Intelligentsia as a sociological category. The meaning of the word intelligentsia

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Term intelligentsia used in functional and social meanings.

• In the functional (original) sense, the word was used in Latin, indicating a wide range of mental activity.
• IN social significance the word began to be used from the middle or second half of the 19th century in relation to a social group of people with in a critical way thinking, a high degree of reflection, the ability to systematize knowledge and experience.

The functional meaning of the concept of "intelligentsia"

Derived from the Latin verb intellego :

1) perceive, perceive, notice, notice
2) to know, to know
3) think
4) to know a lot, to understand

Directly latin word intelligence includes a number of psychological concepts:

1) understanding, reason, cognitive power, ability to perceive
2) concept, representation, idea
3) perception, sensory knowledge
4) skill, art

As can be seen from the above, the original meaning of the concept is functional. It is about the activity of consciousness.

Used in this sense, it is found even in the 19th century, in a letter from N.P. Ogarev to Granovsky in 1850:

“Some subject with gigantic intelligence…”

In the same sense, one can read about the use of the word in Masonic circles. In the book “The Problem of Authorship and the Theory of Styles”, V. V. Vinogradov notes that the word intelligentsia is one of the words used in the language of Masonic literature of the second half of the 18th century:

... the word intelligentsia is often found in the handwritten heritage of the Mason Schwartz. It denotes here the highest state of man as an intelligent being, free from any gross, bodily matter, immortal and imperceptibly able to influence and act on all things. Later, A. Galich used this word in a general sense - "reasonableness, higher consciousness" in his idealistic philosophical concept. The word intelligentsia in this sense was used by VF Odoevsky.

“Is the intelligentsia a separate, independent social group, or does each social group have its own special category of intelligentsia? It is not easy to answer this question, because the modern historical process gives rise to a variety of forms of various categories of intelligentsia.

The discussion of this problem continues and is inextricably linked with the concepts: society, social group, culture.

In Russia

In Russian pre-revolutionary culture, in the interpretation of the concept of "intelligentsia", the criterion of engaging in mental labor receded into the background. The main features of the Russian intellectual were the features of social messianism: concern for the fate of their fatherland (civil responsibility); the desire for social criticism, to fight against what hinders national development (the role of the bearer of public conscience); the ability to morally empathize with the “humiliated and offended” (a sense of moral belonging). At the same time, the intelligentsia began to be defined primarily through the opposition of the official state power - the concepts of "educated class" and "intelligentsia" were partially divorced - not any educated person could be classified as an intelligentsia, but only one who criticized the "backward" government. The Russian intelligentsia, understood as a set of mental laborers opposed to the authorities, turned out to be a rather isolated social group in pre-revolutionary Russia. The intellectuals were viewed with suspicion not only by the official authorities, but also by the “common people”, who did not distinguish the intellectuals from the “gentlemen”. The contrast between the claim to be messianic and isolation from the people led to the cultivation among Russian intellectuals of constant repentance and self-flagellation.

A special topic of discussion at the beginning of the 20th century was the place of the intelligentsia in the social structure of society. Some insisted on non-class approach: the intelligentsia did not represent any special social group and did not belong to any class; being the elite of society, it rises above class interests and expresses universal ideals. Others viewed the intelligentsia in terms of class approach, but disagreed on the question of which class / classes it belongs to. Some believed that the intelligentsia included people from different classes, but at the same time they did not constitute a single social group, and we should not talk about the intelligentsia in general, but about different types of intelligentsia (for example, bourgeois, proletarian, peasant, and even lumpen intelligentsia). Others attributed the intelligentsia to some well-defined class. The most common options were the assertions that the intelligentsia is part of the bourgeois class or the proletarian class. Finally, still others singled out the intelligentsia as a separate class.

Known estimates, formulations and explanations

The word intelligent and Ushakov, and the academic dictionary define: "peculiar to an intellectual" with a negative connotation: "about the properties of the old, bourgeois intelligentsia" with its "lack of will, hesitation, doubts." Both Ushakov and the academic dictionary define the word intelligent: “inherent in an intellectual, intelligentsia” with a positive connotation: “educated, cultured”. “Cultural”, in turn, here clearly means not only the bearer of “enlightenment, education, erudition” (the definition of the word culture in the academic dictionary), but also “possessing certain skills of behavior in society, educated” (one of the definitions of the word cultural in that same dictionary). The antithesis to the word intelligent in the modern linguistic consciousness will be not so much an ignoramus as an ignoramus (and by the way, an intelligent is not a tradesman, but a boor). Each of us feels the difference, for example, between "intelligent appearance", "intelligent behavior" and "intelligent appearance", "intelligent behavior". With the second adjective, there is, as it were, a suspicion that, in fact, this appearance and this behavior are sham, and with the first adjective, they are genuine. I remember a typical case. About ten years ago, the critic Andrey Levkin published an article in the Rodnik magazine with a title that was supposed to be defiant: "Why I'm not an intellectual." V. P. Grigoriev, a linguist, said about this: “But to write:“ Why am I not intelligent, ”he did not have the courage” ...

From an article by M. Gasparov

There is a derogatory statement by V. I. Lenin about the intelligentsia helping the bourgeoisie:

see also

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Notes

Literature

• Milyukov P. N. Intelligentsia and historical tradition // Intelligentsia in Russia. - St. Petersburg, 1910.
• Davydov Yu. N.// Where is Russia going? Community Development Alternatives. 1: International Symposium December 17-19, 1993 / Ed. ed. T. I. Zaslavskaya, L. A. Harutyunyan. - M.: Interpraks, 1994. - C. 244-245. - ISBN 5-85235-109-1

Links

• Ivanov-Razumnik. // gummer.info
• Gramsci A.
• Trotsky L.
• G. Fedotov
• Uvarov Pavel Borisovich
• Abstract of the article by A. Pollard. .
• //NG
• I. S. Kon.// "New World", 1968, No. 1. - S. 173-197
• .
• Kormer V. The Dual Consciousness of the Intelligentsia and Pseudo-Culture ( , published in under the pseudonym Altaev). - In the book: Kormer V. Mole of history. - M.: Time, 2009. - S. 211−252. - ISBN 978-5-9691-0427-3 ().
• Alex Tarn.
• Pomerants G. - lecture, June 21, 2001
• Bitkin S. It's not just about the hat. What should be a real intellectual // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2014. No. 58.
• Slusar V. H.// Modern intelligentsia: problems of social identification: a collection of scientific papers: in 3 volumes / otv. ed. I. I. Osinsky. - Ulan-Ude: Publishing House of the Buryat State University, 2012. - T. 1. - S. 181-189.
• in "We speak Russian" on Ekho Moskvy (March 30, 2008)
• Filatova A.// Logos, 2005, No. 6. - S. 206-217.

Dictionaries and encyclopedias

• // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. , 1907-1909.
• Intelligentsia // Encyclopedia "Round the World".
• Intelligentsia // Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: in 4 volumes / ch. ed. B. M. Volin, D. N. Ushakov(v. 2-4); comp. G. O. Vinokur, B. A. Larin, S. I. Ozhegov, B. V. Tomashevsky, D. N. Ushakov; ed. D. N. Ushakova. - M. : GI "Soviet Encyclopedia" (vol. 1) : OGIZ (vol. 1) : GINS (vol. 2-4), 1935-1940.
• Intelligentsia- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
• Memetov V. S., Rastorguev V. N.// Great Russian Encyclopedia. M., 2008. T. 11.
• Intelligentsia // dictionary of social sciences
• Intelligentsia // encyclopedia of sociology

An excerpt characterizing the intelligentsia

“Well, Sokolov, they don’t quite leave!” They have a hospital here. Maybe you will be even better than ours,” said Pierre.
- Oh my God! O my death! Oh my God! the soldier groaned louder.
“Yes, I’ll ask them now,” said Pierre, and, rising, went to the door of the booth. While Pierre was approaching the door, the corporal who yesterday treated Pierre to a pipe approached with two soldiers. Both the corporal and the soldiers were in marching uniform, in knapsacks and shakos with buttoned scales that changed their familiar faces.
The corporal went to the door in order to close it by order of his superiors. Before release, it was necessary to count the prisoners.
- Caporal, que fera t on du malade? .. [Corporal, what to do with the patient? ..] - began Pierre; but at the moment he said this, he began to doubt whether this was the corporal he knew or another, unknown person: the corporal was so unlike himself at that moment. In addition, at the moment Pierre was saying this, the crackling of drums was suddenly heard from both sides. The corporal frowned at Pierre's words and, uttering a meaningless curse, slammed the door. It became half dark in the booth; drums crackled sharply from both sides, drowning out the groans of the sick man.
“Here it is! .. Again it!” Pierre said to himself, and an involuntary chill ran down his back. In the changed face of the corporal, in the sound of his voice, in the exciting and deafening crackle of drums, Pierre recognized that mysterious, indifferent force that forced people to kill their own kind against their will, the force that he saw during the execution. It was useless to be afraid, to try to avoid this force, to make requests or exhortations to people who served as its instruments, it was useless. Pierre knew this now. I had to wait and be patient. Pierre did not go up to the sick man again and did not look back at him. He, silently, frowning, stood at the door of the booth.
When the doors of the booth opened and the prisoners, like a herd of sheep, crushing each other, squeezed into the exit, Pierre made his way ahead of them and went up to the very captain who, according to the corporal, was ready to do everything for Pierre. The captain was also in marching uniform, and from his cold face also looked “it”, which Pierre recognized in the words of the corporal and in the crackle of drums.
- Filez, filez, [Come in, come in.] - the captain said, frowning severely and looking at the prisoners crowding past him. Pierre knew that his attempt would be in vain, but he approached him.
- Eh bien, qu "est ce qu" il y a? [Well, what else?] - looking around coldly, as if not recognizing, the officer said. Pierre said about the patient.
- Il pourra marcher, que diable! the captain said. - Filez, filez, [He'll go, damn it! Come in, come in] - he continued to sentence, without looking at Pierre.
- Mais non, il est a l "agonie ... [No, he is dying ...] - Pierre began.
– Voulez vous bien?! [Go to…] – the captain shouted with an evil frown.
Drum yes yes ladies, ladies, ladies, the drums crackled. And Pierre realized that a mysterious force had already completely taken possession of these people and that now it was useless to say anything else.
The captured officers were separated from the soldiers and ordered to go ahead. There were thirty officers, including Pierre, and three hundred soldiers.
The captured officers released from other booths were all strangers, were much better dressed than Pierre, and looked at him, in his shoes, with incredulity and aloofness. Not far from Pierre walked, apparently enjoying the general respect of his fellow prisoners, a fat major in a Kazan dressing gown, belted with a towel, with a plump, yellow, angry face. He held one hand with a pouch in his bosom, the other leaned on a chibouk. The major, puffing and puffing, grumbled and got angry at everyone because it seemed to him that he was being pushed and that everyone was in a hurry when there was nowhere to hurry, everyone was surprised at something when there was nothing surprising in anything. The other, a small, thin officer, was talking to everyone, making assumptions about where they were being led now and how far they would have time to go that day. An official, in welled boots and a commissariat uniform, ran in from different directions and looked out for the burned-out Moscow, loudly reporting his observations about what had burned down and what this or that visible part of Moscow was like. The third officer, of Polish origin by accent, argued with the commissariat official, proving to him that he was mistaken in determining the quarters of Moscow.
What are you arguing about? the major said angrily. - Is it Nikola, Vlas, it's all the same; you see, everything has burned down, well, that’s the end of it ... Why are you pushing, is there really not enough road, ”he turned angrily to the one who was walking behind and was not pushing him at all.
- Hey, hey, hey, what have you done! - heard, however, now from one side, now from the other side the voices of the prisoners, looking around the conflagrations. - And then Zamoskvorechye, and Zubovo, and then in the Kremlin, look, half is missing ... Yes, I told you that all Zamoskvorechye, that’s how it is.
- Well, you know what burned down, well, what to talk about! the major said.
Passing through Khamovniki (one of the few unburnt quarters of Moscow) past the church, the entire crowd of prisoners suddenly huddled to one side, and exclamations of horror and disgust were heard.
- Look, you bastards! That is not Christ! Yes, dead, dead and there ... They smeared it with something.
Pierre also moved towards the church, which had something that caused exclamations, and vaguely saw something leaning against the fence of the church. From the words of his comrades, who saw him better, he learned that it was something like the corpse of a man, standing upright by the fence and smeared with soot in his face ...
– Marchez, sacre nom… Filez… trente mille diables… [Go! go! Damn! Devils!] - the convoys cursed, and the French soldiers, with renewed anger, dispersed the crowd of prisoners who were looking at the dead man with cleavers.

Along the lanes of Khamovniki, the prisoners walked alone with their escort and the wagons and wagons that belonged to the escorts and rode behind; but, having gone out to the grocery stores, they found themselves in the middle of a huge, closely moving artillery convoy, mixed with private wagons.
At the very bridge, everyone stopped, waiting for those who were riding in front to advance. From the bridge, the prisoners were opened behind and in front of endless rows of other moving convoys. To the right, where the Kaluga road curved past Neskuchny, disappearing into the distance, stretched endless ranks of troops and convoys. These were the troops of the Beauharnais corps that had come out first; Behind, along the embankment and across the Stone Bridge, Ney's troops and wagon trains stretched.
Davout's troops, to which the prisoners belonged, went through the Crimean ford and already partly entered Kaluga Street. But the carts were so stretched out that the last trains of Beauharnais had not yet left Moscow for Kaluzhskaya Street, and the head of Ney's troops was already leaving Bolshaya Ordynka.
Having passed the Crimean ford, the prisoners moved several steps and stopped, and again moved, and on all sides the carriages and people became more and more embarrassed. After walking for more than an hour those several hundred steps that separate the bridge from Kaluzhskaya Street, and having reached the square where Zamoskvoretsky Streets converge with Kaluzhskaya Street, the prisoners, squeezed into a heap, stopped and stood for several hours at this intersection. From all sides was heard the incessant, like the sound of the sea, the rumble of wheels, and the tramp of feet, and incessant angry cries and curses. Pierre stood pressed against the wall of the charred house, listening to this sound, which in his imagination merged with the sounds of the drum.
Several captured officers, in order to see better, climbed the wall of the burnt house, near which Pierre was standing.
- To the people! Eka to the people! .. And they piled on the guns! Look: furs ... - they said. “Look, you bastards, they robbed him… There, behind him, on a cart… After all, this is from an icon, by God!.. It must be the Germans. And our muzhik, by God!.. Ah, scoundrels! Here they are, the droshky - and they captured! .. Look, he sat down on the chests. Fathers! .. Fight! ..
- So it's in the face then, in the face! So you can't wait until evening. Look, look ... and this, of course, is Napoleon himself. You see, what horses! in monograms with a crown. This is a folding house. Dropped the bag, can't see. They fought again ... A woman with a child, and not bad. Yes, well, they will let you through... Look, there is no end. Russian girls, by God, girls! In the carriages, after all, how calmly they sat down!
Again, a wave of general curiosity, as near the church in Khamovniki, pushed all the prisoners to the road, and Pierre, thanks to his growth over the heads of others, saw what had so attracted the curiosity of the prisoners. In three carriages, entangled between the charging boxes, they rode, sitting closely on top of each other, discharged, in bright colors, rouged, something screaming with squeaky voices of a woman.
From the moment Pierre realized the appearance of a mysterious force, nothing seemed strange or scary to him: neither a corpse smeared with soot for fun, nor these women hurrying somewhere, nor the conflagration of Moscow. Everything that Pierre now saw made almost no impression on him - as if his soul, preparing for a difficult struggle, refused to accept impressions that could weaken it.
The train of women has passed. Behind him again trailed carts, soldiers, wagons, soldiers, decks, carriages, soldiers, boxes, soldiers, occasionally women.
Pierre did not see people separately, but saw their movement.
All these people, the horses seemed to be driven by some invisible force. All of them, during the hour during which Pierre watched them, floated out of different streets with the same desire to pass quickly; they all the same, colliding with others, began to get angry, fight; white teeth bared, eyebrows frowned, the same curses were thrown over and over, and on all faces there was the same youthfully resolute and cruelly cold expression, which struck Pierre in the morning at the sound of a drum on the corporal's face.
Already before evening, the escort commander gathered his team and, shouting and arguing, squeezed into the carts, and the prisoners, surrounded on all sides, went out onto the Kaluga road.
They walked very quickly, without resting, and stopped only when the sun had already begun to set. The carts moved one on top of the other, and people began to prepare for the night. Everyone seemed angry and unhappy. For a long time, curses, angry cries and fights were heard from different sides. The carriage, which was riding behind the escorts, advanced on the escorts' wagon and pierced it with a drawbar. Several soldiers from different directions ran to the wagon; some beat on the heads of the horses harnessed to the carriage, turning them, others fought among themselves, and Pierre saw that one German was seriously wounded in the head with a cleaver.
It seemed that all these people now experienced, when they stopped in the middle of the field in the cold twilight of an autumn evening, the same feeling of unpleasant awakening from the haste that gripped everyone upon leaving and impetuous movement somewhere. Stopping, everyone seemed to understand that it was still unknown where they were going, and that this movement would be a lot of hard and difficult.
The escorts treated the prisoners at this halt even worse than when they set out. At this halt, for the first time, the meat food of the captives was issued with horse meat.
From the officers to the last soldier, it was noticeable in everyone, as it were, a personal bitterness against each of the prisoners, which so unexpectedly replaced the previously friendly relations.
This exasperation intensified even more when, when counting the prisoners, it turned out that during the bustle, leaving Moscow, one Russian soldier, pretending to be sick from his stomach, fled. Pierre saw how a Frenchman beat a Russian soldier because he moved far from the road, and heard how the captain, his friend, reprimanded the non-commissioned officer for the escape of a Russian soldier and threatened him with a court. To the excuse of the non-commissioned officer that the soldier was sick and could not walk, the officer said that he was ordered to shoot those who would fall behind. Pierre felt that the fatal force that crushed him during the execution and which was invisible during captivity now again took possession of his existence. He was scared; but he felt how, in proportion to the efforts made by the fatal force to crush him, a force of life independent of it grew and grew stronger in his soul.
Pierre dined on rye flour soup with horse meat and talked with his comrades.
Neither Pierre nor any of his comrades spoke about what they saw in Moscow, nor about the rudeness of the treatment of the French, nor about the order to shoot, which was announced to them: everyone was, as if in rebuff to the deteriorating situation, especially lively and cheerful . They talked about personal memories, about funny scenes seen during the campaign, and hushed up conversations about the present situation.
The sun has long since set. Bright stars lit up somewhere in the sky; the red, fire-like glow of the rising full moon spread over the edge of the sky, and the huge red ball oscillated surprisingly in the grayish haze. It became light. The evening was already over, but the night had not yet begun. Pierre got up from his new comrades and went between the fires to the other side of the road, where, he was told, the captured soldiers were standing. He wanted to talk to them. On the road, a French sentry stopped him and ordered him to turn back.
Pierre returned, but not to the fire, to his comrades, but to the unharnessed wagon, which had no one. He crossed his legs and lowered his head, sat down on the cold ground at the wheel of the wagon and sat motionless for a long time, thinking. More than an hour has passed. Nobody bothered Pierre. Suddenly he burst out laughing with his thick, good-natured laugh so loudly that people from different directions looked around in surprise at this strange, obviously lonely laugh.
– Ha, ha, ha! Pierre laughed. And he spoke aloud to himself: “The soldier didn’t let me in.” Caught me, locked me up. I am being held captive. Who me? Me! Me, my immortal soul! Ha, ha, ha! .. Ha, ha, ha! .. - he laughed with tears in his eyes.
Some man got up and came up to see what this strange man was laughing about. big man. Pierre stopped laughing, got up, moved away from the curious and looked around him.
Previously, loudly noisy with the crackling of fires and the talk of people, the huge, endless bivouac subsided; the red fires of the fires went out and grew pale. High in the bright sky stood a full moon. Forests and fields, previously invisible outside the camp, now opened up in the distance. And even farther than these forests and fields could be seen a bright, oscillating, inviting endless distance. Pierre looked into the sky, into the depths of the departing, playing stars. “And all this is mine, and all this is in me, and all this is me! thought Pierre. “And they caught all this and put it in a booth, fenced off with boards!” He smiled and went to bed with his comrades.

In the first days of October, another truce came to Kutuzov with a letter from Napoleon and an offer of peace, deceptively signified from Moscow, while Napoleon was already not far ahead of Kutuzov, on the old Kaluga road. Kutuzov answered this letter in the same way as the first one sent from Lauriston: he said that there could be no talk of peace.
Soon after this, from the partisan detachment of Dorokhov, who was walking to the left of Tarutin, a report was received that troops had appeared in Fominsky, that these troops consisted of Brusier's division, and that this division, separated from other troops, could easily be exterminated. Soldiers and officers again demanded activity. Staff generals, excited by the memory of the ease of victory at Tarutin, insisted on Kutuzov's execution of Dorokhov's proposal. Kutuzov did not consider any offensive necessary. The average came out, that which was to be accomplished; a small detachment was sent to Fominsky, which was supposed to attack Brussier.
By a strange chance, this appointment - the most difficult and most important, as it turned out later - was received by Dokhturov; that same modest, little Dokhturov, whom no one described to us as making battle plans, flying in front of regiments, throwing crosses at batteries, etc., who was considered and called indecisive and impenetrable, but the same Dokhturov, whom during all the Russian wars with the French, from Austerlitz and up to the thirteenth year, we find commanders wherever only the situation is difficult. In Austerlitz, he remains the last at the Augusta dam, gathering regiments, saving what is possible when everything is running and dying and not a single general is in the rear guard. He, sick with a fever, goes to Smolensk with twenty thousand to defend the city against the entire Napoleonic army. In Smolensk, he had barely dozed off at the Molokhov Gates, in a paroxysm of fever, he was awakened by the cannonade across Smolensk, and Smolensk held out all day. On the day of Borodino, when Bagration was killed and the troops of our left flank were killed in the ratio of 9 to 1 and the entire force of the French artillery was sent there, no one else was sent, namely the indecisive and impenetrable Dokhturov, and Kutuzov was in a hurry to correct his mistake when he sent there another. And small, quiet Dokhturov goes there, and Borodino - best fame Russian army. And many heroes are described to us in verse and prose, but almost not a word about Dokhturov.
Again Dokhturov is sent there to Fominsky and from there to Maly Yaroslavets, to the place where the last battle with the French took place, and to the place from which, obviously, the death of the French already begins, and again many geniuses and heroes describe to us during this period of the campaign , but not a word about Dokhturov, or very little, or doubtful. This silence about Dokhturov most obviously proves his merits.
Naturally, for a person who does not understand the movement of the machine, at the sight of its operation, it seems that the most important part of this machine is that chip that accidentally fell into it and, interfering with its movement, is rattling in it. A person who does not know the structure of the machine cannot understand that not this spoiling and interfering chip, but that small transmission gear that turns inaudibly is one of the most essential parts of the machine.
On October 10, on the very day Dokhturov walked half the way to Fominsky and stopped in the village of Aristovo, preparing to execute the given order exactly, everyone French army, having in its convulsive movement reached the position of Murat, as it seemed, in order to give battle, suddenly, for no reason, turned left onto the new Kaluga road and began to enter Fominsky, in which Brusier had previously stood alone. Dokhturov under command at that time had, in addition to Dorokhov, two small detachments of Figner and Seslavin.
On the evening of October 11, Seslavin arrived in Aristovo to the authorities with a captured French guard. The prisoner said that the troops that had now entered Fominsky were the vanguard of the entire large army, that Napoleon was right there, that the entire army had already left Moscow for the fifth day. That same evening, a courtyard man who came from Borovsk told how he saw the entry of a huge army into the city. Cossacks from the Dorokhov detachment reported that they saw the French guards walking along the road to Borovsk. From all this news, it became obvious that where they thought to find one division, there was now the entire French army, marching from Moscow in an unexpected direction - along the old Kaluga road. Dokhturov did not want to do anything, because it was not clear to him now what his duty was. He was ordered to attack Fominsky. But in Fominsky there used to be only Brussier, now there was the whole French army. Yermolov wanted to do as he pleased, but Dokhturov insisted that he needed to have an order from his Serene Highness. It was decided to send a report to headquarters.
For this, an intelligent officer, Bolkhovitinov, was chosen, who, in addition to a written report, was supposed to tell the whole story in words. At twelve o'clock in the morning, Bolkhovitinov, having received an envelope and a verbal order, galloped, accompanied by a Cossack, with spare horses to the main headquarters.

The night was dark, warm, autumnal. It has been raining for the fourth day. Having changed horses twice and galloping thirty versts along a muddy, viscous road in an hour and a half, Bolkhovitinov was at Letashevka at two o'clock in the morning. Climbing down at the hut, on the wattle fence of which there was a sign: "General Staff", and leaving the horse, he entered the dark passage.
- The general on duty soon! Very important! he said to someone who was getting up and snuffling in the darkness of the passage.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

intelligentsia

intelligentsia, pl. no, w. (from Latin. intelligentia - understanding).

The social stratum of knowledge workers, educated people(book). Soviet intelligentsia. - Not a single ruling class could do without its own intelligentsia ... The working class of the USSR also cannot do without its own industrial and technical intelligentsia. Stalin.

collected people of this layer. Only the intelligentsia attended the meeting.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

intelligentsia

And, f., collected. Mental workers with education and special knowledge in various fields of science, technology and culture; social stratum of people engaged in such work. Russian and. Rural and.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

intelligentsia

A social group of people professionally engaged in mental - mostly complex and creative - work, development and dissemination of education and culture and distinguished by the height of spiritual and moral aspirations, a heightened sense of duty and honor.

unfold Persons of mental labor.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

intelligentsia

INTELLIGENCE (from Latin intelligens - understanding, thinking, reasonable) social layer of people professionally engaged in mental, mostly complex, creative work, development and dissemination of culture. The concept of intelligentsia is often given a moral meaning, considering it the embodiment of high morality and democracy. The term "intelligentsia" was introduced by the writer P. D. Boborykin and moved from Russian to other languages. In the West, the term "intellectuals" is more common, and is also used as a synonym for the intelligentsia. The intelligentsia is heterogeneous in its composition. The prerequisite for the emergence of the intelligentsia was the division of labor into mental and physical. Originating in ancient and medieval societies, it has received significant development in industrial and post-industrial societies.

Intelligentsia

(lat. intelligentia, intellegentia ≈ understanding, cognitive power, knowledge, from intelligens, intellegens ≈ smart, understanding, knowing, thinking), a social stratum of people professionally engaged in mental, mostly complex, creative work, development and dissemination of culture. The term "I." was introduced into use by the writer P. D. Boborykin (in the 60s of the 19th century) and passed from Russian to other languages. At first, I. was generally understood as educated people. This word is often used in this sense even now. V. I. Lenin included in I. “... all educated people, representatives of free professions in general, representatives of mental labor (brain worker, as the English say), in contrast to representatives of physical labor” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed. ., vol. 8, p. 309, note). Different groups of ideology belong to various social classes, whose interests the ideology comprehends, serves, and expresses in ideological, political, and theoretical form. The sociopolitical heterogeneity of I. increases as it develops. A prerequisite for the emergence of I. in its primary forms was the separation of mental labor from physical labor, when, next to the vast majority, engaged exclusively in physical work, social groups were formed that were freed from direct productive labor and directed public affairs, including public administration, justice, and economic work. engaged in the sciences, arts, etc. The exploiting classes secured a monopoly on mental labor, but it was not of an absolute nature. The primary group of I. was the caste of priests. In the Middle Ages, the place of the priesthood was taken by the clergy, the top of which was part of the class of feudal lords. Some of the doctors, teachers, artists, and others came from the ranks of slaves, serfs, and from the lower strata of the free. In the Middle Ages, itinerant scholars, storytellers, teachers, and actors, as well as common folk connoisseurs of sacred books, who at times took radical, anti-state positions, played the role of the interpreter of the oppressed classes. In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, mental activity was seen as a privilege of the wealthy. However, at the same time, servicemen appear, living by selling their services to representatives of the nobility—philosophers, doctors, alchemists, poets, artists, and so on. In China, this part of the I.—educated officials—enjoyed the greatest social prestige. In Europe as it develops centralized states I. figures close to the monarchs made their way to high government positions. A significant development of scientific, literary, artistic, and, to a lesser extent, engineering and technical history is associated with the Renaissance. Culture and history of the Renaissance assumed a purely secular character. The ranks of I. are replenished to an increasing extent from the lower classes: Leonardo da Vinci was the son of a notary; W. Shakespeare, B. Spinoza, Rembrandt, B. Cellini and others came from families of artisans or merchants. The activities of I. Renaissance had for the most part anti-feudal, humanistic character. There are people striving to go beyond the speculative scholastic culture (N. Copernicus, G. Galileo, J. Bruno, F. Rabelais and others). Some of them become the ideologists of the lower, exploited strata (T. Campanella, J. Gus, T. Müntzer, and others). M. Luther, Erasmus of Rotterdam, J. Calvin, then Voltaire, J. J. Rousseau and other literary thinkers and philosophers created the ideological ground for the Reformation and bourgeois revolutions. With the establishment of capitalism begins true story I. In connection with the accelerated development of the productive forces, the need for knowledge workers and their numbers are growing, although even in the most developed countries I.'s share in the active population by the beginning of the 20th century. does not exceed a few percent (in the USA in 1900 ≈ 4%). Lawyers, teachers, and doctors make up the most numerous I. detachments of this period. The machine industry gives rise to a need for engineers, mechanics, and technicians, which puts an end to the predominantly humanitarian character of industrialization. Representatives of engineering and technical industrialization, participating directly or indirectly in the production of goods, turn out, according to Marx, to be part of the “aggregate worker” (see Marx K. and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 23, pp. 431, 516≈17; vol. 26, part 1, pp. 138, 421≈22). However, K. Marx also noted the peculiarity of the position of engineers and technicians, which consists in the fact that they carry out the functions of supervision over workers. Part of the I., employed in the state-administrative apparatus, directly or indirectly performs the function of suppressing and oppressing the working people. The duality of the social position of I. was also noted by V. I. Lenin, pointing out that I. adjoins “... partly to the bourgeoisie in terms of his connections, views, etc., partly to wage workers, as capitalism becomes more and more takes away an independent position from an intellectual, turns him into a dependent mercenary, threatens to lower his standard of living” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 4, p. 209). During the period of pre-monopoly capitalism, a considerable part of the bourgeoisie advanced into the ranks of the bourgeoisie, including the big bourgeoisie. This was due to the fact that the demand for the services of specialists exceeded the extremely limited supply, and I. had the opportunity to obtain high wages and other socio-economic benefits from the capitalists. At the same time, the ranks of I. were replenished by people from privileged strata (noble I. in Western Europe, Russia, Poland). On the whole, the tendency towards the proletarianization of India in the initial stages of capitalism was blocked by a tendency towards its bourgeoisization. Although a large part of the I. was already employed at that time, a considerable proportion of them belonged to independent entrepreneurs (for example, in the USA ≈ 37.9% in 1870). They were in the majority among lawyers and doctors; this is where the expression “liberal professions” came from, which is still often used in bourgeois sociology and statistics to refer to the whole of history. In practice, the majority of history at that time belonged to the middle intermediate strata (compare the term “stratum,” which was established in Marxist literature). Weak contact with the workers, the closeness of engineering and technical intelligence to entrepreneurs, the dispersed nature of the income level, which is much higher than that of the mass of workers, and the bourgeois way of life of the majority of the workers, led to the fact that its worldview was predominantly bourgeois and petty-bourgeois. I. of that period had a noticeably developed sense of “chosenness”, reinforced by a de facto monopoly on mental labor and the difficulty of access to its ranks. At the same time, revolutionary-democratic elements emerged from among the I., overcoming bourgeois ideology and defending the interests of the working people. The most advanced representatives of I., mastering the objective laws community development develop socialist consciousness and bring it into the working class. Such was the path of K. Marx, F. Engels, V. I. Lenin and many other leaders of the workers' and socialist movement. Scientists and inventors, writers and artists of the era of capitalism have made a huge contribution to the treasury of human culture. At the stage of imperialism, with the widespread development of large-scale machine industry and especially with the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution, the growth of industrialism accelerates sharply, which is associated with an increase in the importance of non-physical labor for production and the economy as a whole, as well as with an increase in the educational level of the population. In the USA in 1970 I. made up about 20% of the working population, and this proportion is constantly increasing. In countries that are economically less developed, it is noticeably lower, although it is also increasing. Knowledge professions are no longer privileged as they used to be. I. is now more and more replenished not only from the propertied, but also from the working strata. The mechanization and automation of production and the rapid development of science are responsible for a particularly rapid increase in the number of engineering and technical specialists, and above all scientific workers (the latter doubles approximately every 10 years). In the most developed countries, these groups already account for from 1/3 to 1/2 of the entire I. The share of engineering and technical workers (30-50% or more of the employed) is especially large in large monopoly enterprises, in the newest industries with a high organic composition of capital - in electronic, rocket, nuclear, chemical industry in instrument making, in production and in the use of computers, and so on. senior officials and their apparatus - engineers, economists, cybernetics, mathematicians. Under the conditions of the development of state-monopoly tendencies and the swelling of the state apparatus, bureaucratization is taking place in Israel: an increasing proportion of it finds itself in the position of officials—in the government administration, in the management of state enterprises and services. Many prominent representatives of the I. (now not only lawyers, but also scientific workers, etc.) are attracted to participate in bourgeois governments. As a result of the class struggle of the proletariat and in connection with the needs of production, expenditures on medical care, education, and other social needs are fixed in a number of capitalist countries as an element of the cost of labor power. This leads to the growth of such I. groups as doctors, teachers, etc., who already serve the broad masses of the population, although not to the same extent as the upper strata of society. The student pool of students is growing especially rapidly (in 1950 it was 6.3 million students in the world as a whole, in 1968 it was 23.1 million). The development of the means of mass communication (television, cinema, radio, print), the reorientation of political organizations towards a mass clientele, the spread of "mass culture", as well as the intensification of the ideological struggle by the ruling circles, gave rise to an entire "industry of consciousness", and with it - broad detachments of I., who are engaged in the creation and especially the utilization and distribution of the products of this industry (journalists, the propaganda apparatus of political parties, sociologists and psychologists). In this, the standardization and massization of the labor of the growing groups of I. is manifested, which means the loss of its position and sense of being chosen. Under the conditions of modern capitalism, some of the privileged professions of I. (for example, lawyers) are losing their former exclusivity. relatively, and in some cases absolutely, the number of actors, artists, and musicians is declining. In connection with the decline of the influence of religion, the social prestige and attractiveness of the profession of clergy is decreasing, and their number is decreasing. But other professions are emerging, such as social engineers, specialists in "human relations", who use more sophisticated methods of indoctrination of workers. The class position of I. in the conditions of modern capitalism is not the same. The main ever-increasing trend is its proletarianization. It manifests itself primarily in the transition of the vast majority of workers (80-90%) to work for hire. That is why I. is often, although inaccurately, identified with the concept of "employees." The majority of hired workers, selling their labor power to entrepreneurs and being subjected to capitalist exploitation, draw closer to the working class. Not only almost the entire production and technical industry, but also most of the service industries (lawyers, doctors, etc.) are now employed. And even those representatives of I. who remain formally independent, while retaining ownership of their offices, medical surgeries, etc., find themselves increasingly subordinated to big capital (through bank credit, clientele, ordering systems, etc.). The synonym for these groups of I. - "free professions" - becomes an anachronism. Part I. often combines employment with private practice. This reinforces the duality and inconsistency in her position. From the ranks of I. come forward specialists, businessmen, who create their own professional enterprises (large law firms, private clinics, research corporations), where tens and hundreds of specialists work for hire. With the growing socio-economic importance of education and common culture the social prestige of some new professions of I. increases and the opportunities for advancement for specialists increase. In the transition from individual labor to work in large groups, the rapprochement of the main part of the work with the working class is also manifested. Increasingly, engineers and technicians work directly at the automatic line and other machines, performing the functions of workers of the highest qualification. The proletarianization of the I. is also expressed in its rapprochement with the working class in material terms. The lower strata of the I. are often paid worse than skilled or even semi-skilled workers, and a number of non-manual labor professions suffer from unemployment. There is a growing gap in living standards between the upper and lower strata of India, but the proletarianization of India is not a complete state, but a process that depends on the level of economic development of a particular country. The proportion of capitalist entrepreneurs among industrialists in the developed capitalist countries is small (about 5 percent). The bourgeoisie should also include specialist managers whose high salaries, dividends, etc., exceed the price of their labor power. Self-employed workers who do not use hired labor and belong to the petty bourgeoisie make up 5–10% of intellectual property in these countries. production, swell the ranks of the bourgeoisie. IN recent decades I. turns out to be the main source of the formation of the bureaucratic bourgeoisie, which occupied the highest positions in the administrative apparatus of a number of young nation states using these posts for personal enrichment. In developing countries with a more established social structure of power (India, Iran, Turkey, etc.), many representatives of the I., occupying lower positions in public service (teachers, etc.), lead a lifestyle approaching the proletarian. Groups of revolutionary-democratic democracy, such as the progressive officer corps, often take the lead in national revolutions, removing the old feudal-bourgeois leadership from power. The role of the I. in the social organization of labor is determined by its subordination to the bourgeoisie. A smaller part of I. is engaged in truly creative work; in the work of the majority of I., elements of performance predominate. This trend is reflected in the growth in the proportion of middle and lower-level specialists - technicians, laboratory assistants, nurses, paramedics, as well as lower government employees, etc. For example, if in 1900 in the USA there was 1 nurse for 11 doctors, then in 1967 doctor accounted for 3 workers from the middle and junior medical staff. Already in 1950 the number of laboratory assistants in the USA exceeded the number of creative scientists. These changes in the professional structure of I. also testify to its social differentiation. In this regard, many sociologists increasingly refer the concept of I. only to its upper layer. In this case, those mental workers who are engaged in the highest, most complex types of intellectual activity are reckoned as I.. The strata of visual arts, in whose work elements of performance predominate, are increasingly identified with the social group “workers of non-physical labor.” Losing in this sense the basis as a single concept, I. is increasingly interpreted as a historical transient category. Along with the proletarianization of India, under capitalism the working class also creates its own “working intelligentsia” (see V. I. Lenin, Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 4, p. 269). In the capitalist countries, activists of communist and workers' parties, progressive trade unions, and other organizations of working people can be included in it. At the present stage, workers' intellectualism is growing especially intensively as a result of the rise in the cultural and educational level of the proletariat and the growth of its political consciousness. Immediate economic interests impel the workers to ever wider participation in the class struggle on the side of the proletariat, against the bourgeoisie. Increasingly, various detachments of the I. are resorting to the specifically proletarian weapon of the class struggle—the strike. Having passed the stage of creating organizations of a corporate character (early 20th century) and autonomous trade unions (mid-20th century), industrial indus- try is increasingly merging into national trade union organizations of the factory proletariat. I.'s outlook is extremely heterogeneous. It is determined by the opposing ideological and political functions of different groups of ideology—from social criticism to defense and justification of the existing system. Hence the sharpness of social and ideological conflicts among the I. The individualism characteristic of many representatives of I. is associated with its origin (mostly petty-bourgeois or bourgeois) and traditions, the specificity of production functions and the nature of labor. Since a number of professions of justice (prosecutors, judges, clergymen, etc.) can function smoothly only when their representatives adhere to apologetic views, this part of the justice, as a rule, stands in defense of the capitalist system. Quite a wide circle of engineering, technical and scientific I. advocate the independence and neutrality of I. in social conflicts, which objectively often contributes to conservatism. In these circles, those put forward back in the 20s are popular. (G. Wells, T. Veblen, etc.) the concept of the providential role of I. or its individual groups in the present and especially in the future (see Technocracy, Theory Elites). Some social critics of the bourgeois system (J. Benda, G. Marcuse, J. P. Sartre, L. Mumford, T. Rossak, and others), speaking out against the “consumer society”, accuse technocratic I., collaborating with the monopoly bourgeoisie, of betrayal of the cause of progress and function of I. as the creator of higher spiritual values. The proletarianization and democratization of India have an impact on its world outlook. The democratic majority of India, by virtue of the very nature of their work and social role, comes into conflict with capitalism and its inhumane goals and values. In the environment And. amplifies social criticism opposed to all kinds of apologetics. The conflict between democratic and bourgeois-technocratic democracy is escalating. Many representatives of the ideology refuse to contribute to the militarization of society and the massive alienation of the human personality, they advocate peace and real democracy, evolving towards socialism. The leading representatives of the I. connect their fate with the struggling proletariat and the communist parties (A. Frans, M. Andersen-Nexo, T. Dreiser, G. Mann, P. Eluard, F. and I. Joliot-Curie, P. Picasso, R . Guttuso). The Communist Parties of the capitalist countries, fighting for the creation of a broad anti-monopoly front headed by the working class, advocate a close alliance with India, proceeding from Karl Marx's thesis that communism is a union of science and labor. While sharply criticizing the views of bourgeois ideology and helping broad sections of democratic democracy to get rid of individualistic sentiments, communists emphasize that the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat and the establishment of a socialist system correspond to the fundamental interests of the ideology. Communists criticize anti-Marxist views and theories, both exaggerating and downplaying the role of I. in modern society nnom development. Proceeding from real facts, the Communists demonstrate the utopian nature of the calculations of some circles of India for an independent social role, for concentrating power over society in their own hands. The communists are also fighting against the prejudices against I. that persist in some backward strata, explaining the real social status its bulk. “The allies of the working class are broad layers of employees, as well as a significant part of the intelligentsia, reduced by capitalism to the position of proletarians and realizing the need for changes in public life"(Programma KPSS, 1971, p. 38). Intelligentsia in a socialist society. After the overthrow of the bourgeois system, broad sections of democratically minded India were actively drawn into socialist construction. Under the leadership of the party of the working class develops purposeful process the familiarization of the old ideology with the ideals of socialism, which gives the ideology a sense of its social usefulness, opens up scope for the unimpeded application of its forces to all areas of social development. At the same time, as a result of the cultural revolution, which opens access to education and culture for all sections of the working people and previously backward nationalities, a new ideology is being formed, which gradually merges with the old into a single socialist ideology. These processes do not proceed without difficulties and conflicts. The parties of the working class have to fight both against the lumpen-proletarian distrust of India (see, for example, Makhaevshchina) and against the arrogant disregard and hostile attitude of some old specialists towards the power of the workers and peasants. The communist parties that have come to state leadership develop a thoughtful, tactful attitude towards the needs of India, strive to provide it with the maximum opportunities for creative work, to establish all-round cooperation with it, because “without the guidance of specialists from various branches of knowledge, technology, and experience, the transition to socialism is impossible .. .” (Lenin V.I., Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 36, p. 178). The international communist movement rejects the belittling of the role of culture and culture in socialist construction and the beating of culture under the guise of a "cultural revolution" that took place in China. The numerical growth of the I. under socialism accelerates as the economic and cultural level of society rises, often outpacing the growth of other social groups. The number of engineering, technical and scientific workers is growing especially rapidly. Socialist ideology is replenished at the expense of the working class and the peasantry and, to a lesser extent, through self-reproduction. A prerequisite for its further growth is the continuous development of the culture and education of the entire people, in particular the introduction of universal secondary education. Sociological studies show that, under socialism, the main motive for work of art is an orientation toward creativity, toward its social utility, while direct material benefits here, in contrast to capitalism, recede into the background. As the scientific and technological revolution develops and advances towards communism, the vocational and qualification structure of socialist I. becomes more complex. It includes engineering, technical and scientific I., literary and artistic figures, workers in education, health care, and the administrative apparatus. It is also possible to distinguish groups of I. according to the degree of the creative nature of labor, the level of qualification and responsibility. The rapprochement of all classes and social groups, characteristic of the period of transition to communism, and the overcoming of essential differences between mental and physical labor, are manifested in an increase in the cultural and educational level of the mass of workers and peasants; an increase in the proportion of professions requiring at least a secondary education; an increase in the number of jobs that require a combination of physical labor with mental; in the growing participation of the working masses in state and public administration. Characteristic of socialist tourism is the absence of social isolation and everyday close ties with the workers and peasants. It takes an active part in the common creative work, stands on the positions of socialist ideology. Between I. and the rest of the people in socialist countries there are no antagonistic contradictions. In the process of transition to communism, the importance of I. will constantly increase. I. as a special social group will remain "...until the highest stage of development of communist society is reached ..." (Lenin V.I., ibid., vol. 44, p. 35

When the work of each person acquires a creative character, when the scientific, technical and cultural level society, I. "... ceases to be a special social stratum ..." (Programma CPSU, 1971, p. 63).

E. A. Ambartsumov.

Intelligentsia in pre-revolutionary Russia and in the USSR. During the period of feudalism, India was numerically small and reflected mainly the interests of the feudal class. I. began to take shape already in Kievan Rus, where the first teachers of mathematics, doctors, chroniclers (Nestor), authors of works of secular literature appeared, and among them the creator of The Tale of Igor's Campaign. At the turn of the 14th-15th centuries. the artists Andrey Rublev, Theophan the Greek, Daniil Cherny worked in the 16≈17 centuries. architects Barma, Postnik, Fyodor Kon, military technician Andrey Chokhov, mechanics Sh. and A. Virachev; professional actors appear, a significant part of which came from serfs. In the 17th-18th centuries for the purpose of training I. educational institutions are created. The development of capitalist relations causes a significant increase in I. The main centers of its preparation in the 19th century. become universities (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Kharkov, Kazan, etc.), technical and agricultural. institutes and academies. Significant changes occur in the structure of I.: decreases specific gravity noble intelligentsia, the proportion of I., who came out of the bourgeois and petty-bourgeois environment, is growing; by the middle of the 19th century. a layer of heterogeneous I.

Great contribution in the 18≈19 centuries. The scientists M. V. Lomonosov, N. I. Lobachevsky, D. I. Mendeleev, K. A. Timiryazev, A. M. Butlerov, N. I. Pirogov, and K. D. Ushinsky and others; poets and writers A. S. Pushkin, A. S. Griboyedov, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol, N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, M. E. Saltykov - Shchedrin, T. G. Shevchenko and others; composers M. I. Glinka, P. I. Tchaikovsky, A. S. Dargomyzhsky and others; artists K.P. Bryullov, A.A. Ivanov, I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov and others; actor M. S. Shchepkin. The leading noble and then raznochinny I. played an active role in the struggle against tsarism (A. N. Radishchev, the Decembrists, A. I. Herzen, V. G. Belinsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov, N. G. Chernyshevsky, and others. ). At the end of the 19th century In the amateur population of Russia, I. accounted for 2.7%, and I., who worked in the spheres of material and spiritual culture, ≈ 1.3%. According to the 1897 census, Ireland numbered 870,000 people. About 95,000 people worked in the sphere of material production, including 4,000 engineers, about 3,000 veterinarians, 23,000 employees in the boards of roads and shipping companies, and 13,000 postal and telegraph officials; in the field of spiritual culture ≈ 263 thousand people, including over 3 thousand scientists and writers, 79.5 thousand teachers in educational institutions, 7.9 thousand teachers of crafts and arts, 68 thousand private teachers, 11 thousand tutors and governesses, 18.8 thousand doctors, 49 thousand paramedics, pharmacists and midwives, 18 thousand artists, musicians and actors. The most numerous was I., who served in the state apparatus and in the apparatus of management of capitalist industry and landlord farms, ≈ 421 thousand people, including 151 thousand employees of the civil administration, 43.7 thousand generals and officers.

The development of the history of Russia during the period of imperialism proceeded at an accelerating pace. In 20 years (1897–1917) the number of Indians doubled (over 1.5 million in 1917). From 1896 to 1911 the number of doctors increased by 61%, and primary school teachers by ≈ 70%. By 1913, the number of engineers had almost doubled (7,800). I. was extremely unevenly distributed over different regions of the country. For example, in Central Asia in 1913 per 10,000 inhabitants. there were 4 times fewer doctors than in European Russia. There was a growing trend towards an increase in the composition of the I. who came from the well-to-do strata of the urban and rural petty bourgeoisie. Thus, among rural teachers, the number of peasants and philistines in 1911 compared with 1880 increased 6 times and reached 57.9% of all teachers. In the composition of I., the share of “free professions” decreased and the share of I., who served in state and private institutions and enterprises, increased.

In social terms, I. was not homogeneous. The bureaucratic tops of the state apparatus and the officer corps were included in the noble-landlord I.. She occupied the Black Hundred-monarchist position. Bourgeois I. included the top scientific and technical, medical, artistic I., journalists, lawyers, etc. This I., as a rule, stood on the positions of bourgeois liberalism, pursued a policy of cooperation with tsarism, and to a large extent constituted the cadres of the Cadets party. Petty-bourgeois I. (mainly public teachers, secondary technical and medical I., petty employees of institutions and enterprises) made up the majority of I. In its origin, economic position, it was close to the mass of the urban petty bourgeoisie and the peasantry. The mass of democratic democracy took part in the Revolution of 1905–07 and followed the proletariat, although not without hesitation. After the defeat of the revolution, a significant part of India found itself under the influence of the liberal bourgeoisie. In 1917 petty-bourgeois India supported the struggle of the people in the February Revolution.

Numerically small was the stratum of the proletarian I. It was formed from workers who were able to become educated people under capitalism. The Bolshevik Party, which introduced the Marxist-Leninist ideology into the ranks of the proletariat, played an enormous role in the formation and education of workers' ideology. The proletarian ideology also included those who came from bourgeois and petty-bourgeois ideology who took the stand of revolutionary Marxism. Proletarian I. was a consistently revolutionary part of I.

The Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 marked the beginning of a new period in the history of Russian I. The Bolshevik Party sought to make the mass of I. become an ally of the proletariat in the socialist revolution and socialist construction. However, this was not achieved immediately. Only a certain, small part of India, primarily members of the Bolshevik Party, fought for the establishment and consolidation of Soviet power. It constituted 1≈1.5% of all I. Russia (5≈7% of the composition of the party at the beginning October revolution). After the victory of the October Socialist Revolution, numerous representatives of the most literate and devoted to socialism workers and working peasants began to be promoted to the administrative apparatus. In the very first months of the existence of the dictatorship of the proletariat, it received the support of a number of prominent figures of culture and art (K. A. Timiryazev, K. E. Tsiolkovsky, N. E. Zhukovsky, I. P. Pavlov, A. A. Blok, V. Ya Bryusov, A. S. Serafimovich and others). They were opposed by I., who was a member of the counter-revolutionary parties of the Octobrists, Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, bourgeois nationalists, and actively fought against Soviet power.

During the October Socialist Revolution and for the first time after it, most of the I. showed significant fluctuations. The experience of the first year of Soviet power, the lessons of intervention and the White Guards, led to the turn of I. in the direction of Soviet power, which began at the end of 1918. It was a long and difficult process. The Bolshevik Party sought to help this I. quickly overcome her doubts. Great importance V. I. Lenin’s struggle against the “Left Communists,” the workers’ opposition, who tried to inculcate a hostile attitude towards I. The Communist Party brought up I. in the spirit of Marxism-Leninism. The result of this work was the active participation of I. in the construction of a socialist economy and culture, strengthening the defense power Soviet state.

One of the main results of the cultural revolution in the USSR is the training and education of a multimillion-strong people's, socialist, army. While in the 1914/15 academic year there were 127,000 students in the country, in 1940/41 there were 812,000, and in 1971/72, 4,597,000. which increased from 54 thousand in 1914/15 to 4421 thousand in the 1971/72 academic year.

Soviet I. as a social group is distinguished by a complex internal structure. IN post-war decades it not only grows rapidly quantitatively, but also significantly changes qualitatively. In 1926 there were less than 3 million workers in the USSR, who were mainly engaged in mental labor; in 1971 there were more than 30 million people. According to population censuses, there were 1,620,000 engineers and technicians in 1939, 4,045,000 in 1959, and 8,450,000 in 1970; the number of teachers in primary and secondary schools in 1939 was 1206 thousand, in 1959 ≈ 2023 thousand, in 1970 ≈ 3033 thousand; in 1939 there were 122 thousand doctors, in 1959 ≈ 338 thousand, in 1970 ≈ 556 thousand. . Candidates of Sciences), or 1/4 of all scientific workers in the world. Among specialists with higher and secondary education employed in the national economy of the USSR, women accounted for 29% in 1928, 36% in 1940, and 59% in 1971. In 1928 there were agronomists and livestock specialists in the country. veterinary workers with higher and secondary special education, 58 thousand, in 1970 - more than 1 million people. India grew rapidly in the national republics. In Kazakhstan, for example, the number of doctors in 1913 was 0.2 thousand, in 1940 ≈ 2.7 thousand, in 1950 ≈ 6.4 thousand, in 1971 ≈ 31.1 thousand.

In the USSR, the popular, socialist I. consists of people who in the overwhelming majority come from among the workers and peasants. As part of I. representatives of all nationalities of the USSR. In all his activities, I. is guided by the Marxist-Leninist ideology. I. The USSR made a great contribution to the building of socialism, to the socialist industrialization of the country and collectivization Agriculture, in solving the problems of the cultural revolution, in strengthening Armed Forces Soviet state, in defense of the Motherland during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45.

I., together with the working class and the collective farm peasantry, participates in communist construction. Its role is great in creating the material and technical base of communism, in the further flourishing of socialist spiritual culture, in the development of science and technology (especially in the age of the rapidly occurring scientific and technological revolution), in the further growth of the country's military might, in the resolute, uncompromising struggle against bourgeois ideology, in the education of Soviet people in the spirit of Marxism-Leninism.

The party accepts the most advanced part of the I. into its ranks. The party on a voluntary basis unites "... the advanced, most conscious part of the working class, the collective farm peasantry and the intelligentsia of the USSR" (Ustav CPSU, 1971, p. 3). At the beginning of 1970, out of 14 million members of the CPSU, there were about 6 million engineers, technicians, agronomists, teachers, doctors, and other specialists. In the course of building communism, the class structure of Soviet society develops in the direction of social homogeneity. The essential differences between manual and mental workers are being gradually erased. The cultural and technical level of the workers and peasants is rising more and more to the level of I. Under conditions scientific and technological progress the share of I., its social role, is increasing more and more. The Communist Party and the Soviet government, showing great attention to the I., are strengthening the creative unions and organizations of the I., daily taking care to increase its ideological tempering, business and political activity, and its role in solving the problems of communist construction.

L. K. Erman.

Lit .: Marx K., Capital, vol. 1, Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 23; his, Theory of Surplus Value, ibid., vol. 26; Engels F., Anti-Dühring, ibid., vol. 20; Lenin, V.I., What are "friends of the people" and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?, Poln. coll. soch., 5th ed., vol. 1; his, Draft Program of Our Party, ibid., vol. 4; his, What is to be done?, ibid., vol. 6; his, Step forward, two steps back, ibid., vol. 8; his, Party Organization and Party Literature, ibid., vol. 12; his, Response to an open letter from a specialist, ibid., vol. 38; his own, On Literature and Art, [sb.], 4th ed., M., 1969; Kalinin M.I., On the tasks of the Soviet intelligentsia, [M.], 1939; Lunacharsky A. V., On the intelligentsia, M., 1923; his, Intelligentsia in its past, present and future, [M.], 1924; P. Lafargue, Proletariat of physical and mental labor, Soch., vol. 2, M.≈L., 1928; Gramsci A., Intelligentsia and organization cultural activities, Fav. Prod., vol. 3, M., 1959; Program of the CPSU, M., 1971; Materials of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, M., 1971; Leikina-Svirskaya V.R., The Formation of the Raznochinskaya Intelligentsia in Russia in the 40s years XIX in., "History of the USSR", 1958, ╧ 1; her, the Intelligentsia in Russia in the 2nd half. 19th century, M., 1971; Konstantinov F.V., Soviet intelligentsia, Kommunist, 1959, no. 15; Urban middle strata of modern capitalist society, M., 1963; The Structure of the Working Class of the Capitalist Countries, Prague, 1962; Classes and class struggle in developing countries, vol. 1-3, Moscow, 1967-68; Fedyukin S. A., Soviet power and bourgeois specialists, M., 1965; Soviet intelligentsia (history of formation and growth 1917≈1965), M., 1968; Classes, social strata and groups in the USSR, M., 1968; Gauzner N. D., Scientific and technical progress and the working class of the USA, M., 1968; Kon I. S., Reflections on the American Intelligentsia, “ New world", 1968, ╧ 1; Mamardashvili M. K., Intelligentsia in modern society, in the book: Problems of the labor movement, M., 1968; Rumyantsev A. M., Problems of modern science about society, M., 1969; Semenov V.S., Capitalism and classes, M., 1969; Erman L.K., V.I. Lenin on the role of the intelligentsia in the democratic and socialist revolutions, in the construction of socialism and communism, M., 1970; Nadel S. N., Scientific and technical intelligentsia in modern bourgeois society, M., 1971; Galbraith J., New industrial society, M., 1969; Mills Ch. W., White collar. The American middle classes, N. Y., 1951; Sozialismus und intelligentgenz, B., 1960; Le Parti communiste française, la culture et les intellectuels, P., 1962; Bon F., Burnier M.-A., Les nouveaux intellectuels, P., 1966; Coser L., Men of ideas, N. Y., 1965.

E. A. Ambartsumov, L. K. Erman.

Wikipedia

Intelligentsia

Term intelligentsia used in functional and social meanings.

• In a functional sense, the word was used in Latin, indicating a wide range of mental activity.
• In the social sense, the word began to be used from the middle or second half of the 19th century in relation to a social group of people with a critical way of thinking, a high degree of reflection, and the ability to systematize knowledge and experience.

Examples of the use of the word intelligentsia in the literature.

Intelligentsia for the most part, she agreed to moral cooperation with the anti-Russian authorities and herself took the initiative of many anti-people measures of Bolshevism.

The conservative Aristophanes, who, with the ardor of a retired lieutenant colonel, stigmatizes the disciples of Socrates as dudes for cynicism and long hair, pederastic intelligentsia- lawyers, writers, orators.

On Thursdays artel drawing evenings were held, which attracted the Petersburg intelligentsia and creative youth.

All three, of course, sympathize with them, they are even proud - they haven’t translated yet, which means that the Russian intelligentsia- but Ashot still accuses Sinyavsky of duplicity.

After the mass execution in July 1941 in Lviv of Jews and many representatives of the Polish intelligentsia Bandera proclaimed the creation of a government of independent Ukraine headed by Stetsko.

Among the new creative intelligentsia I would like to highlight the novelist R.

Through the efforts of the creative intelligentsia Russia appears to the world as a country of lack of culture, and its people are drunk, thieves, prostitutes and fools.

With this bourgeois intelligentsia, with beans or gogochki, as you say, you can’t cook porridge.

Several young people with trimmed beards came to visit her - the cream of Boguslavskaya intelligentsia.

Due to the contrast often found among representatives intelligentsia, Weil, who did not part with his books and lived exclusively in the world of thought, was fond of questions of military strategy.

In the meantime, preparations were underway for departure, Voinoralsky arranged meetings of local youth and intelligentsia.

In the year of Pushkin's assassination, ten years after Freemasonry was banned, the Order of the Russian intelligentsia, which, as we will prove later, is a direct spiritual descendant of Russian Voltairianism and Russian Freemasonry.

That the Order of the Russian intelligentsia is a descendant of Russian Voltairianism and Freemasonry and is recognized by many prominent representatives of the Order.

Zenkovsky and other prominent members of the Order have repeatedly stated that the Russian intelligentsia spiritually framed by Russian Voltairianism and Freemasonry.

When the construction of the hydro-construction of the century was completed, the local intelligentsia began to intensively exploit the resulting decent bath for free.

The word "intelligentsia" has changed its meaning more than once, from noble to the most contemptuous, which once again proves that language is a living organism. But a new time has come and there are even more interpretations, and dictionaries are required to record everything in order to please every subjective look. Some frankly equate the intellectual with a snob, insisting that he is just a representative of the subculture of pompous arrogant, others consider the intelligentsia a class of intellectual producers who should occupy a special position in society. So what is an intellectual?

Since the reversal of the meaning of this concept has become fashionable, we ourselves decided to offer you the image of an intellectual. First of all, it must be said that it is idealistic, that is, as friendly as possible to a person. She argues that everyone can be a representative of the intelligentsia, regardless of status, profession and financial condition, in other words, the intelligentsia is a cultural and ethical concept, which is the last thing based on material achievements. Here is a list of ten rules that shape it.

1) Humanity

2) The value of time

Despite being altruistic, the intellectual understands that some people are simply taking his time. He easily breaks ties with annoying people who do not share his values ​​​​and shamelessly impose their own, and never argues with a person if the only meaning of a verbal skirmish is the satisfaction of pride. A self-sufficient person knows his worth and he does not need to senselessly assert himself in front of someone, paying with time. The intellectual is also strict with occupations that rob him. He carefully plans his leisure time so as not to fork out for nonsense that distracts him from self-development.

3) Education

Representatives of the intelligentsia great attention devote to manners. They tactfully tell people where they made a mistake, and in no way make them feel ashamed. Intellectuals know how to keep secrets and do not participate in the spread of rumors and gossip - they are not delivered by hidden malice, and if polite person wants to speak, he will do it delicately, but straightforwardly.

4) Modesty

An intellectual will never allow even an indirect hint of his high status. In the company, he is just an employee of a certain profession, even if he has acquired excessive influence and wealth, the conversation is in one language and does not insert quotes in a foreign language into speech, do not boast about the countries visited, but simply goes on to history, as if he read it from a book. In a word, the less "I" in the conversation, the more the personality manifests itself.

5) Education and self-education

An intellectual loves knowledge and the acquisition of new talents. He definitely gets a university degree, if only because he likes to study, and his leisure time is filled with books, magazines and various articles from the Internet. An educated intellectual does not boast of knowledge: he never speaks intricate words in mundane companies to show his superiority, and does not reproach a person for not reading Doctor Zhivago, moreover, perhaps the intellectual himself is not familiar with this novel . You can't learn or re-read everything, but you need to know and understand the key works of culture and science and try to draw the attention of others to them.

6) Literate speech

Language is a reflection of the culture of the people, so it must be treated with extreme care. An intellectual is conservative in relation to foreign words and prefers to replace them with Russian counterparts, but he never opposes an already established tradition, that is, a “hobby” at his suggestion can turn into a “hobby”, but no one will call a fountain a water cannon. Considerable importance is given to vocabulary and the construction of sentences for a beautiful expression of thought.

What will an intellectual shout when he hits his finger with a hammer? The same as all people. An educated person knows the words perfectly vernacular, but in public he uses them once every hundred years so that the swearing is a real impression, and not rubbish constantly mixed into speech. If a person has to express his position on an absurd question or opinion about a disgusting character, he will use wit or simply remain silent.

7) Independent point of view

A critical mind does not allow itself to be misled. Despite convincing persuasion, the intellectual always makes decisions on his own. He meticulously studies all sides of the issue, using different sources of information, and then takes the position of the opponent and tries to defend it, in order to ultimately act as a judge and decide who is right - the defense or the prosecution. The cold-blooded and impartial look of criticism disarms any lie, even if it is pleasant - a smart person is first of all honest with himself.

8) Patriotism

An intellectual is a convinced patriot and no less convinced cosmopolitan. The whole world is his home and all foreigners are his brothers, but he has one homeland and needs to be taken care of. The representative of the intellectual class does everything to make the life of the fatherland better, and never laments that his country is worse than others. Patriots live in the best states that they themselves create.

9) Respect for culture

Despite the fact that culture is determined by the whole people, it is the intelligentsia that guides it through the epochs. Through their work, its representatives preserve the history of the mentality of the people, and not only their own, and thanks to this they form the worldview of future generations.

10) Consistency

A thinking person must be able to realize himself, and for this it is not at all necessary to chase giant peaks. The life success of an intellectual is a stable income at his favorite job, a happy family, true friends and, of course, a contribution to the welfare and development of society.

"Many people thought about the Russian intelligentsia, especially at the end of the 19th century and throughout the entire 20th century: writers and poets, scientists and politicians. They tried to give clear (as it seemed to the authors) definitions of this concept, analyzed character traits with which the intelligentsia is endowed, found out its role in numerous tragic reversals Russian history. However, none of the definitions took root, and in the end it was recognized that the Russian intelligentsia is an associative-emotional concept, which, unfortunately, allows almost free interpretation "(Romanovsky S.I. Impatience of Thought, or a Historical Portrait of the Radical Russian Intelligentsia) .

“Experience has shown that it is impossible to make a party out of the intelligentsia, with all the desire, because every intelligent person feels himself a unique work of nature and society. Therefore, so far it has not been possible to develop an unambiguous definition of the intelligentsia and, therefore, to determine who can, and who cannot be accepted into the ranks of the intelligentsia party "(Sokolov A.V. Generations of the Russian intelligentsia. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House C59 SPbGUP, 2009, p. 16).

"The diverse ethical and educational subculture, which was formed in post-reform Russia, has long, and quite deservedly, acquired the status of a classic Russian intelligentsia.<...>These ascetics were highly characterized by anti-philistine, anti-bourgeois attitudes, contempt for self-interest, money-grubbing, material goods and amenities; the priority of spiritual rather than material needs" (Sokolov A. V. Generations of the Russian intelligentsia. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house C59 SPbGUP, 2009, pp. 43, 44).

"... the intelligentsia is a virtual group of educated and creative people guided not only by reason, but also by feelings of conscience and shame, emotions of compassion and reverence for Culture and Nature "(Sokolov A. V. Generations of the Russian intelligentsia. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House C59 SPbGUP, 2009, p. 51).

"... the intelligentsia is therefore called the intelligentsia because it reflects and expresses the development of class interests and political groupings throughout society most consciously, most decisively and most accurately" (Lenin V.I. Tasks of revolutionary youth // Complete collection of works - T.7. - S.343).

"... in the process of development, any social group creates its own intelligentsia, which is the intellectual layer of this group" (Kvakin A.V. Modern problems of studying the history of the intelligentsia // Problems of the methodology of the history of the intelligentsia: the search for new approaches. - Ivanovo, 1995. C .8).

"We now have a numerous, new, popular, socialist intelligentsia, which is fundamentally different from the old, bourgeois intelligentsia, both in its composition and in its socio-political appearance" (Stalin I. Questions of Leninism. 11th ed. M. , 1947, p. 608).

"... the Russian intelligentsia is a group, movement and tradition, united by the ideological nature of their tasks and the groundlessness of their ideas" (Fedotov G. P. The tragedy of the intelligentsia // Fedotov G. P. The fate and sins of Russia: in 2 volumes. St. Petersburg, 1991. T . 1. pp. 71-72)".

“In general, the intelligentsia is by its very nature extremely authoritarian. Calling itself a “cultural stratum”, “decent” people, it likes to introduce suitability criteria: which people are “handshake” and which are not” (Shchipkov A. New intelligentsia and modernization of Russia).

"The intelligentsia is a thinking environment where mental benefits are developed, the so-called "spiritual values"" (Ovsyaniko-Kulikovskiy D.N. Psychology of the Russian intelligentsia // Milestones; Intelligentsia in Russia: Collection of articles 1909-1910. - M .: 1991 - p.385).

"The intelligentsia is ethically - anti-philistine, sociologically - extra-class, extra-class, successive group, characterized by the creation of new forms and ideals and their active implementation in the direction of physical and mental, social and personal liberation of the individual" (Ivanov-Razumnik R.V. "What is the intelligentsia.// Intelligentsia. Power. People. Antalogy. M. - 1993. - p. 80).

“Abroad there is no concept of “intelligentsia”, but there are “intellectuals”. And in Russia there are the concepts of “intellectuals” (of the Western type) and “Russian intelligentsia”. These are those who teach, heal, acquire new knowledge and try to pass it on to people, to help the Russian and other peoples of Russia to get out of the pit of poverty and lack of rights, where they fell at the mercy of "intellectuals"" (Comment to the article "Pseudo-intelligentsia").

"... there was such a phenomenon in Russia in the 19th century. Attempts in the Soviet era to impose the definition of "intelligentsia" on people engaged in non-physical labor and who received higher or two higher educations, generally speaking, do not give anything in this sense. These are attempts violent. And we are dealing with a completely different reality. For at least one reason: this intelligentsia has never been politically, economically and intellectually independent, independent. It always appears in the black Bermuda triangle, which is denoted "power - people - intelligentsia" , even there the West is present in the form of such an implicit fourth corner" (Intelligentsia and intelligence on the TV screen // B. Dubin).

"... the definition given to the intelligentsia by V. Nabokov in one of his letters to Edmund Wilson (February 23, 1948):" hallmarks The Russian intelligentsia (from Belinsky to Bunakov) had a spirit of sacrifice, an ardent participation in the political struggle, ideological and practical, an ardent sympathy for the outcast of any nationality, fanatical honesty, a tragic inability to compromise, a true spirit of responsibility for all peoples ... "" (Bogomolov N .A. Creative self-consciousness in real life (intellectual and anti-intellectual origin in the Russian consciousness of the late XIX - early XX centuries)).

"Usually, there are humanitarian (doctors, lawyers, teachers, clergy); scientific (scientists); technical (engineers, designers); artistic, or creative (writers, journalists, artists, musicians and actors); managerial (administrative-bureaucratic apparatus, including tribal leaders, kings and senior royal dignitaries) and the military (officer corps) intelligentsia. Sometimes students are called pre-intelligentsia "(Zhukov V.Yu. Fundamentals of the theory of culture).

"When analyzing the changes in the conceptual component of the type "Russian intellectual" using dictionary and encyclopedic sources, we found that for each individual stage of development of the type there are its own constitutive features.

In the period before the revolution, these signs of an intellectual are as follows:
1 person,
2. belonging to a certain socio-cultural environment,
3. educated,
4. mentally developed,
5. highly moral,
6. sacrificial,
7. serving the ideas of social asceticism.

The Soviet period as a whole endows the intellectual with other features:
1 person,
2. belonging to a certain social stratum,
3. knowledge worker,
4. employed,
5. having a special education,
6. cultural,
7. social behavior which is characterized by individualism, inability to discipline and organization, flabbiness, instability, lack of will, doubts, hesitation and cowardice.

For the modern period, the conceptual signs will be as follows - an intellectual:
1 person,
2. mentally developed,
3. earning a living by work,
4. professionally engaged in mental (often complex creative) work,
5. most often educated and possessing special knowledge in various fields,
6. big internal culture, highly moral
7. bearer of the traditions and spiritual culture of the people, which he develops and disseminates,
8. well-mannered,
9. thinking, taking part in the political life of the country,
10. prone to indecision, lack of will, hesitation, doubts.

Yaroshenko O.A. EVOLUTION OF THE LINGUOCULTURAL TYPE "RUSSIAN INTELLIGENT" (based on the works of the Russian fiction second half of the 19th - early 21st centuries)

"... in the Christian understanding, the intelligentsia is God the Word, the second hypostasis of the Divine Trinity. God the Word, incarnated in the hypostasis of Jesus Christ, founded the Church on earth; Christ was and remains the Head of the Church. Therefore, here, on earth, the Church is the bearer divine intelligentsia: she was given the Revelation and grace gifts, thanks to which the Church is endowed with supreme ability understanding or intelligence. So, the significate of the word intelligentsia is absolute understanding, and its denotation in Christian philosophy was the second Person of the Divine Trinity - God the Word, the intelligentsia is connected with God and His earthly body - the Church.

The intelligentsia can be called an asocial, pseudo-religious, cosmopolitan sect of renegades, possessed by the spirit of denying the Tradition of historical Russia, self-proclaimed itself the bearer of the self-consciousness of the people, taking responsibility for the fate of Russia and its peoples "(Kamchatnov A.M. About the concept of intelligentsia in the context of Russian culture).

“In our time, in the media, in the speeches of “intellectuals” from sociology, heart-rending cries are heard from time to time: “The intelligentsia has disappeared! The intelligentsia has died! The intelligentsia has been reborn!” etc. Lie, gentlemen! The intelligentsia is indestructible as long as the Russian people, the people of Russia, exist! And, fortunately, intellectuals in the highest sense of the word did not disappear in Russia. They were expelled from the country, killed, starved in camps, but they the ranks multiplied, and it was they who brought our country to the forefront of scientific and technological progress, turned it into a leading world power, and successfully continue to support this high level. The intelligentsia in Russia is the spirit of the nation, a particularly valuable asset of the people, of the whole society. These are people of high mental and ethical culture, able to rise above personal interests, think not only about themselves and their loved ones, but also about what does not directly concern them, but relates to the fate and aspirations of their people "(Petrov B.S. Intelligent or intellectual?)

"What is the intelligentsia today is not very clear" (Boris Dubin "Sociologists on the collective portrait of the modern Russian intelligentsia").

"I think that the intelligentsia to a large extent is the cultural vanguard of the nation" (Kara-Murza A. Sociologists on the collective portrait of the modern Russian intelligentsia).

"Here, simply, an educated cattle is the intelligentsia" (V. Rozanov. Why Putin and I do not like intellectuals).

In conclusion, I would like to mention one more thing, on this moment a small and dying category of people who believe that there really is no cattle. All people are equal as beings, regardless of anything, and require equal treatment. human, in best sense this word. These rare people, and it was customary in the old days, considered the intelligentsia "(Revdin-Artinsky A.Ya. Classification of cattle).

"Intelligentsia is a social group characterized by mental work, high educational level and the creative nature of their activity, which is manifested in the introduction of a personal-individual principle into this activity, which produces, preserves and carries universal human values ​​and achievements of world culture to other social groups, and is also characterized by specific psychological traits and positive moral and ethical qualities" (Elbakyan E.S. Russian intelligentsia: mentality and archetype).

"For me, the model of the intelligentsia is Innokenty Smoktunovsky, who in 1993 in October was not afraid to speak to a crowd of people who expected that there would be a clash with the Communists near the Kremlin, that we are brothers, that we need to understand each other, then only it will happen world, we fools booed him, but many later, in any case, I remembered his speech for a long time, and I was ashamed "(Blazheev G. Russian intelligentsia - cattle with carpets and books).

"The word "intelligentsia" in English came in the 20s of the XX century from Russian. The Russian language, in turn, borrowed it from France and Germany, where the terms "intelligence" and "Intelligenz" were in circulation in the 1830s-1840s [For the history of this term in Western Europe and Russia, see: Muller O.W. Intelligencija: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte eines politisches Schlagwortes. Frankfurt, 1971. According to the author (S. 98, note), the word "intelligent" was applied in France to specialists in various fields already in the 15th century.] In Europe, the term soon fell out of use, in Russia, on the contrary, it gained popularity in the second half of the 19th century, not so much to refer to the educated elite, but to define those who who speaks on behalf of the silent majority - as opposed to the traditional ruling stratum (officialdom, police, military, nobles, clergy). In a country where "society" did not have access to the political arena, the appearance of the described group was inevitable "(Pipes R. Russian Revolution . The agony of the old regime. 1905-1917).

"What is the intelligentsia? Who gave birth to it and why? History gave birth to it. It is impossible to be an intellectual outside of history! This is a mobile, restless class striving for a social ideal. "survival". If the intelligentsia demolishes a monument, it needs to put another one in its place. And certainly - inspiring, opening distances. If the intelligentsia renounces history, hides from its wind in a heated room, it renounces itself. And then it is no longer the intelligentsia , but the collective servant of the devil, helping the establishment of hell "(V. Rokotov. Small vs. High).

"... the intelligentsia are those who, in monstrous living conditions, being financially limited, are trying to improve the human race. I shot near Yaroslavl, in the old Russian city of Tutaev, which few people know about. There I was in the children's library - in a rickety The librarian for the very few children who survived in the dying Tutaev buys books, toys with her own money, makes themed evenings “Visiting the Fairy Tale” ... There are no opportunities, their salaries are small, but they have their own tiny money, strength, imagination, their own life is spent so that maybe one child in the whole city is imbued with something. That's what the intelligentsia is. Service! Quiet action. Fighters of the invisible front. People asking questions, looking for answers, "pulling the thread that connects the past and the future "" (Sergey Ursulyak: "Screening involves a struggle with the audience").

See also: Intelligentsia, qualities of an intellectual, intelligence, -

INTELLIGENTSIA

A social group consisting of educated people with a great internal culture and professionally engaged in mental work (from the Latin intelligentgens- "understanding, thinking, reasonable").

Russia. Large linguo-cultural dictionary. - M .: State Institute of the Russian Language. A.S. Pushkin. AST-Press. T.N. Chernyavskaya, K.S. Miloslavskaya, E.G. Rostova, O.E. Frolova, V.I. Borisenko, Yu.A. Vyunov, V.P. Chudnov. 2007 .

See what "INTELLIGENCE" is in other dictionaries:

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INTELLIGENTSIA- (lat. intelligentia, from inter between, and legere to choose). Educated, mentally developed part of society. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. INTELLIGENCE [lat. intelligens (intelligentis) knowing, ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

INTELLIGENTSIA Modern Encyclopedia

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Intelligentsia- (from Latin intelligens, understanding, thinking, reasonable) 1) the social stratum of people professionally engaged in mental, mostly complex, creative work, development and dissemination of culture. The concept of intelligentsia is often attached to ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

Intelligentsia- (from the Latin intelligens, understanding, thinking, reasonable), the social stratum of people professionally engaged in mental, mostly complex creative work, development and dissemination of culture. The concept of intelligentsia is often attached to ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

INTELLIGENTSIA- INTELLIGENCE, intelligentsia, pl. no, female (from lat. intelligentia understanding). 1. The social stratum of intellectual workers, educated people (book). Soviet intelligentsia. “Not a single ruling class could do without its ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov