of stars and planets with animals and people of earthly origin. For example, spots on the Moon are a roe deer and a wolf forever chasing each other (in other versions - a girl with a yoke); the constellation Ursa Major (Etegen) - seven wolves or seven beautiful girls who climbed to the top of the mountain and ended up in Heaven ("Two animals on the moon", "Moon and Zuhra", "Big Dipper"). The wolves from the constellation Ursa Major cannot catch up with the horses, since both the horses and the wolves should disappear at dawn.

Old legends are peculiar, which tell about the origin of tribes, clans and their names, as well as about the historical and cultural ties of the Bashkirs with other peoples. The most ancient worldview layer is formed by legends about the ancestors of the Bashkir tribes. The first ancestors of the Bashkir clans are the Wolf (“Offspring of wolves”), the Bear (“Origin from the bear”), the Horse (“Human Tarpan”), etc.

The riddle belongs to the genres of folklore that arose in ancient times. In riddles, people create a poetic image of what surrounds them; objects, phenomena, people, animals, etc. Most riddles are based on a metaphor, i.e. transfer of meaning by similarity.

Written heritage of the past and stages of development of Bashkir literature

Early stages written art word Bashkir people proceeded under the influence of the culture of the Volga Bulgaria. It is quite legitimate to assume that the Bashkirs visited her cities, lived in them, studied, got acquainted with literature, and distributed it among their fellow tribesmen.

A characteristic example of the literature of the Bulgar period is the one created in the 13th century. romantic poem"Kissa and Yusuf" by Kul-Gali, dedicated to the search for a just society, showing pure, selfless love.

Such dastans as "Khosrov and Shirin" (1341-1342) Kutbi, "Jumjuma Sultan" (1391-1392) Katiba, "Mukhabbatname" (1353-1354) Khorezmi, "Gulistan bit-Turks" (1391-1392) S. Sarai and other works are the common heritage of such Turkic peoples as the Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Nogais, Tatars, and Uzbeks.

At the end of the first half of XIX V. Sufi poetry spread. Its prominent representatives are the Bashkir poets - T. Yalsygul al-Bashkordi, G. Usman, M. Kutush Kypsaki, A. Kargaly, Kh. Salikhov, Sh. Zaki, G. Sokroy.

In the second half of the XIX century. in Bashkir literature, the development of the educational direction began. Prominent representatives of the enlightenment movement in Bashkortostan were M. Umetbaev, R. Fakhretdinov, M. Akmulla. Miftakhetdin Akmulla is widely known not only in the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the Russian Federation, but also in the CIS countries. Wherever Akmulla has gone through his life, everyone considers him to be their fellow countryman. He deserved such recognition for his deep respect for all peoples, for his internationalism, for his progressive ideas, for his creativity.

After the October Revolution, two trends appeared in Bashkir literature; national-patriotic, advocating for Bashkir autonomy, for the independent development of national culture, and revolutionary-democratic, defending the Bolsheviks, fighting for the power of the Soviets. Sh. Babich was a well-known representative of the first trend. The second direction was headed by D. Yulty, A. Tagirov, Sh. Khudaiberdin, M. Gafuri.

In 1920, after the dispersal of the Bashkir government by the Bolsheviks, the murder of Sh. Babich, the literature of the national-patriotic direction ceased to exist. And revolutionary-democratic literature received further development. Almost all genres of literature have been developed. In the 1920s there were prose works M. Gafuri, A. Tagirov, I. Nasyri, poems and poems by D. Yulty, S. Kudash, T. Yanabi, M. Gafuri, dramas by D. Yulty, Kh. Ibragimov, M. Burangulov.

The Great Patriotic War changed the themes of Bashkir literature. Many writers, firstly, went to the front. The remaining writers, along with the traditional themes of the pre-war years, began to create essays, short stories, stories about the war and its heroes.

In the post-war years, a new stage in the development of Bashkir literature begins. First, a new replenishment comes to literature, having gone through the war. These are such writers as M. Karim, Y. Kulmuy, N. Najmi, H. Gilyazhev. They bring new themes, new problems to literature. Secondly, talented youth came to literature. These are such poets as R. Garipov, R. Safin, A. Igebaev, later R. Bikbaev, A. Vakhitov, I. Kinyabulatov and others.

In the 50-70s appear monumental works epic genre. These are well-known novels by Z. Biisheva (“Humiliated”, “At the Big Ik”, “Emesh”), Y. Khammatov (“Gold is collected in grains”, “Akman-tukman”, “Thunderous Summer”), H. Davletshina “Irgiz” , J. Kiskbaeva "Relatives and friends" etc.

In the 70-80s, the historical novels of G. Ibragimov "Kinzya", K. Mergen "Wings of the Golden Eagle", A. Khakimov "Lament of the Dumbra" and others appeared. The best traditions of Bashkir literature of the past years are continued by modern writers and poets. In the works of M. Karim, R. Sultangareev, B. Nugumanov, F. Tuguzbayeva, G. Yunusova, G. Davlyadi, D. Sharafetdinov and others, written in recent years, an attempt is made to comprehend and evaluate the present, its problems and heroes.

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Bashkir literary scholars divide the history of the development of Bashkir literature into eight main stages. Such a concept of stages was developed in the 1980s by Bashkir literary scholars. This concept of stages in the development of Bashkir literature has not lost its significance at the present time. However, literary criticism does not stand still, and there is a need for some concretization and updating of this concept from the heights of the 21st century. The development of Bashkir literature should be divided, as before, into eight stages and designated as follows: 1. Ancient Bashkir literature (from ancient times to the XII century). 2. Bashkir literature of the Bulgar period (XII - mid-XIII centuries). 3. Bashkir literature of the Kipchak period (mid-13th - first half of the 16th centuries). 4. Bashkir literature of the Russian period (mid-16th century - 18th century). 5. Bashkir literature of the first half of the 19th century (1800-1860). 6. Bashkir literature of the second half of the 19th century (1860-1900). 7. Bashkir literature of the early twentieth century (1900-1917). 8. Bashkir literature Soviet period and the latest literature (1918-2010). The last stage is divided into four periods: 1917-1941 - the period of formation and formation of the Bashkir Soviet literature; 1941-1957 - Bashkir literature of the period of the Great Patriotic War and post-war years; Bashkir literature of the 60s and 70s of the XX century (1957-1980); Bashkir literature 1980-2010

bashkir literature

culture

written literature

1. Vakhitov A. Genre and style in Bashkir prose. - Ufa, 1982.

2. History of Bashkir literature. In 6 vols. T. 1. - Ufa: Kitap, 1990.

3. History of the Bashkir Soviet literature. -M: Nauka, 1977. -528 p.

4. Kilmukhametov T. Poetics of Bashkir dramaturgy. - Ufa% Kitap, 1995. - 336 p.

5. Kharisov A. Literary heritage of the Bashkir people. XVIII-XIX centuries. - Ufa, 1965. - 378 p.

The origins of Bashkir literature begin with oral folk art. The ancient kubairs (epics) "Ural Batyr", "Akbuzat" and other epic monuments that have come down to us confirm that already in ancient times the Bashkirs had a fairly developed artistic thought. Further development oral folk art, especially epic monuments, gave a powerful impetus to the development of written Bashkir literature.

Bashkir literary scholars divide the history of the development of Bashkir literature into eight main stages. Such a concept of stages was developed in the 1980s by a group of scientists from the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Bashkir Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1990, under the guidance of the well-known Bashkir literary scholar Gaisa Khusainov, the first volume of the literary and artistic publication "History of Bashkir Literature" was published (in total, VI volumes). At the beginning of this edition, the stages of development of Bashkir literature are outlined.

This concept of stages in the development of Bashkir literature has not lost its significance at the present time. However, literary criticism does not stand still and requires some specification and updating of this concept. The history of the development of Bashkir literature was analyzed by scientists mainly according to the Soviet ideology, which was rooted in the ideals of several generations of the 20th century. Of the six volumes of the History of Bashkir Literature, four are devoted to the Soviet period, and only two volumes analyze Bashkir literature from ancient times to 1917. Therefore, accepting the stages of development of Bashkir literature proposed by Bashkir Soviet scientists, without belittling their significance for Bashkir literary criticism, we propose to introduce some clarifications into the periodization of Bashkir literature from the height of the 21st century.

The development of Bashkir literature should be divided, as before, into eight stages and designated as follows.

1. Ancient Bashkir literature (from ancient times to the XII century). The written literature of the Bashkirs, like that of many Turkic peoples, originates from the Orkhon-Yenisei two dastans (poems) of the 7th-8th centuries. These poems were written on rocks and separate stones, glorifying the history of the I and II Turkic Khaganates, as well as Tunukuk, Kultigin and Bilge Khagans. This period can be attributed to other common Turkic literary works VII-XI centuries: “Kutadgu bilik” by Yusuf Balasaguni, “Divanu lugat at-turk” by Mahmud Kashgari, “Khibat al-haqiqat” by Ahmed Yagnuki. These are the early origins of poetic traditions. epic works"Ugyzname", "Alpamysha" and others reflect the original culture of the Bashkir people in the first millennium of our era.

2. Bashkir literature of the Bulgar period (XII - mid-XIII centuries). Here, the developed culture of the Volga Bulgaria had a great influence on the literature of the Ural-Volga region. There are works in the genre of tavarikh, qissa, dastan, riwayet, hikayet, etc. The poem “Kissa-i Yusuf” by Kul Gali stands apart. "Zukhra and Aldar" is a Bashkir hikeyet, which reflects the Bashkir-Bulgarian ties of that era. "Bushman Kipchak", "Akman-Tukman" and a number of other epic monuments are dedicated to the struggle of the Bashkirs against the invaders of the Golden Horde.

3. Bashkir literature of the Kipchak period (mid-13th - first half of the 16th centuries). Some scientists divide this period into two stages, which most likely corresponds to the logic of the development of history and literature. They refer the second half of the 13th century and the entire 14th century to the Kipchak period. The 15th century and the first half of the 16th century are designated as the Nogai period of Bashkir literature.

Here one can trace a single process and gradual differentiation of national literature and the general Turkic literary stream, the features of the development and interrelationships of oral and written literature of the Bashkirs, the addition of genres and the formation of poetic forms.

Bashkir literature of this period is represented by the works of the famous yyrau Khabrai, Asan-kaigy, Kaztugan, Shalgyyz, kubairs "Idukey and Muradym", "Mergen and Mayankhylu", rivayet "The Last of the Sartaev clan", works of Sufis, works in the genre of tavarikh, qissa, gazelle , rubai, etc.

Many pan-Turkic epic memoirs, which are classics of Turkic literature (the poems “Khusreu and Shirin” by Kutub, “Muhabbatname” by Kharezmi, “Zhumzhume Sultan” by Husam Katib, “Gulstan bit-Turki” and “Suheil and Guldursun” by Saif Sarai, etc.), quite strongly influenced the development of the artistic thought of the Bashkirs of the period of the XIII - XVI centuries.

4. Bashkir literature of the Russian period (mid-16th century - 18th century). The voluntary accession of the Bashkirs to the Russian state in the middle of the 16th century is a turning point in the social and cultural life of the people. The Bashkir literary thought it becomes more democratic.

Bashkir sesens (narrators) were the first to reflect in their works - kubairs - accession to Russia and glorified the wise historical decision of the Bashkir people. In the future, the work of sesens played an invaluable role in the development of the entire Bashkir artistic thought of this period. Sesen Kubagush, Karas Erense, Baik Aidar are known not only for their works, but also as wise men, folk philosophers, teachers, historians and keepers of the Bashkir oral folk art.

The Bashkir shezheres were not only genealogies, but also had the form of a literary work. Basically, they reflected the events that took place in the Bashkir region, turning historical moments in the life of the people, glorified the heroism of the batyrs in various genres of that time. The shezhere of the Karagay-Kipchak tribe is written in the form of a prose epic, the shezhere of the Usergen tribe - in poetic form, in the style of Kubair, the shezhere of the Yalan Burzyan tribe - in the style of writing, etc.

An integral part of this literary period are tavarikh and hikeyet. These genres originate in the early Middle Ages, but here they are imbued with local motifs and national identity.

Seyekhetname and khazhname play a special role in the development of artistic thought. They were written while traveling around the countries, mainly during the hajj to Mecca or the travel of merchants to various countries. The first Bashkir seyekhetname that has come down to us dates back to the end of the 18th century. The most voluminous and significant seyyekhetname is "Ismagil aga seyekhete", written by the merchant Ismagil, who traveled to many countries for 30 years from 1751 and returned to his homeland.

Publicistic genres began to develop from the 17th century. official letters Bashkirs to the tsars of the Russian state, petitions, orders are known not only as official business documents, but also as works of artistic and journalistic style. Among them, the letter of Batyrsha, the ideologist of the Bashkir uprising of 1755-1756, stands out especially for its journalistic pathos, socio-historical content, documentary and artistic outline.

A large number of official journalistic works have come down to us since the time of the Pugachev uprising. These are the manifestos and decrees of E. Pugachev translated into the Bashkir language, written appeals, speeches, and calls of the Bashkir leader of the uprising Salavat Yulaev to fight among the people.

The work of local Sufi poets Gabrahim Usman and Maul Kului played an important role in the development of Sufi literature throughout the Ural-Povozh region. The poetry of the poet-improviser and hero of the Bashkir people Salavat Yulaev is the most striking lyric of the 18th century. The poet and scientist Tazhetdin Yalsygul al-Bashkordi made a huge contribution to the development of Bashkir literature at the end of the 18th century.

5. Bashkir literature of the first half of the 19th century (1800-1860). Such a division is conditional in connection with the socio-economic changes in society that led to reforms in the 60s of the XIX century.

In this period, well-established literary traditions are preserved. The emergence and development of the periodical press, the publication of printed large-circulation books, a sharp increase in the number of printing houses in the Ural-Volga region greatly influenced the literary life in Bashkortostan. Many books and works that existed before in the manuscript version began to spread everywhere in printed books and magazines, which aroused massive interest in fiction among the Bashkir population.

Despite the technical leap in the field of printing, oral literature has not yet lost its popularity among the people. Many epic monuments, other genres of folklore were an integral part of the artistic thought of the Bashkirs. In the works of the sesens of the first half of the 19th century, Ishmukhamet, Buranbai-Yarkey, and others, one can trace a careful attitude to oral folk art - spiritual and moral wealth accumulated over centuries and the art of the word.

In the Bashkir literature of the 19th century, such directions as Sufism and enlightenment peacefully coexisted. The works of famous Bashkir Sufi poets (Abdelmanih Kargaly, Hibatulla Salikhova, Shamsetdin Zaki) often reflected educational motives and ideas.

Enlighteners and scientists Salikhyan Kuklyashev, Mirsalih Biksurin and others also contributed to the development of the Bashkir artistic thought of that era. Many of them also taught in leading educational institutions of the region. Some of their students later became famous Bashkir writers and poets.

6. Bashkir literature of the second half of the 19th century (1860-1900). From the second half of the 19th century, under the influence of Russian literature, genres characteristic of Western literature: novel, story, drama, comedy, etc. At the present stage, these genres have taken root well and coexist peacefully, enriching Bashkir literature with the glorious traditions of the East and West. Therefore, Bashkir literature has the right to be considered very rich in this regard.

A distinctive feature of the literature of the second half of the 19th century is the formation and development of the method of enlightenment realism. The most prominent representatives of enlightenment realism are the Bashkir poet Miftakhetdin Akmulla, Mukhametsalim Umetbaev, Riza Fakhretdinov. With their works, scientific and methodological works and teaching activities, they everywhere promoted the idea of ​​enlightenment.

During this period, there are still enough works of the Sufi direction. The ideas of Sufism are especially pronounced in the works of Gali Sukuruy, although he wrote many works and scientific works of a realistic and educational nature.

The poetry of this period is represented by the poetic works of M. Akmulla, G. Sukuruy, M. Umetbay, Nugman, Husniyar, Suleiman, prose - novels and stories by R. Fakhretdinov, Z. Hadi, seyehetname - G. Sukuruy and others. Dramaturgy mainly existed in handwritten options. Judging by the handwritten versions of the plays that have come down to us, we can say the following: they were small in volume, comedies predominated, in many cases the authors are not indicated.

7. Bashkir literature of the early twentieth century (1900-1917). At the center of Bashkir literature of the early 20th century are the problems of the formation critical realism, manifestations of a romantic direction, enrichment of genre and style forms.

Here, a new generation of poets, prose writers and playwrights enters the literary arena, who raise Bashkir literature to a different level of development.

The poetic works of Mazhit Gafuri, Safuan Yakshygulov, Daut Yulty, Shaikhzada Babich entered the golden fund of Bashkir poetry. In prose, the stories and stories of Avzal Tagirov, Mazhit Gafuri, Zakir Hadi, Zyya Ummati, Kabir Tuykin, Muhammetkhadi Sagdi, Akhnaf Isyanberdin, Fayzi Valiev, Bulat Rafiki were most famous. Bashkir dramaturgy begins to develop rapidly. This was facilitated by the massive burning interest of the population in a new idea - to theatrical art, as a result of which numerous semi-professional theater troupes arose in the region, such as “Shirkat”, “Sayar”, etc. Bashkir color. The plays "Students" ("Shakirds") by Avzal Tagirov, "Victims of Society" "Heroes of the Motherland" by Fazyl Tuykin, "The Galimov Brothers" by Gabderrauf Niyazbayev, "At War" by Gilyazh Gumersky, "Salavat Batyr" by Fatkelkadir Suleiman (Abdulkadir Inan) and others. were written on this wave and gained wide popularity among the Bashkir population.

8. Bashkir literature of the Soviet period and the latest literature (1918-2010). This period has been studied by many Bashkir literary critics, and various options for dividing this stage into periods are proposed. It is most logical to divide the period into four periods:

1917-1941 - the period of formation and formation of the Bashkir Soviet literature;

1941-1957 - Bashkir literature of the period of the Great Patriotic War and post-war years;

Bashkir literature of the 60s and 70s of the twentieth century (1957-1980);

Bashkir literature 1980-2010 (recent literature).

1917-1941 This stage includes the years of the civil war, the twenties and thirties. In the Bashkir literature of the 20s and 30s of the 20th century, poetry, prose and dramaturgy are represented by the works of the most prominent writers of national literature - Mazhit Gafuri, Daut Yultiya, Gainan Khayri, Avzal Tagirov, Tukhvat Yanabi, Imai Nasyri, Ali Karnay, Sagit Miftakhov.

1941-1957 The second half of the 20th century (modern Bashkir literature) is considered the dawn of Bashkir literature. Bashkir literature of the period of the Great Patriotic War and the post-war years is quite difficult in terms of the development of artistic thought due to the political situation in the country. At this stage, prose, poetry, drama, as well as children's literature, criticism and literary criticism were subjected to the strictest censorship. Nevertheless, literature is developing, which confirms the work of Mukhametshi Burangulov, Rashit Nigmati, Garif Gumer, Bayazit Bikbay, Hanif Karim, Sagitt Agish, Salih Kulibay, Kirey Mergen, Kadir Dayan and others.

Bashkir literature of the 60s and 70s of the twentieth century. Here, a huge literary heritage is distinguished, first of all, by genre varieties, a wealth of themes and the creative potential of writers. This period is characterized by profound changes in the socio-political life of the country, in the spiritual renewal of the personality, which was reflected in the aesthetic perception of reality, in the complex processes of literary development. Many works of Khadiya Davletshina, Mustaya Karima, Zainap Biisheva, Nazar Najmi, Anvar Bikchentaeva, Akram Vali, Dinis Islamov, Yanybai Khammatov, Farit Isyangulov, Khakim Gilyazhev, Mussa Gali, Ibragim Abdullin, Nazhip Asanbaev, Rami Garipov, Rashit Nazarov, Azat Abdullina and others became classics of Bashkir literature and gained fame throughout the country.

Bashkir literature 1980-2010. This period is characterized by great changes in the social and spiritual life of the people, further enrichment of the national culture, at the same time - a reassessment of spiritual values ​​and, as a result of the transitional period, a revival of the tendencies of critical realism. In the wake of perestroika and post-perestroika years, prose, poetry, dramaturgy, literary criticism and criticism are rapidly developing. At the present stage, the works of Akhiyar Khakimov, Bulat Rafikov, Rashit Sultangareev, Nugman Musin, Katiba Kinzyabulatova, Gulfiya Yunusova, Ravil Bikbay, Nail Gaitbay, Florida Bulyakov and many others have contributed to the development of Bashkir literature.

Thus, the evolution of literature is closely connected with socio-historical events and the spiritual life of the people. The stages of literature reflect history and are a kind of mirror of its cultural and spiritual development.

Reviewers:

Khasanov R.F., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Philology of the Birsk Branch of the Bashkir State University, Birsk;

Aitov V.F., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Philology of the Birsk Branch of the Bashkir State University, Birsk.

Bibliographic link

Fatkhullin A.A. HISTORY OF LITERATURE IS A MIRROR OF CULTURAL AND SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THE PEOPLE (STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF BASHKIR LITERATURE) // Modern problems of science and education. - 2014. - No. 6.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=16725 (date of access: 03/28/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

Bashkir literature has its roots in deep antiquity. Early Bashkir fiction dates back to the Bulgar period, ancient Bulgarian poetic monuments. Its characteristic example is the poem "Kissa-i Yusuf" by Kol Gali, created in the 13th century. The romantic story about Zuleikha's love for Yusuf basically goes back to classical oriental literature, more precisely, Firdousi's poem of the same name, the language and style of the work, all poetics correspond literary traditions East.

The Turkic-language literature of the Ural-Volga region, which formed in the Bulgar period of the 12th-13th centuries, was characterized by the stability of genres, a certain structure of works, a canonized system of plot, compositional features, and forms of versification. The foundations were laid normative poetics closely related to the ancient Turkic poetics and traditions of the literatures of the East. The literary language "Turks" was born, which later became the general literary language of the Turkic-speaking tribes of a large area. A single literary system the Ural-Volga region.

In XIII - XIV centuries, during the period of the formation of the Bashkir people and the improvement of its language on the basis of the Kypchak, on the vast territory of the Golden Horde, the so-called Kypchak literature in the language of "Turks" was widely developed. So, the dastans “Khosrov and Shirin” (1341-1342) Kotbi, “Mukhabbatname” (1353-1354) Khorezmi, “Jumjuma soltan” (1369-1370) Khusam Katibi, “Kitabs bit Turki Gulstan” (1391-1393) Saif Sarai and other classical works that have a single artistic system, a common literary language, have become poetic monuments of the Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Tatars and Bashkirs.

Bashkir literature was shaped like an oriental one. Poetry is dominated traditional genres– ghazal, madhya, qasida, dastan, canonized poetics

Despite the gradual development and formation national literatures, Tatar and Bashkir literature until the middle of the XIX century. retained and developed many common regional features. These features were very stable, they continued in some of their archaic, conservative forms in the works of M. Kuluy (XVII century), Tazhetdin Yalsygul (XVIII century), Utyz Imenyan, Abelmanikh Kargaly, Gali Sokroy (XIX century).

The accession of Bashkiria to the Russian state in the middle of the 16th century was a turning point in the cultural development of the Bashkir people. The consolidation of the people intensified, a broad prospect of close connection and creative interaction with progressive Russian culture opened up. Bashkir literature begins to take shape as an original national art of the word. In poetry, along with common regional features, a national “territorial-geographical” theme appears, connected with the Urals, with the life and life of the Bashkirs, the connection with oral poetic creativity is strengthened, new genres, poetic forms, inherent only in Bashkir poetry.

The most characteristic in the development of Bashkir poetry of this period is its close interaction with folklore. In fact, written poetry of a democratic nature, which originated and developed on the basis of folk art, had previously experienced its beneficial effects. So, in the XII-XVI centuries, characterized by the struggle of the Bashkir clans and tribes against the Tatar-Mongol conquerors and various khanates, as well as the process of formation of nationalities, patriotic in content, folk in spirit, folklore and literary works intertwined even more closely. Works of this type, such as "The Last of the Sartaev Family", the work of the ancient masters of the art of the word - yyrau - determined the democratic orientation of Bashkir literature. In the XV-XVI centuries. names and individual creations Khabra-yyrau, Asan-Kaigy. Kaztugan and others, popular not only among the Bashkirs, but also among the Kazakhs, Karakalpaks and Nogais.

Then the Bashkir sesens Kubagush (XVI century), Karas (XVII century) enter the historical arena. Bank (XVIII century) and others, whose names and poetic legacy preserved the memory of the people.

Among the handwritten monuments of the XVI - XIX centuries. a special place is occupied by Bashkir shezheres - genealogies. Large written shezheres of the Yurmaty, Kypchak, Tabyn, and Usergen tribes uniquely combine folklore and literary beginnings In the shezher, the chronicle of the Bashkir tribe is often intertwined with a vivid chronicle of historical events, traditions and legends, a description of the life and work of certain historical figures. So, in the shezher of the Usergen tribe, the founder of the Muitan clan is glorified. He appears as an epic hero of the Kubairs, his son Usergen, grandchildren, great-grandchildren are given a brief and accurate poetic description.

Of the written monuments of the Bashkirs, various labels, letters, vakigname, messages are noteworthy. The most significant among them is a letter from the leader of the Bashkir uprising of 1755, Bagyrgdi, to Empress Elizaveta Petrovna.

After the major Bashkir uprisings of the 18th century, especially after the Peasant War of 1773-1775, the tsarist autocracy, finally convinced of the impossibility of suppressing the liberation struggle of the Bashkirs only with fire and sword, took up ideological weapons with great zeal. For example, the opening in Ufa by decree of Catherine II in 1789, the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims, headed by the mufti, marked the beginning of a broad propaganda of the ideology of Islam in Bashkiria and the Volga region. Religious books flooded the region, which also had an impact on fiction.

As a result, in the first half and the middle of the 19th century, religious and mystical works of the Sufi persuasion prevailed in Bashkir and Tatar literature. It was during this period that Sufi poets emerged from the Bashkirs, such as Tazhetdin Yalsygul Al-Bashkordi (1767 - 1838), Mendi Kutush Kypsaki (1761 - 1849), Abelmanih Kargaly (1784 - 1824), Hibatulla Salikhov (1794 -1867), Shamsetdin Zaki (1825 - 1865) and Gali Sokroy (1826 - 1889).

History of culture and literature of Bashkortostan in the second half of the 19th century. characterized by an orientation towards Russian progressive culture, an increase in poetic works of secular and educational ideas and motifs associated with the life of the Bashkirs.

Prominent representatives of the enlightenment movement in Bashkortostan were the writers M. Umetbaev, M. Akmulla.

The emergence and development of the revolutionary-democratic direction of Bashkir literature is associated primarily with the name and work of Mazhit Gafuri (1880 - 1934). He was followed by Safuan Yakshigulov (1871-1931), Daut Yulty (1893-1938), Shaikhzada Babich (1895-1919) and many others entered the literature in the pre-October period.

During the years of Soviet power, Bashkir literature has grown to excellent realistic poetry, multifaceted novels and dramaturgy of various genres. The point, of course, is not only in the enrichment of modern Bashkir literature with all types and types of poetry, prose and drama, developed in the world artistic development. She's getting richer in her own way ideological content and for those specific approaches to their artistic solution, which are of great interest to other peoples. According to G. V. Khusainov.

Literature of the multinational Republic of Bashkortostan. “My dear land, Sweet rivers, fields, Birch and black trees, The Ural rearing up into the sky, - I melt one dream: to sing my Motherland. ... Over the expanses of glades My Ural, my giant! Yet I am not alone: ​​A little breeze will blow, It will bring news to me About my native side, About those familiar places, About honey springs, About the land where My handsome man, my Ural, rose to the sky, He brings news to me. "Salavat Yulaev. "Native Country""

• 1 Fiction
  • 1.1 History
  • 1.2 21st century
  • 1.3 Oral Bashkir literature
• 2 Dramaturgy
• 3 Bashkir tales
• 4 Bashkir proverbs and sayings
• 5 Children's literature
• 6 Scientific literature
• 7 Epistolary literature
• 8 Literary magazines
• 9 Literary newspapers
• 10 Folklore
• 11 Literary criticism
• 12 Literary awards
• 13 Educational institutions
• 14 Literary associations
• 15 Literary museums
• 16 Interesting Facts
• 17 Literature
• 18 Notes
• 19 Links

Fiction

Story

Akmulla

The sources of Bashkir literature are ancient Turkic written monuments such as the Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions and handwritten works of the 11th century in the Turkic language (“Divanu lugat at-Turk” by M. Kashgari, “Kutadgu bilik” by Yu. Balasaguni).

The creation of Bashkir written literature was preceded by oral folk art. The Bashkirs had a rich folklore. The works of oral folk art reflected the views of the ancient Bashkirs on nature, their life experience, and moral ideals. The genre composition of the works is diverse: epic and fairy tale, legends and legends, kubairs (heroic tales), riddles, songs, baits, gazelle, madhiya, marsia, qasida, dastan, hikmat, qissa, hikayat, nazym, nasikhat, munajaty, gazelle, masnavi , kitga, parsa, neser, masal, latifa, sayahatname, shezhere, tauarih, hitap, maktub, name and many others.

Bashkir folk art includes the epics "Ural-batyr", "Akbuzat", "Zayatulyak and Khuukhylu", "Kara-yurga", "Akkhak-kola", "Kungyr-buga", Alpamysh and Barsynkhylu, historical and everyday songs, baits , fairy tales and legends, many of which were transmitted orally. Salavat Yulaev's poems belong to oral folk art. Writers XVIII-XIX centuries T. Yalsygul Al-Bashkordi, G. Sokroy, Sh. Ya. Zaki, G. Salikhov created mainly spiritual poetry associated with religious consciousness. Enlightenment ideas were reflected in the works of writers and scientists of the 2nd half of the 19th century: M. K. Akmulla, M. Umetbaev, M. Bekchurin (Bikchurin, Biksurin) and others. The originality of religious enlightenment was manifested in relation to the solution of social problems. R. Fakhretdinov's writings ("Asma", "Salima", "Family", "Instructions") condemn greed and ignorance. According to his conclusions, immoral acts are also inherent in rich people.

Bashkir enlighteners-democrats Mukhametsalim Umetbaev (1841-1907), Miftakhetdin Akmulla (1831-1895), Mazhit Gafuri (1880-1934), Shaikhzada Babich (1890-1919), Daut Yulty (1893-1938) exposed the acuteness of social problems, for them the way of smoothing out contradictions was unacceptable.

At the beginning of the XX century. (1906) a national Tatar press appeared in Bashkortostan, first in Orenburg (magazines Shura, Din ve megishet, Chukech), then in Ufa (newspaper Tormysh, 1913-18). Many Bashkir poets, prose writers, playwrights were published in Tatar magazines, newspapers published in many cities of the country, including Ufa (there was no periodical press in the Bashkir language), published their books in Tatar publishing houses.

Many works about Bashkiria were created by Russian writers of the 19th-20th centuries - A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov (unfinished novel Vadim), S. T. Aksakov, V. I. Dal, D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak, P M. Kudryashev, M. L. Mikhailov, P. M. Kudryashev, V. S. Yumatov, V. S. Losievsky, M. L. Mikhailov, M. V. Avdeev, Anatoly Rybakov (novel "Ashes and Ashes" ). they reflect the history and culture of the Bashkir people, their struggle against tsarism and foreign invaders. Historical novel S. Zlobin "Salavat Yulaev" (1929) entered the treasury of Russian literature.

The first Bashkir writers and poets of the 20th century were Sh. Babich, Kh. Gabitov, D. Yulty, S. Mryasov, K. Idelguzhin, T. Yanabi (Kalimullin), G. Amantai, Zaini, Davletshin and others. They were published in the newspaper “ Bashkurdistan" since 1924. the form of separate books - since 1923.

Mazhit Gafuri

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Bashkir writers Mazhit Gafuri also appeared in the literature of Bashkiria, writers - participants civil war: Garif Gumer, B. Z. Ishemgulov, Tukhvat Yanabi, Imai Nasyri and other Red Army newspapers published the first works of the Komsomol poet Shamun Fidai, Yarly Karim, and the Bolshevik publicist Sh. A. Khudaiberdin.

On the stages of the Bashkir theaters were staged: the drama of M. Burangulov "Ashkadar" (1920) and the musical comedy of the playwright and composer H. K. Ibragimov "Shoes" (1921), ridiculing the mores of the bourgeois and merchants. 1920 D. I. Yulty wrote the play Karagul about the struggle of the Bashkir workers for freedom. Bashkir poetry embodied the thoughts and feelings of a man of labor who became the master of his own destiny: the collections of M. Gafuri, S. F. Kudash, G. Gumer, T. Yanabi and others. At the end of the 20s, young writers Sagit Agish, Gabdulla Amantai, Ali Karnay, Rashit Nigmati, Tazhi Mukhitdin, Gaynan Khairi and others; the heroes of their works are youth, Komsomol, fighters for a new life.

In a turning point, such figures of Bashkir culture as Zaki Validi, Abdulkadir Inan, Galimyan Tagan, Mukhametsha Burangulov were formed. Zaki Validi (1890-1970) - the leader of the Bashkir national movement, one of the founders of the Bashkir autonomy, who wrote hundreds of works on the history and culture of the Turkic peoples, including the Bashkirs. Abdulkadir Inan (1889-1974) - a researcher who has invested a lot of work in Turkological science. Mukhametsha Burangulov (1888-1968) - an outstanding Bashkir folklorist, thanks to whose tireless work it was possible to save pearls Bashkir epic.

In the 30s of the twentieth century, Bashkortostan began with the rise of Bashkir literature. Literature developed along the path of socialist realism. Novels and novels by S. Agish, B. G. Bikbay, Kh. L. Davletshina, A. Karnay, S. F. Kudash, I. Nasyri, A. M. Tagirov, poems by M. G. I. Yultiya, dramas by S. M. Miftakhov. The growth of industry in Bashkiria, the formation of the working class are reflected in the essay by A. Karnay "Ishimbai". (1935), in A. M. Tagirov’s story “The Blood of Machines” (1934), in verses by Rashit Nigmati, Kadyr Dayan, Salakh Kulibai. Poets Batyr Walid, Maksud Syundukle, Muslim Marat and others came out with poetic works about the working class. received the theme of the Revolution and the Civil War: the novels of A. M. Tagirov (“Soldiers”, parts 1-2, 1931-33, “Red Guards”, 1934, and “Red Army Men”, 1936), D. I. Yulty (“Blood ”, 1934), I. Nasyri (“Kudey”, 1936), stories by A. Karnay, Kh. B. Mukhtar, I. Nasyri, Ch. Kh. Khanov, B. Kh. Khasan and others. Humor and satire are developing: stories by Sagit Agish, stories by Gubai Davletshin, Bulat Ishemgulov, Kirei Mergen, Tukhvat Yanabi, poems by Gainan AmiriGainan Amiri. The genre of the poem became widespread: “Shunkar” (1936) and “Child” (1939) by G. Salama, “Beautiful valleys of Ak-Ideli” (1939) by R. Nigmati, “Country of winners” (1935) by T. Yanabi and others. Plays by S. M. Miftakhov, B. G. Bikbay, K. Kh. Dayan, and N. K. Karip appeared.

Mustai Karim, People's Poet of Bashkortostan

During the Great Patriotic War, poetry developed. Books by T. G. Arslan, A. M. Valeev, M. S. Karim, H. K. Karim, N. N. Najmi, R. Nigmati and others became a poetic chronicle of the war. The images of the heroes of the front and rear were created in the books of S. Agish (“To the Front”, 1943), K. Mergen (“Bashkirs”, 1943, “Dzhigits”, 1944), S. F. Kudash (“In the Steppes of the Don”, 1943 ), G. Gumer (“Stories of grandfather Yulsura”, 1945) and others. Dramas by B. G. Bikbay, K. Mergen, A. K. Mubaryakov were staged on the Bashkir stage.

In the post-war years, the following were published: the story of S.F. Kudash "Towards the Spring" (1952) - about the friendship of the poets Gabdulla Tukay and Mazhit Gafuri, his memoirs "Unforgettable Minutes" (1957), "In the Footsteps of Youth" (1964); G. Gumer's story "The Town on the Waves" (1951) is about the work of raftsmen, his autobiographical story "From the Threshold to the Upper Room" (1957). The genre of the novel has developed greatly. Kh. L. Davletshina's novel "Irgiz" (1957) depicts the friendship and joint struggle of the Bashkir peasants and Russian workers. The following novels are devoted to the past of the people: Z. A. Biisheva “The Humiliated” (1959), Y. Kh. Khammatov “Gold is collected bit by bit”. The novels of S. Agish (“Foundation”, 1950), A. M. Valeev (“First Steps”, 1952), B. G. Bikbai (“When Akselyan Spills”, 1956) depict the socialist transformations of the Bashkir village. The struggle for oil in Bashkiria is shown in the novels of K. Mergen "On the slopes of Naryshtau" (1948-49) and A. G. Bikchentaev "Swans remain in the Urals" (1956). The novels of A. M. Valeev “May Rain” (1957), “Wild Rose Flower”, D. F. Islamov “The Generous Land” (1959) and “The Road of Moscow” (1968), A. G. Bikchentaev “I am not I promise you paradise "(1963), Kh. G. Gilyazheva" Soldiers without shoulder straps "(1964). Of the poetic works, the verses and poems of T. G. Arslan, Sh. S. Bikkulov, M. Gali, H. K. Karim, K. K. Kinyabulatova, S. G. Kulibay, N. N. Najmi, R. Nigmati , G. Z. Ramazanova, M. Syundukle.

The textbooks include poems by the poet Rashit Saitbattalovich Nazarov.

Children's literature was also written. There were stories by Z. A. Biisheva (1908-1996), A. G. Bikchentaev, R. B. Gabdrakhmanov, F. A. Isangulov, M. S. Karim, K. Mergen.

See also Calendar poetry, Kargysh (folklore), Kulyamas, Bashkir poetry.

XXI Century

... “There is no higher happiness for a person - consent to live, strengthen peace and tranquility. For four and a half centuries we have been going together - Russian and Bashkirs.

Alexander Filippov

Writers contributed to Bashkir literature: poets R. T. Bikbaev, R. Ya. Garipov, A. Kh. Igebaev (people's poet), N. A. Gaitbaev, M. N. Karimov (people's poet), Ya. Kulmy , F. A. Rakhimgulova, R. A. Safin, R. G. Khakimov (poet, singer and composer), prose writers I. G. Gizzatullin, G. G. Ibragimov, V. M. Iskhakov, N. S. Musin and etc.

Poets who write in Russian also work successfully in the republic. Filippov, Alexander Pavlovich (1932-2011), an outstanding Russian poet, prose writer and translator, became the People's Poet of Bashkortostan. Novels and stories about animals by the writer of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus Zayanchkovsky Ivan Filippovich are read all over the world. Sergei Ivanovich Matyushin (1943-2012, Salavat) published seven books of prose.

In Bashkortostan and about Bashkortostan, Russian-speaking writers of the Republic, natives of Bashkortostan - Yu. Andrianov, R. Akhmedov, M. Gafurov, A. Kuznetsov, R. Pal, S. Sinenko write a lot. literary activity With " small homeland”tied up by the writers A. Genatulin, V. Gerasimov, M. Karpova, M. Lvov, V. Sorokin, who moved to Moscow. Writers G. Bannov, D. Daminov, V. Denisov, A. Dokuchaeva, B. Pavlov, V. Perchatkin, I. Slobodchikov (the novels "Big Glades", "Time of Hope"), I. Sotnikov, V. Trubitsyn, G Shafikov, who were born outside of Bashkortostan, moved to Bashkortostan for permanent residence and create works here about their "second" homeland.

The older generation of Bashkir writers includes the poets Rif Akhmadiev, Sarvar Galyautdinov (poems for children), Valery Rakhmatullin (military lyrics), Rosalia Sultangareeva, Syumel (Nafisa Khabibdiyarova), Khismat Yuldashev (poems about the Motherland), prose writers Rafael Zinnurov (the epic poem "The Way Bashkortostan"), Rinat Kamal (the novel "Alfira"), Finat Shakiryanov. Writers Niyaz Salimov, Alfiya Asadullina, Rais Tulyak, Farit Khasanov, Farzana Akbulatova, Salavat Karim, Akhmer Utyabaev, Munir Vafin, Rashida Shamsutdinova, Ramai Kagir, Lilia Sakmar, Irshat Tlyaumbetov, Rimma Galimova, Azamat Yuldashbaev, Gilman Ishkinin, Aidar Khusainov continue to work , Damir Sharafutdinov, Salavat Abuzarov, Flyur Galimov (the novel "The New Bashkir"), Ralis Urazgulov, Aidar Khusainov, Damir Sharafutdinov, Salavat Abuzarov.

Oral Bashkir literature

In Bashkir philology, the concept of "oral literature" is used in two meanings, as verbal folklore and as a product of the author's improvisational professional creativity. Oral and literary creations were recorded over time, but before that they existed for a certain time in oral form by authors or performers.

Bashkir oral literature went through several stages:

• Conditional, associated with the origin of various rites and rituals; starting from antiquity, it covers the period up to about the 14th century. new era (before the beginning of the Yyrau era). Bashkir ritual folklore has preserved the names of folklore bearers: Tulka, Karmkyt, Tulpy, Sukak, Kuzkort, Korkuta.

• The epoch of Yyrau is associated with the names of the carriers of improvisation Khabrau, Asan Kaigy, Kaztugan, Shalgiiz. Their work fell on the XIV-XVI centuries. But the word "yyrau" in Turkic written sources in the meaning of an oral poetic creator is mentioned earlier. So in the monument “Divan lugat itturk” by M. Kashgari (1073-1074) it is interpreted as “a player on musical instrument"," singer. The word "yyrau" has its main meaning (among the Bashkirs - " folk singer”) has been preserved for a millennium. Many zhyraus who lived in the 15th-18th centuries were not only poets, but also leaders of tribes, uluses, tribal unions, as well as batyrs, leaders of tribal squads.” their improvisations raised issues expressing the needs and aspirations of society. Yyrau wandered, knew common problems neighboring related peoples.

• The era of sesens falls on the Russian period of Bashkir literature. "Sesen" is called the Bashkir masters of the oral word. The names of sesens were forgotten until the 11th century, and their improvisations became folklore. The sesens who carry folklore and oral literature include: Katai Gali sesen, Ihsan sesen, Turumtai sesen, Suyunduk sesen, Kildysh sesen, Emmet sesen, Karakai sesen, Yahya sesen and others. Bayik, Makhmut, Buranbai, Ishmukhamet Murzakaev, Gabit Argynbaev, Mukhammetsha Burangulov (XVI - first half of the XX century). The epic of the sesens saw the transition of oral authors to a written presentation of compositions, while losing their improvisational qualities, subordinating the ideology of the existing system.

In this era, sesens of the first half of the 20th century are known - Farrakh Davletshin, Sait Ismagilov, Mukhametsha Burangulov. They were assigned honorary title"People's Sesen of Bashkiria". Of these, only Mukhametsha Burangulov embodied the qualities of oral masters of the 16th-19th centuries: improvisational, performing, and collecting.

Dramaturgy

Main article: Bashkir dramaturgy

From the very beginning, Bashkir dramaturgy relied on the centuries-old traditions of Bashkir folklore and the written heritage of the Bashkir people of past centuries. The history of theater began with ritual folklore, which has a pronounced dramatic structure. Narrators of epics - sesens - were distinguished by the highest skill of performance. Sesen carried several functions: they told the audience the content of the epic and acted as living characters, actors and musicians, creating a stage effect.

An important role was played by the work of enlightenment writers, their discussions about education, social problems, socio-political and philosophical views intellectuals were expressed in the periodical press in the form of dramatic sketches.

The first officially recognized Muslim performance in Bashkiria was the play “Ignorance and Learning” (a free translation of A. N. Ostrovsky’s drama “A Hangover at a Foreign Feast”), staged by I. Kudashev-Ashkadarsky in 1906 in the city of Ufa. The first play that reveals the heroism of the Bashkir people in the Patriotic War of 1812 was "Heroes of the Fatherland" by F. Tuikin.

At the beginning of the 20th century, genres of historical-heroic, socio-political, socio-philosophical drama arose, which reflect the mentality of the Bashkir ethnos, highlight the topical problems of the era. These include historical dramas - "Heroes of the Fatherland" by Fazyl Tuykin, "Yangur" by Avzal Tagirov, "Salavat-batyr" by Fatkhelkadir Suleymanov.

The dramas of D. Yulty, S. Miftakhov, B. Bikbay, I. Abdullin, A. Abdullin, M. Karim, N. Asanbaev, A. Atnabaev and others formed the basis of the repertoire of the Bashkir theater.

The development of national dramaturgy was accompanied by searches and experiments in the sphere of genres of dramatic art. Significant phenomena were the tragedies "On the night of the lunar eclipse", "Do not throw fire, Prometheus!" M. Karim, "Nerkes" by I. Yumagulov, "Akmulla" by K. Mergen; dramas "Karagul" by D. Yulty, "Bashkir Wedding" by M. Burangulov, "Karlugas" by B. Bikbay, "Raisa" by N. Asanbaev, "Mothers are waiting for sons" by A. Mirzagitov, "The Thirteenth Chairman" by A. Abdullina; comedies “Shoes” by X. Ibragimov, “Sister-in-laws” by I. Abdullin, “Kidnapping of a Girl” by M. Karim, “Shombai” by K. Mergen, “Twins” by A. Atnabaev, plays by F. Bulyakov “Forgotten Prayer”, “Bibinur, ah , Bibinur!. and etc.

The fruits of the new, socialist reality were the Bashkir Soviet comedy (“Shoes” (1921) by Kh. Ibragimov, “Bread” by S. Agish, “My Family” by K. Mergen). Philistinism was the main object of ridicule of the Bashkir comedy. Comedies satirically denounced social vices, remnants in everyday life and the minds of individuals and fought to strengthen the collectivist principles in life, the establishment of higher moral principles.

The dramas of modern playwrights are well known: A. Kh. Najmi (“Arc with bells”, “Atambay”).

Bashkir fairy tales

Ural Batyr vs Giant Diva

Bashkir fairy tales are known as author's and folk. It is customary to divide Bashkir fairy tales into fairy tales about animals, magical, heroic, social tales. Such a classification of Bashkir fairy tales was first proposed by N. K. Dmitriev. Russian translation by A. G. Bessonov, a collection of Bashkir fairy tales with an introductory article by Dmitriev, was first published in Ufa in 1941.

One of the first to collect and systematize Bashkir folk tales was the scientists D.K. Zelenin, A.G. Bessonov, N.K. Dmitriev. Their works were continued by A. I. Kharisov, J. G. Kiekbaev, K. Mergen (A. N. Kireev), M. Kh. Mingazetdinov, L. G. Barag, N. T. Zaripov, A. M. Suleimanov, F. A. Nadrshina, G. R. Khusainova.

The most popular hero of the Bashkir legends is Ural-batyr - a fighter for the happiness of people with evil forces. And there are many evil forces in folk legends. These are the evil demons Yalmauz, Juha, Ajaha and the spirits - the owners of Eya

Fairy tales in the Bashkir language were written by Bashkir writers Rashit Sultangareev, Fakiya Tuguzbaeva, Mukarama Sadykova, Rail Baibulatov, Gulnur Yakupova, Tamara Ganieva, Nazhiya Igizyanova. The writer V. I. Dal collected Bashkir legends and fairy tales. The writer A. Platonov was engaged in literary processing of the Bashkir fairy tales.

In the 1920s and 1930s, the attitude to the interpretation of fairy tales was contradictory. Under the influence of Marxist-Leninist ideology, it was necessary to illustrate the ideas of class struggle and the construction of socialism in fairy tales. This trend was reflected, for example, in the fairy tales of G. Amantai "Tauykbike" ("The Hostess Hen"), "The Tale of the Crow". Since the end of the 1930s, the degree of socialization of fairy tales has been decreasing. the plots of fairy tales, writers already preferred to invest in the ideas of fidelity, friendship, mutual assistance, etc. Fairy tales are increasingly becoming a part of children's literature. Some plots of Bashkir fairy tales take on a poetic form: Dayan's fairy tales “How a dog found its owner” (1939), S. Kudash “The perspicacious hare”, etc.

Based on the plots of Bashkir folk tales, plays for children by A. Girfanov "Khurusai-batyr", A. Yagafarova "How the dog found its owner", created fables (S. Ismagilov "The Wolf and the Fox" (1947), G. Amiri "The Old Fox "(1953), Sh. Bikkul "The Mole and the Ferret" (1953)), literary tales, stories (S. Agish "Turykay"), poetry.

In modern literary tales, their folklore foundations, ways of constructing a plot, the traditional system of characters. The folklore canon in the development of the storyline is relatively stable, and the author's individuality is more often manifested in the depiction of fairy-tale characters, in dialogues, in portrait characteristics, in descriptions of the details of the action.

See also Bashkir folk tales

Bashkir proverbs and sayings

Main article: Bashkir proverbs and sayings

Bashkir proverbs and sayings concentrated elements of folk wisdom in a few well-aimed words.

Gathering Bashkir proverbs, tales, traditions and legends were studied by famous folklorists A. G. Bessonov, A. I. Kharisov, A. N. Kireev, M. M. Sagitov, N. T. Zaripov, S. A. Galin, G. B Khusainov, F. A. Nadrshina, A. M. Suleimanov, N. D. Shunkarov, and others.

Bashkortostan publishes a series of books "Bashkir folklore: research and materials", collections of Bashkir fairy tales.

Children's literature

The main functions of children's literature are educational, educational, education of aesthetic taste, hedenistic (pleasure), rhetorical.

The origins of Bashkir children's literature are Bashkir folklore, oral folk art. Children's folklore and children's written literature take into account the psychology and age characteristics of children. Some genres in the Bashkir children's literature were created under the influence of folklore, so K. Dayan processed folk tales in poetic form.

Children's literature of the entertainment genre includes lullabies, pestles, nursery rhymes, jokes, counting rhymes, tongue twisters, undershirts, teasers, sentences, choruses, fairy tales.

In Bashkiria, the first authors of fiction for children were M. Gafuri, D. Yulty, G. Gumer (“The Story of a Red Tie”, 1927, “Stories of Grandfather Yulsura”, 1945), Kh. I. Nasiri, K. Mzrgen ("Aldar and Shaitan: Stories for Children", "Bashkir folk riddles".), A. Karnay (collection of stories "Turgay"), etc.

Bashkir writers F. Rakhimgulova (Poems for Children), A. Yagafarova, F. Tuguzbaeva, G. Giezatullina, I. Gapyautdinov turned to children's literature.

Fairy tales for children were written by Bashkir writers S. Surina (children's dramaturgy, adaptation folklore), F. Yakhin (household tales), K. Dayan (treatment of folk tales), Dina Talkhina, Bikkul (Bashkir literary tale), N. Fazlaeva and M. Burakaeva "Legends of Ilmentau".

During the Great Patriotic War, S. Agish wrote books for children: "Bay", "Petka Yakushin and Petka Bayramgulov", "My Three Months".

Works for preschoolers and younger schoolchildren in the Bashkir children's literature were mainly created from the mid-1950s. this time R. Nigmati wrote poems for kids: "Answers to my daughter's questions", "The First of September", G. Yunusova wrote children's poems, shifters, counting rhymes, nursery rhymes, fables, riddles: "I'm only three", "Magic gift" , "Dandelion", A. Yagafarova wrote poems and fairy tales about work, games.

Masters of Bashkir children's literature Z. Biisheva "Let's be friends" "Golden Egg", "Love and Hate"; B. Bikbay; F. Isyangulov "Descendants of Yaubasar" wrote children's works based on folk legends to legends.

The children's works of Mustai Karim include the stories "The Joy of Our Home", "Taganok", "Alfiya's Stories", "Long, Long Childhood". In these works, the world of the child appears "created by the child himself."

Scientific literature

Bashkortostan publishes literature on priority scientific areas for the republic: chemistry, medicine, mathematics, history. Scientific journals are published: "Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan", "Atmosphere, Bashkortostan", "Pedagogical Journal of Bashkortostan", "Medical Bulletin of Bashkortostan", online journal "Oil and Gas Business", etc.

To significant publications of the publishing house "Bashkir Encyclopedia" recent years relate:

Encyclopedia of Bashkortostan in 7 volumes, 2005-2011. Large teams of scientists of the republic in various fields of science are working on the encyclopedia.

Academic explanatory dictionary of the Bashkir language in 11 volumes, work on which is expected until 2016. A team of scientists from the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences is working on the dictionary. The dictionary is multilingual: the interpretation of words is given in the Bashkir language with a translation into Russian.

Salavat Yulaev: encyclopedia (dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Salavat Yulaev). 2004

Bashkortostan: a brief encyclopedia (in Russian and in Bashkir). 1996

"History of the Bashkir people" in 7 volumes. Authors: Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus, Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The first volume covers the period from ancient times to the 4th century AD, the second - from the 5th to the middle of the 16th centuries, the third - from the second half of the 16th to the 18th century, the fourth - the 19th century, the fifth - 1900-1940, the sixth - 1941-1985 , the seventh volume - from 1985 to the beginning of the XXI century. Years of publication: 2009-2012.

Academicians Baimov, Robert Nurmukhametovich, Bikbaev, Ravil Tukhvatovich, M.V. Zainullin, Z.A. Nurgalin and others were engaged in the study of the history of Bashkir literature and its analysis.

Epistolary literature

Bashkir epistolary literature belongs to literary genre used the form of "letters" or "messages" to any person or a wide range of readers. First epistolary works Bashkir literature has been known since the Middle Ages. These include letters from the Bashkirs to Ivan IV, the “Letter from Batyrsha”, a letter from the Bashkirs of the Ming tribe on issues of patrimonial land ownership to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1671), a letter from the Bashkirs of the Ufa district about harassment by government officials to Peter II (1728). written appeals of Salavat Yulaev and others. In these letters and appeals one can find evidence of the life of the Bashkirs, their social status, Bashkir legends, proverbs and sayings. The originals of the genre are stored in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts in Moscow.

The Bashkir poet Akmulla, Miftahetdin of the 19th century in the works of the genre "Letter to his father", "Open letter to Khazret Nurgali", "Isangilda Batuch", "Kypchaks from Syr" exposes the vices of society, sets out his life principles.

In the 10-30s of the twentieth century, many poems of the Bashkir poets M. Gafuri were written in epistolary form (" Love letters"), G. Amiri, B. Bikbay, G. Gumer, B. Ishemgul, "Hey, Bolshevik", "Kurayu", "Open your eyes" by Sh. Babich, poem by S. Kudash "lat" (1930; "Letter" ) and writers - nesers B. Ishemgul, I. Nasyri, T. Yanabi and others.

During the Great Patriotic War, the poets B. Bikbay, A. Vali, K. Dayana, M. Karim, S. Kulibay, M. Kharis turned to the epistolary form, after the war - K. Aralbay, A. K. Atnabaev, M. Gali , Kh. Gilyazhev, I. L. Kinyabulatov, F. T. Kuzbekov, P. Najmi, H. Nazar, R. S. Nazarov, G. Z. Ramazanov, R. A. Safin, V. Tulyak, etc.

In modern Bashkir literature, works of the genre are known: the appeal “Khalgyma hat” (1982; “Letter to my people”) by R. T. Bikbaev, the kubair “Amanat” (1969; “ cherished word»; R. Ya. Garipova.

Literary magazines

• "BABICH" is a literary, socio-political, satirical illustrated magazine published in Ufa in 1922-23.
• Belsky expanses - published since 1998. The journal publishes works by Russian, Bashkir, Tatar, Chuvash, and other writers. The founders are the Cabinet of Ministers and the Union of Writers of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
• Magazines "Yanalyk" and "Sesen". In 1930 they were merged into one magazine "October" (since 1949 - "Literary Bashkiria"). Now "Literary Bashkortostan".
• "Agidel"
• "Vatandash"
• "Amanat" is a children's and youth magazine in the Bashkir language.
• "Bashkortostan kyzy" is a monthly literary and art magazine for women in the Bashkir language.

Literary newspapers

"EDEBI UDAR" ("AҘҙәb blow" - "Literary blow"), newspaper. The organ of the BAPP, from May 1932 - the organ of the committee of the Union of Writers of the BASSR. It was published in Ufa from April 1931 to January 1933 once every 10 days in the Bashkir language.

Folklore

Materials about Bashkir folklore are in diary entries and notes of Eastern and Western missionaries and travelers of the early Middle Ages (Ibn Fadlan, Plano Carpini, Guillaume de Rubruk, etc.). Bashkir folk traditions and legends were used to describe the region by Russian travelers and researchers (I. K. Kirilov, P. I. Rychkov, I. I. Lepekhin, P. S. Pallas, I. G. Georgi, V. N. Tatishchev) . During a trip to the Orenburg province in 1833, A.S. Pushkin recorded a version of the epic “Kuzykurpyas and Mayankhylu” from sesen-narrators, and the writer, linguist-lexicographer Dal, who accompanied him on the trip, collected information on the history, life and oral poetry of the Bashkirs and published the plot of the Bashkir epic "Zayatulyak and Khuukhylu" translated into prose under the name "Bashkir Mermaid".

IN late XIX For centuries, representatives of the Bashkir intelligentsia - P. Nazarov, B. Yuluev, M. Baishev, M. Kuvatov, M. Umetbaev, G. Enikeev - have been collecting and systematizing Bashkir folklore.

In 1922, the Society for the Study of Life, Culture and History of Bashkiria was created in the Bashkir ASSR, which became the center of research in the field of Bashkir folklore. he collaborated with S. Mryasov (“Samples of fiction from the period of the Bashkir 6ys and khans”), Kh. Gabitov (“ wedding ceremonies among the Bashkirs”), G. Vildanov (“Bashkir batyrs”, “Laments among the Bashkirs”), M. Burangulov, S. Galimov and others.

In the 1930s, folklore sections were created under the Union of Writers of the BASSR and the Scientific Research Institute of Language and Literature. The society launched a great work on the collection of works of oral creativity and the formation of folklore funds. Folklore was collected by Bashkir writers - A. Karnay, B. Bikbay and others. Thanks to folklore collectors, the names of talented Bashkir storytellers, storytellers, singers, kuraists, improvisers became known. The epic legends "Akbuzat", "Yulai and Salavat", "Idukai and Muradym" were published in Burangulov's notes, collections of Bashkir proverbs (1936), Bashkir folk tales (1939).

In 1932, a national culture was opened in Ufa (since 1938 - language and literature named after M. Gafuri). Employees of the institute went on scientific expeditions to the regions of the republic and neighboring regions.

In the 50s, the works of IYAL published a three-volume collection "Bashkir folk art" ("Bashkort halyk izhady", 1954-59), collections "Bashkir folk proverbs" ("Bashkort halyk mәҡәldәre").

In 1951, the Bashkir Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences was opened in Ufa, since 1957 - the Bashkir Branch. State University. A new stage in the development of national folklore began, characterized by the expansion of the collection, publications folk art and the emergence of serious scientific research.

Since the 60s, the folklorists of Bashkortostan have begun to prepare a multi-volume collection "Bashkir Folk Art" ("Bashkort Halyk Izhady") in the Bashkir language. Work on it ended in 1985 with the release of 18 volumes.

Bashkir folklore at the beginning of the 21st century was enriched by the books of F. A. Nadrshina - the epic "Ural-batyr", traditions and legends, songs and proverbs.

Since 2004, folklore expeditions have been organized in the Republic of Belarus to the northern regions of the republic, where they almost never took place. Folklorists worked in Tatyshlinsky (2004), Yanaulsky (2005), Buraevsky (2006), Askinsky (2007) districts, as well as outside the republic - in Sverdlovsk (2004, 2005), Orenburg (2004), Saratov and other regions. The results of the expeditions were collections: "Expedition materials - 2003: Zilair region" and "Expedition materials - 2004: Alsheevsky region", etc.

The publication of the collection "Bashkir Folk Art" continues. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the following volumes have been published: "Historical epic", "Epos: kisses and dastans", "Written kisses and dastans", "Epos: irteks and epic kubairs", "Proverbs and sayings", "Riddles", "Tales about animals "," Game folklore and folk sports”, “Historical baits”, “Fairy tales proper”.

According to the program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Monuments of domestic science. XX century" was prepared for the reprint of the classic of Bashkir folklore - the book by S. G. Rybakov "Music and songs of the Ural Muslims with an outline of their way of life" (1897) and "Bashkir folk tales, recorded and translated by A. G. Bessonov, edited by prof. N. K. Dmitriev” (Ufa, 1941).

literary criticism

Literary criticism and literary criticism are also developing in Bashkortostan.

Bashkir literary criticism arose in the 2nd half of the 19th century. Prior to this, separate articles on literature were published in the reviews of T. Yalsygul al-Bashkordi, G. Usman. The first information on folklore, language and Bashkir literature was given by M. Biksurin, S. Kuklyashev, M. Ivanov (“Tatar Grammar”, 1842).

M. Umetbaev in 1897 in the book "Yadkar" (1897) conducted systematic analysis Bashkir literature. series of books "Asar" (1900-1904) R. Fakhretdinov summarized materials about the life and work of Bashkir writers. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, writers Fakhretdinov, M. Gafuri, A.-Z. Validov published information about Bashkir literature, represented literary portraits writers, book reviews.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution literary activity most often done by the writers themselves. The main genres of literary criticism were reviews and reviews. articles by A. Chanysh, Zh. Lukman, Sh. Shagar, G. Amantai raised questions of the theory of literature, genres and styles. The first books about the life and work of the writers Gafuri, A. Tagirov, Ishemgul appeared.

In 1944 A. Kharisov's book "Theory of Literature" was published. In the early 1950s, literary articles by Kharisov, Z. Sharka, Kirey Mergen, G. Ramazanov, Kh. Zinnatullina, A. Kudashev were published on the problems of the development of literature in the war and post-war years. Monographs by G. Khusainov about the life and work of S. Kudash, Yulty, R. Nigmati, M. Karim, books by M. Gainullin about the Bashkir dramaturgy of S. Miftakhov, S. Safuanov about the life and work of A. Karnaya, N. Zaripov were published. I. Nasyri and others.

In the 1950s, in the BASSR, the national literary heritage of the Bashkir people was considered within the framework of the method of socialist realism. In 1965 Ramazanov's book "Creativity of Mazhit Gafuri" was published. Kharisov's publication "Literary heritage of the Bashkir people: XVIII-XIX centuries" was a contribution to literary science. (1965). BASSR began to regularly publish collections of critical articles. Bashkir literary critics began to deal more with the theory and methodology of literature. These are the books of K. Akhmedyanov "Poetic Imagery", A. Vakhitov "Bashkir Soviet novel"(1978), R. Baimov" The fate of the genre "(1984).

M. Kh. Gainullin, G. B. Khusainov, R. Bikbaev created works on the genres of Bashkir poetry, dramaturgy, and the development of Bashkir literature. R. Bikbaev's monograph "The Poetic Chronicle of Time" analyzes the important phenomena of modern Bashkir poetry. Baimov, T. Kilmukhametov, A. Khakimov, R. Shakur, Z. Nurgalin, R. Amirov contributed to the study of genres and main problems of Bashkir literature.

G. Kunafin, M. Idelbaev, A. Vildanov, I. Bulyakov, Z. Sharipova have been working in Bashkir literary criticism since the 70-80s. Works on the history of Bashkir literature were prepared: "From the history of Bashkir literature", (1975); "Literary heritage of the peoples of the Ural-Volga region and modernity" (1980); "The system of genres in Bashkir literature"; "The poem "Kyssa-i Yusuf" by Kul Gali: Poetics. Problematics. Language of the work" (1988). The development of archaeographic and textological research areas began. The "History of Bashkir Literature" was published in 6 volumes, which explores the emergence, formation and development of Bashkir literature, the evolution of its genres over periods, the life and work of Bashkir writers.

Modern Bashkir literary criticism consists of three main areas: literary theory, literary history, literary criticism. A. I. Kharisov, K. A. Akhmedyanov (Theory of Literature), M. F. Gainullin, S. A. Galin, N. T. Zaripov, Kh. Sh. Zinnatullina, A. G. Kudashev , K. Mergen, G. Z. Ramazanov, S. G. Safuanov, A. Kh. Khakimov, G. B. Khusainov, M. Kh.

A great contribution to literary criticism was made by Timergali Kilmukhametov (the monographs “Dramaturgy of Mustai Karim”, “Dramaturgy and playwrights”, “Power of the people”, “Mukhametsalim Umetbaev: life and work”, “Poetics of Bashkir dramaturgy”. Articles about the life and work of S. Agish, B. Bikbay, H. Davletshina, Z. Biisheva).

Search for new features literary process in the "turbulence of being" leads some literary critics of the Republic of Belarus to conclusions about the inadequacy of the past to the future, de-ideologized lyricists. Observations on the work of Bashkir writers at the beginning of the 21st century. allow them to identify "attractors of self-organization of Bashkir literature" and visually represent attractors in the form of some "channels" (cones or funnels) that fold, draw in a lot of "trajectories". They see the processes of self-organization of literature in open non-linear structures.

Literary work in the Republic of Belarus is carried out at the Institute of the History of Language and Literature of the USC RAS; Bashkir State University, Pedagogical University and other universities. Articles on literary criticism are published in the journals "Agidel", "Belskie open spaces", "Vatandash", "Yadkyar" ("Heritage"), etc.

Literary awards

• Salavat Yulaev Prize - highest award Bashkortostan in the field of art (500 thousand rubles).
• Literary award named after Ramzily Khisametdinova Mindigalievna
• The All-Russian Literary Prize named after S. T. Aksakov - established in 1999 by the President of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the International Fund Slavic writing and Culture, the Union of Writers of Russia and the Union of Writers of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
• Prize to them. M. Akmulla for works of literature and art - established by the Decision of the Miyakinsky District Council of People's Deputies in 1980.
• Angam Atnabaev Prize;
• Rashit Mingazevich Akhtarov Prize (Rashit Akhtari)
• K. Akhmedyanov Prize
• Republican youth award in the field of literature and art named after Shaikhzada Babich (50 thousand rubles).
• Prize named after Grigory Beloretsky (Larionov)
• Mukhametshi Burangulov Annual Literary Prize.
• Prize named after Vazih Iskhakov;
• Gali Ibragimov Prize;
• Gali Sokoroy Prize;
• Prize named after Gayan Lukmanov;
• Gilemdar Ramazanov Prize;
• Dinis Bulyakov Prize;
• Zainab Biisheva Prize;
• Galimdzhan Ibragimov Prize
• Vazih Iskhakov Prize
• Prize to them. Ramilya Kul-Davlet founded by the newspaper "Yashlek"
• I. Murzakaev-Balapanov Prize
• Mukhametsalim Umetbaev Prize;
• Literary award named after Nazar Najmi - established in 1998 by the administration of the city of Dyurtyuli and the Dyurtyulinsky district. Awarded to figures of literature, performing arts, architecture and local history for a special contribution to the development of the culture of the area
• Ramazan Umetbaev Prize;
• Bulat Rafikov Prize;
• Gilemdar Ramazanov Prize
• Rami Garipov Prize;
• Stepan Zlobin Prize;
• R. K. Usmanova Personal Literary Prize
• Fatih Karim Prize (Bizhbulyak district);
• Fatih Karim Prize (Belebey);
• Khakim Gilyazhev Prize.
• Sergei Chekmarev Literary Prize
• Muzagit Khairutdinov Prize
• Yanybay Khammatov Literary Prize
• Yanysh Yalkain Prize;
• Poetry Prize "Rainbow over Agidel".

Educational establishments

Bashkir State University

Masters of the word of the Republic of Belarus are trained in higher educational institutions of the republic:

Sterlitamak State Pedagogical Academy named after Zainab Biisheva - Faculty of Philology.

Bashkir State University. Faculty of Philology.

Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla.

Literary associations

Literary organizations of the 1920s: "Tulkyn", "Bashkir Association of Proletarian Writers" (BAPP).

Union of Writers of the Republic of Bashkortostan. (foundation 1934). The union includes 234 writers of the Republic of Belarus. Chairman of the Board of the Union of Writers of Bashkortostan, Rif Galimovich Tuygunov (born 1946), poet, Honored Worker of Culture of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, winner of the Sergey Chekmarev and Fatih Karim Prizes. The first chairman of the board was Afzal Tagirov. victims Stalinist repressions in 1937, the writers Daut Yulty, Afzal Tagirov, Tukhvat Yanabi, Gabdulla Amantai, Bulat Ishemgul, Gubay Davletshin became.

The Union of Writers includes: Sterlitamak Writers' Organization, Uchaly Writers' Organization, Sibay Writers' Organization, Yanaul Writers' Organization, Kumertau Writers' Organization.

Literary Association "Meleuzovsky Dawns".

Literary association UFLI (Ufa literature).

Literary museums

Museum of M. Gafuri in Ufa

• Memorial house-museum of S. T. Aksakov
• Museum of Philip Vukolov-Erlik - Chuvash writer, folklorist, composer and theater figure in the village of Maly Meneuz, Bizhbulyaksky district of the Republic of Belarus.
• The house-museum of Khakimov Akhiyar Khasanovich - a famous Bashkir poet and writer. The museum is located in the city of Davlekanovo, Republic of Belarus.
• National literary museum Republic of Belarus with 5 branches: M. Akmulla Museum, M. Gafuri Museum, Sh. Babich Museum, A. Mubaryakov Museum, M. Umetbaev Museum.
• Museum of the Bashkir writer Jalil Kiekbaev in the village. Karan-Elga Gafury district of the Republic of Belarus.
• The house-museum of Zainab Biisheva in the village of Tuembetovo, Kugarchinsky district of the Republic of Belarus.
• Museum of three writers - Ramazan Umetbaev, Kim Akhmedyanov, Ramil Kuldavletov - in the village. Almukhametovo, Abzelilovsky district of the Republic of Belarus.
• Bulyakov Dinis Museum - in the village. Smakovo RB.
• Museum of M. Tsvetaeva - in the village. Usen-Ivanovskoye, Belebeevsky district of the Republic of Belarus.

Initially (since 1905), the works of Bashkir authors were published in periodicals in the Turkic literary language. In the 1910s, there was a transition to the modern Tatar literary language. the beginning of the 20s - the transition to a mixed Tatar-Bashkir language. Since 1924, works in periodicals have been printed in the modern Bashkir literary language.

Bashkortostan honors the memory of the great poets and writers of Belarus and Russia. Museums were created: Salavat Yulaev, M. Gafuri, S. T. Aksakov. Monuments to Salavat Yulaev, M. Akmulla, M. Gafuri, Z. Biisheva, A. Pushkin, V. Mayakovsky and others were erected. Cities and streets of the cities of the Republic of Belarus were named after the writers. Encyclopedia Salavat Yulaev published.

Translators of fiction and spiritual literature from the Bashkir language into other languages ​​and vice versa work in Bashkortostan: Aidar Khusainov, Zukhra Burakaeva, Gulsira Gizzatullina. large group translators is engaged in the translation of the Bible into the Bashkir language from Hebrew. Agidel magazine publishes translations foreign literature into Bashkir.

In general, the work of translators in the republic is in little demand. There are no customers for translated literature and there is no demand for it, since there are no modern bestsellers in the Bashkir language.

Corporate publications on the history of enterprises, cities, educational institutions. In 2013, the capital Encyclopedia of JSC Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat was published.

The titles People's Poet of Bashkortostan and People's Writer of Bashkortostan were established in the Republic of Belarus.

Literature

• Bashkir epic "Ural-batyr". // Heroic epic of the peoples of the USSR. - M., 1975. - T. 1. - S. 67-114.
• Soldier baits. / comp. : K. A. Aralbaev. - Ufa: Kitap, 1997. - 112 p.
• Bashkir encyclopedia. Ch. ed. M. A. Ilgamov vol. 1. A-B. 2005. - 624 p.; ISBN 5-88185-053-X. v. 2. V-Zh. 2006. −624 p. ISBN 5-88185-062-9.; v. 3. Z-K. 2007. −672 p. ISBN 978-5-88185-064-7.; v. 4. L-O. 2008. −672 p. ISBN 978-5-88185-068-5.; v. 5. P-S. 2009. −576 p. ISBN 978-5-88185-072-2.; v. 6. Councils of people. economy. -U. 2010. −544 p. ISBN 978-5-88185-071-5; v. 7. F-Ya. 2011. −624 p. scientific ed. Bashkir Encyclopedia, Ufa.
• Bashkir folk tales / Zap. and trans. A. G. Bessonov. Notes H.K. Dmitriev, Ufa: Bashknigoizdat, 1941 -S.3-30.
• Gainullin M., Bulyakov I. Stages of development of the Bashkir dramaturgy. book: Anthology of Bashkir dramaturgy. 2 parts. Book one. Ufa, 1984, p.6-24. - On the head. lang.
• Glebov A. About the Bashkir dramaturgy. October, 1936, No. 2, pp. 24-29.
• Ignatiev R. G. Bashkir Salavat Yulaev, Pugachev foreman, singer and improviser. - "Proceedings of the Society of Archeology, History and Ethnography at the Imperial Kazan University." T.XI, 1893, issue 2, pp. 147-166; issue 3, pp. 222-240; issue 6, p.528-534.
• Shakur R. Way to a thousand years. History of Bashkir literature from ancient times to the present day / R. Shakur. M .: LLP "Rarog", 1996.
• Khusainov G. B., Bikbaev R. T. Literary criticism and criticism // scientific search. Ufa, 1982. G. B. Khusainov.
• Bashkir enlighteners-democrats of the 19th century. - M .: Nauka, 1981.

Notes

1. Belsky expanses No. 3 2004
2. Tatar Encyclopedia
3. Bikmukhamedov R. G. Literature of the Volga and Urals // History world literature: 8 volumes / USSR Academy of Sciences; Institute of world literature. them. A. M. Gorky. - M.: Nauka, 1983-1994. T. 8. - 1994. - S. 165.
4. Losievskiy Vladimir Stepanovich
5. 1 2 Literary names - Our literary pride - Catalog of files - Website of the Kugarchinskaya Central Library Library
6. Arslanov Timer Gareevich | Literary map of the Republic of Bashkortostan
7. New Literature | Sergei Matyushin. Retrieved January 13, 2013. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013.
8. Belsky expanses No. 4 2005
9. Akhmadiev Rif Barievich
10. Encyclopedia of Bashkiria → YIRAU
11. Kubagush-Sesen
12. Gabit Sesen
13. site of playwright Florida Bulyakov - BIOGRAPHY
14. . Retrieved January 6, 2013. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013.
15. Yagafarova Aisylu Shaikhutdinovna | Literary map of the Republic of Bashkortostan
16. Sarvar Surina - Literary names - Our literary pride - Catalog of files - Website of the Kugarcha CBS
17. Her poems and songs continue to be heard among the people (To the 60th anniversary of the birth of the poetess Dina Talkhina) | news bashinform.rf
18. Journal "Oil and Gas Business"
19. encyclopedias
20. Bashkortostan published the first two volumes of the academic explanatory dictionary of the Bashkir language - bashinform.rf - News of the new Bashkiria
21. Watandash / Compatriot / Compatriot
22. Bashkortostan Kyzy
23. Watandash / Compatriot / Compatriot
24. R. Bikbaev "Poetic chronicle of time"
25. Permanent Representation of the Republic of Bashkortostan in Sverdlovsk region
26. Watandash / Compatriot / Compatriot
27. Newspaper - Republic of Bashkortostan - Society - And in science remains a writer
28. Literature of the New Bashkortostan: Book Publishing Resources / Publishing / Science / Project Ahey / Publications / MULTI MEDIA JOURNAL - MMJ.RU
29. Literary Prize named after Ramzily Khisametdinova Mindigalievna | Literary map of the Republic of Bashkortostan
30. Watandash / Compatriot / Compatriot
31. Literary awards of the Aurgazinsky district | Literary map of the Republic of Bashkortostan
32. Vazih Iskhakov Prize | Literary map of the Republic of Bashkortostan
33. Ishmukhamet Murzakayev-Balapanov | Literary map of the Republic of Bashkortostan
34. Usmanova Rafiga | Literary map of the Republic of Bashkortostan
35. Award named after Muzagit Khairutdinov | Literary map of the Republic of Bashkortostan
36. Rif Tuigunov elected Chairman of the Union of Writers of Bashkortostan - bashinform.rf - News of the new Bashkiria
37. Meleuzovskaya CBS - Literary associations
38. Russa - Tsvetaeva M. Museum
39. Belsky expanses No. 3 2004. Retrieved February 7, 2013. Archived from the original on February 13, 2013.
40. Memorial house-museum of Mazhit Gafuri
41. Books, postcards about Salavat - salavat jimdo page! Salavat

Links

• Baimov R. N., Khusainov G. B. Bashkir literature.// Article in the Bashkir encyclopedia.
• Gulnur Khusainova. The state of Bashkir folklore at the beginning of the XXI century.// Article in the journal "Vatandash"
• XX century and the Bashkirs, w. "Vatandash"
• Cultural world of Bashkortostan
• Article in Bashkortostan: a brief encyclopedia
• http://rus.bashkir-encyclopedia.rf/index.php/prosmotr/2-statya/120-babich-zhurnal
• Rif Akhmadeev. Literature of patriotism (Bashkir literature during the Great Patriotic War) / / Article in the magazine "Vatandash"
• Bashkir literary criticism
• Development genre system in Bashkir poetry of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Kunafin G.S.

Literature of Bashkortostan

Bashkir literature. B.l. developed on the basis of bash. folklore, based on the traditions of ancient Turkic literature and oriental literature. Earliest letters. bash monuments. literature belong to Bulg. era (see Volga Bulgaria). Diverse and stable connections and interactions decomp. ethnic groups, terr. and linguistic affinity of the Turkic peoples. the peoples of the Ural-Volga region during the period of the Volga Bulgarin led to the formation of a single, so-called other Bulg. literature in the Turkic language. Lit-ra of this period was not narrowly national, it was created by the efforts of the Bulgars and other Turkic peoples. peoples that were part of the Volga Bulgaria. History knows the names of Bulg. writers Burkhanetdin Ibrahim al-Bulgari, Hamid ibn Idris and others. Traditions of the ist.-lit. prod. Yakub ion Nugman "Tavarikhi Bulgaria" ("History of Bulgaria") were continued in the 19th century. in one writings bash. writers G. Sokroy and T. Yalsygul. Classic an example of the literature of the Bulgar period is the work. Kul Gali "Kissa-i Yusuf" (13th century), which is the common property of the Bashkirs and Tatars. In bulg. period continues the tradition of poetic. tombstone inscriptions, leading from the Orkhon-Yenisei monuments (see Husseinbek cachene). Epitaphs give an idea of ​​the originality of literature and the peculiarities of the language of a particular period. Their department poetic clichés later turned into an element of the traditional beginning of bash. shezhere, ist. notes, baits. Lit-ra of the Ural-Volga region up to the 19th century. was handwritten and anonymous. The writer either simply did not indicate his name, or as a result of repeated rewriting, the authorship was lost, and the production. became popular. Texts usually have several versions and editions; depicted events and characters in production often have a conditional, abstract character. On Wednesday. centuries from Arabic, Persian, Ind. lit-r in Turkoyaze. the literature of the Ural-Volga region was penetrated by the plots of many others. prod. (“Jokes of Khoja Nasretdin”, “Kalila and Dimna”, “Forty viziers”, etc.) and their region arose. versions (“Al-kissa Buzyeget”, “Bakhtiyarname”, etc.).

From the 2nd floor. 13th c. the Kipchak period of development of B.L. begins. (see Kipchaks, Golden Horde). Lit-ra of this time as a system was regional in nature. So, “Gulistan bit-Turki S. Sarai”, “Zhumzhuma Sultan” by Khusem Katib, “Muhabbatname” by Khorezmi, “Khosrov ve Shirin” by Kutb and other works created during this period and having a single lit. language and art. system, steel common monuments Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Tatars, Uzbeks and other Turkic peoples. peoples. In the Middle Ages. B.l. traditional prevailed. for east. literature genres: gazelle, dastan, qasida, qissa, hikayat. Dastan Mahmud Gali "Nahjel Faradis" and other works. religious-didactic content contributed to the development of prose. genres. Kissa and the dastans "Ali-batyr", "Kisekbash kitaby", "Kissa-i Sakam", "Kissa-i Fattahetdin" formed the basis of hagiographic. liters.

The best examples of Sufi poetry (see Sufism) - Prod. Middle Asian. poets A. Yasavi, Bakyrgani, Mohammed Chelyabi, Allayar-Sufi and others - contributed to the development of the epic. traditions, ending. the formation of some popular genres, the design and consolidation of B.l. Sufi motifs in the 15th-17th centuries found a vivid embodiment in the television of the poets Ummi Kamala, Mavli Kului and others, in the 18-19 centuries. — G.Usman, Sh.Zaki, A.Kargaly, M.Kutush-Kypsaki, H.S.Salikhov, G.Sokroy, T.Yalsygul and others.

In the era of the Golden Horde, many Turks. scientists and writers were forced to leave their homeland and continue their work in other countries. Information about the bash has been preserved. poets Sanjar Gilmetdin al-Bashkordi and Nasretdin an-Nasyr, who lived in Egypt.

Turkophone. literature, which existed in the Urals and the Volga region in the 11th - 16th centuries, did not have strict nat. borders. Inside the region.. system differentiation bash. nat. Literature begins with the 16th century: there are elements inherent only in bash. literature of the national subjects, a close connection with folklore is established. An intermediate type of creativity between literature and folklore is intensively developing - oral literature.

The accession of Bashkortostan to Russia was a turning point in the development of the spiritual culture of the Bashkirs. The consolidation of the people has intensified, a broad prospect of close ties and creativity has opened up. interaction with progressive Russian. culture. In B.l. along with the general region. signs appear nat. and terr.-geogr. topics related to the Urals, with the life and life of the Bashkirs, new genres arise, poetic. forms that are unique to bash. poetry. Among the handwritten a special place is occupied by shezhere, in which the chronicle of the family, genealogy are closely intertwined with the presentation of the ist. events, stories and legends. In the dastan genre, “Aile yryuy shezherehe”, “Karagai-kypsak yryuy shezherehe”, “Usergan yryuy shezherehe”, “Yurmaty yryuy shezherehe” were written; in the genre of tavarikh - "Tavarikhi bashkort", "Chingizname".

Bashkir uprisings of the 17th-18th centuries. activated nar. journalism and dem. direction in liters. The most means. prod., reflecting the socio-politic. the situation and revealing the reasons that led to the restoration - Batyrsha's letter to Empress Elizaveta Petrovna (see "Batyrgian batshaga hut"). Significant for B.l. period of the Peasants' War of 1773-75 is the TV-in Salavat Yulaev, which embodied the best traditions of oral and writing. bash. poetry. Discovery in the 17th-18th centuries. madrasas in Bashkortostan, teaching in them Arabic and the Persian language contributed to strengthening ties with the East. liter swarm. The influence of TV-va Navoi, Nizami, Saadi, Firdowsi, Hafiz is growing; the genres of ghazal, masnavi, hikmet, etc. develop. In poetry, the canonized verse aruz prevails. In 1812, the book “Kuz-Kurpyach, a Bashkir story written in the Bashkir language by one Kuraych and translated into Russian in the valleys of the Riphean mountains, 1809”, written by T.S. Belyaev, was published in Kazan in 1812. Presumably, he also recorded another monument to bash. literature - "Aldar menen Zuhra".

In the 19th century The development of literature in the spirit of modern times was facilitated by the activities of the reformers A.A. Divaev, Kh. Zhdanov, Z.Kh. Rasulev and others. 19th century educational literature develops. In its origin and development means. the role was played by the teachers of the Neplyuevsky Cadet Corps M.M.Biksurin, M.Ivanov, S.B.Kuklyashev, who in their creative work. and scientific-ped. activities focused on progressive Russian. culture and education. Many bash. Enlightenment writers were educated in Russian. uch. institutions or new method madrasas (see Jadidism). Cr. Akmulla and M.I. Umetbaev became representatives of the Enlightenment movement in Bashkortostan. Addressing in their products. to the social subjects, poets-enlighteners saw the solution of the contradictions of society in the dissemination of knowledge, pinned their hopes on educated people. At the end of the 19th century bash formation begins. dramaturgy, its genre forms and structural features. In B.l. last quarter. 19th century the features of enlightenment gradually become stronger. realism. Means. prose is evolving. Under the influence of Russian and app. lit. traditions, such genres as the story, the story begin to develop. Along with the book. “Kissa-i Jamshid” (1889), “Kissa-i Hikmet” (1897) by Sh. Kashafetdin and coll. hikayats "Belek" (1872, comp. V.V. Radlov), written in the traditional. eastern genres appear realistic. prod. - the stories "Salima" (1899; "Salima") and "Asma" (1903; "Asma") by R.F. Fakhretdinov, stories and novels by Z. Hadi.

At the beginning of the 20th century in B.l. the critical method begins to form. realism. More and more obvious is the fragility of the social. foundations; not only the fate of the individual, but also the fate of the whole society is recognized as an acute problem that requires the worst. research. On the pages of gas. "Ural" and satirist. and. "Karchyga", "Chukech" are printed rev. poem. and journalistic works. Sh.Babich, F.V.Valiev, M.Gafuri, G.Gumersky, A.S.Isyanberdin, B.G.Mirzanov, G.Kh. .M. Suleimanov, A.Z. Tangatarov, F.K. Tuikin, Ya.G. Yumaev, S.S. Yakshigulov. In their productions they turn to the the past of the Bashkir people, thinking about its disasters. situation, call on the people to actively fight for their rights.

After the October Revolution in B.l. advanced two ideological-thin. directions: national-patriotic, defending the ideas of bash. autonomy, independent development of national culture and literature (Sh. Babich, Kh. G. Gabitov, Suleymanov and others), and revolutionary-democratic, sharing the views of the Bolsheviks (S. Kudagi, A. M. Tagirov, Sh. A. Khudaiberdin, D. Yulty and others .). During these years, there is a youth lit. org-tion national-patriotic. direction "Tulkyn" headed by Sh. Babich, disintegrated in 1920 after the dissolution of the Bashkir government.

During the Civil War, lit. forces united around the Bolsheviks. "Bashkortostan heberdere", "Kyzyl kurai", "Ҡyҙyl yul" ("Red way"), "Kyzyl batyr", etc., which published production. M. Gafuri, Tagirov, D. Yulty, young poets G. Gumer, B. Ishemgul, Yarly Karim, Shamun Fidai and others. roar prevailed. pathos, motives for building a new life, heroic. subject. Such genres as fable, pamphlet, song, poetic have become widespread. appeals, agitation poems, epigrams. In prose, small genres developed: sketches, nesers, essays, stories that were for the most part journalistic character.

The formation of dramaturgy was associated with the creation in con. 1919 Bashkir Drama Theatre. His repertoire included plays by M.A. Burangulov, H.K. Ibragimov, Niyazbaev, D. Yulty. The drama "Karagol" (1920; "Karagul") by D. Yultiya, the comedy "Bashmagym" by Ibragimov won particular popularity. Social changes in the life of the country, thoughts and feelings of the proletarian masses are reflected in the book. "Ҡomartgylarim" (1924; "My memoirs") D. Yultiya, "Ҡyҙyl tәlgәshtar" (1925; "Red clusters") M. Gafuri, "Esh syuagy" (1926; "Dawn of labor") G. Yanabi, "kaban yyrҙary "(1926; "Songs of the Plow") S. Kudash. Lit. and. "Belem". "Yany yul" (1923; "New Way"), "Yanylyk" (1927; "News"), "Sasan" (1927; "Sesen"), "October" (see "Agidel"), where the works were published. S.Agygia, G.Amantaya, V.Valida, A.Karnaya, G.Khairy. Development and formation of B.l. in the 20s. took place in a sharp ideological and aesthetic. fight. Differences arose. creative directions, styles: abstractness and rhetoric in poetry, naturalism in prose, expressionism and constructivism in dramaturgy. The novels “Ҡara yөҙҙәr” (1927; in Russian translation “Shameful, 1938; in subsequent editions “Black-faced”), “Tormosh baҫҡystary” (1928; “Steps of Life”) by M. Gafuri are published; “Berense köndär” (1929; “First days”), “Tashkyn darya tarmagynda” (1928; “On the turns of a stormy river”) by Tagirov, depicting the difficult past of the Bashkir people and their struggle for a brighter future. Stories, nesers, novels by I. Nasyri “Göldar” (1927; “Guldar”), “Һөzhүm” (1929; “Attack”) and others were created in a romantic vein. ”, 1976) G.Khairy tells about the struggle and life of the Bashkir people during the roar. Bash on stage. t-ra of drama, new plays are staged: “Ҡyҙyl yondoҙ” (1925; “Red Star”) M. Gafuri, “Kuseu osoronda” (1926; “In transition period”) Tagirova, Tirmandә” (1926; “At the mill”) D. Yulty. The first letters appear. org-tion. In 1923, an association of poets of Bashkortostan was created in Ufa. A creative worker worked at the Bureau of Journalists of the Republic. writers section. In 1928, these two organizations merged into the Bashkir Association of Proletarian Writers. In 1934, the Union of Writers of the BASSR was created on the basis of the BAPP.

1st floor 30s became the period of rise of B.l. During these years, the genres of poetry, prose, and dramaturgy were intensively developing. Writers continue to work fruitfully, who declared themselves back in the 20s: M. Gafuri, G. A. Davletshin, B. Ishemgul, S. Kudash, Tagirov, G. Khayri, D. Yulty, T. Yanabi. A new generation of masters of the word comes to literature: Kh.L. Davletshina, K. Dayan, M. Karim, S. Kulibay, K. Mergen, M. Kharis. However, under the conditions of the strengthening of the totalitarian regime, writers were deprived of the freedom of creativity, the right to their own. opinion. Socialist realism was implanted in a directive order. The class struggle, the chanting of a new life, the glorification of the party and its leaders formed the basis of many works. Main the theme of the poetry of this time - social. reorganization of life: “Tractors Aigylyu” (1933; “Tractor driver Aikhylu”) B. Ishemgula, “Ishembay” (1934; “Ishimbay”) G. Gumer, “Os yyr” (1935; “Three songs”) G. Salyama, “ Er" (1936; "Earth") by B. Bikbay, "Yamle Aғiҙel buyҙary" (1940; "Beautiful valleys of Agideli") R. Nigmati, "Auyl" (1940; "In the native village") H. Karima and other playwrights , depicting the victory of the new over the old, link it with the struggle for spiritual and morals. improvement of people: the dramas "Һаҡmar" (1932; "Khakmar"), "Duҫlyҡ һәм moхәбт" (1939; "Friendship and Love"), "Yalan ҡyҙy" (1939; "Daughter of the Steppe") by S.M. Miftakhov; plays by Tagirov, N.K.Karipov and others. The novel develops intensively in prose. The action of the novels of the 30s. takes place during the First World War and Civil. war. Ch. the principle of image formation is the image from the standpoint of class, communist. party spirit with an underlined "vitality", and often a documentary image. The novels “Kaldattar” (1933; in Russian translation “Soldiers”, 1934), “Ҡyҙyl guardsmen” (1935; in Russian translation “Red Guards”, 1935), “ҠҠҙыл ARMеецтар” (1936; in Russian translation “ Red Army soldiers, 1961) Tagirova; "Khan" (1934; in Russian translation "Blood", 1934) by D. Yultiya; "Kүҙәy" (1934; in Russian translation "Kudey", 1965) by I. Nasyri are characterized by epic. the scale of the plot and the display of the dynamics of the development of characters. In production the image of the hero of the time, a fighter for the social. justice. However, the promotion of only social-class accents to the fore impoverished the thin. images, crowded out the special, national, led to an increase in the trend of vulgar sociologism, one-sidedness in reflecting reality.

Con. 30s - 40s became in B.L., as in society as a whole, a period of loss. In 1937-38. pl. writers (G. Amantai, Davletshin, B. Ishemgul, I. Nasyri, Tagirov, D. Yulty, T. Yanabi and others) were subjected to political repressions. From the very first days of the Great Patriotic War, pl. the writers went to the front. M. G. Abdullin, Karipov, A. Karnai, H. Kunakbai, Miftakhov, B. Mukamai, M. Kham, M. Kharis and others died the death of the brave. The war radically changed the theme of the works. The heroism of soldiers at the front, selflessness. work in the home front, love for the Motherland - main. themes of the literature of those years. Prose of the military. years is represented by small and cf. genre forms: short story, essay, short story. The image of the fighting people becomes central: “Atly Ilmyrҙa” (“Horseman of Ilmurz”) by S. Agish; “Bayguzha Sayetғәlin” (“Bayguzha Saitgalin”) by K. Dayan; "Politruk Lavrov", "Nastya" by V. Dima; “Il saҡyra” (“The Motherland Calls”), “Mohәbbatkә ulem yuҡ” (“Love is immortal”), “Sergeant Galin” by H. Karim; “Fascist - keshe tugel” (“Fascist is not a person”), “Doshmanga birelmәҫkә” (“Do not surrender to the enemy”; all - 1942), “Zөbәy Үtagolov” (1943; “Zubay Utyagulov”) D.G. Kiekbaeva; "Kaldat" (1944; "Soldier") by A. Chanysh. Essays and stories about the war were combined into cycles and collections: “Don dalalarynda” (1942; in Russian translation “In the steppes of the Don”, 1942) by S. Kudash; "Front өson" (1943; "For the front") S. Agish; "Bashkort tar" (1943; "Bashkirs"), "Egettar" (1944; "Dzhigits") by K. Mergen. The form of verse becomes popular. messages: the collective poem “Fronttagy bashkort egettarenә bashkort khalkynan hut” (1943; “Letter of the Bashkir people to the Bashkir horsemen-front-line soldiers”); poems Ulter, ulym, fascists!” (1942; “Kill, my son, a fascist!”), “Kinen kәlәshendenen Khattary” (1943; “Letters from your bride”) R. Nigmati, verse. “Bashkort Khalkyna Yauap Khat” (1943; “Reply letter to the Bashkir people”) by M. Karima and others. The dramaturgy of this period continued the traditions of the 20-30s. as in the image heroic. past people in the plays “Ҡһym tүrә” (1942; “Kakhym-turya, or 1812”) by B. Bikbai, “Iҙеүкәй мәнн Moraҙym” (1943; “Idukai and Muradym”) by Burangulov, and in the display of modernity - “Urman shaulai "(1942; "The forest is noisy") R. Nigmati, "Ber ata balalary" (1944; "Children of the same family") B. Bikbay, "Yau" (1944; "Battle") K. Mergen and V. S. Kedrov and etc.

In the 50s. a new stage in the development of Bashkir literature begins. The ranks of writers are replenished by front-line soldiers I.A. Abdullin, Sh. Bikkul, A. G. Bikchentaev, M. Gali, Kh. Gilyazhev, D. F. Islamov, Ya. They bring to literature not only war-scorched lines, but also a new worldview. Lyric. the hero has grown immeasurably, he experiences a great patriotism. feeling and at the same time feels responsible to all mankind. During these years, a whole galaxy of young poets appeared in literature: R.Ya.Garipov, A.Kh.Igebaev, M.N.Karimov, R.A.Safin and others. contributed to the creation of about the working class. The plays “Sagiҙә” (1948; “Sagida”) by Bikchentaev and R.Kh. Khairullin, “Taran gulysh” (1949; “Deep breathing”) by I.A. city") K. Mergen. This theme is revealed in the novels "Naryshtau itagenda" (1951; in Russian translation "On the slopes of Naryshtau", 1954) by K. Mergen, "Swans remain in the Urals" (1954; in bash. translation "Ҡarasәy yuly", 1957) Bikchentaeva, "Aҡselәn tashҡanda" (1955; "When Akselyan overflows") B. Bikbay. There are works in which an attempt is made to comprehend the events of the roar. and after the time: novels "Niger" (1951; in Russian translation "Fundament", 1952) S. Agish about drama. the fate of the man of the earth; "Berense aҙymdar" (1952; in Russian translation "First Steps", 1975) A. Vali about the first generation after the revolution. bash. intelligentsia. The story “Kyҙҙar” (1954; in Russian translation “Girls”, 1957) Islamov; “Tulgyn өҫtөndәge kala” (1954; in Russian translation “The Town on the Waves”, 1955) by G. Gumer; plays “Tuy dauam itә” (1947; “The wedding continues”) by M. Karim, “Beҙ ayyrylyshmabyҙ” (1949; “We will not part”), “Bazhalar” (1954; “In-laws”) by I.A. Abdullina, “Yaҙғy yyr" (1961; "Spring Song") N. Nadzhmi draw post-war. reality with an optimistic positions. Means. phenomenon in B.l. was the publication of the novel "Yrgygy" (1957; in Russian translation "Irgiz", 1961) Davletshina, written in difficult conditions of persecution and persecution. A new stage in the development of B.l. in the 60s. was the first publication in B.L. trilogy "Yaҡtyga" (1958-69; "Toward the Light") Z.A. Biisheva, who created the express. pictures of the life of the Bashkir people at the turn of epochs and the image of a woman of the new world. The rethinking of the phenomena of reality is observed during this period in M. Karim's TV. In the dramas “Yangyҙ ҡaiyn” (1950; “Lonely birch”) and “Yyrlanmagan yyr” (1961; “Unsung song”) the author raises topical societies. problems and related moral issues. personality degradation. The desire to deepen the psychology. analysis, attention to the problems of morality are displayed in the product. “Yomart er” (1959; “Generous land”) Islamova, “Pogongyq haldattar” (1965; in Russian translation “Soldiers without shoulder straps”, 1969) H. Gilyazheva, “Zangar Satyr” (1976; “Blue Tent”) Sh.M. Yanbaeva, "Altynbika" (1960; "Altynbika") and "Akshoshom mineen" (1964; "My Swan") F.A. Isangulova, "Auylym Yuly" (1963; "The Way of My Village") and " Er biҙәge "(1967; "Beauty of the Earth") N.S. Musina, "Keiәү" (1968; "Son-in-law") and "Steamboat tauyshtary" (1976; "Steamboat whistles") R.G.N. Nizamova, "Tan nurҙary "(1971; "Rays of the dawn") Z.A. Sultanova, "Gölbika" (1973; "Gulbika") and "Yaygor" (1975; "Rainbow") A. Hakim, only lights”) F.A.Asyanova; as well as in the TV-ve of N. Gaitbay, T.Kh. transl. "May rain", 1960), "Gölyemesh saskәһe" (1963; "Wild Rose Flower") by A. Vali; “Ozhmakh vәgәҙә itmәyem” (1963; in Russian translation “I do not promise you paradise”, 1967) Bikchentaeva; "Өҙәrem yul ​​keshelәre" (1970; in Russian translation "People of distant roads", 1977) Musina; “Borköttar oya tashlamai” (1972; in Russian translation “Eagles do not leave their nests”, 1976) by Y.N. Valeeva; “Synygyu yyldary” (1972; in Russian translation “Years of maturity”, 1979) by A.A. Bayramova; "Kabantui" (1980; "Sabantuy") T.B.Sagitova; “Beүә buyҡayҙary hary tal” (1987; “Willows on the Buy River”) by Yanbaev.

In the literature of the 60-80s. along with the traditional themes also reflect the problems of ecology, the achievements of science and technology. The circle of heroes is enriched, while naib. clearly manifested focus on the socially active hero, deepening. revealing the character of a contemporary. Genre forms become diverse. In 1970, the first one was published in B. l. satirical novel "Dan turtagy" (in Russian translation "Bubbles of Glory", 1975) by A.Sh.Girfanova. The play “Ay totolgan tonde” by M. Karim was the first bash. tragedy. Together with the tragedies “Salauat. He aralash et tosh" (1971; in Russian translation "Salavat. Seven dreams through reality", 1983) and "Tashlama utty, Prometheus!" (1975; in Russian translation “Do not throw fire, Prometheus!”, 1979) she formed a kind of trilogy, combined. the desire to reveal the meaning of human. being. The dramas “Raysa” (1957; “Rice”), “Ҡyҙyl pasha” (1982; in Russian translation “Krasny Pasha”, 1987) by N. Asanbaeva are distinguished by the depth of psychological analysis; “Aseyemden sal sästäre” (1960; in Russian translation “The gray hair of my mother”, 1967), “Aselär kotälär uldaryn” (1975; “Mothers are waiting for their sons”) by A.M. Mirzagitova; “Yorak menan shayarmaykar” (1962; “They don’t joke with the heart”), “Tile yashlek” (1972; in Russian translation “Naughty youth”, 1972) by I.A. Abdullina; "Yanbika" (1973; "Yanbika") Safin; “Un өsonsө chairman” (1979; in Russian translation “The thirteenth chairman”, 1981) by A.Kh. Abdullina.

A new attitude was introduced into the literature of the 1970s. prod. S. Alibay, K. Aralbay, Asylguzhi, V.I. I.L.Kinyabulatova, R.F.Miftakhova, H.Nazar, R.S.Nazarov, B.Nugumanov, R.Tuygun, R.Shakur, T.Yu.Yusupov and others. Ganieva, T. Karamysh, K. K. Kinyabulatova, F. A. Rakhimgulova, A. A. Tagirova, F. Kh.

The development of prose was marked by the appearance of funds. works that recreate the life of the Bashkir people in the years of Oct. roar-tion. The appearance of the novels “Bөrtoklәp yiyyla altyn” (1966; in Russian translation “Gold is collected in grains”, 1970), “Aҡman-toҡman” (1971: in Russian translation “Akman-tokman”, 1973), “Yashenle yәy "(1975; in Russian. Transl. "Thunderous Summer", 1976) Y.Kh.Khammatova; "Arysh bashagy" (1970; in Russian translation "Rye ear", 1977), "Ir-egetkәy menan at bashy" (1973; in Russian translation "Faithful horse and good fellow", 1977), өson” (1975; in Russian translation “Monuments for the living”, 1985) by Isangulov marked the fortification in B.l. trilogy forms. Hist.-biogr. novels “Bakhtizin” (1974; in Russian translation “Bakhtizin”, 1982) V.M. Iskhakov, “Kinya” (1977; in Russian translation “Kinzya”, 1982) G.G. ikәn ”(1977; in Russian translation“ We will still live ”. 1981) Sh. Bikkula,“ Tyugan kon ”(1978; in Russian translation“ Birthday ”, 1979) Khammatova,“ Sanңҡsanңҡ itә Irәndek bөrkөtө ”( 1978; in Russian translation "The scream of an eagle from Irendyk") by A. Chanysh, "Ҡosh yulynan baram" (1983; in Russian translation "I'm walking along the Milky Way", 1987) by I.A. Abdullina. Military The theme is developed by the collections of novels and short stories “Beҙ diңgeҙgә kitәbeҙ” (1973; “We are going to sea”), “Aҡsarlaҡtar һyuғa toҩшә” (1975; “The seagulls descend on the water”) by A.S. Gareeva and “Shonңҡar yuly” (1975; “The Way of the Falcon”), “kaualarҙa yondoҙ” (1977; “Stars in the Sky”) by A.Sh.Magazova. There is a process of returning nat. and east. traditions, the desire to rethink the poetics of folklore. Such are the dramas “Tylsymly Kurai” (1957; in Russian translation “Magic Kurai”, 1978) and “Zolkhizә” (1981; “Zulkhiza”) Biisheva; the poems “Yylmaiyu” (1960; “Smile”), “Ser” (1961; “Mystery”) and the story “Ononoҙaҡ bala sak” (1976; in Russian translation “Long, long childhood”, 1977) by M. Karima, in which it was reflected qualitatively new principle synthesis decomp. styles.

In the 80s. in B.l. there is an active development of all genres. Dozens of collections of stories have been published: “Shishmә” (1980; “Brook”) by M.S. Burakaeva, “Monar” (1980; “Maryevo”) by R.B. A.Kh. Vakhitova, "Bikle hazina" (1982; "Hidden Treasure") R.N. 1983; "Hard science") R.F. Baibulatov, "Beҙҙең duҫ" (1984; "Our friend") R.G. Sultangareeva, "Yәshәreү sere" (1984; "Secret of Youth") Girfanova, "Batyrlyk darese" ( 1984; “Lesson of Courage”) R.Z. huts” (1987; “Congratulatory letter”) by M.Kh. Sadykova, “Yalgan һuҡmaҡ” (1987; “False path”) by Karimov, “Kүgarsen yyry” (1987; “Pigeon song”) by Garipova, “Borolmala” (1988; "At the turn") Gareeva, etc. Variety of thin forms of assimilation of reality led to the creation of production-series: dilogy by G.G. , covers a wide time. the interval from collectivization to the present day; Musin's trilogy, including the novels "Zangartauҙa - аҡ bolan" (1980; "White deer on Sin-mountain"), "Yaraly keshe tauyshi" (1985; "The cry of the wounded"), "Tan menen syk yuldarga" (1988; "Come out in path at dawn"), raises the moral and environmental problems of the modern. society. Epic novels “Maskou Yuly” (1968; in Russian translation “Road of Moscow”, 1974) Islamova, “Ҡoyash bayymay ҙa bayymay” (1995; “The sun still does not set”) are published by I.A. Abdullina, the story “Yarlyҡau "(1986; in Russian. Per. Pardon", 1987) by M. Karim, telling about the tragic. pages of the Great Patriotic War. There is an upsurge in the development of the national literary criticism and literary criticism. For the first time, the multi-volume collections “Bashkort Halyk Izhady” and “Bashkir Folk Art”, the collective work “Bashkort әҙәbiate tarihy” (in 6 volumes, 1990-96; “History of Bashkir Literature”) were published for the first time; monographs by V.K. Amirov, R. B. Akhmadiev, Baimov, Bikbaev, Vakhitov, M.F. Questions of the theory of literature are being developed (K.A. Akhmedyanov), lit. heritage of the Bashkir people (S.A. Galin, G.S. Kunafin, A.I. Kharisov, G.B. Khusainov and others). In the 80-90s. in B.l. there is a further improvement of genre forms and styles. The process of formation of scientific-thin. worldview, liberation from dogmatic. installations, ideological cliches characteristic of B.l. owls. period. Published ist. the novels “Börköt ropes” (1981; in Russian translation “Wing of the Golden Eagle”, 1987) by K. Mergen, “kauyr ҡumta” (1982; “Leather Box”), “Dumbyra Syny” (1986; in Russian translation “ Cry of the dumbra”, 1988) by A. Hakim; “Tonyaҡ amurҙary” (in 2 books, 1983-85; in Russian translation “Northern Amuri”, 1987) by Khammatov; "Karaһaҡal" (1989; "Karasakal"), "Ahyryzaman kotkandә" (1993; "Waiting for the end of the world") B.Z. Rafikov; "Khanly ille bish" (1993; "Bloody 55th") Khusainov; "Shunda yata batyr һөyәge" (2000; "The remains of the batyr lie here") Musin. The novels “Syuaҡ kөndәr” (1986; “Fine days”) Isangulova, “Beҙ yәshәgәn er” (1988; “The land on which we live”) Sultangareeva, “Kilmeshak” (1988; “Alien”) A.M. Bulyakov, “Yauap birer kon” (1989; “Payback”) Baimova, “Yerem, keshelarem” (1996; “My land, my people”) Sultanov, “Bөyrәkay” (1997; “Buryonka”) Garipova reflect the negative aspects of collectivization, the problems of barbaric attitude to natural resources, moral degradation of the individual. In the wake of the collapse of the USSR, the revival of the national movement, novels were published in which the events of Oct. rev-tion, Citizen. war, 1930s, consequences of the cult of personality: "Oyörmә" (1992; "Hurricane"), "Dauyldan ҡotolou yҡ" (1994; "There is no escape from the storm"), "Karuan" (1997; "Caravan") Khakimova ; “Tamyp ta gyna kala ҡandary” (1993; “Blood is dripping with drops”), “Taftilau” (1996; “Taftilyau”) by G.A. Khisamova; “Kitmәҫ өson kildem” (1994; “I came to stay”) by M.A. Khaidarova; "Sybar shonqar" (1997; "Flight of the Falcon") Baimov and others.

Liter con. 90s - early. 2000s develops new topics using different forms and methods of presenting material, strives for a deep reflection of reality, for the analysis of acute life conflicts. Topical are the problems of the development of a person's personality, friendship of peoples, the relationship between the fate of a person and the fate of the people, increasing civic responsibility. In B.l. entered a group of poets raising acute social topics in openly journalistic. form, leading an active search in the field of verse form (extension of vocabulary, variety of rhythms, enrichment of rhymes). Original forms and techniques of versification are characteristic of TV-woo G. G. Ishkinin, R. Tulyak, A. Utyabay, A. R. Yuldashbaev. The rise of the epic beginning, increased interest in the social. The world is distinguished by the poetry of S.N. Abuzarov, D.M. Sharafetdinov, G.G. Zaripov, R. KulDavlet, Kh.Kh. Attention to internal world lyric. hero, a special gullible intonation is inherent in TV-woo poets T.S. Davletberdina, Yu.S. Ilyasova, T. Iskanderia, G.M. In prose, the themes of modernity are premier. in the psychological and moral aspects - reveal F.F. Akbulatova, G.M. Gizzatullina, H.N. Tapakov, R.R. Urazgulov. Children's literature is developing. Modern B.l. as a type of society. consciousness and spiritual culture continues thin. chronicle of the life of the Bashkir people.