(or 1030s) - compilation of Yaroslav's Pravda.
Transferable monuments of the 11th century
Questions about whether the translations of certain monuments are South Slavic or Old Russian still often do not have a generally accepted solution. According to D. M. Bulanin, not a single monument of the 11th century can be confidently identified as translated in Rus', and not in Bulgaria, but there is also no indisputable evidence to the contrary.
main sources
- Dictionary of scribes and bookishness of Ancient Rus'. Issue. I (XI - the first half of the XIV century). L., Science. 1987. 496 pages.
- History of Russian literature. In 4 vols. T.1. L., Science. 1980. S.19-61.
- History of Russian translated fiction. Ancient Rus'. XVIII century. T.1. Prose. St. Petersburg, Dmitry Bulanin. 1995. Ch.1. Ancient Rus'.
- History of world literature. In 9 t. T.2. M., 1984.
- Likhachev D.S. The Tale of Bygone Years: a historical and literary essay; Archaeographic review of the lists of the Tale of Bygone Years. // The Tale of Bygone Years. St. Petersburg, Science. 1999. pp. 271-378 (reprint of articles 1950).
- Comments in the publishing house: Library of Literature of Ancient Rus'. In 20 tons. T.1-3. XI-XII centuries. 1997-1999.
Notes
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See what "Old Russian literature of the X-XI centuries" is in other dictionaries:
This term has other meanings as well. Old Russian literature. Contents 1 Writing, folklore and literature of the 10th century 2 Literature of the 11th century ... Wikipedia
Old Russian literature: Old Russian literature of the 10th-11th centuries Old Russian Literature XII century Old Russian literature of the XIII century Old Russian literature of the XIV century Old Russian literature of the XV century Russian literature (section Old Russian ... ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Old Russian literature. Content 1 Original works 2 Translated works ... Wikipedia
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The fundamental property of Russian literature is that it is the literature of the Word. Words of the Logos. Its thousand-year history opens with the “Sermon on Law and Grace” by Met. Hilarion (XI century). Here the Old Testament "Law" (nationally limited, closed ... Russian history
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RUSSIAN LITERATURE- Old Russian literature (late XXVII centuries) Literature of the XVIII century Literature of the 1st half of XIX century Literature of the 2nd half of the XIX century Literature of the late XIX early XX centuries Russian Soviet literature(19171987) The world significance of Russian ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary
I. INTRODUCTION II. RUSSIAN ORAL POETRY A. Periodization of the history of oral poetry B. Development of ancient oral poetry 1. Ancient origins of oral poetry. Oral and poetic creativity of ancient Rus' from the 10th to the middle of the 16th century. 2. Oral poetry from the middle of the XVI to the end ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
The history of Russian literature for the convenience of reviewing the main phenomena of its development can be divided into three periods: I from the first monuments to the Tatar yoke; II to the end of the XVII century; III to our time. In reality, these periods are not sharply ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Books
- Old Russian Literature, Demin S.A. The book is study guide, containing a broad analysis of ancient Russian literary monuments dedicated to Russian literature of the XI beginning. XVIII centuries. The collection is based on...
The textbook contains a complete course of the history of Russian medieval literature, which developed over seven centuries. Students will find in it not only the necessary information, but also samples philological analysis medieval texts of various genres, varieties and styles. In accordance with the course program, the manual contains both overview sections characterizing entire literary periods and paragraphs devoted to the ideological and artistic features of the masterpieces of ancient Russian literature.
Addressed to philology students of higher educational institutions.
Life Literature.
Of the Byzantine hagiography, the most widespread in Rus' were translations of the lives of Alexy, the man of God, Andrew the Holy Fool, Anthony the Great, George the Victorious, Demetrius of Thessalonica, Eustathius Plakida, Cosmas and Damian, Mary of Egypt, Nicholas of Myra, Pa-raskeva-Friday, Savva the Sanctified, Simeon Stylites, Theodore Stratilates and others. Translated lives (Byzantine, more rarely Bulgarian and Serbian) were no less in circulation than the original Russian ones. In Rus', all Orthodox saints were equally revered, regardless of what nationality they were and in what country they lived. Thanks to the monuments of translated hagiography, Russian "writers" of lives were able to use finished form stories about the saint and his miracles, quickly reached professional heights in this matter, and the genre itself became productive in literature, found readers and admirers among the people.
An exceptional place in the Russian religious consciousness was occupied by St. Nicholas, Archbishop of Myra, the miracle worker. According to the results of the study by B.A. Uspensky, this is the most beloved saint in Rus', whose veneration was close in importance to the cult of the Virgin and even Christ himself. It is no coincidence that in church paintings he often “replaced” John the Baptist, standing on left hand from Christ (the Mother of God was depicted on the right). Among the people there was an opinion that St. Nicholas is included in the Trinity, that any icon with his image is miraculous. In popular perception, Nicholas of Myra, like the pagan god of the Slavs Volos (Veles), is the patron of agriculture and cattle breeding, therefore he was considered a “peasant” saint, a “muzhik intercessor”, in contrast to Elijah the Prophet punishing sinners. Merchants and seafarers revered him as their heavenly patron, for Saint Nicholas, according to legend, helps all travelers, all those in natural disasters.
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
§1. Features of the literature of Ancient Rus'
§2. The problem of Russian periodization medieval literature
§3. The specifics of Old Russian book culture
Chapter I. LITERATURE OF KIEVAN Rus'. FORMATION OF THE GENRE SYSTEM OF OLD RUSSIAN LITERATURE
§1. Translation literature and its significance in the history of Russian culture
§2. History of Russian Chronicle XI-XII centuries. "The Tale of Bygone Years" as a literary monument of the beginning of the XII century
§3. Formation of the genres of oratorical prose in the literature of Ancient Rus'
§4. national identity hagiographic literature Kievan Rus
§5. Formation of the genre of "walking" in the literature of Ancient Rus'
Chapter II. THE APPEARANCE OF LITERATURES OF INDIVIDUAL PRINCIPALITIES DURING THE ERA OF FEUDAL Fragmentation
§1. The development of the literature of the Kyiv principality
§2. Literature of the Novgorod Principality
§3. Vladimir-Suzdal literature
§4. Galician-Volyn chronicle as a monument of the Galician literary tradition
§5. The genre of solemn teachings in the work of Kirill Turovsky
§6. Poetic originality and main problems in the study of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
Chapter III. NEW PHENOMENA IN LITERATURE DURING THE BEGINNING OF THE TATAR-MONGOLIAN YOG
§1. Varieties of the genre of the military story in the annals. The emergence of non-chronic military stories
§2. New trends in hagiography
§3. Artistic originality and the problem of the genre "Words about the destruction of the Russian land"
§4. Teachings of Serapion of Vladimir
Chapter IV. LITERATURE OF THE ERA OF THE BATTLE OF KULIKOV
§1. Life of Epiphanius the Wise. Features of the style of "weaving words"
§2. Ways of development of annalistic and non-annalistic military stories
§3. Genre "jogging". The emergence of merchant "walking"
Chapter V. LITERATURE OF THE ERA OF THE RUSSIAN CENTRALIZED STATE (XVI century)
§1. The main features of the literature of the Moscow kingdom
§2. Russian medieval journalism late XV-XVI centuries Evolution of author's concepts and styles
§3. Development historical narrative
§4. Unconventional in hagiography. "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom"
§5. A new variety of the genre of "walking" in the era of the Muscovite kingdom
Chapter VI. RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE 17TH CENTURY: TRANSFORMATION OF THE MEDIEVAL SYSTEM OF GENRES AND THE ORIGIN OF NEW LITERARY FORMS
§1. General characteristics of the historical and literary process of the 17th century
§2. New trends in the development of hagiographic genre....
§3. Russian story XVII V. in its movement from the historical to the fictional
§4. Travel Literature of the Transitional Period
§5. Problem-thematic and genre-style diversity of Russian satire of the 17th century
§6. translated literature XVII century
§7. The rise of poetry and drama
Conclusion.
Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Old Russian Literature, XI-XVII centuries, Korovin V.I., 2003 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
- History of Russian literature of the XIX century, Part 3, 1870-1890, Korovin V.I., 2005
Literature of the period of centralized Russian
period literature feudal fragmentation and unification of North-Eastern Rus' (XII-XV centuries)
The process of feudal fragmentation led to the disintegration of Kievan Rus and the formation of new political and cultural centers: Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod, Tver principalities. Literature develops in each of them separately. But during the period of the struggle against the Tatar-Mongols, literature called for the unification of all forces to fight against the enemies. The most significant literary monuments of this period are “The Prayer of Daniel the Sharpener”, “The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu”, “Zadonshchina”, “Journey Beyond the Three Seas”, “The Tale of Peter and Fevronia”.
states (XVI-XVII centuries)
During this period, the literature of the emerging Russian nation was created. The ecclesiastical worldview is giving way to a secular one, and a more mass democratic readership is emerging. Literary genres are becoming more democratic both in form and content. Arises fiction, which until the XVII century. was not in the literature. Literature of the 17th century was mainly journalistic in nature, reflecting the ideological positions of the warring parties (Correspondence of Tsar Ivan the Terrible with Prince Andrei Kurbsky). The literature of this period is characterized by the development of the story, presented in its various genre exploits: hagiographic ("The Tale of Yuliana Lazarevskaya"), historical ("The Tale of the Azov Siege Sitting Don Cossacks”), everyday life (“The Tale of Woe and Misfortune”), satirical (“The Tale of Shemyakin Court”, “The Tale of Ruff Ershovich”, “The Tale of the Hawk Moth”).
An outstanding writer of the 17th century. was Archpriest Avvakum, the author of the Life.
Apart from democratic literature in the 17th century continues to develop and high literature, there is a special style, called "baroque". Baroque was an aristocratic phenomenon, opposed to the Russian democratic and satirical literature. This trend embraced court poetry and dramaturgy.
1. On what materials were books written and correspondence conducted in Kievan Rus?
2. What types of writing do you know?
3. What is the language of Old Russian literature?
4. What genres of Old Russian literature do you know?
1. Ancient chronicle.
2. "The Tale of Bygone Years" as a literary monument.
3. A. A. Shakhmatov about "The Tale of Bygone Years".
4. Genre diversity.
5. Style features.
Basic vocabulary:
Original Russian literature, chronicle writing, literary etiquette, legends, toponymic legends, principle of medieval historicism, lives of saints, genre features, fortitude, meekness, humility.
Literature:
Likhachev D.S. Development of the Russian Literature X-XVII VV: Epochs and styles. L. 1973
Likhachev D.S. Russian chronicles and their cultural historical meaning M., L., 1947
Dictionary of scribes and bookishness of Ancient Rus'. Issue. 1 (XI - the first half of the XIV century) L., 1987
11th century - the heyday of the political power of Kievan Rus, the heyday of Russian culture. Under Prince Yaroslav the Wise, the territory is unified ancient Russian state, the independence of Rus' is being strengthened. The 11th century is the time of active political and cultural ties between Rus' and all European countries. It was in Kyiv in the XI century. annalistic writing was born, which was carried out throughout Rus' until the 17th century. At the Sophia Cathedral in the 11th century, a library was founded, where manuscripts were stored and copied. “Great is the benefit of the teaching of the book. These are the rivers that water the universe, in them are the source of wisdom, immeasurable depth, with which we console ourselves in sorrow. This is a hymn in honor of the book, indicating a high cultural level. Eastern Slavs 12th century
A central theme runs through all Russian literature - the theme of the Russian land and its historical destinies. Already in the first ancient Russian works the idea of patriotism, pride in one's native land, its power, political and religious independence sounds.
After the adoption of Christianity in Rus', a variety of translated literature appeared: chronicles, historical stories, solemn words, teachings. But it would be wrong to think that it was the translated literature that became the basis of Old Russian literature, a model for Old Russian writers. It was greatly influenced by the rich traditions of oral folk art. When writing appeared, Russian scribes began to write down everything major events of his time. Thus, one of the first genres of Russian literature, the chronicle, arose. Chronicles - Russian historical works in which the narration was conducted over the years.
The greatest historical and literary monument of ancient Rus' was The Tale of Bygone Years, written in 1113 by Nestor, a monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery. About this work, Acad. D.S. Likhachev wrote: “Nestor’s high literary education, his exceptional erudition in the sources, the ability to select everything significant in them, made The Tale of Bygone Years not just a collection of facts of Russian history and not just a historical and publicistic work, but a whole literary statement history of Rus'. (The Tale of Bygone Years-M., L., 1950, part 2. str. 123).
However, The Tale of Bygone Years is not the oldest chronicle. For more than two centuries, many generations of scientists have been studying the issue of the origin and development of chronicle writing in Rus'. At present, thanks to the research of acad. Shakhmatova A.A. we can talk about the history of Russian chronicle writing. A.A. Shakhmatov applied the comparative-historical method. He proved that this historical and literary monument is based on more ancient chronicles, in particular, the most ancient Kyiv vault. A.A. Shakhmatov outlined the results of his research in the work “Investigations about the most ancient chronicles” (St. Petersburg, 1908), “The Tale of Bygone Years” (vol. 1, Pg. 1916)
Chronicle writing appears in the St. Sophia Monastery, but in the 70s. 11th century Chronicle was moved to Kiev Caves Monastery, the outstanding figures of which were its founders - Anthony, Theodosius and Nikon the Great. A.A. Shakhmatov believes that Nikon the Great was the author of the Kiev-Pechersk annals. At the end of the XI century. there is the Kiev-Pechersk or Initial set.
The initial set became the basis of The Tale of Bygone Years. The first edition was compiled by Nestor in 1113, the second by Sylvester in 1116, the third by unknown author in 1118.
Interesting refinements of A.A. Shakhmatov about the history of the emergence of chronicle writing are made by Acad. Likhachev in the book. ”Russian chronicles and their cultural and historical significance” (M., L., 1947) and in the study of acad. Rybakova B.A. "Ancient Rus'. Legends. Epics. Chronicle" (M., 1963).
The Tale of Bygone Years reflected the interest of the Russian people in the historical past of their Motherland. “Where did the Russian land come from, who in Kyiv began before the prince and from where the Russian land began to eat ”- this is the task that the chronicler set himself. The theme of the Motherland, its greatness and power, its unity, deep patriotism constitute the ideological and thematic content of the chronicle. Whatever the chronicler tells about - about the military campaigns of the Russian princes, about their activities aimed at strengthening the political and religious independence of Russia, about fratricidal feudal wars, about the events of bygone years - always the interests of the Motherland and the high patriotic idea determine the point of view of the author, his assessment of the actions of the princes and the events about which he narrates. Noting ideological orientation"The Tale of Bygone Years", historian V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote that it is characterized by "the awakening in the whole society of the thought of the Russian land as something integral, inevitable, obligatory matter of everyone and everyone." (V.O. Klyuchevsky. Course of Russian history. M., 1911. Vol. 1 p. 248).
In terms of genre, the Russian chronicle is not something unified. In addition to brief records of events (weather records), Nestor introduced into the chronicle various genres literature (tales, messages, lives), business documents, works of oral folk art. Despite the difference in the genres included in the chronicle, it is unified education, because the genres of the annals make up a certain ensemble. For each genre, a certain stylistic manner of presentation, literary etiquette was developed. Reports about the military campaigns of the princes occupy more than half of the chronicle. They are followed by news of the death of the princes. An important group of chronicle news is information about heavenly signs - eclipses of the sun, moon, earthquakes, etc.
The multi-genre nature of the chronicle also determined the variety of artistic and stylistic means of The Tale of Bygone Years.
The role of oral folk art in shaping the style of the annals is great. The chronicler makes extensive use of toponymic legends and tribal traditions, ritual poetry and folk tales, legends, proverbs and sayings. Talking about the first Russian princes, he resorts to certain methods of oral communication. folk epic/ limiting generalization, hyperbolism, strict objectivity, repetitions /.
The dominant style in the annals, as well as in general in Russian Literature XI-XIII centuries, is the style of monumental historicism. The chronicler writes only in those historical figures who occupy a high position in the feudal hierarchy. The leading principle of depicting a person in the literature of this time is the principle of medieval historicism, according to which purely official events of historical significance for the state are recorded in the annals. Private life man, his way of life remain out of sight of the chronicler.
The principles of medieval historicism are most clearly presented in historical stories and legends included in the "Tale of Bygone Years": "The legend of 1015 about the murder of the brothers Boris and Gleb by Svyatopolk and the revenge of Yaroslav"; "The Tale of the Blinding of Vasilko Terebovskiy".
The language of The Tale of Bygone Years reflects the oral colloquial speech of his time. The direct speech of historical figures occupies a significant place in the style of the annals. The prince addresses his retinue with speeches, the ambassadors conduct diplomatic negotiations. They testify to high oratory skills. Special terminology is widely represented in the Tale: legal, ecclesiastical, military, hunting.
"The Tale of Bygone Years" played an important role in the development of regional chronicles and in the creation of chronicle codes of the 15th-16th centuries. The chronicle has not lost its historical, educational and educational value Nowadays.
1. What is the purpose of creating a chronicle?
2. What does the principle of weather records mean?
ORATORIC PROSE. LIVES LITERATURE.
With the establishment of Christianity in Rus', the genre of church preaching begins to play an important role. In the XI century. there were already translations of the "words" of talented Byzantine preachers. Under the influence of Byzantine preaching, original genre ancient Russian sermon. In ancient Russian oratorical prose, two types are distinguished: political eloquence and solemn or panegyric eloquence.
An outstanding work of solemn eloquence of the first half of the 11th century. is the "Sermon on Law and Grace" of the Kyiv Metropolitan Hilarion. It was written between 1037-1050. Priest of the princely church in Berestov.
The "Sermon on Law and Grace" is imbued with patriotic pathos of glorifying Rus' as equal in rights among all states of the world. Its main theme is the equality of all Christian peoples, regardless of when they adopted Christianity. The "Sermon on Law and Grace" consists of three parts. The first part is devoted to comparing the Law (Jewish) with Grace (Christianity) and substantiating the superiority of Grace over the Law. Hilarion sees this advantage in the fact that the Law is nationally restricted and applied only to the Jewish people. The relationship of people with God in the era of the Old Testament was determined by unfree obedience to the Law. In the era of the New Testament, these relationships were determined by a free principle - Grace, and reflected the idea of equality of all peoples, regardless of the time they were introduced to Christianity.
Hilarion in the second part proceeds to describe the spread of Christianity in the Russian land. According to Hilarion, Rus' is equal in rights with all countries and peoples and does not need anyone's guardianship.
The logical transition from the second to the third part of the word "Words" is Hilarion's medieval theological idea, according to which each of the countries had its own apostle, who enlightened it in the Christian faith. Such an educator of the Russian land was Prince Vladimir the Baptist. Hilarion lists the merits of Vladimir to the Russian land, compares his activities with the deeds of the apostles and Emperor Constantine Flavius. Illarion exalts the feat of Vladimir in the adoption and spread of Christianity in Rus'. For Hilarion, the feat of Vladimir is higher than the feat of Constantine, for the latter introduced Christianity in a country where the majority of the population already professed this religion. Vladimir baptized a pagan country.
Hilarion's work is distinguished by a pronounced political orientation. Defending the idea of equality of all Christian peoples, the speaker thereby affirmed the idea of the political and religious independence of Rus' from Byzantium. Glorifying the feat of Vladimir, Hilarion says with a sense of pride that Vladimir ruled "not in a bad and not in an unknown land, but in Russian, which is heard and known in all parts of the earth."
Hilarion's "Word" is notable for its high artistic merit. Hilarion is brilliant at oratory, using numerous methods of rhythmic organization of the text. He makes extensive use of book metaphors, symbols, rhetorical questions and exclamations.
A talented old Russian orator late XII V. was also Kirill Turovsky. In his works, Kirill Turovsky used allegorical images and symbolic parallelism, internal monologues, dialogues, laments.
The emergence of the original Russian hagiography was due to the internal needs of the ancient Russian state. Surrounding the personality of the prince with an aura of holiness, the lives contributed to the political strengthening of the foundations of the feudal system.
Lives are biographies of clergy and secular persons canonized by the church, i.e. recognized as saints. The heroes of the lives were either Christian ascetics or princes. Boris and Gleb became the first Russian saints. Yaroslav the Wise, after persistent attempts, achieved the canonization of his brothers from Byzantium. Two lives are told about the life and death of Boris and Gleb - “Reading about Boris and Gleb” and “The legend and passion and praise of Boris and Gleb” written at the end of XI - early XII centuries
Boris and Gleb became victims of the struggle for the Kiev princely table. Princely strife in the struggle for power is a common phenomenon in the history of any early feudal state.
The most important idea of the lives of Boris and Gleb is the idea of the unity of Rus' based on the observance of feudal relations between princes: all princes are brothers, but the elders must protect the younger ones, and the younger ones must obey the elders. The righteous behavior of Boris and Gleb consisted in the fact that, even under the threat of death, they refused to speak out against their older brother, to raise a hand against him. Such behavior was to serve as an example to other princes, to help end civil strife, to strengthen the state as a whole. In "The Tale of Boris and Gleb" it is emphasized that after the decisive battle between the "cursed and damned" Svyatopolk and Yaroslav, peace and order came to Russian land: "And from that time sedition on Russian land ceased."
Svyatopolk - this second Cain - is punished, and Boris and Gleb are recognized as saints who help the Russian land, and are especially revered for this.
Lives were built according to certain canons / rules / in accordance with literary etiquette. They begin with a lengthy introduction / so, in "Reading about Boris and Gleb" the story starts from the creation of Adam and Eve, the crucifixion of Christ and focuses on the baptism of Rus'. Then the fate of the hero is outlined, the lives of the description of the miracles that occur after the death of the hero are completed, then a prayer follows. The author emphasizes every time that Boris and Gleb are aware of the danger that threatens them, but do not resist.
D.S. Likhachev finds the origins of the high psychologism of modern literature in ancient Russian literature: “The appearance of an internal monologue in Russian literature is associated with the names of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky; meanwhile internal monologue extremely developed in ancient Russian literature: it is already present in the life of Boris and Gleb, it develops strongly in the era of the second South Slavic influence and is represented by magnificent examples in the work of Archpriest Avvakum.
A special place in the literature of the XI-XII centuries. occupies the "Instruction of Vladimir Monomakh." It was written by Vladimir Monomakh shortly before his death and is a political and moral testament of the prince to his descendants. The main idea of the "Instruction" is a call for strict observance of the requirements of the feudal legal order. In his activities, the prince must be guided by the national interests, subordinate to them personal grievances and selfish goals.
Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh (1053-1125) - Grand Duke Kyiv. His mother, Princess Mary, was the daughter Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomakh. His father - Vsevolod was an educated man, loved books, collected a library, where there were works in many languages. Vladimir proudly wrote later in the "Instruction": "My father, sitting at home, knew five languages, that's why the honor from other countries."
Vladimir Monomakh was the largest political and military figure in Rus' at the turn of the 11th-12th centuries. and at the same time an outstanding writer. Striving for peace and voluntary unity, Vladimir Monomakh patronized chronicle writing, recalling the historical unity of the princely family and propagandizing the legend of the origin of all Russian princes from one prince - Rurik.
During the reign of Monomakh, great successes were achieved that ensured the prosperity of Rus'. The main literary work of Vladimir Monomakh is his famous "teaching" to children. This is one of the outstanding works of ancient Russian literature, it reflected that high cultural level, which was achieved in Kievan Rus.
In his "teaching" Vladimir Monomakh covers a wide range of life phenomena, gives answers to questions of political, social, moral life of his time. The author appears before the reader as a politician, philosopher, warrior, statesman.
Considerable space is occupied by the idea of sympathy and assistance to the weak and oppressed, of indulgence towards them. The old should be revered as a father, and the young as brothers. The one who asks should be fed and drunk, visiting merchants, noble and simple, as well as ambassadors should be presented, because both those and others, passing through different countries glorify a person either good or evil. “Visit the sick, see the dead, for we are all mortal. Don't let a person pass without greeting him, and good word speak to him."
Vladimir Monomakh considers laziness to be the main vice. Monomakh pays much attention to the moral qualities of the prince. The most important of them, he honors diligence. Work for the prince is military feat, concern for the protection and well-being native land. Monomakh argues his wishes and instructions with references to Holy Bible and own life experience. This gives a special character to the author's narrative, in which elements of didactics are intertwined with autobiography.
A strong influence on the nature of the "Instructions" was exerted by Monomakh's favorite "Shestodnev" - a story about the world, nature, plants, man - a kind of commentary on biblical story about the creation of the world in 6 days. They had a very strong influence on the "Instruction" and lyric psalms attributed to David, a king and poet who lived in the 1st century BC.
A.I. Musin-Pushkin, who published the “Instruction” in 1793, called it “Spiritual”, i.e. Monomakh's testament to his children. It is believed that the "Instruction" was completed in 1117, when Vladimir was already 64 years old, and he could sum up his life. "Instruction" has come down to us in a single list of the XIV century. - as part of the Laurentian Chronicle.
1. What is life and who could become the hero of life?
2. What is historical basis works about Boris and Gleb?
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
1. The history of the discovery and the study of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
3. Idea content"Words about Igor's Campaign"
4. Genre originality and the meaning of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
5. Walking Abbot Daniel
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Old Russian literature
Features of Old Russian Literature
citizenship- the writer's perception of his work as a service to his country. The work is serious and tries to answer the basic questions of life, calls for its transformation and has a diverse, but always high ideal.
Criticism of reality- denunciation of actions or the rulers themselves. In the 11th century, the chronicler Nikon is forced to flee from the wrath of Izyaslav to Tmutorokan; a certain Vasily at the beginning of the 12th century compiles an accusatory story about the blinding of Vasilko Terebovlsky by the princes.
Patriotism- displaying literature of the author's patriotic feelings. This feature is associated not only with pride in the Russian land, but also with grief over defeats, the desire to reason with the princes and boyars.
meetings
As of early XIX centuries, ancient Russian literature has been poorly studied, despite the fact that they were studied major representatives academic science. Many monuments are not published. The publication of The Great Menaion is not completed, the Hellenic and Roman Chronicler has not been published, the Prologue has not been scientifically published, most of the collections of a stable composition and some chronicles. The works of Simeon of Polotsk were only partially printed; No scientific publications many famous monuments ancient Russian literature.
Separate handwritten collections of monuments are not sufficiently or not described at all. The largest literary collections and works are kept in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv; smaller ones are found in Novosibirsk, Pskov, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Rostov, and Kostroma. Found in small quantities in local history museums, scientific libraries universities, archives, from collectors and Old Believers.
The most common types of manuscripts are collections. The scribe rewrites works on some basis in a notebook. But it also happened that the binder collected the available notebooks and bound them only because they were of the same format or were combined in content. Such collections are usually called convolutes.
Collections of a certain (traditional) content also differ, such as “Golden Jet”, “Izmaragd”, “Celebratory” and so on; and collections of indefinite content, reflecting the individual tastes and interests of a particular scribe or customer.
Large-scale works (chronicles, essays on world history, patericons, works of a church service nature, prologues - collections short lives saints, etc.) were bound into separate books.
The sense of copyright was not developed, and therefore the works they liked, as they were rewritten, could be included in other works. This rewriting is related to folklore and literary works.
Until the 11th century
Old Russian literature belongs to medieval literature. Most of works did not have a permanent text.
The works do not seek to amaze with novelty, but on the contrary, they reassure with familiarity. When creating, the author seems to “perform a ritual”: he tells everything in appropriate ceremonial forms. He praises and blames what is customary to praise and blame.
XI-XII centuries
This is the age of formation of the monumental-historical style of literature. Development takes place in two cultural centers: Kyiv and Novgorod. The literature of that time is completely handwritten. The first lives are created: “The Life of Boris and Gleb” and “The Tale of Bygone Years” (the first monument of chronicle writing that has come down to us).
XIII century
Words and teachings of a didactic type appear in the teaching for the spiritual child, where the author is Gregory the Philosopher, also known as "George the black-bearer of Zarubsky caves." Rhetoric also appears in words, for example, in "The word of the saints is the apostle, who from Adam in hell to Lazarus" .
In Kievan writing, a new genre of “prologue articles” appears, which describes the lives of princes, they are distinguished by rich factual material; chronicle-hagiographic articles continue to develop. A book-collection Prologue is being created. The Kiev-Pechersk patericon was created, which reminded the Russians of the former power of the Kyiv state and carried the idea of the unity of the Russian land.
XIV-XV century
Begins to dominate historical genre, which reflects the struggle of the feudal past with the unification of Rus'. In the annals, Moscow is praised as the center of unification. And the policy of princes destroying unity is condemned. At the same time, the Novgorod annals express anti-Moscow sentiments, but the history of Veliky Novgorod is associated with the fate of the entire Russian people, and these trends disappear. In the process of the formation of autocratic power, elements of Romanesque literary culture appear, despite the fact that Russian literature has not yet entered into communication with Western literature.
The Battle of Kulikovo is described in several monuments, but the best story, according to I. P. Eremin, is considered Zadonshchina. Bylin about Mamaev massacre has not survived, but their existence is confirmed by studies of the legend of the Mamaev battle.
Oral poetry of an epic nature is being born (for example, fragments of a folklore story about the death of "great and brave heroes" from the Tatars on Kalka). In addition, a new rhetorical style is introduced by the hesychasts.
The epic is replenished with new proper names: Kulikovo field (the epic name of any battlefield or execution) and Mamai (any Busurman king). In the people's memory, not only the fact of victory is preserved, but also its price: "Empty, as Mamai passed." There are, albeit weak, descriptions of the characteristics of the characters in the "parable of the kralekh". The genre of parables appears.
The translated Byzantine chronicles of John Zonara and Constantine Manasseh also played their role in the development of Russian historical narrative. To the topical question about the role of royal advisers, he gives The Tale of Stephanite and Ikhnilat.
It translates to "Praise God". A "Consolidated Patericon" is being created. Apocryphal literature becomes popular. On the basis of the Apocrypha, the South Slavs (probably in Bulgaria) have an index of false books. A little later, a list of "true" books, i.e., recommended reading, appears, which in final version was published in the Kirillov book.
Mongol-Tatar yoke
16th century
17th century
A century of transition to the individual principle in literature. Tastes, styles, writer's professionalism and feelings of copyright ownership, individual and personal protest (associated with tragic turns in the writer's biography) develop. The syllabic system of versification and the regular theater also appear.
18th century
Reforms in versification
Lomonosov, among the best students of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, goes to Germany to study. At the same time, V.K. Trediakovsky began to study "a new and multiple way to compose Russian poetry", it was he who first set himself the goal of creating a verse corresponding to the structure of the Russian language, abandoning the syllabic system; indicates that "the poetry of our common people brought him to the conclusion that the Russian language is characterized by syllabic-tonic versification, based on the same number of stresses in each verse, on the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, and not syllabic, based on the number of syllables in a line.
Lomonosov brings this idea to the end and writes "Letter on the rules of Russian poetry", where he proved (in theory and in fragments own works) that the Russian language makes it possible to write not only in trochee and iambic, as Trediakovsky claimed, but also in anapaest, and a combination of iambs with anapaests, and trochaic with dactyls, that you can use both masculine and feminine rhymes and alternate them. Lomonosov believed that syllabic-tonic versification should be extended to verses of any length - eight-syllable, six-syllable, four-syllable, and not only eleven- and thirteen-syllable, as Trediakovsky did.
Lomonosov considered the main condition of Russian national poetry to be that “Russian poems should be composed according to the natural property of our language; and what is very unusual for him should not be brought in from other languages.
“Foreword on the Usefulness of Church Books in the Russian Language”, which explains his theory of “three calms” and tells that “ Russian language from the possession of Vladimirov to the present century, more than seven hundred years, not so much canceled that it was impossible to understand the old. “He determined the patterns in the formation of a new stylistic system of Russian literary language, systematizing phonetic, grammatical and lexical-phraseological differences between styles,” writes V. P. Vompersky.
Estimates of contemporaries
Not all contemporaries were able to positively evaluate Lomonosov's innovations, for example, Sumarokov sharply criticized him because of his sympathy for the purity and clarity of style, which was characteristic of classicism.
19th century
The development of literature of the period 1789-1827. still cannot be considered meaningful. In addition, focusing on the personality of the writer led pre-revolutionary science to strange conclusions, which passed into modern science: speaking of the collapse of classicism, she could not name his winner. Facts and sentiments of the new order were recorded without understanding or were ignored.
In the first quarter of the century, a number of higher educational institutions opened in major centers Russia: universities, colleges, lyceums (among them the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum). Alexander I makes an attempt to introduce general education, calling the project " on the destruction of making false banknotes".
It is impossible to mechanically transfer the traditional scheme: from classicism through sentimentalism and romanticism to realism on Russian soil in connection with the originality of Russian historical process and his literary expression moreover, the essence and limits of this originality could not yet be clear to the people of this era. This transition in Russia takes several decades.
Russia for Europeans is becoming an object of careful observation and study. Lomonosov and Radishchev remain unknown to the West, but the writers of the 19th century, on the contrary, translate and read their works, the authors are considered carriers of the same range of ideas as theirs.
Many were worried about the peasant question, it found, albeit weakly, expression in the press. V. G. Anastasevich published a translation of V. S. Stroynozsky’s “On the Conditions of Landowners and Peasants”. The same idea can be traced among the followers of Radishchev, united in the Free Community of Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts: “Experience on Enlightenment Regarding Russia”, “Negro”, etc. This question was opposed in government circles by the question of disadvantage for the state of serfs capitalism, for example, in the books of Adam Smith. His student S. E. Desnitsky continued to propagate these ideas.
The war of 1812 made a great contribution to literature. This action was vividly shown in his national epic by Leo Tolstoy.
Russian national literature developed on the basis of the growth of national consciousness. The social significance of literature is growing, the movement towards nationality is intensifying. The departure of the elite from the Russian language and its literature frees it from influences on the environment least close to the people. But on the other hand, this contempt of the top created an atmosphere of slander, hatred for such high poets as Pushkin, Glinka and others. On the other hand, representatives of the democratic strata of the population are pouring into science and literature in a wide stream.
With the growth of enlightenment, the cultural and historical conditions for the existence and development of literature, which previously gave class and estate limitations, die off. The clergy finally leaves literature. His works are no longer perceived as fiction. Family odographists appear: Sazanivich, Evreiyaov and others. Only these odes are not written in Russian. This is family literature, not folk literature.
On the new psychological basis new classical traditions appear. Decembrist Yakushin, whose favorite authors: Plutarch, Titus Livius, Cicero - extols the wisdom of Solon, is ready to pick up the "dagger of Brutus" that struck the "tyrant".
On the eve of December 14, 1825, it is generally accepted that all the authors were and expressed themselves in one way or another within the framework of the ideas of the Decembrists. Among the Decembrists is widely developed Western literature. Their socio-political views of the Decembrists took shape under the influence of reading books by Benjamin Constant, Madame Stael, Detyu de Tracy, Adam Smith and others. After the defeat of the Decembrists, their ideas remained alive in literature.
20th century
A.P. Chekhov is considered a transitional figure who belongs to both centuries. Thanks to him, epic genres: novel, story; and the story - began to delimit. He was considered a reformer of dramaturgy and theater.
An ideologically new Soviet literature appears, allegedly emerging immediately after the 1917 revolution. Ideological dogma collapsed. Due to politics, the unified national literature is divided into three branches: Soviet, "detained" (within the country), and literature of the Russian diaspora.
"Proletarian" poetry enjoyed the benefits of politicians, its face was determined by the best poets of the "Silver Age": A. Blok, N. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatova and others.
Trotsky noted that “post-October literature wanted to pretend that nothing special had happened and that it had nothing to do with it at all. But somehow it turned out that October began to manage in literature, to sort and shuffle it - and not only in the administrative, but also in some more deep sense". A. Blok not only accepted the revolution, although he understood it in his own way: “The Twelve”, “Scythians”, the article “Intelligentsia and Revolution”.
Thus, literature from the end of 1917 (the first “swallows” - “Eat pineapples, chew grouse, / your last day is coming, bourgeois” and Mayakovsky’s “Our March”) until the beginning of the 20s is a small but very important transitional period. From a purely literary point of view, as émigré criticism rightly pointed out, this was direct continuation pre-revolutionary literature. But qualitatively new signs were maturing in it; the split into three branches of literature occurred in the early 20s
