The theme of love is the main theme in the work of A. I. Kuprin. It is love that makes it possible to realize the most intimate beginnings. human personality. Especially dear to the writer strong natures who know how to sacrifice themselves for the sake of feeling. But A. Kuprin sees that a person in the modern world has become trivialized, vulgarized, entangled in everyday problems. The writer dreams of a person who is not subject to pernicious influence Wednesday, and embodies his dream in the image of the Polissya sorceress Olesya, the heroine of the story of the same name.
Olesya does not know what civilization is, time in the thickets of Polesie seems to have stopped. The girl sincerely believes in legends and conspiracies, believes that her family is connected with the devil. The norms of behavior accepted in society are absolutely alien to her, she is natural and romantic. But not only the exotic image of the heroine and the situation described in the story attract the attention of the writer. The work becomes an attempt to analyze the eternal that should underlie any high feeling.
A. I. Kuprin pays special attention to close attention how feeling develops in the characters of the story. The moment of their meeting is wonderful, the growth of sincere affection in their hearts is amazing. A. I. Kuprin admires the purity of their closeness, but does not romantic love serene, leads the heroes to severe trials.
Love for Olesya becomes turning point in the life of Ivan Timofeevich, a city dweller. His original focus exclusively on his world is gradually overcome, the need becomes the fulfillment of the desire to “be together” with another person. His feeling is probably based on "vague inclinations", but very soon it is reinforced by spiritual intimacy. Kuprin accurately conveys the inner transformation of the hero's personality, the source of which is nature itself.
One of the most important phenomena of love for Kuprin is that even a premonition of happiness is always overshadowed by the fear of losing it. On the way to the happiness of the heroes are the difference in their social status and upbringing, the weakness of the hero and the tragic prediction of Olesya. The thirst for harmonious union is generated by deep experiences.
At the beginning of the story, Ivan Timofeevich seems soft, sympathetic and sincere. But Olesya immediately catches a weakness in him, saying: “Your kindness is not good, not cordial.” And the hero of the story really does a lot of harm to his beloved. His whim is the reason that Olesya goes to church, although he understands the destructiveness of this act. The lethargy of the hero's feelings brings trouble to the sincere girl. But Ivan Timofeevich himself quickly calms down. At the moment when he talks about the most seemingly exciting episode of his life, he does not feel guilt and remorse, which speaks of the relative poverty of his inner world.
Olesya is the complete opposite of Ivan Timofeevich. In her image, Kuprin embodies his ideas about the ideal of a woman. She absorbed the laws by which nature lives, her soul is not corrupted by civilization. The writer creates an exclusively romantic image of the “daughter of the forests”. Olesya's life passes in isolation from people, and therefore she does not care about what many devote their lives to modern people: fame, wealth, power, rumor. Emotions are the main motives for her actions. Furthermore- Olesya is a sorceress, she knows secrets human subconscious. Her sincerity, the absence of falsehood, are also emphasized in her appearance, and in gestures, movements, a smile.
Olesya's love becomes the greatest gift that can give life to the hero of the story. In this love there is both selflessness and courage, on the one hand, and contradiction, on the other. Olesya initially understands the tragedy of the outcome of their relationship, but is ready to give herself to her lover. Even leaving her native places, beaten and dishonored, Olesya does not curse the one who killed her, but blesses those brief moments of happiness that she experienced.
The writer sees the true meaning of love in the desire to disinterestedly give to his chosen one all the fullness of feelings that he is capable of. loving person. A person is imperfect, but the power of love can, at least for a short time, restore to him the sharpness of sensations and naturalness, which only people like Olesya have preserved in themselves. The strength of the soul of the heroine of the story is able to bring harmony even in such contradictory relationships as those described in the story. Love is contempt for suffering and even death. It's a pity, but only a select few are capable of such a feeling.
culture >> Literature
"Partner" No. 6 (225) 2016
Alexander Kuprin is my favorite writer
My Kuprin
Grigory Kalikhman (Dortmund)
Love is not chosen - it comes by itself. Love for Kuprin, like love for Chekhov, arose in me from youthful years. These writers have always been much closer to me than, say, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Turgenev. This in no way suggests that the mentioned giants are inferior to Kuprin in some way - he is simply closer and more understandable to me in terms of his subject matter, way of thinking and style of presentation.
Dry facts of a stormy biography
Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin was born on August 26 (September 7), 1870 in the county town of Narovchat Penza province. His father was a hereditary nobleman, his mother was from a family of Tatar princes. The father died when the boy was only one year old. The mother and children moved to Moscow, where children's and adolescence future writer. At the age of six, the boy was sent to the Moscow Razumovsky boarding school, created for orphans. Then in 1880 he entered the Second Moscow cadet corps, after which in 1887 he was admitted to Aleksandrovskoye military school. In 1889, Kuprin's first story "The Last Debut" was published, for which the author, in addition to the fee and a great sense of pride for the first publication, received two days in the punishment cell - the junkers were forbidden to appear in print. In 1890, with the rank of second lieutenant, he entered the service in an infantry regiment, which was stationed in the town of Proskurov, Podolsk province. Army life gave him rich material for many works. Officer Kuprin was seriously preparing for military career, but he was not accepted into the Academy of the General Staff.
Having retired in 1894 with the rank of lieutenant, Kuprin moved to Kyiv, having no civilian profession. He settled in Podol, in a rundown hotel "Kiev Port". Life in Kyiv was reflected in his stories "Kyiv Types", "River of Life" and in the famous story "The Pit". In subsequent years, Kuprin traveled a lot around Russia, tried many professions: he was a loader and a fisherman, a hunter and a diver, he flew an airplane, he was an estate manager, a clerk, an accountant at a steel mill, and even a dentist. In 1901 he moved to Moscow and in early 1902 he married Maria Karlovna Davydova. A year later, the Kuprins had a daughter, Lydia. This marriage lasted five years. The second wife of the writer in 1907 was Elizaveta Moritsovna Heinrich, with whom he lived until the end of his life. In this marriage, a daughter, Ksenia, was born.
When did the first World War, Kuprin, together with his wife, opened a military hospital in his house. In November 1914, he was drafted into the army and sent to Finland as the commander of an infantry company, but he was soon demobilized for health reasons. The writer accepted the abdication of Nicholas II with enthusiasm. He sympathized with the Social Revolutionaries, edited several liberal newspapers. Kuprin did not accept the proletarian dictatorship as a form of power. He condemned the policy of war communism and the terror associated with it, for which he was arrested, spent three days in prison, but at the request of Gorky he was released, but included in the list of hostages. Since the beginning civil war Lieutenant Kuprin volunteered for white army Yudenich and became the editor of the army newspaper. After the defeat of the North-Western Army, the writer, who had already been in prison and held hostage, left Russia. He went to Reval, from there to Helsinki, and in July 1920 he moved to Paris, where he lived for 17 long years.
The emigrant period of his life was quite fruitful, but meager literary fees did not allow him to decent life. The family was impoverished and mired in debt, Kuprin was overcome by illness, especially since he suffered from chronic alcoholism in exile. Returning to the USSR was the only way to solve material and psychological problems. Kuprin applied for a visa to the Soviet embassy in Paris. On October 23, 1936, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decided to “permit the writer A.I. Kuprin to enter the USSR.” In 1937, the terminally ill writer arrived in Moscow, where he was given an unusually warm welcome, but he already had difficulty perceiving his surroundings. Kuprin died on August 25, 1938. Buried in Leningrad literary bridges Volkovsky cemetery next to Turgenev's grave.
Creation
All Kuprin's works are written powerfully, with passion - he does not have a single indifferent page. I will focus only on those that seem to me the most interesting. In 1896 the first major work- the story "Moloch". This is the only appeal of the writer to the "industrial" subject. As you know, Moloch is an ancient pagan deity who required human sacrifices. In Kuprin's story, Moloch is a steel plant that also requires human sacrifices and receives them in full. Soviet critics reproached the writer for not showing enough relief all the ulcers of capitalism and focusing not on social, but on psychological problems. Two years later, the next major work appeared - the story "Olesya", which I will discuss below.
In 1904 was written short story"Measles". In this story, a wealthy landowner who calls himself a "truly Russian man" says: " I am proud that I am Russian, and I say to everyone in the eyes: it’s enough for us to stand on hind legs before Europe. Let them feel that the decisive word belongs to the great, glorious, healthy Russian people, and not to them, cockroach relics. Soon this mess will end. The Russian people will wake up and give in the ass old Europe ". These words sound so fresh, as if they were written today, and not a hundred years ago.
In 1905, the story "Duel" was published, which brought Kuprin all-Russian fame. Before him army life was interpreted exclusively in a sublimely patriotic tone, for example, “Borodino” by M.Yu. Lermontov or “ Sevastopol stories» Leo Tolstoy. Kuprin, who served four years in a seedy garrison, knew firsthand the everyday life of the army. He showed the daily drill, corporal punishment, the humiliation of the soldiers and the rampant drunkenness of the officers. And in this stagnant swamp grows beautiful flower- the heartfelt love of Lieutenant Romashov for Shurochka, one of the married ladies of the local garrison. "Duel" is one of the best stories of Kuprin, full of the finest psychologism.
Perhaps the most controversial work of the writer is the story "The Pit", which was published in parts from 1909 to 1915. In world literature, this is the only work in which life is described brothel and its inhabitants. Collecting material for this story, the writer lived for several months in a similar institution, where he gave lessons to the master's daughter. Aware of the ambiguity of his work, the author sent him the following epigraph: I know that many will find this story immoral and indecent, nevertheless, I dedicate it from the bottom of my heart to mothers and youth". In my library, the fifth volume of the collected works of Kuprin, in which "The Pit" is printed, is the most shabby. Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky, who was friends with Kuprin in his youth, wrote: How similar he is to his writings! Kuprin fully reflects himself in them. Each of his works is himself».
Love in the works of Kuprin
Love, its power over human heart, her torment and joy is one of the main themes in Kuprin's work. The heroes of many of his works are illuminated by this feeling. However, their love is almost always a hopeless platonic feeling. We were all once shocked by the film "The Witch" with Marina Vladi in leading role based on the story "Olesya". Two people met and fell in love, but this love does not bring them happiness. Olesya grew up in the middle of the forest, she cannot read and write, but she is characterized by simplicity, naturalness and inner freedom. Ivan Timofeevich, who came to hunt in the Polissya forests, is a typical gentleman. He is educated, but not decisive, and his kindness is more like cowardice. These two are so different that even love cannot bridge the gap between them. And yet, despite the sad end, after reading the story, a feeling of something bright remains in the soul.
"Garnet bracelet" - Touching story love, which is based on a real case. A petty official fell in love with a noble married lady - which is not such a rarity - and regularly writes letters to her in which he speaks of his love, without trying to meet her. On the birthday of his deity, he sends her a bracelet with the rarest green garnet. He cannot kill love in himself and at the same time does not want to disturb the lady with his feelings, and soon commits suicide. But his love did not die, she continued to live after his death. She was preserved in the memories of this woman, lived next to her, but not as a reproach, but as her gentle guardian angel. Through the mouth of one of the heroes, the author says that true love must be forgiving, modest, selfless, heroic, she gives herself all and does not require anything in return. In this story, Kuprin speaks of the eternal grace and eternal beauty inherent in a woman. Indestructible is his faith in the poetry of a woman and female love. Countless female images, starting with the “sorceress” Olesya and ending with Lyubka from the dirty brothel (“The Pit”), are described in his works penetratingly and thoughtfully. As alive, we see Raisa and Shurochka from "Duel" or the twelve-year-old Tinochka from the story "Taper". And what knowledge of female psychology, female addictions and tastes! It seems that nature overheard his expressed desire: “I want to be a woman for at least a few days” and fulfilled his strange whim. Another one worth mentioning wonderful story about love, which is called "Blue Star".
Apart from all the works of the writer is the story "Shulamith", which tells about the happy carnal love of the Israeli king Solomon and a simple girl from the vineyards. However, this love ends tragically. The story is based on bible book"Song of Songs". Some of Kuprin's contemporaries spoke very disapprovingly of this remake.
The Jewish theme in the work of Kuprin
Neither of Russian classics did not write so much and with such sympathy about the Jews, who among many peoples tsarist Russia were the most disenfranchised and the most humiliated nation. They were limited in everything: in the choice of places of residence (the so-called Pale of Settlement), in the prohibition to engage in certain professions, in particular, agriculture, in obtaining education, and also could not hold public office ... The Jews were used by the government in order to in order to direct popular discontent, caused by his own mediocrity, against the Jews at the right time, which resulted in Jewish pogroms.
Speaking about the images of Jews in the works of Kuprin, one can recall the story "Moloch", where the only purely positive character is a Jew Dr. Goldberg - the guardian angel of the protagonist engineer Bobrov. Next, I want to cite a little-known story "Zhidovka", written in 1904. Military doctor Kashintsev goes to the place of service and on the way stops at a run-down inn, the owner of which is a Jew. The host's wife, who was extraordinarily beautiful, brought food to the guest. Kashintsev looked at her, and some invisible force pushed him in the chest. What is happiness? - asked himself Kashintsev. To be near such a woman and know that this divine beauty is yours? And what is everything else in life compared to this: service career, ambition, philosophy, fame? .. Amazing, incomprehensible Jewish people! Look at this woman. This is the guarantee of the immortality of the Jewish people. The Jewish woman preserves the spirit and type of the race, carefully carries through the streams of blood under the yoke of violence the sacred fire of the people's genius and will never allow it to be extinguished. What words! They could not be written by a person who hates Jews or even is indifferent to them.
The story "The Wedding", written in 1908, is filled with hatred for the environment that raised anti-Semitic pogromists. Here it is summary. Ensign Slezkin, who served in one of the garrisons of the Southwestern Territory, is invited to a Jewish wedding. Now a word to the author: He had already had a good drink and a bite to eat, but a blind fury was seething in Slezkin's brain. With some kind of envious hostile instinct, he sensed around him a centuries-old spike, consecrated by custom and religion, hated by his ... petty nature of a failed priest. He was angry with the inaccessible, incomprehensible to him, the bright beauty of Jewish women and the independent, this time, manner of men to behave - those men whom he used to see ... humiliated and ingratiating. And, as he got drunk, his nostrils flared, his teeth clenched tightly and his fists clenched.". The reason for the scandal was found when they began to collect money for a dowry for young people. A red hot mist poured into the ensign's head. I will not quote everything that Slezkin said in a drunken delirium - everyone can think of it for himself and will not be mistaken.
After the terrible Jewish pogrom that took place in Odessa in October 1905, Kuprin wrote in 1907 one of his most famous stories, Gambrinus. That was the name of the pub, located in the city center, on Deribasovskaya street. The story tells about the fearlessness and strength of the human spirit, which are embodied by the Jewish violinist Sashka, who played in this pub for many years and was a favorite of the entire audience there. Here is a tiny excerpt from that story: And darkness descended on the whole city. There were dark, disturbing, disgusting rumors... And on the outskirts, in fetid closets and leaky attics, the chosen people of God trembled, prayed and wept in horror, long abandoned by the angry biblical god, but still believing that his measure ordeals not yet fulfilled... In the morning the pogrom began. People were now going to kill, and they were going not because they were ordered, and not because they harbored enmity against the Jews, with whom they often had close friendship ... But because the dirty, cunning devil, who lives in every person, whispered in their ear: “Go. Everything will be unpunished: the voluptuousness of violence, the forbidden curiosity of murder and the power over someone else's life..
While in exile, Kuprin wrote an autobiographical essay "The House", in which he talks about his acquaintance with Sholom Aleichem: " We were introduced to the great Jewish writer, the incomparable humorist Sholom Aleichem. This short man with a sharp and good-naturedly sly look willingly read us several of his short stories. How expressive was his every word! How clear and rich were his intonations!" Note that this is written by a Russian writer about a Jewish writer.
Unfortunately, the volume of the journal article does not allow me to dwell on other works that I also really like. I shared with readers my love for Kuprin and timidly hope that my article will encourage someone to turn to the works of this writer again.
Opening a volume of Kuprin's works, one never ceases to be surprised at the liveliness of the images he created. Turning page after page, you see with your own eyes different people living in his novels and stories. You can feel it smells salty sea wind Balaclavas? Do you hear the roar of the magical Polesye forest? It is impossible to break away from the heroes of Kuprin. What kind of person created this miracle? Who was he? It is very interesting that, having parted with a military uniform, this amazing man tried himself in many ways. He studied dentistry, was a reporter, loader, psalmist, grew tobacco, sank to the seabed and, together with Utochkin, climbed hot-air balloon into the sky. Having emigrated after the revolution, for almost twenty years Kuprin strove with all his heart to return to his homeland. He is an incorrigible optimist and lover of life. In his work, life is in full swing. How pure are his heroes! They leave an indelible impression on the soul.
Especially related to me are the heroes of Kuprin, who do not accept the humiliation of a person, under any circumstances human dignity, do not allow the triumph of injustice. “I don’t like violence and impotence, I can’t stand it when innocent people are beaten.” Such is Lieutenant Romashov from "Duel". The writer himself called this the "ninth wave" of his work. "Duel" powerfully sounded throughout Russia. Romashov mercilessly denounces the officer caste, which creates arbitrariness in the army, mocking the soldiers. He stands up for the Tatar Sharafutdinov, keeps the soldier Khlebnikov from committing suicide, he understands that all these are living people. And it helps them to maintain their human appearance, without losing their own.
Of course, main topic in the work of Kuprin - the theme of love. kind and fair man, Prince Shein, husband of Vera Nikolaevna, is sympathetic to the postal official Zheltkov, who is in love with his wife. Small man suffers "an enormous tragedy of the soul."
Love is above all. She is selfless, selfless, “strong as death”, does not expect praise or reward. In such love, the Polissian witch Olesya drowned, falling in love with the “kind, but only weak” Ivan Timofeevich. Olesya is sorry that she does not have a child from a loved one. Her love is tragic, doomed to suffering from the very beginning.
Such is Zheltkov's love for Princess Vera Nikolaevna. Quietly leaving life, he calmly, like a prayer, says: “May the your name". He dies blessing the woman he loves.
Romashov sacrifices himself to the prudent Shurochka Nikolaeva. And Shulamith thanks King Solomon for the happiness she experienced.
Does it happen in life? Despite everything, I want it to be, because everything happens in life. In his works, Kuprin sees everything: household trifles, minor details, and the depth of a person’s character. Yes, and descriptions of nature create a background against which unfolds further action. On the background mysterious forest we meet with the Polissya sorceress Olesya. Awakening nature is a symbol of the birth of her love for Ivan Timofeevich. And the raging elements are a mournful farewell to the heroine of the story. This is how we, the “deceived generation”, see A. Kuprin as a humanist, optimist, kind, sincere, wise person.
I do not want to part with the heroes of Kuprin's works, loving and disinterested.
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Autumn... dark and quiet in my room. The rain is barely audible outside the window, and I am surrounded by an atmosphere of dampness, boredom and an almost palpable despondency that bad weather sometimes brings with it. Scary and sad. And there is nothing bright, warm, joyful. Autumn melancholy circles around and slowly envelops me.
Yes, what am I?! Why am I standing here in the dark and alone? I step resolutely away from the black window, flip the switch, and my room is flooded with electrical light. He disperses the autumn storm, and I open a book ... A book that will take me to an amazing, bright and bright world Belarusian Polissya. To the world where he lives magical creature- girl with gentle and affectionate name Olesya.
The story "Olesya" is one of my favorite works of Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin. Against the backdrop of the mysterious magical forest the story of love unfolds - love is disinterested, selfless, not waiting for a reward, such as it is said about - " stronger than death”, for the sake of which you will accomplish any feat, you will gladly go to torment. It was this kind of love that touched the Polissian "witch" Olesya with its wing.
Imagine a delightful girl who looks like a flower that has grown in the wild steppe, free and free, like the wind. She lives in the forest, surrounded by virgin nature. She listens to sounds and rustles, "understands" the voices of animals, is quite happy with her life and freedom. Olesya not only knows and understands the forest surrounding her, but also loves with a naive, enthusiastic and almost childlike love. She reads nature as mysterious and interesting book. “With both hands, she carefully supported a striped apron, from which peeped out three tiny bird heads with red necks and black shiny eyes. “Look, grandmother, the finches have followed me again,” she exclaimed, laughing loudly, “look how funny ... completely hungry. And I, as if on purpose, had no bread with me.”
But the collision with the world of people brings Olesya only hardships and experiences.
They are ready to blame these women for all the troubles. Once human malice had already driven them from their homes, and now Olesya only wish to leave them alone:
As if they would leave me and my grandmother alone, it would be better, otherwise ...
But the cruel world of people knows no mercy. Olesya knows perfectly well what a meeting with a city dweller Ivan Timofeevich brings to her. Love - a beautiful and sublime feeling - turns into death for this "daughter of nature." She doesn't fit in the world malice and envy, self-interest and hypocrisy.
The unusualness of the heroine, her beauty and independence inspire people around her with hatred, fear, anger. The peasants are ready to take out all their misfortunes and troubles on Oles and Manuilikha. Their fear of "witches", which they consider to be poor women, is fueled by impunity for their massacre. Olesya's coming to church is not a challenge to the village, but a desire to reconcile with the surrounding world of people, to understand those among whom her beloved lives. The hatred of the crowd gave birth to a response. Olesya threatens the villagers who beat and insulted her:
Okay!..
Well, well! .. You still remember this with me! You are still crying your fill!
But, despite the tragic denouement, Olesya was still happy, because love illuminated her life, gave it meaning. The girl regrets only that she does not have a child from a loved one. Human malice ruined the beautiful - love. But I want to believe that Olesya's natural strength and stamina will not allow her soul to be burned, that in a new place this beautiful forest flower will bloom as before.
I close the book and return to my cold, autumn world. This is how Kuprin describes love. You read and think: perhaps this does not happen in life. But Olesya's little sun of love is already warming her heart, dispersing the autumn darkness. And let this love be bookish, but it brings joy. And it seems to me that this is the highest appreciation of a writer's work.
Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin - Russian writer early XIX- the end of the XX century. He referred to realistic direction, so his works are colorful, reliable, contain many details. Contemporaries loved Kuprin very much, because he described life as it is, wrote out the details well. His stories are very popular even now, because they make you feel the spirit of that era. I believe that Kuprin should be read in our time, because he is a very good writer.
My favorite story by A.I. Kuprin - "Gambrinus" (1907). This is the name of a small tavern in the port of Odessa, where the violinist Sashka plays the violin. He is kind, funny and mischievous. He knows many melodies and plays them so well that every evening a crowd of port loaders, fishermen, smugglers, etc. come here. They love to listen to Sasha, because they are so distracted from worries and join the beautiful.
The story takes place during the First Russian Revolution. Everyone feels the onset of change, rejoices, hopes that now life will be better. Sashka plays revolutionary songs, especially the Marseillaise. He plays it very cheerfully and joyfully. But this did not last long.
Soon there was a reaction in the country, that is, all revolutionaries and dissenters were arrested, imprisoned and sent to hard labor. People realized that nothing good will happen. Disguised spies and policemen roam everywhere. They suppress the spirit of freedom and resistance. When such detectives enter a tavern and tell Sasha to play the anthem to the glory of the tsar, he refuses. He even openly accuses them of murders and pogroms. Here at Kuprin sound! theme of human protest against violence. Sasha is arrested and beaten so that all his fingers are broken. They did it on purpose so that Sasha could not play the violin.
However, art turned out to be stronger - it won. Sasha returned to Gambrinus and began to play with broken fingers. Kuprin shows that true talent nothing is a hindrance. He plays the deafeningly cheerful "Shepherd" to his port friends. This melody is, as it were, a symbol of freedom, creativity and fortitude.
I really like this story, although I feel very sorry for the violinist Sasha. Kuprin very convincingly shows that in an inconspicuous person there is a huge strength that allows him not to lose heart and not give up. It is very important in life - not to give up and stay the way you are. Kuprin also shows that everyone can be a rebel, the main thing is not to be afraid. Violence can be overcome with kindness and cheerfulness, the desire to bring joy to people. It seems to me that Kuprin was right when he said that the power of art is invincible.
