Slavic surnames for men. Surnames from Slavic names and nicknames

Surnames in Russia appeared rather late. In ancient times, before the appearance of surnames, the Slavs had a personal name (they could have several names) and the name of the genus from which a person comes (for example, Vinitarkh from the Oriya clan). But since the number of members of the genus has increased tremendously, it became necessary to introduce the concept of "Surname", which reflects which family of this genus a person belongs to. Most of the surnames come from first names (the baptismal or worldly name of one of the ancestors), nicknames (according to the occupation or some other feature of the ancestor) or generic names. Much less often - from the names of the area (for example, Belozersky from White Lake). As a rule, Russian surnames were single and passed only through the male line.

Researchers have found that the vast majority of Russian surnames come from dedychestvo, that is, the name of the grandfather (or great-grandfather), thus fixing the hereditary name in the third (fourth) generation. This made it easier to designate families of the same root, because usually each clan had its own most commonly used names. The born children were named after the deceased grandfathers and great-grandfathers, in order to give them the opportunity to be born again (suddenly they did not complete all the work on this earth). But to call born child the name of a living family member was not allowed, since it was believed that the guardian legs (it's like the Greek guardian angels) would not be able to protect several family members with the same name at once.

The history of the origin of Russian surnames

In different social strata, surnames appeared at different times. The first in the XIV-XV centuries. they appeared among princes and boyars. As a rule, they were given by the names of their patrimonial estates: Tver, Zvenigorod, Vyazemsky. Among these surnames, there are many of eastern or western (Karamzin, Lermontov, Fonvizin) origin, due to the fact that many nobles came to serve the tsar from foreign countries. Methods of formation of noble families (surnames of ancient noble families and clans that served the nobility as ranks after the introduction of the Table of Ranks) were diverse. A small group consisted of the names of the ancient princely families, which, as mentioned above, originated from the names of their principalities.

A little later, surnames appeared among service people, including those who switched to the service tsarist Russia Cossacks. As a rule, they came from worldly names (native Vedic, not Christian) - Kirpa, Daremka, Strikha, Sokur, Khribut, Rizhaba, Trush; generic names - Lega, Bily; and nicknames - Shcherbina, Klochko, Halves, Lifeless, Naida, Zima, Mustache, Lyzhebko.

In the middle of the 19th century, especially after the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the surnames of peasants were formed, and before that their function was performed by nicknames and patronymics. So, for example, in the archival documents of that time one can find such entries: “Ivan Mikitin is the son, and the nickname is Menshik”, an entry of 1568; "Onton Mikiforov's son, and the nickname is Zhdan", a document of 1590; “Luba Mikiforov, son of Crooked cheeks, landowner”, entry of 1495; "Danilo Snot, peasant", 1495; "Efimko Sparrow, peasant", 1495.

In the XVII - the first half XVIII centuries peasants did not have hereditary surnames at all. The peasant surname lived only in the course of one life. For example, he was born in the family of Ivan Procopius, and in all metric records he is called Procopius Ivanov. When Vasily was born to Procopius, the newborn Vasily Prokopiev became, and not Ivanov at all. And only from the middle of the nineteenth century hereditary surnames of peasants began to form:

1. From the names of the landowners. Some peasants were given the full or changed surname of their former owner, landowner - this is how entire villages of the Polivanovs, Gagarins, Vorontsovs, Lvovkins appeared.
2. At the root of the surnames of some lay the names settlements. Basically, these are surnames ending in -sky, -sky. Gorodetsky, Polotsk, Uluzhsky
3. The bulk of the peasants in the document recorded a “street” nickname, which a different family could have more than one. Nicknamed surnames appeared much earlier than the universal surnames that occurred after the abolition of serfdom. It was these nicknames that first fell into the census sheets.
4. For some, a patronymic was recorded as a surname.

The first census in 1897 showed that up to 75% of the population did not have a surname. This whole process was very complicated and lengthy, often people continued to do without surnames, and for some they appeared only in the 30s of the 20th century during the era of passportization.

Under Peter the Great, by the Senate Decree of June 18, 1719, in connection with the introduction of the poll tax and recruitment duty, the earliest documents of police registration of foreigners were officially introduced - travel letters, some prototypes of modern passports. The travel letter contained information: name, surname, where he left, where he was going, place of residence, a description of his type of activity, information about family members who traveled with him, sometimes information about his father and parents.

By decree of January 20, 1797, Emperor Paul I ordered the compilation of a General Armorial of Noble Families, where more than 3,000 noble family names and coats of arms were collected. But the register of surnames in Russia is not limited to this number, therefore, in order to restore a single family connection with our ancestors, we all need to conduct a study of the appearance of our own family name.

An example of a study of the appearance of the surname "Trush"

All my life I considered my last name "Trush" not common enough. Having started collecting information on the history of the surname, I found out that the main geography of the settlement of representatives of my surname is Ukraine (there was even a village of Trushka in the Kiev province), the south of Belarus, the Kuban and the Volga. If so, does this mean that Old Slavic name"Trush", which was the basis of the surname, was once very common in one of the Slavic clans, which, when surnames were formed, settled precisely in these territories? Where was the original center of settlement of this genus and its name, the area of ​​​​its origin? And can we, based on the data historical sources, find it? Until what century will we have to continue our genealogical search?

Gorbanevsky's book gives 5 main ways of forming Russian surnames:

1. Surnames formed from canonical and various folk forms baptismal Christian names.
2. Surnames that have preserved worldly names in their basis. Worldly names came from the Vedic times of our ancestors, when there was a native faith and church names did not exist. After all, Christianity did not immediately captivate the minds, and even more so the souls of the Slavs. Old traditions were kept for a long time, the covenants of ancestors were revered sacredly. In each family, they remembered the names of their ancestors up to the 7th generation and even deeper. Traditions from the history of the family were passed down from generation to generation. cautionary tales about the past deeds of the ancestors were told at night to the young successors of the family. Many of the worldly ones were proper names (Gorazd, Zhdan, Lyubim, Trush), others arose as nicknames, but then became names (Dur, Chertan, Neustroy).
3. Surnames formed from professional nicknames of ancestors, telling which of them did what. Hence the Goncharovs, Ovsyannikovs, Cherepennikovs, Bondarchuks, Kovalis, etc.
4. Surnames formed from the name of the area where one of the ancestors came from (the basis of such surnames was various geographical names - cities, villages, villages, rivers, lakes, etc.): Meshcheryakov, Semiluksky, Novgorodtsev, Moskvitinov, etc.
5. The most interesting group Russian surnames- belonging to the Orthodox clergy: Apollonov, Gilyarovsky, Troitsky, Rozhdestvensky.

Before the adoption of Christianity, the Slavs had names that called a person according to some essential feature, external or internal, reflecting his belonging to a certain genus, the order in which new family members appeared and the relationship to them - Bel, Mal, Buyan, Molchan, Lyubim, Zhdan, Pervusha, Tretiak, etc.

The researcher of the process of formation of surnames Tupikov made a very interesting conclusion: secular (non-Christian) Russian names in the southwestern regions of Russia could be used independently (without mentioning the name given at baptism). Another interesting conclusion of Tupikov: “..in the 17th century. Russian names began to lose their meaning of personal names and began to pass from father to son, i.e. began to become family names ... "

From this we conclude that most likely until the seventeenth century "Trush" was a name common in one of the Slavic clans, and this conclusion is confirmed by documents.

1. Year 1490 Trush - voit (head of the city) of Lutsk (Ukraine). Year 1563, Trush is mentioned in the city of Kremenets (Ukraine, not far from Lutsk). - materials are taken from the dictionary of A. Bazhenova.
2. “List from the scribe and boundary book of the city of Sviyazhsk. Letters from Dmitry Andreev, son of Kikin, and comrades in the summer of 7076 (1567) November ”:“ In the village in Burundukovo, Poloneniki and newly baptized people live with Chuvash and Tatars, in the courtyard of Mitko, in the courtyard of Malaiko, in the courtyard of Mikhalko, in the courtyard of Rothko a shoemaker, in in the courtyard of Ivanko a polonenik, in the courtyard of Belyayko Trusha is newly baptized .. ”(Volga)
3. In the register of the Cossack Army of Zaporozhye from 1649. (Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky) two people with the name "Trush" are mentioned, these are Trush Moskal from the Zhabotinsky hundred and Trush Yaschenko from the Veremievsky hundred because of the Dnieper. (Ukraine) And in all these documents, "Trush" is recorded as a name, but already in documents dated to the 18th century, "Trush" is recorded as a person's surname:
4. Pivovar A.V. in his work "Settlements of the Zadneprovsky places in the documents of the middle of the 18th century" lists the apiary belonging to Trokhim Trush (Ukraine).
5. When settling by Zaporizhzhya Cossacks North Caucasus Bryukhovetsky hut arrived in the Kuban, named after the Zaporizhzhya ataman - Ivan Martynovich Bryukhovetsky. During the drawing of places for smoking in the winter of 1794, ataman Bryukhovetsky got the territory at the mouth of the Beisuzhok River, near the so-called Great Kurgan. Cossack Demko Trush is listed at number 184 in the register of kuren.

That is, we see that the fact is confirmed that most Russian surnames come from dedychestvo, that is, the name of the grandfather (or great-grandfather), who, as we have established, was most likely a Zaporozhye Cossack. But let's move on and see where the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks appeared in Ukraine. historical documents tell us the following: The Zaporizhzhya Cossacks are directly connected with the hero of the Battle of Kulikovo, Mamai. Mamai had two sons. One of them, Prince Mansur Kiyat, after the death of his father, continued to lead mixed detachments of Cherkasy Cossacks, Kiyat Cossacks, and descendants of other Slavic families who lived in the North Caucasus and part of the Chernihiv region and professed Rodnoverie (revered native Gods). This association in history is called the Sevruks and many historians call them the ancestors of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. Mansur Kiyat was the founder of three fortresses - Glinskaya, Glinishchevskaya and Poltava. The son of Mansur is Oleksa (very common Cossack name, often mentioned in the register of the Zaporizhzhya army of Khmelnitsky and the register of the Kuban army) in 1390 was forced to be baptized in Kyiv. Oleksa Mansurovich in baptism was named Alexander. At the same time, the grandson of Mansur, the son of Alexa, named Ivan, was baptized. It was this Ivan Alexandrovich who in 1399 obtained for himself the title of Prince Glinsky from the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt. Grand Duke Vitovt married Prince Ivan Alexandrovich Glinsky to the Ostrog princess Nastasya Danilovna, but their grandson Ivan Mamai is considered the founder of the Zaporizhian Sich.

But who is Mamai himself? Attention is drawn to the long-term and constant support provided to Mamai in the Crimea, the Don and Kuban. There he more than once escaped after defeats in the Horde strife, and from there he reappeared with fresh forces. And the point was not only in the financial (and in 1380 - in military) assistance of the Genoese, but also in the fact that it was there that Mamai recruited the main, shock part their troops. Even after huge losses on the Kulikovo field, he immediately recruited another army there and fought Tokhtamysh, but the forces after the Kulikovo duel were no longer the same (and the age of the ataman, who already had adult grandchildren and great-grandchildren) and he lost again. It is unlikely that such selected military contingents at that time could be supplied only by Crimea, where there was not yet any Crimean Khanate, nor Crimean Tatars in the form in which they became known in the next century. Apparently leading role played here former population Ruskolani: hordes of Cherkasy Cossacks, Kiyat Cossacks, descendants of the Goths-Polovtsy and ancestors of the North Black Sea Russ, who roamed in the strip from the northern part of the Crimea and adjacent parts of Tavria and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, along the left bank of the Dnieper in the region of rapids and further north to Vorskla.

For them, Mamai was not just an administrator sent from Saray, but also his hereditary local prince, one of whose close ancestors was considered almost the direct successor of the pre-Horde rulers of these places (Ruskolani).

The text of the genealogy of the Glinsky princes: “And Mamai Tsar has a son Mansur-Kiyat, and Mansur-Kiyat Prince has children, two sons: Prince Alexa (Oleksa is a very common name among the Cossacks), and another Skidir Prince. And after the Battle of the Don, Mamaev, the son of Mansur-Kiyat, the Prince, cut down three cities of Glinesk, yes Poldova (Poltava), and Glechenitsa (Glinitsa). The children of Mansur-Kiyatov, the younger son of Skider (Skidyr) Prince, having caught a herd of horses and camels and wandered in Perekop, and big son its Alexa Prince, stayed on those
cities of the predestined."

From the next phrase of the above quoted text, it can be seen that the heirs of Mansur divided themselves and divided the remnants of their army. And this division, as we will see below, was due to Faith. Some stayed with Alexa. Others went south with Skider, because they did not want to change their native Vedic Faith and, like Mamai, were idolaters (that is, they revered the idols of their Gods). In "The Tale of Mamaev massacre”(in another way“ Zadonshchina ”) it says: “By God's permission for our sins, from the obsession of the devil, the prince will rise from the western country, named Mamai ellin (as the Old Believers were called in our annals or in another way - a pagan), by faith an idolater (that is, worshiping idols Gods) and an iconoclast, an evil Christian reproacher.

Further, in the same place, we see which Gods Mamai calls for help during his flight: “The godless king Mamai, seeing his death, began to call on the Gods of his Perun and Raklia and Khors.” God Perun is the patron Slavic princes, and God Horse (together with Kolyada) is the patron of the Cossacks. Khors was always imagined surrounded by white dogs or wolves, which are called Horts on the Cossack balachka. The island of Khortytsya, the main base of the Cossacks, is also named in honor of this God. And the fact that part of the Mamayevites went south with Skider is indirectly confirmed by the fact that much later, in late XVIII century, when Suvorov captured the Kuban, many Kuban Cossacks not to accept someone else's Christian faith were forced to emigrate to Turkey and among them there was a group that the Muscovites called "Mamayevites".

In the XVIII - XIX centuries in Ukrainian folk painting there was a characteristic plot: a Zaporizhzhya Cossack was depicted, sitting with his legs crossed and playing the bandura. Poems were written under the picture, most often containing a description of the Zaporizhzhya Cossack in general, often ironic, but always quite benevolent. Sometimes this Cossack was the only hero the whole composition, in other cases other figures and entire scenes were added, but in all scenes there was certainly a Cossack bandura player in his stereotypical pose. Often the name of a Cossack was written. The names were different, but among them the “Cossack Mamai” was more common, and among the people in general all paintings of this type were known as portraits of the “Cossack Mamai”. “Cossack Mamai” is generally known throughout Ukraine, but this picture was most common in Chernihiv, Poltava and Kharkiv regions, that is, in the territory whose center is Poltava region.

And so we see that Zaporozhye Cossacks moved to Ukraine from the territory of the North Caucasus. But what kind of Slavic families lived in these places in ancient times. To this we are given the answer by the Book of Veles:

“The Goths that remained after Galarekh left at midnight and disappeared there, and Deterich led them. After that, we don't know anything about them. And the Berendeys came before us, and spoke to us about a very great oppression from the Yagis, who followed the trail of the Huns. And so that Beloyar told them to wait, and unexpectedly came to them with 50,000 (warriors), and Yagov defeated them, whom he scattered on all sides like the blessed ... .. after all, the husband of the Beloyar clan went on the other side of the Ra (Volga) river and warned the Sintsev there coming from the Fryazians, like the Huns on the islands, they will wait for the guests and rob them. It was 50 years from Aldorekh. And the ancient Beloyar family was strong ... .. Beloyar Krivorog was at that time the prince of Rushti (in the Veles book of Russians, they are often called the name "Rush" - Russian, in English our name is still written only in this way, hence the name in this family T-rush, That is Russian). And he releases a white dove. Where it flies, go there. And he flew to the Greeks. Krivorog attacked them and defeated them. Here the Greeks twirled their tails like foxes. Dali Krivorg The Golden Fleece with a silver horse. And that Krivorog held on to Surozh (a city in the Crimea) ... "

So everything fell into place, people from the ancient Slavic family Rush roamed these places, and the surname Trush only speaks of belonging modern descendants to this genus.

Trush name meaning

• In the "Veles Book" written by Slavic priests in the 9th century, Russians are called by the generic name "RUSH". Also in the 10th century, the name "Rushav" was mentioned among the southern Slavs, in the 11th century the name "Rush" was mentioned in Bohemia and Moravia, in the 13th century Rushkovichev was the prince of Lithuania. It follows that "Trush" simply means - That Russian, a descendant of Rush.
• If we read this name from the Glagolitic alphabet or from the Slovenian Letter with the help of figurative meanings, we get: T - firmly, approved by the gods, unshakable; R - rivers, wisdom flowing from the world of Rule which we speak. That is, what they received from above, then they said it. U - uk, (wok) connection of heavenly and earthly, connection on the verge of contacts. Ш - Breadth of aces, their wisdom, three channels of forces (soul, spirit, conscience), that is, the connection of man with heaven, the divine level. It follows that Trush is the one who must have a connection on the verge of contact with heaven and firmly convey to people the wisdom received from the gods (the numerical value of the name = 800).
• If we read this name from the runes with the help of figurative meanings, we get: T - approved by the gods Ru - an active influencing principle, both destroying and creating, bringing the divine forces into action Ш - Divine forces of life.

That is, Trush is a person who must firmly and actively influence life with the help of divine forces.

Now put it all together and get more full value ancient generic name.

Trush is a person belonging to a Russian clan-tribe who is able to: 1) establish a connection with the forces of the three worlds (Reveal, Navi and Rule) on the verge of contact; 2) firmly without distortion to convey to people the wisdom received from the gods; 3) to firmly and actively influence life with the help of divine forces (but we must not forget that all these are potentialities that still need to be realized).

Some famous representatives surnames Trush who managed to realize to one extent or another their inherent opportunities in the name of Rod:

• Trush Ivan Ivanovich born in 1869 - Ukrainian painter, paintings - ("Hutsulka with a child"), portraits (I. Franko), lyrical landscapes. A monument to him was erected in Lvov.
• Famous genealogist late XIX century K. A. Trush
• Vladimir Yakovlevich Trush (1869 -193 ...). "one of the resolute and fearless fighters and pioneers in the matter of the complete initiation of Galician Rus to the all-Russian culture", he "turned out after the war to be one of the first awakeners of the fallen, it was, the people's spirit in the region." In 1923, the Russian School society was founded in Lvov, the founding member of which was the same V.Ya.Trush ...

This material has been prepared in order to, through the study of surnames, encourage the living to restore the interrupted connection with their ancient clans. Therefore, I wish everyone good luck on this path.

Scientists have been able to full list true Russian surnames by regions of the country: Kuban turned out to be Russian
Unfortunately, the interpretations of family analysis that appeared in the media this summer (after the first publication of the data in a specialized scientific journal), could create a false impression of the goals and results of the enormous work of scientists, the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people than Ivanov, but that for the first time a complete list of truly Russian surnames was compiled by regions of the country. At the same time, scientists had to spend a lot of time collecting Russian surnames on their own.

The Central Election Commission and local election commissions flatly refused to cooperate with scientists, arguing that only if the voter lists are secret can they guarantee the objectivity and honesty of elections to federal and local authorities. The criterion for inclusion in the list of a surname was very lenient: it was included if at least five carriers of this surname lived in the region for three generations.

First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, about 15 thousand Russian surnames were accumulated in all regions, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When regional lists were superimposed on each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called "all-Russian surnames".

Interestingly, on final stage research, they decided to add the names of residents to the list of the Southern Region Krasnodar Territory, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, evicted here by Catherine II, will significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. From which the obvious and not pleasant conclusion followed that the Kuban was inhabited mainly by Russian people. And where did the Ukrainians go and were there at all here - the big question.

An analysis of Russian surnames generally provides food for thought. Even the simplest action - searching it for the names of all the leaders of the country - gave an unexpected result. Only one of them was included in the list of top 250 all-Russian surnames - Mikhail Gorbachev (158th place). The surname Brezhnev takes 3767th place in the general list (found only in the Belgorod region of the Southern region). The surname Khrushchev is in 4248th place (found only in the Northern region, Arkhangelsk region). Chernenko took 4749th place (only the Southern region). Andropov - 8939th place (only the Southern region). Putin took 14250th place (only the Southern region). But Yeltsin did not get into common list. Stalin's surname - Dzhugashvili - for obvious reasons was not considered. But on the other hand, the pseudonym Lenin got into the regional lists under the number 1421, second only to the first president of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev.

250 MOST RUSSIAN SURNAMES

Origin Slavic surnames.

History of Slavic surnames covers more than one century and combines their similarities and features that are common to all Slavic cultures. Practically in all Slavic lands hereditary names began to form in the XIV-XV centuries among landowners, when it became necessary to secure the hereditary right to property.

Educational features of Slavic surnames.

Usually meaning such Slavic surnames associated with some place names. Here, Polish generic names with the ending -sky, -tsky - Verbzhitsky (Polish), Steblevsky (Ukrainian), Vyazemsky (Russian), Belsky (Belarusian) had a strong influence on Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian surnames.

Perhaps in dictionary of Slavic surnames the endings -ov, -ev, -in, which are more characteristic of the Russian language, can be considered as common. They are found in Ukrainian, Belarusian, Czech, Bulgarian surnames. True, in men's Czech surnames usually there are no endings, but in the female version such hereditary names end in -ova - Novak-Novakova, Shpork-Shporkova. very many Bulgarian surnames formed in this way - Mitkov, Panchev, Tikhov. The southern Slavs have common surnames in -ich - Vutechich (Serbian), Babich (Serbian), Lalich (Hovatskaya), Kreshemirovich (Croatian).

Of course there is a large number of ways of forming Slavic surnames that differ national characteristics. In russian language declension of Slavic surnames obeys the laws of Russian grammar. For example, male surnames ending in a consonant are inflected, while female surnames are not. Surnames ending in -sky, -sky change in cases in both genders as adjectives.

Meanings of Slavic surnames.

If you study alphabetical list of slavic surnames, it can be seen that they have much in common in semantic meaning. In all languages, part of the surnames was formed from personal names (Nikolich, Sidorov, Lukash, Petrenko, Aleshkovsky). Interpretation most Slavic surnames associated with the profession of a person, his nickname, the names of plants and objects. So, perhaps, the first carrier of the Polish surname Dzenzelyuk bore the nickname "woodpecker", the Czech Sklenarzh was a glassmaker, the Ukrainian Koval was a blacksmith. Polish- Belarusian surname Golodyuk is formed from the word "hunger", Ukrainian surname Kvitun corresponds to the Russian Kvitunov, and both of them came from the verb "kvitat", that is, "to avenge an insult, pay a debt." The Poles have a similar surname Kvitash.

Even this brief analysis shows how much Slavic surnames have in common, despite all their diversity. A top slavic slavic surnames will show which of them are the most common and popular in their countries.

Surnames Slavic peoples sometimes it is difficult to separate according to "national apartments", although Lately they are trying to do it in Ukraine. For centuries, the so-called writing people aspired to Slavic unity. They used the same books to study in Russia and Serbia. The Kiev monk Pamvo Berynda, who created an excellent lexicon, believed that he wrote in a “luxurious” language (that is, Russian), although his own language by that time was already Ukrainian. The famous lexicographer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal included in his dictionary the words of all East Slavic languages, not dividing them into Ukrainian and Belarusian, but only marking “western”, “southern”.

Especially all this applies to surnames. After all, people do not sit still; in the history of our country there were both mass migrations and moving individual people, and marriages between representatives of different branches of the Slavs. It is especially difficult to determine the linguistic affiliation of the surnames of people in the Smolensk region, in Belarus, in Western Ukraine, where Orthodoxy and Catholicism met, where there were significant Polish penetrations, and in some parts of this zone at one time documentation was kept in Polish.

Most clearly Polish and Belarusian elements are felt in surnames, including a combination of letters dz, dl, partially - rzh. For example, the Belarusian surname Dzyanisau corresponds to the Russian Denisov and is written in Russian this way. The Polish surname Dzeshuk is formed from the name Dzesh, derived from Dzeslav (a two-part name formed from the stem of the verb to do (sya) + the Slavic component) with the suffix -uk, indicating that Dzeshuk is the son of a man named Dzesh.

Common features of the surnames of the Slavic peoples

The Polish surname Orzhekhovskaya corresponds to the Russian Orekhovskaya, Grzhibovskaya - Gribovskaya. Since these surnames end in -skaya, they do not come directly from the words mushroom or nut, but are most likely formed from the names of places with such stems.

The Polish surname Shidlo corresponds to the Ukrainian Shilo, the Polish Sverdlov - the Russian Sverlov.

The Polish surname Dzenzelyuk is derived from the name or nickname Dzendzel, which comes from the word dzenzol - woodpecker. Breaking away from the original word, surnames develop dozens of similar variants. The surnames Dzenzelovsky, Dzenzelevsky (with the transformation of the second “dz” into “z”) and the Ukrainianized surname Dzynzyruk mentioned by the author of the letter, Elena Dzenzelyuk, go back to the same basis.

The Polish-Belarusian surname Golodyuk is formed from the word famine (Polish glud). The Polish dictionary of surnames, compiled by Professor Kazimierz Rymut (this is the modern Polish pronunciation of the name, which is traditionally written in Russian Kazimierz), along with the forms Glud and Glod, also lists the surnames Golod, Goloda, Golodok. The Golodyuk form indicates that the bearer of this surname is a descendant of a man named Golod.

The Ukrainian-South Russian surname Muriyenko is formed from the nickname Mury (Ukrainian Mury), which a person could get by the color of his hair. V. I. Dal explains: mury (about the wool of cows, dogs), - reddish-brown with a black wave, dark motley. In the Ukrainian-Belarusian dictionary of V.P. Lemtyugova, these meanings of the adjective are confirmed and an addition is made - “with a red, swarthy face”. The surname Murienko suggests that its bearer is a descendant of a person with the nickname Muriy. The suffix -enko, which is more widespread in the eastern part of Ukraine than in the western part, is similar to the Russian patronymic suffix -ovich/-evich. Compare in fairy tales: Russian Ivan Tsarevich corresponds to Ukrainian Ivan Tsarenko.

The Ukrainian-South Russian surname Kvitun is formed from the verb kvitat - to pay off, to avenge an insult, to pay a debt; -un - suffix of the name of the figure, as in a screamer, squeaker, talker. With the same basis Polish surnames: Kvit, Kvitash, Kviten, Kvitko.

The surname Sitar is most likely Czech. It is formed from a nickname by profession: sitar - one who makes sieves.

The surname Kuts is very interesting, which can be compared with the words different languages. I have always perceived it as coming from short adjective kuts corresponding full form stubby. But from the semantics of this word "short-tailed, tailless, short-haired" it is far from any characteristic of a person. True, in the 17th-18th centuries, a “German dress” was called a short dress or a short caftan, in contrast to Russian long-brimmed caftans, and there was also an expression: a short-haired captain of a plucked team, but this does not explain the surname formed from short form adjective.

The surname Kuts is in the Polish language. It is formed from the same word, which developed some other meanings there. For example, the verb "kutsat" - to squat down, which indicates a small stature. So, the nickname Kuts could get a short person. The Poles use the word kuts for a small horse, including a pony.

Finally, the surname Kuts can be German descent, as formed from one of the many derivatives of the name Konrad. The surname Kunz is of the same origin.

Surname What - Greek origin. In Greek, "kako" means evil, damage, loss, misfortune; kakos - bad, evil, bad, compare the word cacophony - bad sounds, bad sound. The surname could be formed from the name given "from the evil eye."

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Many of us have tried to find out the meaning of our last name, how it happened, what it means. And I think that in most cases popular literature on this topic, they came across primitive interpretations. Like, the surname came from a nickname or nickname given to an ancestor many centuries ago, or as an option from his profession or physical handicap - features. Unfortunately, such an opinion about the origin of surnames can be found in most publications, even those written by venerable scientists, linguists and philologists. I think that, faced with such a primitive interpretation of surnames, many of you stopped your research on this, everything seems to be clear and there can be no other options.

My friends!
Everything is far from being so simple and you still do not know much about the meaning of your surname. Let's leave primitive interpretations on the conscience of such, if I may say so, scientists who did not tell you anything new that you did not guess yourself, even in the first grade of school, barely learning to read.
You don’t need a great mind to notice the consonance of a surname with any word and assume that the surname came from this word ...
No, my dears! Initially each surname - surname(do not confuse the word nickname with a nickname, a nickname in Old Church Slavonic is a surname, for example, in a Ukrainian passport in place of the word surname, you still read the old Slavic word-nickname) was due to something and meant something, but why a person was called this way and not otherwise, we will try to figure it out. I would like to emphasize once again that our surname is living word, the memory of the family, and if one surname carries the history of the family, then all together they make up the history of the people.
Let's try to learn how to decipher what our surname means, what our ancestors wanted to convey to us, what they wanted to say, why they took care of it ...
We will learn from the example of the surname Razorenov, close to me.

So, from a generally imposed point of view, everything seems to be clear, Razorenov means that once his ancestors were either ruined, or they themselves were ruined. Oh, how simple everything is and was it worth studying linguistics for years, getting degrees? I don’t know, we did it on our own, in the specialized literature we read about the same thing. Well, maybe with a few variations. For example, you can read that Razorenov and Kleimenov, Zhzhenov, Kalenov, Palenov, Razzorenov, Sechenov, Solenov, Studenov, Tolchenov, Chinenov, etc., are generally the same thing .... One can only be surprised at the wildness and primitiveness of the imagination of scientists who believe that our ancestors were so primitive that they either did not understand the difference between different words, or they could only hear the endings of words - in this case, the only thing that unites these words is that they are from verbal adjectives, on -ens. The logic, as you can imagine, is absurd.

By the same principle, we are offered to decipher all the other surnames, say, Ptitsyn - from a bird, that is, the ancestor was like her or was engaged in poultry farming, or maybe just loved to eat them. Whistling, by analogy, apparently whistled well, the surname Varenikov (Varennikov) is considered to be connected with food with food. Either the progenitor was a sluggish and mild-mannered person, or he loved dumplings a lot. And the similar-sounding surname Varentsov, in their opinion, comes from the name of the milk drink Varentsov. However, Dal's cooker is the one who cooks jams or sells them, hence Varennik Varennikov could have existed. I think you understand the logic of interpretation, except that when a word is obsolete and its meaning is not clear at the moment, you can resort to Dahl's dictionary, but this does not bring us closer to the truth at all. In fairness, it must be said that, according to the same logic, Dahl interprets the origin of words, but Dahl is excusable, he is German and Russian - Slavic language had a very distant relationship, being a German by origin and by profession a rural doctor, so to speak, a guest worker - an emigrant, he hardly spoke and understood Russian. Which made him keep a dictionary with German scrupulousness, you all know the result.

So what other options are there, you ask?

So.
We take as a basis Old Slavic the word construction, interpretation. And we must categorically reject the assertion that is being imposed on us that surnames appeared in Rus' in the 18th century, and before that there were only nicknames, and even earlier there were none, but only wild tribes that could barely speak.

The rules are as follows-
- When searching for the ancient meanings of words, and in ancient times, the letter was consonant, i.e. without vowels, vowels (and their possible meanings) are ignored.
- When searching for the meaning of words, taking into account vowels, the meanings of vowels in a word are taken into account from the time they were put into circulation.
- the first letter - denotes the central actor formulas. It's me" given word. This is the "Face" of the word. It is this person who performs all subsequent actions described by the letters of the word in question following the first;
- the second letter - denotes the action performed by the central person (I), over that person, which is described by the next in order (after the second) letter. If there is no next letter in the word, then the second letter simply means the action performed by the central person of the word. For example, the word "Ra" means "God". The word "Rod" - means "Ra, doing" (doing - from the verb to do), that is - "God doing" (cf., for example, rejoice - Ra + do; give birth - Ra + give birth);
- the third letter - denotes the person on whom the action, determined by the 2nd letter, is performed, the central person of the formula (1st letter);
- the fourth letter - denotes the action performed by the person indicated by the 3rd letter, over the person indicated by the 5th letter;
- etc.

We take as a basis the ancient Slavic Russian alphabet with the interpretation of A.A. Tyunyaev and my additions

Ancient Slavic - Russian alphabet of letters and combinations
Letter God Meaning
R R Ra
Rod, [God-Sun] The word "Ra" - meant sunlight.
"Joy" - get the light!
Joyful - a bright soul person.
Ra-arc, heat-ra, p-ra-vada,
The name of the god Ra in Egypt was written without the vowel "a". Therefore, the sources give different spellings of this name: Ra, Re, Re, PH, and the most interesting one is RC. Let's try to insert any vowel between these consonants, we get: Ras (Rasseya), Res, Rice, Ros (Russia), Rus (Rus), Rys (Lynx), Res, Ryus (Russian), Ryas (Ryazan).
I i Indra AND SO ON[O-A S
Phoneme, vowel connector o = a, depending on the area and pronunciation, where it is customary to say, where to say
KR Blood, red. Beautiful, cross (as protection), beauty of the Sun / Red Sun, strength (of the Sun, Rod)
Sh-Sch Dark, dark (forces), unkind, underground-underwater world

The surname Razorenov consists of 3 main syllables of the words Ra-Zor-Enov

Ra - Sun, light, God
Zor - dawn of light - those sunrise, light before the sun or Z + R
Enov - we do not consider, this is nothing more than an ending that came into the language later and does not carry semantic load, that is, in ancient times this Surname was written as - Rzor, later, more familiar to us - Razor. I can’t help but digress and say that, initially, vowels in words were not written at all for sacred reasons.

It was believed that if you write vowels, then the word acquires strength and soul, the written can come to life and materialize. How in Chinese parable about an artist who drew a dragon without eyes, and when asked why without eyes, he replied, if I draw eyes, he will come to life and fly away.

P - in the word Razor we meet 2 times, which means that the meanings in this surname for them (P) were different, the first should be the dominant value, in this case, it is God
It turns out - Razor means - meeting God with light or, as an option, Meeting the Sun with light.

In fact, it was so, the Priests always went out with fire in their hands to meet the Sun at dawn, as if showing him the way, and saw him off in the evening, leaving with fire, as if keeping light and hope for dawn in the night. And the surname indicates to us the purpose of the clan - priestly, to carry and store light, divine goodness. Actually, the rarity of this surname indirectly confirms what has been said, there could not be many priests.

Consider, for practice, another surname, for example, Ulyanov.
So, Ulyanov = st-l-yan
At a meeting, a call, the eve of something
L l Lada [Shower (flow of something)]
yang = yang = yang - male energy which is identified with the soul.
y=ahead=meeting=hello=call for something
We get Ulyanov \u003d st-b-yang \u003d invoking a soft stream-shower of male strength \u003d military

My friends! I will make a reservation right away. In this, my article, of course, not all interpretations are given, not all possible meanings are disclosed. Why? I just didn’t want to complicate what in itself is very voluminous and multifaceted, so that the apparent complexity would not push you away from further research. For now, start with this. Reveal the main meanings of your last name and not only the last name, this is the key to revealing the essence of many words.

What else is important to know - never in Old Russian-Slavic there were no offensive or evil meanings in the surnames, there simply were no “dirty” words-images, this came later from the outside. And any Russian-Slavic The surname carries only a positive meaning-strength.

For example, the surname Smirnov, cm + i + r
We meet the combination with and m in such a word as death (death), c-axis, core, that is, the essence + m (M- Mara (Goddess of death, closing the essence)), that is, the essence of Mara Death, as it would seem a negative concept , but then we have the letter P, so what happens to death that brings light, the sun? Exactly! In other words, peace. We get - Smirnov is nothing more than calm, and the purpose of the family is to bring peace, the calming power of light, one can say - to spread peace around you, that is, not just to be calm yourself, but by the power of this Ra to calm others, and these are both people and animals, and natural element.

In addition, it even seemed not pleasant to the ear now, and the surname that attracts ridicule today, while understanding the meaning as it was seen by the ancestors, shows that in ancient times it evoked nothing but pride in one’s Family.

Well, for example, let's consider the surname - Krivosheev. Modern associations and interpretations of origin, I think many before reading this article were the same. Crooked neck and that says it all.

In fact, Krivosheev \u003d KR-i-VoSh- (we do not take into account it)
KR - beauty, beautiful
V- Know, Magic, Power
Sh- dark unkind
We get - beauty leading (having) power over the dark (darkness) or, as an option, dispersing darkness with beauty

It may be difficult for you at first to operate and reveal images in this way. And it’s not surprising - after all, you didn’t do this before, don’t let it bother you, very soon this ability of our ancestors will return to you, and you will begin to understand the language in the first place, you will see the light of ancient word images, many of which have been perverted (from-gates-or (turned) them into darkness), and we, deprived of the key to understand the images, agreed with this, believed.

What else do you need to know. Many surnames have still retained their ancient spelling (as a rule, these are Ukrainian, Belarusian, etc.), but let's say to the modern one, let's say a Russian, in this case, even the external meaning will not be visible. For example, Spivak will not cause any associations, except with the musician of the same name, but the Ukrainian will immediately translate - the nightingale.
The most surprising thing is that for the concept of an image-hidden meaning, we don’t even need such a translation, because this is only a superficial meaning. You can immediately open this word using our key without translation. The only thing you need to know in such cases is that foreign surnames just require a reverse translation, here your common sense will help you. For example, the surname Sakharov, it is clear that there was no sugar in Rus', the word was sugar, but in Slavic tsukr, and the surname originally sounded like tsukrman, but even in this case the meaning is not lost (tsukr - pouring blood, by the way and symptoms and consequences of sugar disease), Zuckerman - blood-drinking men.

You also need to understand that there are surnames under Russian, the purpose of their appearance is clear, we do not take other people's surnames and do not hide, pick it up, because I forge documents and surnames for the most part swindlers and robbers. Those who did this understood why they changed their surnames, they also knew the power contained in words, and they could not simply take and appropriate bright surnames devoid of evil, in which case they would have cheated on their master, and not only would have lost his patronage, but would have been they were punished, therefore, no matter how sweet their names would seem at first glance, when deciphering, the thirst for kr and death becomes visible early

As for the change of surname in marriage, you can find out your background, knowing your maiden mother's surname, but with the change of surname, go to another clan and begin to live in it, and it becomes important and decisive for you new surname. Therefore, those who wish to preserve the lineage of their parents (if its branches were interrupted by you) did not change it in marriage.

For whom will the described keys of understanding be valid, for all Russians, who is this? This is a Kalmyk and a Tatar, a Mordvinian and a Ukrainian, all who live and lived (in their ancestors) initially in the vast Russia-Tartaria, those who will always be a stranger in another place and country, those who understand that they will not become their own among strangers ...

I can't give you more than you can understand, so that's enough for now, but we're on our way...

Doctor of Psychology Valery Rozanov- Razorenov- Razomir

P.S. If you didn’t manage to read your last name correctly, don’t be upset, write, we’ll try together.

To be continued…

Reprinting of this article is possible only in full, with the consent of the author, quoting and partial use is prohibited.