USE Russian language. Argument Bank

Childhood

What wonderful childhood memories! How much has already been written about this by the classics of Russian literature! But it’s strange: each new generation of writers again turns to childhood memories and finds only their innermost in them ... “Happy, happy time of childhood ...” These words of L. Tolstoy can also be attributed to these memories

Man lives for himself only in childhood. Only in childhood is he happy with his happiness and full, stuffing his own tummy. Only in childhood is he infinitely sincere and infinitely free. Only in childhood, everyone is brilliant and beautiful, everyone is natural, like nature, and, like nature, devoid of worries. Everything is only in childhood, and therefore we are so drawn to it, having grown old, even if it was tough, like a soldier's overcoat.

Charity

The sensational statement was made by a famous Russian businessman and one of the richest people on the planet Vladimir Potanin. The head of the Interros holding decided that after his death, his entire fortune, which is estimated at billions of dollars, would be donated to charitable purposes, mainly to support educational projects.

Joy

The book of the English writer E. Porter "Pollyanna" stumbled upon such thoughts. The father taught the heroine to find positive aspects in everything. He showed her that even unpleasant situation you can find a reason to rejoice. For example, when a poor girl was given crutches instead of a doll by a charity society, she consoled herself with the fact that she did not need these crutches. Since then, Pollyanna has been involved in an exciting game: she began to look for joy in all life's trials, even those when "there seems to be nothing to rejoice at."

Writer

It is my deep conviction that writers should always be at the forefront of importance, should remain dedicated to their work until the end of their lives. Overcoming unbearable pain, N. A. Nekrasov and M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin did not let go of the pen from their ossifying hands. Everything that the poet lived with amazing power sounded in his dying verses. In the poem "Sowers" Nekrasov calls: Sow reasonable, good, eternal! Sow!

The sincerity of the writer is his only ticket to the reader's soul.

It seems to me that the Writer is the Creator. He creates a world that did not exist before, and inhabits it with people born not of a woman, but of himself. He controls the events in this world he created, he knits from the events of history, he makes the sun shine when he wants it, and sends rain and bad weather at his own will. He has a huge, divine power in the worlds, woven by him from his own insomnia, and therefore, he must be fair, as the highest judge. And justice is the victory of good.

Loneliness

Loneliness is a terrible punishment for a person at any age, especially when the “autumn of life” comes. In this regard, I recalled lines full of bitterness from the famous story of K. Paustovsky "Telegram" Through the mouth of Katerina Ivanovna, the author says: "God forbid you live to such a lonely old age!"

For 15 years, Rabizon Crusoe lived alone on a desert island. Why didn't he learn to speak? Why survived? Defeated loneliness?! Crusoe helped communication. "That was the most happy year my life on the island. After all, now I was no longer alone, Friday was with me, and from this I became braver ... "

good, good deeds

In the story "Gooseberries", Chekhov writes that behind the door of every happy person there should be a person with a hammer and with his knock remind of those who are unhappy, destitute, in need of help. It seems to me that the writer himself was such a “man with a hammer”. True, he did not stand outside the door, but he himself took care of those in need, striving to remake and change the life of each of us for the better.

No matter how it changes the world, no matter what cataclysms shake our society, there will always be people whom Dahl called the righteous. This is Matryona from the story "Matryona Dvor".

Respected by all, Halima Akhmatovna, over the years of work in the juvenile inspectorate, helped many teenagers find their place in life. Where kind word and with an affectionate look, where by her strictness and impeccable behavior she inspired hope in them, made them believe in their own strength. Such people with their being keep a certain spiritual level at the proper height, to which we all reach and reach.

Language culture

I think that everything must be done to preserve the immortal gift of nature. Firstly, the Government of the Russian Federation should take care that it becomes prestigious and profitable to speak Russian competently. Secondly, to introduce censorship on domestic television so that it ceases to replicate lack of culture. Thirdly, to veto publications that destroy the great Russian language. Fourth, in the family kindergarten and at school to cultivate attention, respect for the word.

Words by KD Ushinsky: Language is the liveliest, most abundant and strong link that connects the obsolete, living and future generations of the people into one great, historical living whole.

In conclusion, I appeal to my peers: “Speak Russian, please!”

Art

Leonardo do Vinci said that a good painter must paint two main things: a person and the representation of his soul. I think that both masters brilliantly coped with this task, putting all their experience, all their wisdom into the portraits of Syntactic Madonna and La Gioconda. In these masterpieces, it is not the handwriting, not the stroke of the brush that speaks, but the hearts of great artists. They are immortal as immortal literary heroes: radiant Beatrice, radiant Juliet and luminous Tatyana Larina ...

Wealth

It is gratifying that in the history of Russia there are people who are remembered not for the wealth they have acquired, but for the wealth they have spent. These are Savva Mamontov, Tretyakov, Shchukin. They did not live according to the principle of “who will surpass whom”, they were not bursting with complacency. They invested all their fortune in art. “My idea… is to make money so that what has been acquired from society would also return to society (the people) in some useful institutions…” wrote P. Tretyakov. Isn't this an example worthy of emulation for those who live "for show", for rulers "pompous with themselves"?!

One of the leading themes in O. de Balzac's story "Gobsek" is the power of money over people. Having millions, having no family, no children, Gobsek leads an ascetic life. The old usurer needs money not as a means of acquisition, but as a way to exercise power over others

Responsibility

The host of the TV show “Let them talk” A. Malakhov pays much attention to the problem of parental responsibility for their children. So, in one of the programs, he voiced the story of the tragic death of a two-year-old baby. The girl froze to death due to the fault of her parents - drunkards, for the same reason the son hanged himself in another family. Is it possible to call them parents after that?!

The problem of responsibility was also reflected in Russian literature: in A. Platonov's story "Doubting Makar", in M. Bulgakov's stories "Heart of a Dog" and "Fatal Eggs". A sense of responsibility for the monster created as a result of an operation on a stray dog ​​makes Professor Preobrazhensky do everything to return Sharik to his former state.

A very responsible person, the real owner of the forest was the elder Minnikhanov, the father of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov. In commemoration of his merits, a monument was erected to him (the only one in Russia!), A song was composed.

“You are always responsible for everyone ...” - A. de Saint-Exupery reminds us from the distant past in the story - the fairy tale “The Little Prince”. Don't forget this truth!

Surname

The name, surname of a person has always aroused genuine interest among writers and journalists. This is evidenced by the speaking names of Fonvizin, Griboedov, the story "Overcoat" by Gogol, the author's excellent books this fragment"A word about words", "You and your name". The heroine Astafyeva (Agafya), having named her baby Agafya, believes that the old name retains the memory of the grandmother, to whom the whole district bowed at the feet for intelligence and kindness. And in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" by Bunin, neither the name nor the surname of the protagonist is mentioned, he is not depicted inner world. According to Bunin, one who does not have an inner world cannot exist in the outer, real world. Why does he need a first name then?

Feat

Rescuing passengers of a trolley bus from icy water, Shavarsh Karipetyan risked his life. But the famous athlete did not think about personal well-being, for him it was more important not "130 medals won, but 20 lives saved." This is Bocharov's article in the Ogonyok magazine. Sergey, the hero of V. Titov’s story “To spite all deaths”, also risked his life, saving his fellow workers… to his home, to his country, this is a feat.

Letter, alphabet

Journalists Kaznacheev, Kostomarov, translator N. Gal also reflect on the problem of the future of writing in their journalistic articles. If the former is concerned about how it would not be necessary to state a fait accompli in the near future with the words of Tatyana Beck: “Goodbye, alphabet”, then the latter share the position of the author of this text.

Time

Yes, time trouble is becoming universal today. In journalistic articles by K. Paustovsky, V. Soloukhin, Zharikov and Kruzhelnitsky, in many media, advice is given on how to save time. It seems to me that they all come down to one thing - only the rational use of time will allow a person to become the "ruler" of his day.

Tiny girl, the favorite heroine of F. Abramov, is just from the breed of those rare people who have learned to overcome time. It can travel from one era to another...

The whole play by Chekhov “The Cherry Orchard” is also filled with understanding of the inexorably running time, starting with the first words of Lopakhin “what time is it?”

Mother

“You can talk about mothers endlessly!” wrote M. Gorky, early deprived of parental affection.

Katerina Ivanovna, the heroine of Paustovsky's story "Telegram", experienced a difficult spiritual drama. She was still waiting for Nastya, her blood. She was afraid that she would die without caressing her, without stroking her blond hair of “charming beauty”. She did not wait for her daughter. Only a dull tear that rolled down from under her closed eyelids testified to her inconsolable grief. Will Nastya be able to live with a clear conscience after this? Don't know. Probably not. After all, it was she who was supposed to sit at the bedside of her mother, she was supposed to see her on her last journey!

Noise

Recently I read the sketches of the honored doctor Airapetov “Health, emotions, beauty”, where there is a curious fact. A certain Kachalkin slept for 22 years without waking up. The well-known smart Pavlov, when silence fell in the city, went up to the patient and whispered: “Get up!” And what do you think? Kachalkin is up! It turns out that he could not withstand strong stimuli, any noise caused the activity of inhibitory structures. This mystery was solved by Pavlov.

historical memory

Whoever has no memory has no life (V. Rasputin). Behind last years Kazan is also changing its appearance, turning into a modern metropolis. But will the monuments of the past be preserved in the city? Unfortunately, the facts show that this is not always the case. A striking example of a careful attitude to architecture of the early 20th century. Is the city of Troitsk. In the city center, old one-story merchant houses and modern skyscrapers perfectly coexist, where offices and supermarkets are located.

A remarkable monument to the long-suffering, persistent women who endured all the hardships of the war is F. Abramov's novel "Brothers and Sisters". The anthem of maternal love, which conquered death, is played by V. Zakrutkin's wonderful story "The Human Mother". Having lost all the farmers, including those closest to her, her husband and son, Maria was left alone on the "incinerated, mangled, war-torn land." Nothing: neither death, nor fire, nor wounds could stop life on this earth. The heroine not only survived on her own, but also took under her protection the blockade children, whom she found in the far field, moreover, she gave life to a new little man - her son. Only in the finale, when there was a ray of hope that the children and animals were in good hands, Maria allowed herself to relax...

Jealousy

It is she who becomes one of the reasons for the termination of marriage ties, moreover, the terrible tragedies that are often shown on television programs “Let them talk”, “Federal Judge”. A few years ago, the whole village was shocked by the news: our neighbor, accusing his wife of

treason, stabbed her eleven times and hid her body in the basement for three days. Our family also suffers from this “constantly gnawing suspicion.” The father, an honest and hardworking man, an excellent carpenter, becomes nervous if the mother is a little late at work. He will never learn to "rule himself", although he knows very well that his mother is faithful to him.

The fact that jealousy is one of the human vices that destroys life, we are convinced, and reading the poem by A.S. Pushkin "Gypsies". Jealous and angry Aleko, in a fit of anger, plunges a knife first into an opponent, then into Zemfira ...

War

About the inhumanity of the war and the story of Leo Tolstoy "Sevastopol in May (55)", in which there is a striking scene. A truce has been declared. The soldiers of the warring parties tend to each other. Meanwhile, a 10-year-old child, seeing a decapitated corpse, runs in horror ... Will the soldiers not hug like brothers? No, innocent blood is shed again. As you can see, both Tolstoy and ____ paint the war as madness, making people doubt the mind of people.

Ecology

The problem of attitude to native land attracted the attention of V. Belov. The author writes about his childhood, about life in home, where everything is familiar and familiar, where the “path wagged its tail”, along which he walked many, many times, where birch trees whisper in a special way, where the warmth of the earth is felt everywhere. Each word of the author is imbued with love, but pain is also felt in them, because multi-storey boxes are replacing flowering villages, and the whisper of grass drowns out the rumble of a jet plane. The problem is that it is so difficult to accept these metamorphoses! Here he asks

Today, a person has a consumer attitude towards the environment. As a result, valuable species of trees, rare species of birds and animals, including the Ussuri tigers, disappear from the face of the earth, the air is polluted, lakes and rivers dry up. Seeing how huge damage is being done to the Earth, the writers could not remain indifferent. The relationship between man and nature became the object of reflection of S. Zalygin, V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, V. Belov. M. Alekseev, laureate of the State Prize, also became a writer-protector for nature.

Honor

They teach you to live according to your conscience in famous literary heroes. This is Peter Grinev, who faithfully fulfills his father's covenant. This is Andrei Bolkonsky, walking a kind of road of honor. Honor is a sacred concept for the heroes of M. Bulgakov's novel "The White Guard". No matter how difficult it is, they do not give up their moral positions, although they pay a high price for the opportunity to remain noble people in a world that has gone mad.

Kazanian Asgat Galimzyanov, who all his life transferred most of the family income and transfers to orphanages, for which during his lifetime a monument was erected to him on one of the streets of the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan. I believe that it is on such people that the world rests, because for them the concept of honor is the main quality of the human soul.

knowledge, limited

A person, expanding the circle of his knowledge, thereby increases the world of the unknown. No wonder the great Socrates said: “Now I know that I know nothing, and many do not know this!”

betrayal, friendship

It seems to me that V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" is an excellent confirmation of the inconsistency of human actions. Sotnikov and Rybak are sent on a responsible task. Despite the obvious danger, Rybak does not leave his partner, he helps him to go. And once captured, he begins to think only about how to survive. Rybak preferred life to worthy death at the cost of betrayal.

May friendship, one of the most important values ​​in human life, not end in betrayal!

Talent

Talent is like a weapon, say, like an ax or a knife, or you can create, build a house, carve beautiful things or kill. Let's take Shakespeare. He was not afraid to portray dark sides of human nature, but at the same time, he never mixed good and evil, reading his works always leaves bright sensations, the belief that good triumphs over evil. The higher with him is never mistaken for the lower. And generally speaking real talent will never sing of evil.

Our talents have not run out either. Elina, a first-year student of KSMU, won the Republican Olympiad in Chemistry "The Future of Medicine". Since 2008, she has received a special award from the Russian Standard Charitable Foundation. She also became the owner of an award from Tatfontbank as part of the republican campaign "100 Talented Children of the Village."

Faith in yourself

We recently listened to a cassette with a speech by a well-known businessman Prishchepa. When his wife, sitting with a child, announced her desire to go to Hungary for a business seminar, a major scandal erupted in the family ... She arrived from Hungary transformed. The first success of his wife inspired her skeptical husband, instilled in him self-confidence. Having conquered fear, having gone through the fire, the Prishchepa couple has achieved a diamond level today and shares their work experience. Elena, once unable to make a toast at the table, has turned into a business lady.

Life trials

HIV-infected Svetlana Izambaeva, having learned about her illness, did not whine, did not throw tantrums. The courageous girl tried to tune in to recovery and a fulfilling life! Today, as the head of the Mood group, Svetlana helps women who find themselves in difficult situations from which it is difficult to get out on their own.

Recently my brother, the person closest to me, became seriously ill. The disease turned him into a completely different person. He has learned to love himself! The disease taught him to live, resting, and not to run headlong past life. She reminded him of the existence of a rich world of shades, colors, tastes, relationships, nature and feelings. Learned to enjoy life here and now. The disease turned him to face him. He understood a simple truth: how can one have compassion for another without learning to have compassion for oneself?

Dispute

An example of the highest polemical skill is the correspondence between Tsar the Terrible and Prince Kurbsky. There was a 40-year dispute between Bohr and Einstein.

My mother is a wise person. She personally deduced the rule of three "y" for herself: convince, give in, leave. In any controversial case, try to convince your opponent that you are right. You can not convince - give in, and suddenly he is right. If you don’t want to give in, leave, further communication with him will not bring pleasure.

Book

Many writers only thanks to books "survived" in society and became great personalities. For example, I. Bunin, M. Gorky. The latter, based on his own life, wrote: “Love a book, it will make your life easier, teach you to respect a person and yourself, it inspires the mind and heart with a feeling of love for the world, for a person.” There are those who love to read today. For example, Azat, a graduate of our school, loved books from childhood and devoted a lot of time to them. The result of such activity was not long in coming: he entered Kazan State University and continues to study well. I try to take an example from him and in my free time I read books, especially entertaining ones.

Revenge, forgiveness

Offended human dignity, cruelty can cause a response - revenge. What is revenge? This is the intentional infliction of evil in order to repay the insult, resentment. But not everything is so simple, because revenge is the most complex and controversial phenomenon in the life of society.

However, it is worth noting that the problem of revenge is connected not only with military events, and exists not only in the world of adults. Revenge or non-revenge is a choice that each of us can face. In this regard, I remember Soloukhin's story "The Avenger". In the soul of the hero-narrator there is a struggle between the desire to take revenge and the unwillingness to beat a gullible friend. As a result, he manages to break the vicious circle, and the soul becomes easy.

So, revenge or refuse revenge. I think that a defeated, surrendered enemy should be forgiven, remembering that "drying one tear is more valor than shedding a whole sea of ​​blood."

The weak never forgive. Forgiving is a property of the strong (M. Gandhi Indian politician)

Writer. Writer's Happiness

No two absolutely identical human worlds. Each person experiences love, hatred, envy in his own way and interprets these concepts in different ways. The same story with the concept of happiness. Yes, writers, sharing their life experience, suffering and hopes, teach readers to live, warn against mistakes, instill hope in them ... Isn't this the writer's happiness?! I think in this. And we, the readers, assimilating the grains of a happy soul, get the energy to fight for our own happiness. A. Green, dying of hunger, writes an extravaganza " Scarlet Sails”, which still affirms the devotion to the dream and the ability of a person to create miracles with his own hands. The talented actor P. Luspekaev, on two prostheses, creates the most charming image of the merry fellow Vereshchagin, famously overcoming all obstacles in his path. These are examples of how devotion to the cause of life makes people happy in spite of all trials.

Computer

The computer is one of the most significant achievements of human thought. Its impact on the development of scientific and technological progress is difficult to assess. Computers are indispensable in banking, education, law enforcement agencies. And this is not all areas of application of computers. There are many sites in the World Book, anyone can place their information in it. But any information, I think, should take into account the mentality, the nationally determined system of values ​​Maybe the author saw a famous person in an uncomfortable position on the website of political figures? Or a popular artist performing in a sauna? Or a cruel crime? The question remains open. But I am sure that the Internet helps to comprehend the world. I myself often use it for educational purposes: in preparation for the exam, in conducting research work.

Will virtual life become the future social norm? I don't think so, it won't. The fact is that Russian people treat everything new with suspicion, with apprehension. That's how it was when photography came out. They thought that photography would replace the painting. One of the heroes of the feature film “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears” speaks from the 60s of the last century about the future, in which there will be one continuous television. As you can see, the predictions did not come true. Photographs and paintings, television and books exist in parallel. I think only a few will live in several virtual worlds. I am sure that the majority, wisely using Internet resources, will not leave the real world for the sake of the ghostly world.

A television

I am sure that television will never supplant the book, just as photography did not supplant the creations of great artists in its time. They will exist in parallel, mutually complementing each other.

The role of the book in the development of personality is unique. I like to watch the intellectual show "Clever and clever". The host Vyazemsky and the participants of the game involuntarily admire me. How much literature needs to be “shoveled” in order to quickly and accurately answer the questions posed! But the winner enters MGIMO without exams! “Everything good .. owe to books” and participants in the game “What? Where? When?" - spiritual elite of the country. This is my answer to those frivolous people who consider it unnecessary to read a book when you can watch a film adaptation.

The science

And among us there are people who have devoted their lives to research, studies in various fields of science. For example, our compatriot Nizamov Gimay collects archival materials about the history of the villages of Kukmor, their citizens, studies the life and traditions of the people who lived in this area. His work inspires my respect and admiration. And the school has an astronomy circle, where students can observe the stars with a telescope, look at the moon, and study the trajectory of satellites. In a word, if desired, the conditions are created to start their "small" research.

Intelligence

I think that any thinking person at least once thought about who should be considered true intelligent person. If you turn to the dictionary, you can read that an intellectual is a person who has a higher or secondary specialized education and works in the field of mental labor. However, D.S. Likhachev fundamentally disagrees with this definition. He believes that a truly intelligent person can be called a person who subtly feels another and behaves in such a way that everyone around him is comfortable.

In whatever situation I find myself, I will try to behave intelligently! Intelligent in the understanding of Likhachev: without showing rudeness, gloating, envy, appreciating the other at its true worth. The text teaches this.

Museum

The Stepanov Family Museum is a specially built building. In front of him is a square. In the square of the Eternal Flame, next to the bust of the Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Stepanov.

We go to the museum with flowers. To the museum of her family, Valentina Mikhailovna, what does she feel now?

This is probably the only such museum on earth, just as this family is the only one, nine sons of which gave their lives for us. Here, surrounded by the Stepanovs, one cannot be false. It would mean deceiving them, betraying the meaning of their life and death, it would mean that you live in other, hidden feelings, but then why come here?

The youth

The future of any society depends on youth. It depends on whether the younger generation will learn to solve their problems on their own, whether they will learn to act as a full-fledged subject of political relations. This socially significant problem is often raised in the media, including in this article. Today's Russian youth is pragmatic. At least a quarter of young people put forward career aspirations and the acquisition of wealth as their life credo. I think that those who succumbed to "prizes", actions, career promotions, will not be able to be a reliable support for one or another political party. Nor can they be counted on in elections in which each party tries to win as many votes as possible.

Language proficiency

After reading Bitov's reflections, I realized that knowledge of languages ​​enriches spiritual world person, broadens his horizons and raises the cultural level. It is impossible to fully understand another nation, its culture, way of life, traditions, without knowing its language. In general, knowledge of languages ​​was valued at all times and in all states, even in ancient Egypt. The interpreters occupied a privileged position, ensured mutual understanding between various nations and contributed to the development of trade. And in the XVIII - XIX centuries, the study of foreign languages ​​became a privilege of the nobility. Knowledge of languages ​​will always be in demand, especially in our time, when you can freely cross the borders of states. Knowledge of other languages ​​will help you to successfully conduct your professional activities.

The essay requirements for the exam have changed several times in recent years, but one thing has remained unchanged - the need to prove the correctness of one's judgments. And for this you need to choose the right arguments.

The problem of repentance will interest us in the first place. In this article, we will present several options for arguments selected from the school bibliography. From it you can choose those that are best suited for your work.

What are the arguments for?

When writing an essay for part C, you need to express your opinion on a given topic. But your thesis needs proof. That is, it is necessary not only to express your position, but also to confirm it.

Very often, the problem of repentance comes across in exams, it is quite easy to find arguments for it if the student is well acquainted with the school language. literary program. However, not everyone can immediately remember desired work, so it is better to pick up a few arguments in advance on the most common topics.

What are the arguments

In order to fully reveal the problem of repentance, the arguments must be selected based on the basic requirements of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. According to them, all evidence is divided into three types:

• Personal experience, that is, facts taken from your life. They do not have to be reliable, because no one will check whether this actually happened.
• Information received by the student from school curriculum. For example, from the lessons of geography, history, etc.
• Literary arguments, which will interest us in the first place. This is the reading experience that the examinee must acquire during the course of study.

Arguments from literature

So, we are interested in the problem of repentance. Arguments from the literature will be needed if you want to get high score for the essay. At the same time, when choosing arguments, priority should be given to those works that are included in the school curriculum or are considered classics. Do not take texts from little-known authors or popular literature(fantasy, detective stories, etc.), as they may be unfamiliar to the inspectors. Therefore, it is necessary to refresh in advance the main works that were studied in school years. Usually in one novel or story you can find examples on almost all topics found in the exam. The best option would be to immediately select several works that are familiar to you. So let's take a look at a classic that raises the issue of remorse.

The Captain's Daughter (Pushkin)

In Russian literature, the problem of repentance is very common. Arguments are therefore quite easy to pick up. Let's start with our most famous writer A. S. Pushkin and his novel “ Captain's daughter».

In the center of the work is the love of the protagonist Peter Grinev. This feeling is wide and comprehensive, like life. What interests us in this feeling is that it was thanks to him that the hero realized the evil that he had caused to his loved ones, realized his mistakes and was able to repent. Thanks to the fact that Grinev revised his views on life and attitude towards others, he was able to change the future for himself and his beloved.

Thanks to repentance, his best qualities appeared in Peter - generosity, honesty, disinterestedness, courage, etc. We can say that it changed him and made him a different person.

"Sotnik" (Bulls)

Now let's talk about Bykov's work, which presents a completely different side of the problem of repentance. Arguments from the literature can be different, and you need to choose them depending on your statement, so it is worth stocking up on a variety of examples.

Thus, the theme of repentance in "The Centurion" is not at all similar to Pushkin's. First of all, because the characters themselves are different. Partisan Rybak is captured, in order to survive, he needs to hand over a comrade to the Germans. And he does this. But years pass, and the thought of betrayal does not leave him. Remorse overtakes him too late, this feeling can no longer fix anything. Moreover, it does not allow Rybak to live in peace.

In this work, repentance did not become an opportunity for the hero to get out of vicious circle and get rid of suffering. Bykov did not consider Rybak worthy of forgiveness. On the other hand, a person must answer for such crimes all his life, since he betrayed not only his friend, but also his own and those close to him.

"Dark alleys" (Bunin)

The problem of remorse can also be seen in another light. Arguments for writing on the exam should be varied, so let's take Bunin's story "Dark Alleys" as an example. In this work, the hero did not have enough strength to admit his mistakes and repent, but retribution overtook him. Once in his youth, Nikolai seduced and abandoned a girl who sincerely loved him. Time passed, but she was never able to forget her first love, so she refused the courtship of other men and preferred solitude. But Nikolai did not find happiness either. Life severely punished him for his misdeed. The hero's wife is constantly cheating on him, and the son has become a real scoundrel. However, all this does not lead him to thoughts of repentance. Here, repentance appears before the reader as an act that requires incredible spiritual efforts and courage, which not everyone can find in themselves. It is for indecision and lack of will that Nikolai pays.

As an argument, an example from " dark alleys” is suitable only for those who, in their thesis, turned to the problem of retribution and retribution for those who did not repent of their atrocities. Only then will the mention of this work be appropriate.

"Boris Godunov" (Pushkin)

Now let's talk about the problem of belated remorse. The arguments for this topic will be slightly different, since we will be interested in only one of the aspects of repentance. So, this problem is perfectly revealed in Pushkin's tragedy "Boris Godunov". This example is not only literary, but also partly historical, as the writer refers to the description of the epoch-making events that took place in our country.

In "Boris Godunov" the problem of late repentance is very clearly presented. Arguments for written work on this topic must be selected taking into account the Pushkin tragedy. In the center of the work is the story of Godunov, who ascended the royal throne. However, he had to pay a terrible price for power - to kill the baby, the real heir, Tsarevich Dmitry. Several years have passed, and now it is time to repent. The hero is no longer able to correct what he has done, he can only suffer and suffer. His conscience does not give him rest, bloody boys begin to seem to Godunov everywhere. Those close to the king understand that he is weakening and going crazy. The boyars decide to overthrow the illegal lord and kill him. Thus, Godunov dies for the same reason as Dmitry. Such is the retribution of the hero for a bloody crime, repentance for which overtook him only after a few years.

The problem of human repentance. Arguments from Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"

The theme of repentance has become the basis for another great work, which has gained considerable popularity and love among readers.

The protagonist commits a crime to prove his inhuman theory of inferior and higher people. Raskolnikov commits a murder and begins to suffer, but tries in every possible way to drown out the voice of his conscience. He doesn't want to admit he's wrong. Remorse becomes turning point in the life and fate of Raskolnikov. It opens the way for him to faith and true values, makes you reconsider your views and realize what is truly expensive in this world.

Dostoevsky throughout the whole novel led his hero precisely to repentance, to the admission of his guilt. This feeling made the most best features Raskolnikov's character and made him much more attractive. Although the hero nevertheless suffered punishment for his crime, and it turned out to be very severe.

The problem of repentance: arguments from life

Now let's talk about another type of arguments. Such examples are very easy to find. Even if nothing like this has happened in your life, you can invent it. However, such arguments are rated lower than literary ones. Yes, for a good book example you will get 2 points, but for life - only one.

Arguments based on personal experience rely on observations of one's own life, the lives of parents, relatives, friends and acquaintances.

Need to remember

There are several general requirements for any essays, including those that reveal the problem of guilt and remorse. Arguments must necessarily confirm the thesis expressed by you and in no case contradict it. It is also necessary to take into account the following points:

• Checkers take into account and evaluate only the first two arguments, so it makes no sense to quote more examples. It is better to pay attention not to quantity, but to quality.
• Remember that literary arguments are ranked higher, so try to include at least one such example.
• Do not forget about examples taken from folklore or folk tales. Similar arguments are also taken into account, but are evaluated with only one point.
• Remember that for all arguments you can score 3 points. So it's best to follow following scheme: one example from folklore or personal experience, the second - from the literature.

Now a few words about how to write a literary argument correctly:

• Be sure to include the last name and initials of the author and the full title of the work.
• It is not enough to name the writer and the title, you need to describe the main characters, their words, actions, thoughts, but only those that are related to the topic of the essay and your thesis.
• The approximate amount of text per argument is one or two sentences. But these figures ultimately depend on the specific topic.
• Start giving examples only after you have expressed your position.

Summing up

Thus, the problem of repentance is widely represented in the literature. Arguments for the exam in the Russian language, therefore, it will not be difficult to pick up. The main thing is that all your examples confirm the thesis and look concise and harmonious. Often the main problem of the examinees is not the choice of the work, but the description of it. Expressing an idea in a few sentences is not always easy. In order to avoid such a problem, you need to practice in advance. Take a piece of paper and try to concisely and clearly describe your judgments, without breaking out of the declared volumes.

The main thing is not to lose confidence and prepare as best as possible, then it will not be difficult to get.

- this is a written reflection on the specified topic, which every 11th grader must pass without fail for admission to the Unified State Examinations (USE). In December 2018-2019, schoolchildren will write this species work for the 5th time already, because it has been approved in Russia since 2014.

A prerequisite for a well-written final essay is the presence of arguments - justifications for the chosen position, which are based on the works of Russian or foreign classical. So what arguments will help schoolchildren cope with the task this year?

General Facts

The minimum amount of the final essay is 250 words, while experts recommend writing more - an average of about 300-350 words in order to cover the topic fully and comprehensively. The structure of the work is not regulated, but practice shows that the most a large number of points are given to such written reflections that contain 3 key blocks: introduction, main part and conclusion with conclusions. You have 3 hours and 55 minutes to write your essay. The guys have the opportunity to refer to spelling dictionaries, which should be available in the office in sufficient quantities.

The highest score for the final essay is 10 points. Even if the student allows 1 non-rough spelling mistake, the expert commission will give him the maximum possible number of points. The final assessment depends on how the teenager takes into account the fundamental criteria. These include:

1. Subject fit. It is important to write the final essay only in the context of a given topic/question, not to spread your thoughts along the tree and not move on to consideration of third-party problems.
2. Argumentation and attraction literary material. It is not enough just to express a certain position - in your arguments you also need to rely on at least one work of a Russian or foreign classic. It is important to demonstrate not only knowledge of the material, but also the ability to analyze it. When writing the final essay of 2018-2019, a simple retelling or superficial mention of the works will not be enough.
3. Composition and logic of reasoning. Here the structure of the work and the sequence of presentation are evaluated. It is recommended that each new thought begin with a new paragraph. At the same time, the main part should be larger in volume than the introduction and conclusion (in total, the last blocks should be about 1/3 of the entire text).
4. The quality of writing. In his argument to the student high school you will need to use synonyms and various speech turns, and, conversely, avoid clichés and lexical repetitions.
5. Literacy. It checks for the presence / absence of spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors.

Information:

This year, the dates for writing the final essay are determined as follows:

• December 19, 2018 (main date)
• February 6, 2019 (additional dates)
• May 8, 2019 (additional dates)

As in previous years, the final essay is the admission of graduates to the state final certification. At the same time, students with disabilities have the right to choose the writing of the presentation. As part of open destinations topics of the final essay, specific topics of the final essay are developed (texts of presentations are selected) for each time zone separately. Specific topics of the final essay (texts of presentations) are delivered to the local education authorities on the day of the final essay (statement).

Final essay (statement) as admission to the exam graduates educational organizations implementing programs of secondary general education, first introduced in 2014-2015 academic year pursuant to the instructions of the President Russian Federation in order to identify students' ability to think, analyze and prove their position based on independently selected works of domestic and world literature.

The following categories of persons may write the statement:

• students with disabilities or disabled and handicapped children;
• students of educational programs secondary general education in special educational institutions closed type, as well as in institutions executing punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty;
• students studying at home, in educational organizations, including sanatorium-and-spa, where the necessary medical, rehabilitation and recreational activities for those in need of long-term treatment based on the conclusion of a medical organization.

The final essay, if desired, can also be written by graduates of previous years to present its results when entering universities.

Writing time - 3 hours 55 minutes.

The examination set includes 5 essay topics from a closed list (one topic from each open thematic area).

The topics of essays themselves will be known to graduates 15 minutes before the start of the exam. The result of the final essay (statement) will be “pass” or “fail”, however, only graduates who have received a “pass” will be allowed to pass the unified state exam and the state final exam.

Topics, as in the past year, will be formed by time zones.

The essay is evaluated according to five criteria: relevance to the topic; argumentation, attraction of literary material; composition; speech quality; literacy.

They check the essays (statements) of the Commission of educational organizations or expert commissions created at the municipal / regional level.

Directions and topics

Each final essay must be written in accordance with a specific topic. However, they are only opened 15 minutes before the start of the test. Despite this, there is an opportunity to prepare in advance for writing the final essay in 2018-2019, because both teachers and their wards are aware of the so-called. "global directions". The final topics that the students will receive will necessarily fit within the framework of these particular areas.

In other words, the topics will simply turn out to be more detailed, fractional, concretized. But knowledge of the directions allows you to orient yourself and even pick up suitable arguments from literary works national school curriculum already in currently. There will be 5 directions in total.

Fathers and Sons

Arguments for the final essay of 2018-2019 on the global direction "Fathers and Sons" can be found in work of the same name I.S. Turgenev. The novel "Fathers and Sons" is one of the most suitable for substantiating theses related to the problem of "generational conflict". Representatives of the "generation of children" are Evgeny Bazarov ( main character) and Arkady Kirsanov, and the representatives of the “generation of fathers” are Pavel Petrovich and Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov.

The book shows how young people who position themselves as nihilists (deniers of generally accepted norms) devalue the experience of adults who are considered non-progressive traditionalists. In its turn, older generation also does not seek to understand the youth. In conclusion, the author debunks the teachings of nihilism and proclaims the only way through which it is possible to end the eternal conflict is the reunion of relatives who have learned to love each other after knowing suffering.

Other works to bring arguments to the topics in the direction of "Fathers and Sons" in the December 2018-2019 essay:

• DI. Fonvizin, play "Undergrowth";
• M.Yu. Lermontov, poem "Mtsyri";
• N.V. Gogol, story "Taras Bulba";
• A.S. Pushkin, story "The Captain's Daughter".

Dream or reality

The direction "Dream or Reality" is deeply philosophical, because. makes you think about the interweaving of the most cherished human desires and reality. Example positive heroine, who remains true to her dream and does everything possible to realize it, is Marya Mironova from the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Everything Masha wants, the commandant's daughter Belogorsk fortress, - to live calmly and happily together with your loved one, who becomes officer Pyotr Grinev. However, the girl has to overcome many trials on her way before she finally reunites with her love, because both Peter and Masha fall into the thick of the Pugachev uprising. Despite this, the girl does not give up on her dream and does not lose her fortitude. Even when hope is almost lost, she takes fate into her own hands and goes to Empress Catherine II with a request to contribute to the release of Peter. Thanks to fearlessness, Masha achieves a dream come true, namely, she becomes the wife of her beloved man.

Also the arguments for December essay 2018-2019 in the direction of "Dream and Reality" can be found in the following works:

• F.M. Dostoevsky, the novel "Crime and Punishment" (Rodion Raskolnikov as an example of a dangerous dreamer who should be afraid of his desires);
• A.N. Ostrovsky, play "Thunderstorm".

Revenge and generosity

Here the student will have the opportunity to compare the most different sides and qualities of human nature: kindness and malice, mercy and cruelty, peacefulness and aggressiveness...

Inconsistency, negativity, pettiness, stupidity and the all-destroying beginning of revenge were vividly shown by A.S. Pushkin in his novel "Eugene Onegin". The destructive feeling with which the protagonist lights up leads to the fact that he kills his former friend in a duel. good friend- good little Vladimir Lensky. At the same time, an example of a deeply generous person is found in the work - we are talking about Tatyana Larina, who throughout the whole novel puts the feelings of the people around her above her own (for example, at the end of the book she rejects Onegin who fell in love with her because she cannot betray her husband) .

Additionally, arguments in the direction of "Revenge and generosity" for the final essay of 2018-2019 can be found in the following books:

• A.S. Pushkin, the story "The Captain's Daughter" (Emelyan Pugachev as a person who knows how to be generous and noble in relation to those who deserve it);
• M.Yu. Lermontov, the novel "A Hero of Our Time" (part of "Princess Mary" and, in particular, the vindictiveness of Grushnitsky's nature).

Art and craft

Destiny Theme creative person(writer, artist, musician, etc.) is one of the fundamental in literature. It is possible to analyze the phenomenon of creativity and reflect the importance of creative work thanks to the work of A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". The poem shows how music uplifts the spirit and warms the soul of those who hear it, even when the hardest times of war are raging around. However, the music that allows people to forget about sorrows does not exist on its own - it is carried into this world by a musician, who here is the harmonist Vasily Terkin.

Also, arguments for topics in the direction of "Art and Craft" are found in the following authors:

• V. Korolenko, story "The Blind Musician";
• A.P. Chekhov, story "Rothschild's Violin";
• K.G. Paustovsky, story "Basket with fir cones".

Kindness and cruelty

This direction partially echoes the direction "Revenge and generosity". Here the emphasis is on the importance of a humanistic attitude to life in general, to any life, regardless of who owns it.

In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" the main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, decides to kill the old money-lender. Rodion thinks that he is better than a worthless old woman, and, therefore, has the right to rid the world of her existence. However, when the hero commits murder, he realizes that in reality he is worse, many times worse than the most useless and vicious of the old women. To finally understand this, he is helped by the one he met on the life path Sonya Marmeladova is an example of kindness, virtue and forgiveness. Thanks to her, Raskolnikov abandons inhuman ideas and changes his worldview.

Other examples in the direction of "Kindness and cruelty":

• N.V. Gogol, the story "The Overcoat" (the cruelty of a hypocritical and evil society is opposed by the kindness, simplicity and harmlessness of Akaky Akakievich);
• M.A. Sholokhov, novel Quiet Don”(Calllessness and cruelty can arise in a person’s soul under the influence of external circumstances, as happened with the Cossack peasant Grigory, who was forced to go to war and start killing so as not to die himself).

S. Aleksievich "Uwar is not a woman's face..."

All the heroines of the book had to not only survive the war, but participate in hostilities. Some were military, others were civilians, partisans.

The narrators feel that having to combine male and female roles is a problem. They solve it as best they can. For example, they dream that their femininity and beauty will be preserved even in death. The warrior-commander of a sapper platoon tries to embroider in the dugout in the evening. They are happy if they manage to use the services of a hairdresser almost on the front line (story 6). The transition to a peaceful life, which was perceived as a return to female role, is also not easy. For example, a participant in the war, even when the war is over, when meeting with the highest rank, one wants to take it under the hood.

The unheroic falls to the woman's lot. Women's testimonies allow us to see how enormous was the role of "non-heroic" types of activity during the war years, which we all so easily refer to as "women's business." It's about not only about what happened in the rear, where the whole burden of maintaining the life of the country fell on a woman.

Women nurse the wounded. They bake bread, cook food, wash soldiers' clothes, fight against insects, delivering letters to the front line (story 5). They feed the wounded heroes and defenders of the Fatherland, themselves suffering severely from hunger. In military hospitals, the expression "blood relationship" has become literal. Falling from fatigue and hunger, women gave their blood to the wounded heroes, not considering themselves heroes (story 4). They are wounded and killed. As a result of the path traveled, women change not only internally, but also externally, they cannot be the same (it’s not for nothing that one of them will not be recognized by own mother). The return to the female role is extremely difficult and proceeds like a disease.

The story of Boris Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet..."

They all wanted to live, but they died so that people could say: “The dawns here are quiet…” Quiet dawns cannot be consonant with war, with death. They died, but they won, they did not let a single fascist through. They won because they loved their Motherland selflessly.

Zhenya Komelkova is one of the brightest, strongest and most courageous representatives of the girls - fighters shown in the story. Both the most comical and the most dramatic scenes are connected with Zhenya in the story. Her benevolence, optimism, cheerfulness, self-confidence, implacable hatred of enemies involuntarily draw attention to her and cause admiration. In order to deceive the German saboteurs and force them to take a long road around the river, a small detachment of female fighters made a noise in the forest, pretending to be lumberjacks. Zhenya Komelkova played an amazing scene of careless swimming in ice water in full view of the Germans, ten meters from enemy machine guns. In the last minutes of her life, Zhenya called fire on herself, just to ward off the threat from the seriously wounded Rita and Fedot Vaskov. She believed in herself, and, leading the Germans away from Osyanina, she did not doubt for a moment that everything would end well.

And even when the first bullet hit her side, she was simply surprised. After all, it was so stupid, absurd and implausible to die at nineteen...

Courage, composure, humanity, a high sense of duty to the Motherland distinguish the squad leader, junior sergeant Rita Osyanina. The author, considering the images of Rita and Fedot Vaskov as central, already in the first chapters talks about past life Osyanina. school evening, acquaintance with lieutenant - border guard Osyanin, lively correspondence, registry office. Then - the border outpost. Rita learned to bandage the wounded and shoot, ride a horse, throw grenades and defend against gases, the birth of a son, and then ... war. And in the first days of the war, she was not at a loss - she saved other people's children, and soon found out that her husband died at the outpost on the second day of the war in a counterattack.

They wanted to send her to the rear more than once, but each time she reappeared at the headquarters of the fortified area, finally, they took her as a nurse, and six months later she was sent to study at a tank anti-aircraft school.

Zhenya learned to hate enemies quietly and mercilessly. In position, she shot down a German balloon and an ejected spotter.

When Vaskov and the girls counted the fascists who came out of the bushes - sixteen instead of the expected two, the foreman said to everyone at home: "It's bad, girls, it's business."

It was clear to him that they would not last long against heavily armed enemies, but then Rita’s firm remark: “Well, watch how they pass by?” - obviously, greatly strengthened Vaskova in decision. Twice Osyanina rescued Vaskov by taking fire on herself, and now, having received a mortal wound and knowing the position of the wounded Vaskov, she does not want to be a burden to him, she understands how important it is to bring their common cause to the end, to detain fascist saboteurs.

“Rita knew that the wound was mortal, that she would die long and hard”

Sonya Gurvich - "translator", one of the girls of the Vaskov group, "city" pigalitsa; thin as a spring rook.

The author, talking about Sonya's past life, emphasizes her talent, love for poetry, theater. Boris Vasiliev remembers. The percentage of intelligent girls and students was very high at the front. Mostly freshmen. For them, the war was the most terrible ... Somewhere among them, my Sonya Gurvich also fought.

And now, wanting to do something nice, like an older, experienced and caring comrade, a foreman, Sonya rushes after a pouch, forgotten by him on a stump in the forest, and dies from a blow of an enemy knife in the chest.

Galina Chetvertak - an orphan, pupil orphanage, a dreamer endowed by nature with a vivid figurative fantasy. The skinny, little "fuzzy" Jackdaw did not fit the army standards either in height or age.

When, after the death of her friend Galka, the foreman ordered to put on her boots, “she physically, to the point of faintness, felt a knife penetrating into the tissues, heard the crunch of torn flesh, felt the heavy smell of blood. And this gave rise to a dull, cast-iron horror ... ”And enemies lurked nearby, mortal danger loomed.

“The reality that women faced in the war,” says the writer, “was much more difficult than anything they could think of in the most desperate time of their fantasies. The tragedy of Gali Chetvertak is about this.

The automatic hit briefly. From Ten Steps he struck a thin back, tense in running, and Galya thrust her face into the ground without removing her hands, twisted in horror, from her head.

Everything froze in the meadow.

Lisa Brichkina died while on a mission. Hurrying to get to the junction, to report on the changed situation, Lisa drowned in the swamp:

The heart of the hardened fighter, hero-patriot F. Vaskov is filled with pain, hatred and brightness, and this strengthens his strength, gives him the opportunity to survive. A single feat - the defense of the Motherland - equalizes foreman Vaskov and five girls who "hold their front, their Russia" on the Sinyukhin ridge.

Thus, another motive of the story arises: each on his own sector of the front must do what is possible and impossible for victory, so that the dawns are quiet.

Is it necessary to take revenge on those who hurt you, inflicted a cruel insult? Can you forgive someone who hurt you emotionally? It is these questions that arise when reading the text proposed for analysis.

Revealing the problem of forgiveness, the author relies on an everyday case, the life experience of his characters. The narration is in the first person. Husband and wife live next door to a certain Nyushka, who killed a pet and family pet - a kitten nicknamed Athanasius. The narrator's wife demanded that he take revenge on his neighbor by shooting her dog Rubicon. The hero tried to convince his wife that revenge is not an option, that it will only get worse.

He suggested that his wife take a pack of yeast that was in short supply at that time, which he brought from Moscow, to a neighbor. After indignation and long moral hesitation, the wife obeyed her husband and went to a neighbor from the world. Not expecting anything good, Nyushka reached for her grip, but when she saw that her neighbor had brought her yeast, she came in peace, not war, and burst into tears. So the two women cried together on each other's shoulder.

The position of the author is expressed directly and clearly. V. Soloukhin is convinced that the main thing in the relationship of people is not to lose humanity, not to respond to evil with evil. The most difficult thing is to step over yourself, your grievances and principles and forgive the offender. You need to be able to stop in time, delve into the essence of the problem and solve it correctly, humanly, with dignity, and not primitive, using claws and clubs.

Let's try to prove our position by referring to literary arguments. Let us recall the epic novel by Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" and its heroes. Andrei Bolkonsky could not forgive Natasha's betrayal, he wanted to take revenge on Anatole Kuragin, who seduced an inexperienced girl. Prince Andrei looked everywhere for his enemy in order to challenge him to a duel. Both heroes were wounded in the battle of Borodino and ended up next to each other in a tent on the operating table. With difficulty, Prince Andrei recognized the sobbing man, who had just had his offender's leg amputated. Bolkonsky felt pity and compassion for his enemy, wept pure, childlike, love tears and understood the “happiness of forgiving,” which his sister Princess Marya told him about.

Revenge destroys the soul of a person, makes him callous, cruel, selfish.

The problem of forgiveness is also revealed in M.Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time". Pechorin writes in his journal that he loves enemies, but not in a Christian way, they are hot and excite his blood. He forgives no one for baseness and meanness, challenges Grushnitsky to a duel and kills him. True, then the sun seemed dim to him. With the help of this detail, Lermontov shows that even such an egoist as Pechorin is restless after revenge. Faith behaves quite differently - only person who fully understood the essence of Pechorin, loving him with all his shortcomings and virtues. He brings her nothing but suffering, but she continues to love him, forgiving him again and again.

I think forgiveness is the most important thing. human quality leading to peace and harmony. Resentment and revenge are low feelings that destroy a person. You need to be kinder and be able to understand people. Forgiveness is generosity.

Effective preparation for the exam (all subjects) - start preparing

Updated: 2017-09-28

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