Moral culture is one of the main foundations of the spiritual life of society. Along with law, the sphere of morality acts as the main mechanism for regulating human behavior, creating samples of “unwritten”, spontaneously formed (unlike law) norms and ideals of behavior. The principles of morality are in the nature of an obligation and are presented as a universal requirement, even if in reality they are inherent only in a certain social group.
Morality as a form of regulation of behavior is a constitutive element of human culture. At the time of its appearance, it was closely associated with religious beliefs. The first prohibitions and norms of communication with ancestors and fellow tribesmen made it possible for society to exist as a system of precisely culturally defined relationships. In other words, morality creates a spiritual space within which human existence unfolds precisely as human.
The regulatory function of morality is embodied in the creation of a whole system of norms, principles, ideals and values.
moral standards- proper behavior, the violation of which, in the opinion of the group, brings harm to it. They are formulated as specific rules of action: give way to elders, say hello when you meet, do not offend the younger ones, do not be late, do not use obscene expressions, wear a veil, do not kill, do not steal.
Moral principles(egoism, altruism, humanism, collectivism, individualism, asceticism, selflessness, exactingness) set the direction of moral activity.
Moral ideals create an image of a morally perfect person and express the ultimate goal of actions. Thus, the Christian moral ideal is embodied in the image of Christ, the teacher of justice and the great martyr. This ideal is associated with self-restraint, humility, patience, compassion and love for one's neighbor. It must be borne in mind that the moral ideal is only an infinitely receding horizon, a line of conduct, a process of achievement, and therefore it cannot be embodied in reality.
Highest moral values act as personal guidelines for life, the ultimate common goals of the moral activity of each person. We are talking about such values as happiness, the meaning of life, freedom. It is the highest moral values that are the supreme regulator of moral behavior, feelings and thoughts.
Moral culture realizes itself in the sphere of consciousness, feelings and actions. Moral consciousness functions at the level of theoretical substantiation of moral norms, values, ideals, as well as in the form of a person's subjective understanding of moral values, assessments, and behavioral motives. Morality also implies the presence of moral feelings (shame, guilt, conscience). Moral practice acts as a sphere of moral relations that are realized in actions. A person who does not act practically cannot be considered moral.
Moral culture is a historical phenomenon. Each era and each people create their own ideas about good and evil and their own mechanisms for the functioning of morality. Yes, in traditional societies moral norms and values are regarded as immutable, and their acceptance takes place virtually without personal choice (there is no alternative). Individual actions are rigidly subordinated to more essential supra-individual processes. Here the center of a person's being, the criteria of his will and judgments, the highest values are outside the person - in a certain Whole,
to which he belongs along with others. In the new European culture, human behavior rests on the consciousness of the power contained in it, generated by its will, constant reflection and self-reflection. Therefore, moral values look in his eyes as created by himself without the involvement of others in this, i.e. are of an individual choice.
Nevertheless, we have the right to speak about the existence of universal human moral norms and values.
Moral culture functions at the level of society as a whole, various subcultural formations, and an individual. Let's take a closer look at the latter. The moral culture of the individual reflects the degree to which a person masters the moral experience of society, the ability to consistently implement moral values and principles in actions, and readiness for self-improvement. Here important role has a synthesis of the norms of society and personal moral experience. Outwardly culture moral behavior manifests itself in the correspondence of actions and words to the norms that society has developed. But they will be actually moral only if they are made on the basis of moral motivation and in accordance with moral principles, i.e. when ethical knowledge coincides with moral motives and actions. It is possible to say that moral culture has become an internal component of the personality only when the moral norms and values of society turn into convictions. The moral culture of a person implies the ability of a person to understand the feelings and motives of his actions, the ability to correlate them with the interests of other people.
Formation of moral culture society includes the fixation of spontaneously formed norms of behavior and ideals, which takes the form of myths, religious precepts, and at a later stage acts as a theoretical justification for moral ideals that correspond to the spirit of the times. A necessary component of the process of forming a moral culture is the dissemination and implementation of existing moral knowledge and requirements in the minds of people through training, education, traditions, customs, organization mass forms communication, etc. In the process of forming a moral culture, each society creates certain mechanisms for the reproduction of moral values through public opinion, various forms of control, an example, etc.
The regulation and management of moral processes in society is carried out through the system moral education, which today is not uniform in content, because in a socially differentiated society, on the basis of generally accepted morality, there are different types of morality: secular, religious, philistine, professional. Therefore, in modern culture there can be no universal program and methods of education. These are just general guidelines.
Moral education is the process of transforming moral knowledge into internal attitudes, habits, and beliefs. In modern culture, education is seen as managing the process of personality development (rather than managing a personality). Therefore, it is carried out through dialogical communication, a joint search for truth, the creation of educational situations, and creative activity.
Moral education involves several directions:
Forming a connection with society, harmonizing personal behavior with its norms.
Acquaintance with the moral ideals and norms of society.
Assimilation of external culture of behavior.
Formation of moral habits necessary for society.
Formation of stable moral feelings (conscience, duty, dignity, shame) and qualities (honesty, adherence to principles).
Turning knowledge into beliefs.
To implement these tasks, various forms and methods are used. The most important forms of moral education tasks and assignments, individual conversations, work with an asset, information-mass and organizational arrangements(meetings, reports, lectures, conferences, theme evenings), effective and practical forms (propaganda teams, counselors, help groups, etc.). Main methods of moral education: persuasion, exercise, positive example, approval (from gesture and tone to declared gratitude), condemnation, organization of morally positive activity, self-education. Already in adolescence, the development of moral habits should be carried out in conditions of pronounced independent activity, in a situation of high responsibility for oneself.
Formation of moral culture in modern Belarusian society associated with a number of problems. Criticism of the Soviet system led to the destruction of the old spiritual foundations, moral norms and principles. Rightly reproaching socialist morality for being abstract and double standard, in the process of criticism, many universal values have actually been discredited. New ideals for a long time were absent. This situation gave rise to an extremely moral nihilism, an open disregard for the norms of morality, a turn towards egoism and individualism. Society faced the task of forming a new type of morality, the main guidelines of which were universal values, humanism, Christian morality. There is also a tendency to build a system of moral education based on the ideology of the middle class, when professionalism and related moral qualities are at the forefront - decency, reliability, duty, honesty, exactingness towards oneself and others, responsibility, discipline, etc.
It must be said that the weakening of the mechanisms of moral regulation is also due to the peculiarities of modern culture. The cult of technology in the 20th century led to the ever-increasing development of technocratic thinking, for which moral orientations, especially towards extremely generalized moral principles are of secondary importance. The processes of urbanization have led to an increase in the anonymity of life. In a big city, the mechanisms for controlling moral behavior (condemnation, boycott, public opinion) are increasingly weakening, and the legal regulation of relations between people comes to the fore. Therefore, even in a prosperous Western society, the problems of moral culture are very acute today.
Finally, an important problem is the insufficient development of detailed methods for educating various moral habits, feelings, and norms of behavior. There are more and more such studies today. Moreover, they can be effective only if they combine knowledge in the field of ethics, psychology and pedagogy.
The world of culture is traditions and rituals, these are norms and values, these are creations and things - all that can be called the being of culture. Personality as a creator and bearer of culture is exceptionally multifaceted. It can be characterized from the point of view of its moral and aesthetic culture, the measure of its psychological maturity and intellectual development, from the side of its ideological positions. But in all the richness of the culture of the individual, one can single out its system-forming axis, which is the moral structure of the individual. Morality is the core of spiritual culture. The structure of the moral culture of the individual includes the culture of human consciousness and the culture of everyday behavior. culture moral consciousness and behavior should be considered as complete system elements, expressing the objective social need for the consistent formation of such a culture of moral consciousness, which would be adequately embodied in behavior. In turn, the culture of moral behavior is a form of the objectified culture of moral consciousness. This feature of moral culture is explained by its single "goal", "mission", which consists in the formation of "moral reliability" of the individual. The unity of the culture of moral consciousness and behavior ensures that the individual masters the moral culture of society and the practical implementation of this culture.
Process moral formation personality includes such elements of purposeful influence on it as ethical education - the formation of knowledge of the individual in the field of moral activity; ethical training - the formation of skills in the field of moral activity; moral education and self-education - formation moral attitudes, value orientations personalities, etc.
It is on the basis of the unity of these factors that the formation of the moral culture of the individual is formed. moral wisdom as the unity and harmony of knowledge of moral requirements - and their embodiment in actions, the ability to find the optimal noble solution, and a penetrating moral feeling, unique personal experience life, and the main wealth of the moral culture of society.
In the culture of human consciousness, one can single out such elements as the culture of ethical thinking and the culture of moral feelings. The starting point in ethical thinking is knowledge about simple rules morality, norms and principles of morality, ideal. Indeed, in any case, before accepting the requirements of a given system of morality or culture as a whole, one must know them. Moral knowledge expands the scope of moral choice and makes the choice itself more justified. On the basis of a person's moral knowledge and their comparison with reality, he develops certain moral orientations, which are a person's "own" characterization of good and evil, justice, the meaning of life, happiness, moral ideal, his "personal" assessment of facts, relationships, people, themselves from the point of view moral values. The role and importance of values in life and society cannot be overestimated. In this regard, we can agree with the well-known Russian scientist P. Sorokin, who rightly noted that without human assessments, "devoid of their significant aspects, all phenomena of human interaction become simply biophysical phenomena" and it is value that serves as the foundation of any culture. The criteria for ethical thinking of a person are, first of all, the optimal resolution moral conflicts and the ability to choose the means to achieve a particular moral goal.
Let us turn to the second component of the moral culture of the individual - the culture of her moral feelings, the emotional side of individual morality. The range of these feelings can be very wide: from a situational reaction to a personal insult to high civic sorrows and joys. They can be directed inward (feelings of shame, remorse, remorse, etc.) and outward (feelings of compassion, hatred, indifference, etc.).
Moral emotions and feelings play a special role in human communication. Here they are - supreme value and purpose. Communication devoid of emotional warmth cannot satisfy one of the highest, humanistic in its basis, human needs for "luxury human communication"(Exupery). However, the role of moral feelings in the structure of personality should not be absolutized, because they are not a panacea for all moral errors and immorality.
Beliefs are the dialectical unity, the fusion of rational and rational levels in the moral structure of the personality. A guarantee of the moral reliability of a person is the confidence that a person, under any difficult or unfavorable circumstances, will not give up his principles. The content of moral beliefs depends on what ideas, knowledge and views are perceived by the individual.
The culture of everyday behavior of a person is made up of a culture of deed and etiquette. Etiquette is a ritualized form of human relationships in a particular environment, which has a class, national and historical coloring. Despite all the variety of etiquette forms, one can find in them something stable, representing enduring universal significance, namely: politeness, tact, modesty, accuracy, simplicity.
The culture of a person's act has a much more complex characteristic. All the diversity of human activity can serve as a way of manifesting a certain moral position of a person: facial expressions, gestures, speech, silence, clothing, etc. an act in the moral sphere is not identical physical action: an act can be a verbal action or simply an evasion of an action. There is always a motive in an action. Every action is mediated moral attitude person to another person.
The moral culture of the individual is a characteristic moral development personality, which reflects the degree of mastering the moral experience of society, the ability to consistently implement values, norms and principles in behavior and relationships with other people, readiness for constant self-improvement. His morality is determined by the way he thinks. A person accumulates in his mind and behavior the achievements of the moral culture of society. The task of forming the moral culture of the individual is to achieve the optimal combination of traditions and innovations, to combine the specific experience of the individual and the entire wealth of public morality.
The elements of the moral culture of the individual are the culture of ethical thinking, the culture of feelings, the culture of behavior and etiquette.
Evolution modern man continues at the present time, since the socio-biological environment as an agent of selection is constantly changing. The main forms of selection operate in society: stabilizing, destructive, balanced and guiding. The transformation in the course of human evolution of biological prerequisites into dependent social process form does not eliminate the natural foundations of man.
The formation of a future personality begins from early childhood and is determined by the most complex and interactions of circumstances that can not only contribute to its development, but also actively prevent natural and organic development, predetermining the tragedy of a person's being.
Games that parents impose on children are considered a means for their social development, actualize the problem - "the games that the child chooses, and the games that the child chooses."
The activity of the creator of culture - an artist, writer, musician, etc. - is directed not at the material, but at reality, the reality of life, at some event. Their works were created so that a person, through their work, could understand the harsh reality or the beautiful unreality of our life, enrich his inner world and thereby become more cultured.
In my opinion, the main component of moral culture is cultural thinking, let's talk about this in more detail.
The culture of thinking as a certain level of a person's mental abilities largely depends on how much a person's mental activity corresponds to the laws and requirements of logic. It should be emphasized that mastering the laws and requirements of logic to perfection is something without which a culture of thinking is generally impossible.
Culture of thinking - highest level and the quality of human thinking, determined by the conscious development by the individual of his ways of thinking, corresponding to the requirements of human culture. K. m. involves its organization, optimization and improvement. It represents the ability to optimally use intellectual knowledge, the scientific achievements of mankind, the logical sequence of thinking, its focus on solving problems. actual problems and tasks. K. m. presupposes the connection by the subject of the abilities of understanding, interpretation, explanation, proof (argument), reflection and dialogue. To develop a culture of thinking, a person needs constant intellectual work, activities to overcome the spontaneous, situational, stereotypical way of thinking.
A special way to implement the thought process as a cultural one is reflection, which combines organization, criticism and consistent construction of the content of mental activity.
The question arises: is it necessary to know a special theory in order to think correctly? After all, one can reason logically without knowing any theory, like little children who speak a language without knowing its grammar.
(The great German idealist philosopher Hegel remarked ironically that it is possible to digest food without knowing physiology.)
Indeed, many people follow logical laws involuntarily, instinctively, without even thinking, without even knowing about these laws. At the same time, they follow natural logic, for example, to eat and breathe, which gives them the illusion that thinking also does not need analysis and control. But if the task of a physiologist is to “teach a person how to eat, breathe, how to work and rest properly in order to live longer”, then the task of logic is to teach a person to think correctly logically, not to make their own logical errors and find them in the reasoning of others.
From these judgments, we found out that logic is, for the most part, a culture of thinking. From this it follows that the culture of thinking, in turn, teaches a person moral culture.
Personality culture can also be characterized in terms of aesthetic culture. This can be considered on the example of the central link in the aesthetic consciousness of a person - aesthetic taste. Taste is usually understood as the ability of a person to intuitively comprehend and emotionally evaluate aesthetic and artistic values. There are two prerequisites for the formation of aesthetic taste: psychological and sociocultural. The first includes the developed basic mental abilities of a person: emotionality, intelligence, imagination, fantasy, intuition. The underdevelopment of any of these prerequisites causes a distortion of taste. Aesthetic taste arises when a person is included in the context of human culture, aesthetic relations.
Therefore, a very important content side of taste is the standards assimilated by the individual, the cultural experience of society. The values assimilated by people turn for each person into original prototypes and criteria of perception, which are called aesthetic standards. The objective criterion of taste is the ratio of personal aesthetic experience to the experience of society: the more fully an individual has mastered the experience of society, the more developed. In aesthetic experience, society has both classics, tradition, and actual experience with its innovation, therefore, a developed aesthetic taste is characterized by the development of both. Undeveloped taste is when a person absolutizes certain aesthetic or artistic values, their level, form and content, thereby impoverishing, excluding spiritual richness and diversity of aesthetic values.
The functional side of the state of taste is aesthetic needs.
There are three levels of development of aesthetic needs:
- 1. Initial - "sleeping taste", that is, the aesthetic need is in its infancy, so often a push is needed to develop needs;
- 2. Average, "normal", that is, a person's steady desire to perceive and experience the aesthetic or artistic values \u200b\u200bknown to him;
- 3. Creative - the need to create something new aesthetic world. Creative taste is the highest level of development of aesthetic taste, the ability to see through the various forms of the world a new, previously unknown meaning.
One more regarding independent part characterizing the cultural appearance of the individual, is the degree of development of her intellect. The intellect of each person is a rather complex formation. It is necessary to distinguish in it reason and reason. F. Engels noted that the mind operates according to a strictly defined scheme, algorithm, without awareness of the method itself, its boundaries and possibilities, while the mind seeks to go beyond the existing system, to push its boundaries.
Isolation of the rational and rational side allows you to better understand character traits rational sphere of human consciousness. "Duet" of the voices of reason and reason - very important quality thinking of a person, the level of his intellectual culture largely depends on their interrelations. Thus, the main components of a person’s culture are: moral and aesthetic culture, and intellectual development personality. All of them are interconnected and directly affect the development of the individual.
culture personality taste
SPIRITUAL AND MORAL CULTURE.
There is a lot of talk about culture these days. But few people think about what this word means. This word originally meant "cultivation of the earth." And since ancient times, having received his land as a gift from God, a person had to cultivate it, reaping the fruits needed to sustain life.
Culture is multifaceted. You can talk about the culture of work, the culture of interpersonal relations, national and linguistic culture, or, for example, the culture of football.
There are many different cultures, but the basis is always the cultivation of meaning, the work of ordering chaos. And in this aspect, "cult" and "culture" are not only words with the same root.
Spirituality is at the heart of any culture, and we must remember that spiritual chaos is much worse than material chaos. Any material chaos can be overcome.
The terrible wars of the twentieth century are behind us. We live, it would seem, in a peaceful and prosperous time. But spiritual problems remain, even increased. The consumer spirit dominates in society, the predominance of the economy over morality, an overabundance of information put pressure on the psyche and soul of a person. Strong family ties, mass culture dominates, with its pathos of pleasure, show business and a beautiful "game of life". But behind the mask of this imaginary luxury lies emptiness and destructive lack of spirituality. And if earlier illnesses of the body, bodily illnesses prevailed, today mental illnesses prevail, many people suffer from despondency, sadness, rush about and find no place for themselves. Desolation reigns in their hearts.
Many of these issues are relevant. I am not a supporter of apocalyptic sentiments and I believe that it is unacceptable to fall into panic and extremes, but to fight evil, to cultivate good qualities souls.
It is vitally important for us now to make as much effort as possible in order to be able to preserve and pass on to the descendants the language, culture and traditions of our people. Upbringing, education is not only the formation of the mind, but also the heart.
The spiritual formation of society is a laborious and long-term process.
The successful solution of this problem lies on the path of spiritual rebirth of each individual person. Introducing people, especially the younger generation, to the centuries-old traditional culture, values, moral experience of the people - the way to solve this vital task.
Russian culture is historically inextricably linked with Orthodoxy. Holy Rus' was formed thanks to the Byzantine Orthodox faith received by the saint Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir in the X century.
The sphere of goodness, as academician Dmitry Likhachev emphasizes, is tightly connected with the traditions of the native culture, with the past and the future. Each of us is required to pay attention to history - our own and the world, to cultural property accumulated by all mankind.
But, before talking about world culture, the younger generation needs to know their Russian culture. It is culture that is called upon to help a person in determining his worldview, his being.
Orthodoxy spiritually transformed the peoples of Russia, shaped the remarkable features of the Russian character - mercy, sacrifice, fidelity, masculinity, generosity.
For a thousand years, it has nurtured the unbending sovereign spirit of Russian patriotism.
School, family, church and state for many centuries in unity complemented each other in the preparation of a pious and educated Christian, a respectable family man, a hardworking and patriotic citizen.
For the sake of the future of Russia, it is necessary to raise children on the basis of the original Russian culture, which originates in national identity Russian people who received Holy Baptism.
Culture is an environment that connects people's worldview with their way of life. It is the bearer of mentality and at the same time has a formative effect on the way of life.
The present time is unpredictable, complex, fateful. It is important and necessary to comprehend the role that spirituality has played and is playing in the culture of our Fatherland, to better understand the path that our pious ancestors followed. After all, on their own
Material, economic, political, cultural and other achievements were only means and instruments for serving society.
New state holidays provide ample opportunities for introducing young people to Orthodox culture. We know that public holidays became a few days of Christmas time, which became part of New Year holidays, And autumn holiday in honor of the Kazan Icon Mother of God, which is declared the Day of National Unity.
In order for these holidays to enter people's lives, it is necessary to introduce their mentality and the life of the younger generation, then in a few years they will become traditional for our people.
It is necessary these days to attract young people to the organization holiday events, revealing the Christian meaning of the holiday and its historical and civil significance.
And here the task of modern culture is to make these days of new holidays uniting our people, opening their hearts to doing good and attracting them to the Orthodox norms of life. Only Orthodoxy has the necessary spiritual potential, centuries-old positive experience in the field spiritual and moral enlightenment.
It is necessary to strive for the set goals:
1. In the matter of educating youth in the spirit Orthodox culture it is necessary to strive to involve the state, its legislation and executive bodies, state institutions.
2.Only collaboration with government bodies can give this activity a systematic and mass character.
3. In the education of youth on Orthodox traditions it is necessary to use all possible means of education (literature, art, television, cinema, print, etc.)
4. It's time to move from criticism and defense to practical, albeit small, but deeds.
Let each of the teachers who want to see young people healthy not only
physically, but also morally, will take a concrete step towards returning to his native
land of Orthodoxy.
Today, everyone who works with children and youth, including employees of the education system and out-of-school education, youth organizations and funds mass media, organizers of youth leisure, filmmakers, book publishers and web designers, should carry the worldview and moral principles traditional Russian culture based on Orthodoxy. It is necessary that the younger generation not only know about their native culture, but also
brought up in her. Children should not only have respect for it, but also be its bearers.
At this time, we especially realized the role of education in the spiritual and moral revival
countries as a unique area of social life, where the spiritual and the material are combined; the past and future of our country, where the appearance of modern man is born and formed. It is here, in my opinion, that it is possible to unite the efforts of the state, church and society around the central theme: the formation of the future Russia.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
“The use of ICT in the lessons “Fundamentals of the spiritual and moral culture of the peoples of Russia. Fundamentals of Religious Culture and Secular Ethics in Primary School»
An article on the use of ICT in the process of teaching elementary school children...
"The relevance of the formation in children of a spiritual and moral attitude to the world around them by introducing them to the origins of folk culture, spiritual traditions and learning the craft through acquaintance and holding Orthodox holidays"
Reasoned discussion on the designated topic ....
Thematic planning of the course “Fundamentals of Spiritual and Moral Culture of the Peoples of Russia. Fundamentals of Religious Cultures of the Peoples of Russia"
Thematic planning of the course “Fundamentals of Spiritual and Moral Culture of the Peoples of Russia. Basics religious cultures peoples of Russia"...
2) the structure of moral culture.
The term "moral culture" was formed on the basis of two concepts "morality" and "culture". Morality, as you know, is the practical embodiment of moral ideals, goals and attitudes in various forms ah social life, in the culture of human behavior and relationships between them. The very word "culture", as you know, comes from the Latin "cultura", which in translation into Russian means cultivation, processing, improvement, education, upbringing. The subject of culture, its bearer are both society as a whole and its structural formations: nations, classes, social strata, professional communities and each person individually. And in all these cases, culture acts as a qualitative characteristic of the degree of perfection of any sphere of human life and of the person himself. Man is the subject and object of culture. The specificity of culture lies in the fact that it reveals the qualitative side of human activity, showing how the latter acts as the realization of the creative potential of a person, how much this activity meets certain requirements and norms.
The level of moral development of society and the individual can be different: high or low, since the degree of assimilation of moral values developed by society, and in particular their implementation in practice in different time, different. When this degree, this level is high, we are talking about a high moral culture of society and vice versa.
In the moral consciousness of the individual, two levels can be distinguished: theoretical (rational) and psychological (sensual). Both of them are closely related to each other, influence each other and allow the most complete and deep, mind and heart to evaluate social phenomena from the position of good and evil and influence the actions and deeds of a person from the same positions. However, it would be a mistake not to notice the differences between them. The content of the theoretical, or rational, level of moral consciousness is ethical knowledge, views and ideals, principles and norms, moral needs. The content of this level of moral consciousness is formed purposefully as appropriate social government institutions(kindergarten, school, university, service team), and by the efforts of the individual himself. Elements of this level are more stable, they are more closely connected with political and legal consciousness. They are deeper and more fundamental, because they reflect the most significant connections, patterns, trends in the moral life of society. It is precisely because of this that they can control and orient, restrain the moral feelings and emotions of the individual. Moral needs, being, like beliefs, the result of the activity of the mind and heart, become an important goal of the transmission mechanism from moral consciousness to moral behavior.
The culture of moral needs is such a level of their development that expresses the constant desire of an employee of the State Fire Service to consciously and disinterestedly fulfill his civic and official duty, to comply with the requirements of public morality and fire ethics in everyday work and off-duty activities. The more sublime the moral needs are, the higher the level of moral qualities.
As noted above, the second level of moral consciousness is psychological or sensory level. Sometimes it is called the level of ordinary moral consciousness. It includes a rich range of moral feelings, emotions, likes and dislikes, ideas about moral and immoral, moral rules, mores, customs, etc., developed and fixed by a person in the process of life experience. kind of primary elements of moral consciousness. In feelings, emotions, likes and dislikes, the formation of the moral position of the individual takes place emotionally and directly. Sometimes this manifests itself very impulsively: a person rejoices or gets angry, cries or laughs, falls into prostration, closes, and sometimes, as they say, gives free rein to his hands. Moral feelings are very numerous, and are classified according to the most different grounds. Some divide them according to the vital sphere of manifestation: moral-political, moral-labor, moral-combat, actually moral. The other three groups are situational, intimate, and feelings of social experience. Still others classify based on the depth of experiences.
For example, intimate feelings are feelings of love, friendship, fidelity, hatred or devotion, etc. They arise in relations with other people, they express sympathy and antipathy, likes and dislikes.
Feelings of social experience have a completely different character. They, in fact, are moral and political feelings, because they reflect attitudes not so much to other people, but to phenomena of great civic sound: this is a feeling of patriotism and internationalism, collectivism and solidarity national pride etc. They are complex in their content, diverse in their manifestation, and rather represent a fusion of the personal and the public. It should also be emphasized that, unlike, for example, intimate feelings, which are mobile and dynamic, moral and political feelings are more stable and stabilized.
At present, there is a wide and growing interest in a deeper philosophical understanding of culture. At the same time, we are aware that culture is not relative, not situational, that it cannot be tied to any current social or political interests, but expresses the very essence of humanity, is a factor in the development of a humane society.
I believe, I am sure that many also believe that the culture of the individual is entirely based on his moral culture in the broadest sense. Moral culture implies both respect for tradition, generally accepted patterns of behavior, and the ability to find one’s own, creative solution. In those cases when we are faced with "eternal" problems, universal situations, such as birth and death, illness and health, youth and old age, love and marriage, it is very important to listen to tradition, to act in accordance with etiquette. This is how life is built. And on how high the level of culture of society, its development and progress largely depend.
Moral culture is represented by the subjects of society and their relationships. It includes: a) signs and elements of the culture of moral consciousness of the subjects of society; b) culture of behavior and communication; c) culture moral deeds and activities. Moral culture correlates with other types of culture of the material and spiritual life of society, but above all it is opposed to the antipodes of morality: evil, inequality, injustice, dishonor, lack of dignity and conscience, and other antimoral phenomena.
In terms of content, moral culture is the development of moral consciousness and worldview of the subjects of society; the unity of the morally proper and the morally existing; manifestation in the system of behavior, communication and activity of the norms of goodness, honor, conscience, duty, dignity, love, interaction, etc.; implementation of life on the principles of humanism, democracy, hard work, social equality, combination reasonable selfishness(dignity) and altruism, peacefulness.
Moral culture is also the effectiveness of the moral regulation of people's lives, the complementarity of moral and legal regulation, adherence to the "golden rule of morality", the rules of etiquette.
Everywhere there are talks and many are even convinced that public and personal morality is currently experiencing a severe crisis. There are many things to worry about. And the rise in crime and social injustice, and the collapse of the ideals that served as the official pillar of morality. It is quite obvious that moral culture cannot be any high if social system inefficient, ignoring the requirements of justice and common sense.
There is a need to make adjustments to the relationship between people through moral culture, which is a factor in the development of a reasonable society, becoming more and more obvious every day.
Our consciousness has a way of directly influencing material world. This, as they sometimes say, is a manifestation of the triumph of thought over matter. The great Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov said: "Man is the only system that is able to regulate itself within wide limits, that is, to improve itself." It is important to note here that much depends on us.
If we want our civilization to survive, it is necessary to prevent such incidents as soon as possible. That is why our duty, our sacred duty is to create a new idea of ourselves and consciousness through moral culture, so that, guided by this new model in practice, humanity was able not only to survive, but to be at a more perfect level of being.
Of course, the cracks in the moral culture of society are obvious, so, in my opinion, the moral culture of communication can serve as an example, faced with various misunderstandings between people when communicating almost every day.
The moral culture of communication implies the presence of moral convictions, knowledge of moral norms, readiness for moral activity, common sense especially in conflict situations.
Moral communication is an expression of the content and level of the spiritual image of a person.
The moral culture of communication is a unity of moral consciousness and behavior. This often requires selflessness and self-control from a person. And when we are talking about the Motherland, patriotism, a sense of duty, then the ability to sacrifice.
The moral culture of communication is divided into: 1) internal and 2) external.
internal culture-- This moral ideals and attitudes, norms and principles of behavior, which are the foundation of the spiritual image of the individual. These are the spiritual foundations on which a person builds his relationships with other people in all areas. public life. The internal culture of the individual plays a leading, determining role in the formation of the external culture of communication, in which it finds its manifestation. The ways of such manifestation can be diverse - the exchange of greetings with other people, important information, the establishment of various forms of cooperation, friendship, love, etc. Internal culture is manifested in manners of behavior, ways of addressing a partner, in the ability to dress without causing complaints from outside surrounding.
Internal and external culture moral communication are always interconnected, complement each other and exist in unity. However, this relationship is not always obvious. There are many people who, behind seeming unsociableness, some secrecy, reveal a spiritually rich personality, ready to respond to your request, provide assistance, if necessary, etc. At the same time, there are such individuals who, behind an external gloss, hide their miserable and disordered essence.
There are many examples in life when for some people the outer side of communication becomes an end in itself and is actually a cover for achieving selfish and selfish goals. A variety of such behavior are hypocrisy, hypocrisy, conscious deceit.
Recognition of the value of a person is closely related to the specific assessments of people entering into communication. Many of the difficulties that arise in the process of communication are generated by the discrepancy between the self-esteem of the individual and its assessment by others. As a rule, self-esteem is always higher than the assessment of others (although it can be underestimated).
The holy fathers said: a person is formed from childhood, even from the womb, and not when he finishes school. And now special attention should be paid to education in our school, it is the main institution that provides education young generation. Alas, the school has now lost its educational moment, it gives only the sum of knowledge, but we must remember that for school bench And it is decided not only whether a young person will learn to count and write, but also how he will grow up. How he perceives the world, how he treats his neighbor, how he evaluates all actions.
Therefore, even from the school bench, it is necessary to conduct moral conversations with children. Starting from the age of two, the child enters the scope of moral norms. Knows what is good and what is bad. First, adults, and then peers, begin to make sure that he observes certain forms of behavior. If you inspire a child that it is necessary to take care of those who need it, to help a person who is in pain or grief, we can safely say that the child will grow up caring, understanding the pain and grief of others. This does not require any special tricks and methods, you just need to demonstrate positive examples more often. Moral Conversations learn to see the advantages and disadvantages of their own behavior and the behavior of others in everyday life and in in public places(on the street, in transport, in the store); learn the concepts of "fair - unfair", "fair - unfair", "right - wrong"; form a "code of honor", the ability to act fairly, to subordinate their desires to common interests.
Fairy tale - the first piece of art, which allows the child to experience a sense of belonging to the grief and joy of the heroes, to hate greed and treachery, to passionately desire the victory of good. The fairy tale expands the moral experience of the child.
The future of Russia is formed on the school bench. Naturally, everything affects morality: the press, the family, the school, and even just a random passerby. Therefore, the entire responsibility for morality in society does not lie with someone alone. You can't say that one Orthodox journalist can affect morale. If one person writes that
There are not enough good, moral topics on television and a lot of things that destroy the soul, bring some kind of confusion, temptation. Television should have a creative force, help build our state, and build it strong. And a strong state cannot be without morality, without faith, without love for the Fatherland and neighbor.
Religion and morality are closely linked. Religion is impossible without morality, and morality is impossible without religion. Faith without works is dead. Only demons believe with such faith (they believe and tremble). True faith (living, not dead) cannot exist without good deeds. Just as a naturally fragrant flower cannot but be fragrant, so true faith cannot but bear witness to good morality. In turn, morality without a religious foundation and without religious light cannot exist and will certainly wither, like a plant deprived of roots, moisture and sun. Religion without morality is like a barren fig tree; morality without religion is like a cut down fig tree.
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