The combination of tradition and innovation is inherent in any culture. The former embody a conservative principle, ensure the stability of the social order, the latter contribute to the development of society and culture, expand the horizons of knowledge, spiritual world of people.

A distinctive feature of traditional culture is its strict adherence to patterns of behavior adopted from previous generations. These samples are acquired from childhood from the elders. The most important conditions that ensure their preservation and transmission from generation to generation is imitation and obedience. Related to this is the veneration of elders, characteristic of a traditional society, acting as custodians of accumulated social experience, teachers and judges, whose decisions and instructions must be implicitly carried out.

Everything that violates the "covenants of fathers and grandfathers" is found in traditional societies wary and apprehensive, i.e. such societies are characterized by xenophobia and condemnation of any attempts of creativity aimed at updating the traditional norms of life and activity. The consequences of this are the stability of everyday life, worldly psychology, economic structure, forms of social structure.

In turn, the innovation culture is receptive to innovation and dynamic. It is not preoccupied with the careful preservation of traditions coming from the past and easily allows all sorts of deviations from them. As a result of this, the normativity of culture weakens, the scales of life values ​​are blurred, various deviations of behavior appear, which do not meet with much resentment in society. Morality is shattered, morality is falling.

At the same time, the collectivist principle gives way to individualism. The individual becomes autonomous, able to independently determine life goals, ideals, forms and means of activity.

Innovative culture is characterized by the desire for knowledge, education, criticality and independent thinking. Faith in the power of the human mind is spreading. Changes in society, unlike traditional culture, are more likely to please people than to frighten them.

In his cultural concept, A.S. Akhiezer explains the difference between traditional and innovative cultures by the peculiarities of people's thinking. When alternative ideas collide, people seek a way out either by inversion, i.e. acceptance of one of the alternatives, or through mediation - finding a way to combine and synthesize them. Inverse thinking operates only with ready-made solutions and is influenced by emotions, while mediative thinking is associated with creative efforts to create new ideas, with the help of which the homogeneity of alternative positions is overcome. The inverse logic of thinking aims a person at the "value of reproduction", rotation in the same circle of concepts, intolerance to other people's opinions and the fight against everything that goes beyond the usual collective attitudes. It dominates in traditional cultures. Mediation logic tunes in to the “value of progress”, changing the positions originally taken, taking into account other opinions, analysis and generalization different views, their creative development leading to the formation of new meanings.

However, despite all this, it is impossible to draw a clear line between traditional and innovative cultures. No innovation remains innovation for a long time. Over time, it becomes a tradition. At the same time, any tradition originally arose as an innovation. So, many rituals and customs that are characteristic of the present time were once completely new for our ancestors, and what is created today for our grandchildren and great-grandchildren will become a tradition passed down from generation to generation.

What are innovations and traditions and how can these seemingly opposite definitions successfully interact and complement each other in our modern and rapidly developing world?
Initially, it is worth deciding what all the same is a tradition and very now buzzword innovation.

Tradition- this is a certain set of rituals, habits, foundations, skills of practical activity in a particular area of ​​people's lives, passed down from generation to generation, also acting as a kind of regulator of social relations. Traditions are manifested in almost all spheres of people's lives - education, science, culture, etc. They began to take shape at the dawn of time thousands of years ago, and some of them can be found even now.

Now you can try to get acquainted with such a definition as "Innovation", which in last couple gained great popularity all over the world for decades.

Innovation(or what else can be called innovation) - this definition can be understood as a kind of implemented innovation, innovation in various spheres of society, ensuring the rapid growth of manufacturing processes for final products, in demand in this moment society or the renewal and modernization of already existing technological and social processes. At the same time, it is the final result of human intellectual activity, his thinking, fantasy, creativity, discoveries and mental activity. If we consider innovation (as a definition) on some general example, then we can say that this is the introduction of new goods (services) with relatively new consumer properties to the market.

What is common between these two definitions? Where exactly do they closely interact and complement each other, in what areas and why some innovations cannot do without traditions?

Today, quite often they use innovations, but constantly forgetting simple thing: it is simply impossible to go to a brilliant and innovative future, staying within the "empty" intellectual present and past. It is impossible to form any kind of innovative thinking and understanding without traditions as a whole. Traditions are the guarantee, the foundation, the platform on which the innovative future is formed.

How does something innovative arise within the framework of traditional work, and can something fundamentally new appear under these conditions?

The answer to the first part of the question is quite simple. All our activities related to the elimination of ignorance are quite traditional. Misunderstanding and confusion arise at the moment when it comes to something new, still unfamiliar to a person - the area of ​​ignorance. It is obvious that a person does not penetrate into this very area on purpose, sometimes making discoveries that he did not expect to receive at all.

Today they talk a lot about innovation, but they forget: to start a bright innovative future, being within the framework of the “naked” intellectual space, impossible. Without large-scale, high-quality breakthroughs in the field of technology, materials science, engineering and related knowledge in these areas, there simply cannot be the development of any modern civilization. But still, for any cultural, educated, scientific and business society, it is necessary to understand that traditions are closely interconnected with innovations, and not only to understand, but also to develop both at the same time. It is impossible to form innovative thinking without traditions. Traditions- this is the basis, the platform on which only movement forward is possible.

IN in the context of this topic, one can cite several very interesting examples are Swiss manufacturers wrist watch and of course the top car manufacturer Rolls-Royce.

For decades, Switzerland has been at the forefront of producing the finest wristwatches in the world, from the relatively budget-friendly Luminox to giants like Rolex and Patek Philippe.

It is the combination of such concepts as tradition and innovation that allows these companies to occupy a leading position in this market. Traditional precision manufacturing by hand assembly, unique design recognizable all over the world, strength, materials used - these are the few factors that show the centuries-old traditions of Swiss watchmaking.

One of the most interesting indicators in the production of Swiss watches is their manual assembly. The smallest parts are assembled by craftsmen (sometimes this happens for years) into one precise and well-oiled mechanism, as it has been for centuries, but at the same time, the most advanced and modern technologies are used today, simplifying the work of craftsmen as much as possible - methods of processing materials, assembly methods, auxiliary tools .
Today the Swiss watch industry is at its most high level. All this has become possible today thanks to centuries of experience in watchmaking accumulated by Swiss masters and the continuous introduction of scientific and technical innovations.

As noted earlier, Rolls-Royce cars are also a good example when the concepts of innovation and tradition exist as a whole, mutually complementing each other.

These are the most advanced workshops where car engines, bodies, electronics, chassis are assembled. All this answers last word technology and meets all safety standards, dynamics required by a modern car. But at the same time, if you even remember the interior of the car itself, it is traditionally leather and expensive woods. All measurements, patterns, as well as individual requests (preferences) of individual clients within the salon are carried out only manually - since machine labor will never replace the quality of the pattern, tailoring of chairs, which gives years of experience to the leading masters of Rolls-Royce.

In my opinion, for the successful existence of any modern company, whether it has just embarked on the path of development or is a “huge giant” that manufactures and sells products and services around the world, it is necessary to understand that the successful combination of accumulated experience, traditions and modern technologies allows you to successfully operate in any market.

(succession) - necessary condition and mechanism of creative creative activity, culture increments.

Continuity goes back to tradition.

6.2. Tradition, innovation and pioneering

Continuity and tradition permeate the cultural life of society. Culture contains both stable (traditions) and changeable (innovation) moments. Tradition and innovation are two sides of a single process of cultural development, they are like two sides of a coin.

Stability, inertia in culture is manifested in the phenomenon of tradition.

The Role and Importance of Traditions

Traditions (lat. traditio: transmission) include elements of socio cultural heritage(ideas, values, customs, rituals, ways of perceiving the world, etc.), the process and ways of their inheritance. They are preserved and passed down from generation to generation. This ensures the stability (“survivability”) of traditions and culture as a whole.

Traditions originated in time immemorial and have long determined the entire public and private life of a person. They contained instructions, moral and aesthetic norms, rules and skills. economic activity and everyday life (devices of dwellings, healing, marital relations, raising children, etc.). The isolation of cultural life, the limitedness of changes, the absence or poor development of writing in antiquity contributed to the increase regulatory role and the importance of traditions in people's lives.

Traditions still serve as a means of regulating social relations and behavior. They perform a regulatory function.

Tradition is a viable past inherited from grandfathers and great-grandfathers. Stability, repetition, consolidation in myths, religious rituals and ceremonies, norms of behavior and customs have made tradition a universal way of accumulating and transferring cultural experience. The mechanism of transmission of traditions is voluntary imitation and assimilation.

Traditions provide a spiritual connection between generations, they perform a communicative function.

Traditions exist in all forms of culture - spiritual and material. We can talk about moral, religious, scientific, national, labor, artistic, social, family, household and other traditions.

Traditions still permeate all spheres of life. In progressive traditions lies a centuries-old worldly wisdom, they exist and develop today. At the same time, by inertia, some relic forms of traditional cultural phenomena (archaisms) are also preserved. System cultural traditions allows you to maintain the integrity and stability (stability) of society and its culture, to preserve the social (historical) memory of the people. Collective memory is the basis of culture, conscience and morality.

Traditions determine the basic trends in the development of certain cultures. Each person, a separate social group, society as a whole has own traditions(for individuals - habits). Hence the plurality and inconsistency of traditions, cultural forms and their interpretations. The diversity of cultures existing in the world is largely due to the multiplicity of relevant cultural traditions.

Traditions are continuous, irreversible and non-renewable.

If a tradition naturally dried up and died out or was artificially interrupted, its re-creation is doomed to failure. Traditions die out when the needs that brought them to life cease to exist, in the absence of which they cannot be revived and

the traditions that once satisfied them, which have already lost their roots in the surrounding reality.

Forced interruption of tradition irreversibly violates the inertia of its existence in consciousness and everyday life; the habit of performing it is lost and the need for this tradition dries up. There is, as philosophers say, a “break in gradualness” (jump), which, by virtue of the laws of dialectics, no longer allows it to be restored in the same form and the same quality. An artificially revived tradition is not vital, no matter how skillful its restoration may be.

Such a pseudo-tradition, even if it satisfies nostalgic expectations or ethnographic interest, cannot be strong and durable, since the need for it has already died out or life has found other ways to satisfy those needs that were previously served by the reconstructed tradition.

Traditions can only continue, develop, evolve and die naturally, but it is difficult to return to them, just as one cannot step into the same river twice.

Therefore, one should not discard traditions, destroy old spiritual values, cross out historical memory.

On the other hand, culture cannot live only by tradition. New generations of people are creatively processing the cultural achievements of the past. For example, fashion (innovation) always “corrects” custom (tradition).

Innovation and innovation

Culture and society cannot exist and develop without renewal and innovation as a creative activity for the production of innovations (lat.innovatio: renewal, innovation).

Innovation is the emergence and spread of an object (object, phenomenon or process) or a characteristic feature that did not previously exist within the framework of a given culture.

Innovation can be the result of intracultural invention or crosscultural borrowing.

Innovations usually arise where and when people's living conditions sharply worsen or, conversely, improve, in the monotony of everyday life, innovations usually do not come into being. In innovation, the playful beginning is also important.

Innovations are scientific discoveries and inventions; new ideas, theories and works in science, literature, art, politics; artistic and architectural styles and works of art made in them and erected buildings; new generations of machines, mechanisms and electronic devices; fundamental improvements in everyday life, etc. This creative contribution of an individual or a group, proposed over 1–2 generations for inclusion in social memory

Innovation - creative process creation of new cultural samples (innovations, innovations) on the basis of continuity.

Innovation and innovation is a necessary condition for the development of culture and society.

Aristotle said: "All men by nature seek knowledge."

The thirst for knowledge and curiosity are the two main drivers of innovation, and the ability to update is the most important trait of a person in general and an innovator in particular.

Innovativeness in the psychological sense is the ability to change, experiment, improvise and the ability to question the familiar and see things in a new light, the willingness to take risks.

Innovation is a function mature people. Young people are more prone to play than adults, their active curiosity contributes to discovery. But the invention still needs to be put into practice, to make it an integral part of the way of life, that is, to achieve social recognition of the innovation. And here a conflict arises: what younger man, the more innovative he is, but the older he is, the more likely he will be able to persuade others to adopt innovations.

Therefore, the peak of innovative creativity falls on the age of "under forty".

The ideal innovator, according to the modern English biologist Desmond Morris, should be mature enough to have knowledge and life experience, but at the same time young enough not to lose the game start and not be afraid of risk. Not surprisingly, most innovation occurs between the ages of 35 and 40. Creative zenith, according to D. Morris, is 38 years old. Of course, there are exceptions, for example, innovators in mathematics are usually younger, in politics - more mature people1.

Acting as the opposite of traditions, cultural innovations form a dialectical unity with them. For innovation and tradition are the designation of the same phenomenon, only at different stages of its existence. Innovation is its infancy, and tradition is its old age. Traditions do not develop immediately - initially they arise as innovations. And only useful innovations turn into traditions over time. Therefore, there are always fewer traditions than innovations.

All traditions are born as innovations, but not every innovation becomes a tradition.

We can say that tradition is a surviving innovation.

Any innovation arises and is implemented in everyday life only there and then, where and when there is an urgent social need for it and the corresponding social conditions have developed. No power, no authority is able to elevate an innovation to the rank of tradition simply on command.

Usually, an innovation becomes a tradition and is recognized as such in everyday life after 75–100 years, after at least three generations have passed, when the stories of contemporaries of the emergence of innovation are already forgotten, and the tradition itself becomes a habit. In our time, due to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress and the pace public life this period is reduced to 20-30 years (time of coming to active life new generation).

The number of innovations and the speed of their implementation are constantly increasing.

1 Morris D. New is always extreme, mediocrity only causes stagnation // Deutschland. 2004. No. 4 (August–September). P. 48–49.

Before our eyes, the once strong epistolary traditions (the habit of writing letters) are disappearing, being supplanted by e-mail and SMS correspondence; visiting cinemas is replaced by watching TV shows, video cassettes and DVDs; typewritten texts give way to computer typesetting; commonplace become various forms interactive communication on the Internet.

Cultural innovations can be divided into two groups:

1) arising from different peoples independently of each other as an intracultural invention (primary);

2) originated in one or more centers of culture and subsequently spread widely as a result of

intercultural borrowing during contacts between peoples - trade, migration and wars (secondary).

Since ancient times, merchants, warriors and migrants have been the bearers of culture.

At the dawn of mankind, the innovations of the first group were: the ability to make tools, make fire and build dwellings; articulate speech; the original forms of religion, art and morality; agriculture, cattle breeding and handicraft, etc. They are conditioned by the general patterns of development of various human communities.

The second group of innovations includes rice and chess in India, gunpowder and tea in China, coffee in Ethiopia, potatoes in America. Many important innovations originated in Ancient Egypt and Sumer (Mesopotamia). These are the cultivation of the land with the help of domestic animals, the artificial irrigation of fields, the smelting and processing of metals, riding in chariots, the construction of cities and funeral temples, the appearance of writing.

The transformation of innovation into tradition does not happen immediately and not without struggle. To do this, they must pass the test of time and receive public acceptance. For example, the introduction of potatoes in Russia in the second half of the 18th century was accompanied by peasant resistance (the so-called potato riots), and only in the 19th century did it become a traditional agricultural crop.

However, not every innovation, but only socially necessary, becomes a fact of culture. novelty for the sake of novelty

DIALECTICS OF INTERACTION OF TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS

Currently, the study of traditions and innovations is given great attention. A rich experience in studying traditions and innovations has been accumulated in the domestic humanitarian thought. But, despite this, the problem of traditions and innovations, as well as their interaction, is only becoming the subject of independent philosophical research.

Traditions and innovations are complex social phenomena. They manifest themselves in such a variety of ways that their individual aspects can be the subject of a special scientific research. Traditions and innovations are very voluminous, multifaceted concepts that cover a wide variety of life phenomena and are the subject of discussion and debate. But from this, unfortunately, the problem of developing tradition and innovation does not become clearer. It seems that these most important and so necessary in the philosophical and in practical terms categories deserve, of course, separate discussion and further study.

We will analyze what tradition and innovation are.

Considering tradition as a general philosophical concept, a universal formation that permeates all stages of development, all spheres of social life, tradition cannot be unambiguously defined.

It is important to note that tradition is seen as a norm that has become entrenched in society, a setting that sets a specific program of behavior and outlines a certain pattern of actions. It can also be said that tradition is the social connection of individuals and groups in society. The most important guideline is socialization, the acceptance of cultural heritage, the familiarization of social subjects with the cultural achievements of society, which are consistent with modern needs. social groups. It should also be noted that tradition is understood as a system of social relations. The basis of tradition is the relationship of people, relations in society. It expresses what in society is characterized by stability, repetition, and typicality. There is no doubt that tradition is an informational characteristic of culture, special shape fixation of social information, as a carrier of informational meaning, based on the accumulation, storage, transmission of hereditary social memory. It focuses on the reproduction of past patterns of activity. The result of the action of tradition is the formation and functioning of social experience. Thus tradition is a stereotyped experience. Tradition is a universal, universal mechanism for the implementation cultural activities. It acts as a way of existence, development and functioning of culture.

In our opinion, traditions can be called a relatively stable set of concepts and statements of social philosophy related to ontology, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics; principles for solving philosophical problems.

Thus, tradition is a social phenomenon, a complex specific system, which is a special mechanism of social inheritance for the purpose of reproduction, preservation. Its essence is the transmission and reproduction of the accumulated social historical heritage, transmitted from generation to generation in order to ensure the continuity and continuity of social life and the stability of public life.

As for the concept of "innovation", its nature is universal. The study of the phenomenon of innovation is manifested in various spheres of public life. This phenomenon has long destroyed the traditional boundaries of economic theory and has acquired a general social character. The term takes on even more meanings. From a philosophical point of view, "innovation" is associated with the development of other areas of public life, public relations, traditions, culture, creativity.

We share the position that innovations “are a manifestation of the global aspect of human activity in general and, in their deep meaning, they refer not only to the process of creating and disseminating innovations, but also to changes in lifestyle, thinking style, which, one way or another, affect innovations” (1).

Innovation is a special socio-philosophical value, which at a given time and in a given place is perceived by people as new. Innovation, according to the opinion, “reflects the dynamics of modern life in all its diversity of relationships, permeates all spheres of society, helps to reveal the logic of its development, contributes to the selection and synthesis of worldview and methodological moments, is an integral part of a person’s understanding of his life experience and, therefore, acquires ontological meaning” (2).

In philosophy, innovation is a complex multi-level social process introduction, development and integration of new elements in various spheres of public life, which results in significant and irreversible changes in the system social relations and interactions. This process corresponds to the positive trends in the development of society, actively contributes to the formation of new social connections and relationships, new spiritual and intellectual needs, new sociocultural norms, new social institutions and organizations.

Within innovation, various meaningful phenomena are distinguished in the form of inventions and discoveries. Innovation is identified with innovation and is understood as a complex of creating, using and distributing a new practical means to meet human needs, as well as related changes in society. Innovation is a social phenomenon that represents a positive change and is the product of a combination of creative and theoretical activity, which is absent at the previous stages of development.

In our opinion, the following scenarios of interaction between tradition and innovation seem possible.

1. Disappearance or "withering away" of the tradition prevailing at the given period. Especially often this scenario manifests itself when the tradition is weak, unformed and unstable in society. In society, there is a need for "strong" innovations. Innovation replaces tradition, asserts itself, prevails and prevails in the socio-cultural environment. At the same time, innovation can also borrow such properties of tradition as persistence, balance, and repetition. In this case, it implies the creation of an innovative structure and the complete disappearance of tradition. At the same time, it should be noted that the overwhelming majority of innovations hardly take root in society. On the other hand, a tradition can completely disappear, and after a certain period of time reappear.

2. Active defense of tradition, its opposition, struggle against innovation. In this scenario, traditions "jam" the creative development of innovation. After all, any innovation is only accepted by society when it is consistent with an existing tradition or, in turn, gives rise to new traditions (3). The result of these actions is the disappearance and neutralization of innovations - these innovations are "weak", traditions prevail and do not allow development innovation process. As a result of resistance, innovation disappears, and the tradition is enriched with new properties and can acquire certain innovative "blotches". Innovations complement traditions with new norms and are able to change the content of traditions, shaping and innovatively supplementing traditions. It is also impossible to deny the option when society may not accept this innovation and conservatism is increasing. On the other hand, progressive traditions in the socio-cultural environment are preserved, but in a changed innovative context. In this scenario, the "winning" traditions can lead to the destabilization of society. Thus, "such deformations can lead to destabilization social system, disorientation of its internal characteristics” (4).

3. Evolution, development of the processes of transformation of tradition into innovation. The development of this scenario in the short term is typical, first of all, for the "old" traditions. In this case, it is important to distinguish between the so-called "imaginary", "false" innovations, which are actually and formally a "real" tradition. There is an integration of innovations into traditions: innovations are structured and built into the existing structure of traditions;

4. Confusion, that is, the identity of the tradition of innovation. Innovation is rooted in tradition, modified and adapted to tradition. Tradition serves as a complement to innovation, and a particular innovation may be a combination of several traditions. IN this option over a certain period of time, a positive continuity of traditions with innovations is observed;

5. Compromise, implying symbiosis, coexistence, preservation of both traditions and innovations (5). Following the theory of "traditionology" developed by the culturologist, traditions and innovations in the process of interaction can "dissolve" into each other. Traditions are preserved and innovations are developed. Traditions and innovations do not destroy each other. That is, “the tradition that today is called actual, acting tradition, in order to establish itself, had to act necessarily in tandem with innovation, make compromises with the modernist system and gradually slide into the role of a secondary component of this system” (6).

In this scenario, traditions can take on a retro form or a reproduction form. It is possible that certain transitional forms and elements of the interaction of traditions and innovations may appear, in which traditions streamline innovations. In turn, there may be a non-denial of traditions when innovations appear, because innovations themselves, like traditions, can be unproductive.

Of course, in this scenario, traditions can also develop to some extent. A variant is also possible, in which traditions and innovations are localized and practically do not interact with each other “due to the closeness and impenetrability of local cultural worlds”, which can be characteristic of both the macro-level and the micro-level of the social system (7) .

So, tradition and innovation do not exist separately from each other and are inseparable from each other. They are interdependent philosophical categories that determine the development trend modern society. Of course, the properties and characteristics of the category "tradition" and the category "innovation" have a qualitatively different character, but at the same time they have the same socio - and multicultural basis and are peculiar forms of a single trajectory of society's movement into the future.

Bibliography:

1. Kryuchkova: philosophical and methodological analysis. - M., 2000. - S. 32.

2. Agranovich in a transitive society: socio-philosophical analysis: Abstract of the thesis. diss... cand. philosophy n. - Tomsk, 2007. - P.22.

3. The latest philosophical dictionary. - Minsk, 1999. - S. 725.

4. Zinchenko the way of tradition. - M., Ladoga, 2006. - S. 116.

5. Averyanov and traditionalism in the scientific and social thought of Russia (60-90s of the XX century) // Social Sciences and Modernity No. 1. - S. 72.

6. Averyanov and traditionalism in the scientific and social thought of Russia (60-90s of the XX century) // Social sciences and modernity No. 1. - P. 72.

7. Mukhamedzhanova interaction of traditions and innovations in Russian culture during periods of modernization transformations // Bulletin of the Orenburg state university No. 7. - S. 159.

INTRODUCTION 3

1 Mnemic processes 5

1.1 Essence and types of memory 5

1.2 The concept of mnemonic processes and their composition 7

2 Traditions and innovations in education 14

2.1 Traditional education 14

2.2 Innovation in education 17

2.3 Criteria for pedagogical innovation 23

2.4 Distance learning as an innovation 25

CONCLUSION 29

REFERENCES 31

INTRODUCTION

In the course of his life and activity, solving the practical problems that confront us and more or less deeply experiencing what is happening, a person, without setting himself such a goal or task specifically, remembers a lot, much is involuntarily imprinted on him. As the human activity in which it takes place becomes more complex, it becomes necessary not to rely on the random luck of involuntary memorization, but to set ourselves a special task of memorization.

If we talk about memory not only as a collective term for a certain set of processes, but as single function, then we can only talk about some very general and elementary ability to capture and - under appropriate conditions - restore sensitivity data, that is, what can be called a mnemonic function. Memorization, recall, reproduction, recognition, which are included in memory, are built on this basis, but are in no way reduced to it. This specific processes, which very significantly include thinking in a more or less complex and sometimes contradictory unity with speech and all aspects of the human psyche.

The study of mnemonic processes as the main components cognitive activity in psychology have identified problem control work. The relevance of this problem is caused by the need to study memory as an ability nervous systems perceive surrounding reality, store the perceived information in the form of impressions, and, as necessary, reproduce the necessary exactly or in your own words.

The problem and its relevance made it possible to form a topic in psychology "Mnemic processes (memory: memorization, preservation, forgetting, recognition, reproduction)".

The purpose of the control work is to study mnemonic processes. The following tasks follow from the set goal: 1) to consider the essence and types of memory, 2) to study the concept of mnemonic processes and their composition.

Now there is a lot of talk about innovative development education, about innovation priorities. It is difficult to argue against this, and it should not be. It is appropriate not to lose good, effective traditions.

Traditions in education should be understood as well-established elements of the content, means and technologies of training and education, which are passed on from one generation of educators to another.

Innovations are new phenomena in education that have arisen in the most modern (late) period of its development.

There are such conclusions when stability in education acts as a synonym for traditions, and, therefore, stability is a negative phenomenon in education. The incorrectness of such reasoning is obvious.

Thus, the study of traditions as well-established elements and innovations as new phenomena in pedagogy determined the problem of control work.

The relevance of this problem is the need to create a broad concept of education and upbringing that would appeal to a living person, where the requirements to teach, develop the abilities of the mind, nurture and refine the moral sense of a person would merge together.

The problem and relevance made it possible to form a topic on pedagogy: "Traditions and innovations in education."

The purpose of the test is to study the traditions and innovations in education.

The following tasks follow from the set goal: 1) to characterize traditional education; 2) reveal the essence of innovative education; 3) determine the criteria for pedagogical innovations; 4) consider Remote education like an innovation.

1 MNEMIC PROCESSES

1.1 Essence and types of memory

Along with other cognitive processes, perceptual and intellectual, mnemonic processes are distinguished (from the Greek "mnema" - memory). Mnemic processes act as components of a person's cognitive activity and are inextricably linked with his intellectual activity and perceptual processes.

Memory - the process of preserving past experience, making it possible to reuse it in activity and return to the sphere of consciousness. Memory connects the subject's past with his present and future and is the most important cognitive function underlying development and learning. (10, p.115)

The essence of memory, its great importance in human life and activity, as well as the scope of phenomena included in this concept, are quite obvious. IN general psychology memory is defined as a person's reflection of experience through memorization, storage and subsequent reproduction. From this definition it follows that memory includes a whole system of processes - the processes of memorization, preservation, reproduction, and, which must also be taken into account, the process of forgetting. They are different in their orientation, functional role and basic patterns.

Like any other mental phenomenon, memory is divided into a number of main types. Firstly, share voluntary and involuntary memory. They differ, respectively, in the presence or absence of a special - conscious goal to remember something. If there is such a goal and it is realized by a person, then there is arbitrary memory; if it does not exist and memorization occurs in addition to awareness, along with the solution of any other tasks and the performance of other actions, then memory acquires involuntary(mechanical, "automatic") character. Secondly, memory is divided into motor, emotional, figurative, verbal-logical. motor memory- this is the memorization, preservation and reproduction of various movements and their systems. emotional memory- memory for feelings, emotions, evaluative attitudes to reality. figurative memory- this is a memory for integral visual representations, for images and pictures of the outside world. A special variety and the highest manifestation figurative memory is eidetic memory. At the same time, a person not only remembers any image, but also, as it were, sees it in all the smallest details. Verbal-logical memory how is her the most important species- this is a memory for verbal, semantic, sign information. Third, memory is divided according to the attribute of the analyzer that provides information for memorization, and allocate visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, kinesthetic memory. IN- fourth, according to the time of storing information, memory is divided into long term and short term. Unlike long-term memory, which is characterized by long-term retention of information after repeated repetition, short-term memory is characterized by a very short retention time after a single and very short presentation, as well as immediate reproduction.

A specific type of memory that has features of both short-term and long-term memory is RAM . This is a system of mnemonic processes that ensure the memorization, preservation and reproduction of information that comes in the course of performing actions and which is necessary only to achieve the goal of this particular action. Finally, depending on individual differences in mnemonic processes, there is a division into types of memory - visual-figurative, verbal-logical and combined (intermediate) types. The first one is characterized the best development visual memory. It is more common in people with the so-called artistic type(more emotional, impressionable, prone to direct and concrete perception of reality). The second is characterized by better development of verbal-logical memory. It is more common in people of the “thinking” type (prone to a rational, objective and generalized perception of the world). The combined type includes elements of the first two, both of which are quite strongly expressed, and is therefore optimal.

Thus, all these and many other general psychological patterns are studied in a special section of psychology - the psychology of memory, which is currently one of the most developed areas psychology. All of them, of course, are significant for any professional, including management activities. (1, p.465)

1.2 The concept of mnemonic processes and their composition

Mnemic processes act as components of human cognitive activity and are inextricably linked with perceptual and intellectual processes. Memory images are called representations.

Memory- the process of fixing, preserving, subsequent recognition and reproduction of past experience, making it possible to reuse it in activity or return to the sphere of consciousness. Memory as the basis of mental activity occupies a special place among mental cognitive processes, ensuring their continuity and uniting them into a single whole. It connects the subject's past with his present and future. Lack of memory - amnesia. (8, p.37)

The main processes of memory: memorization (imprinting), preservation, reproduction, recognition, forgetting.

memorization- a generalized name for the processes that ensure the retention of material in memory. There are two types of memory: voluntary and involuntary. (8, p.37)

In the case of involuntary memorization, a person does not set himself the task of remembering this or that material. Memory-bound processes perform operations here that service other activities. As a result, memorization is relatively immediate and is carried out without special volitional efforts, preliminary selection of material and the conscious use of any mnemonic techniques. At the same time, the dependence of memorization on the purpose and motives of the activity remains in this case as well.