1. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
Main character novel Ilya Oblomov, starting his career, commits a misstep in the service and sends an important dispatch instead of Astrakhan to Arkhangelsk. Then he suddenly falls ill, in the medical certificate issued by the doctor, it is testified: "Thickening of the heart with the expansion of the left ventricle thereof", caused by daily "going to office". This mistake led to the subsequent eternal lying on the couch, from which even all the attempts of Stolz do not save. So a mistake in the service became fatal for Oblomov.
2. M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don"
Grigory Melekhov, being a young, strong Cossack, chooses the most beautiful young Cossack girl Aksinya for lovemaking. It's a common thing for a Cossack village. But the problem lies in the amazing origin of the entire Melekhov family, in its genesis. And Aksinya, who had never known love, for the first time understood the charm of this feeling. In the village, the Cossacks were embarrassed to look into Aksinya's shameless eyes. But his father's order to marry Natalya becomes fatal for Gregory. All his life he will rush between two women, in the end he will destroy both.
3. E.I. Zamyatin "We"
The protagonist of the novel, D-503, is a cog in the mechanism of the United State. He lives in a world where there is no love (it is replaced by "pink coupons"). The meeting with I-330 strikes the hero's imagination. He falls in love. By law, he must report to the guardians about the crime into which his girlfriend is dragging him. But he hesitates and loses time. The mistake becomes fatal for I-330.
4. V.F. Tendryakov "Bread for the dog"
Volodya Tenkov finds himself at the most terrible time in the years of the great turning point in the very center of the battle. On the one hand, these are well-fed representatives of the nomenklatura of the party leadership, where there are pies, borscht and delicious kvass. On the other hand, people thrown to the sidelines of life. Former "fists" today are "shockets" and "elephants", causing pity for the boy. Trying to help them becomes a mistake. Rescues a child sick with mercy, an old sick dog.
5. V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
The protagonist of the story - Sotnikov - experienced a shock in his life. He, disobeying his father's prohibition, took his nominal pistol, which suddenly fired. It was hard for the boy to confess this to his father, but he did it not of his own free will, but at the request of his mother. When the boy told his father about his crime, he forgave him, but asked if he himself decided to do it? The child was not ready to answer this question and cowardly said: “Yes.” The poison of lies forever burned Sotnikov's soul, reminding him of a childhood mistake. This offense became decisive in the life of Sotnikov.
Final essay 2017
Thematic areas
final essay
2017 - 2018 in literature.
Examples of essays
thematic areas
Thematic direction of the final essay Experience and mistakes
The essay is evaluated according to five criteria:
- relevance to the topic;
- argumentation, attraction literary material;
- composition;
- speech quality;
- literacy.
Reliance on piece of art when writing an essay, it implies not just a reference to one or another artistic text, but also addressing it at the level of argumentation, using examples related to the problems and themes of works, the system of actors, etc.
Thematic direction of the final essay 2017 - 2018 in literature:
| Experience and mistakes within the framework of the direction, reasoning about the value of the spiritual and practical experience individual, people, humanity as a whole, about the price of mistakes on the way of knowing the world, gaining life experience.
Literature often makes one think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.
These are not final essays, but simply essays on the topic.
Composition on the topic: Learn from mistakes
“A person learns from mistakes” - each of us is well aware of this proverb. But who among us thought about how much content and how much life wisdom is in this proverb? After all, this is indeed very true. Unfortunately, we are arranged in such a way that until we see everything ourselves, we ourselves will find ourselves in a difficult situation, and we will almost never draw the right conclusions for ourselves.
Generation changes generation human knowledge develop in all directions, but life experience, despite the era, is acquired by each person individually, and its life wisdom appears only after a lot of trial and error made by a person. This is the law of nature and there is nothing we can do about it. But they also say that a smart person learns from the mistakes of others, and a stupid person learns from his own. And indeed it is. Why make the same life mistakes and fall into the same unpleasant life situations that your relatives or friends have already visited? But in order for this not to happen, you really need to be smart person and realize that no matter how smart you are, the most valuable experience for you in any case is the experience of other people who have gone much longer than yours life path. You need to have enough intelligence not to get into a mess and then not to rack your brains on how to get out of this scrape. But those who most often learn from their own mistakes are those who consider themselves an unsurpassed connoisseur of life and do not think about their actions and their future.
However, one can argue about this, since there is another proverb acquired by the life experience of many generations of people. “Do not borrow the mind from a neighbor,” says this proverb. This means that you don’t have to rely on the experience and knowledge of others, you don’t have to listen to what others advise you, but best of all, you need to live with your own mind and check everything for own experience. Therefore, there are many historical and life examples. Interesting, for example, is the fact that even Aristotle wrote in one of his works that the fly has eight legs. The scientific environment of the whole world relied on this and this statement was not questioned until early XIX century. Although it would seem, what could be easier - to catch a fly and count the number of its legs in order to make sure that Aristotle's statement is correct. But this did not even occur to anyone, because everyone relied on the unsurpassed authority of the great scientist. Apparently, they continued to think so, if one Italian naturalist, who, apparently, would never read the works of Aristotle, did not take and list the number of legs from a fly - there were six of them! That's how it is in ordinary life we often enough rely on what we hear from others, even if it is not difficult to check everything ourselves. And we think about the fact that it would be possible to do everything by our own consent only when we regret that we did everything wrong, relying on the advice of others.
As you can see, two proverbs, two folk wisdom very close in content, but at the same time very different. And if we learn to use these wisdoms correctly in our lives and learn not from our own, but from other people's mistakes, but at the same time live only with our own mind, and not rely on the minds of others, everything in our life will be better and we will easily overcome all life obstacles.
An example of an essay on thematic direction Experience and mistakes:
Composition on the topic: A person has the right to make a mistake
How often are we wrong? Sometimes, all our lives we regret what we have done. It is sad and sad to realize when, under certain circumstances, someone can be lost, out of stupidity. But such real life we all make mistakes. The essence of the issue is that people learn to forgive, give a second chance to fix everything. How, it would seem, we ask little, but how difficult it is to translate it into life. One is not very famous writer wrote: "Every action of a person, depending on the view, is both right and wrong." In my opinion, in these words deepest meaning.
After all, without mistakes we will never know the truth.
Everyone thought about their own and other people's mistakes, and found something in common. It is not surprising, because the world is formed in such a way that society consists of certain errors that are closely related to each other. In this chaos of intertwining thoughts, it is already difficult to figure out who is right and who is wrong. As a result, we get the result that we have today.
I will give a simple example. We all know such sayings: “They only learn from mistakes”, “Everything that is not done is for the better”, “Only the one who does nothing is not mistaken”, “If I knew where to fall, I would definitely put straws” and other. And there are also such thoughts: “Doctors, they have no right to make a mistake”, “Healthy biologists, they cannot have inaccuracies.” Well, it turns out that one category of people have this right to make a mistake, and the second does not?
Banal, isn't it?
Let's try to understand specific cases. One of the popular opinions is that you learn from your mistakes. Nobody will argue that it is so. But let's think a little deeper into this process. And what scale can this or that error bring? One wrong decision can produce a “mass impact effect”. Namely, after one absurdity we try to immediately correct it, but we get lost more and more, forcing ourselves in this state to make one mistake after another, each time increasing the scale. It's like running sea waves: we stand on the shore, one wave knocks us down, we try to get up, and if we don’t succeed, then the second and third follow. As a result, the waves do not allow us to rise any more, each time increasing the intensity of the fall. So in life, hasty movements can turn your whole life upside down.
There are many such analyzing examples - a whole book will be published. Summing up, I will only note that mistakes are made in adolescence. When we are adults, it is worth thinking about each of our decisions, realizing their consequences. After all, sooner or later, your personality potential should be revealed.
Copyright © All rights reserved
MOBU Nikitinskaya secondary school
teacher of Russian language and literature
Kilmukhametova L.M.
Basic Rules
How to write a final essay
To write a CORRECT essay, first of all, you need to familiarize yourself with the basic parameters. We all know that an essay consists of three parts: introduction, body and conclusion. Part and paragraph - different concepts, do not confuse! Each part can be divided into paragraphs.
Rule number 1. The introduction and conclusion should be three times smaller than the main part. Thus, the introduction and conclusion make up 1/5 of the text, the main part - 3/5 (plus or minus 5 words)
Let me remind you that the optimal amount of the final essay is 350 words (minimum 250, maximum 450)
Rule number 2. Two adjacent sentences should not contain the same or the same root words.
Repetition is one of the most common speech errors. 4 errors - failure on one of the criteria.
Rule number 3. The parts of the proposal must be TIGHTLY related to each other.
How to check? Try to read the beginning of the main part (conclusion) separately. If everything is clear and sounds like a separate complete text- this is bad.
Example: In Pushkin's work " Captain's daughter» touches upon the issue of honor. The father of the protagonist from childhood taught him not to lose dignity ....
IN good writing without reading the introduction, it is impossible to understand what the main part or conclusion is about (introductory words and pronouns can come to the rescue).
Example: An example of such an attitude to nature is Vasiliev's novel "Do not shoot white swans" ....
Confirmation of my words can be found on the pages of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" ...
As you can see, without a thesis, it is not entirely clear what kind of attitude to nature we are talking about and what words I want to confirm. This is the connection.
Rule number 4. DO NOT TRY TO WRITE WITHOUT ERRORS
Yes Yes. Don't even think. That is why many people take a lot of time to write an essay. We are unable to focus on two things at the same time. If you think about how not to make a mistake, you will stop formulating a thought. you will jump from one activity to another. Nothing good will come of it.
Try right hand draw a circle clockwise, and with the right foot - against. Did you manage to describe even circles and do it rhythmically? The same thing happens to our brain when we write an essay. So write the way you write. Don't think about word count, lack of repetition, and connections between parts. The main thing is to write something, and then you can EDIT. Cross out the excess, add where it is missing, replace repetitions with synonyms or pronouns, etc. (do not forget about spelling and punctuation). Again, when checking the composition, look for each mistake separately, otherwise it will happen again as with an arm and a leg. That is, you will need to reread the essay at least three times.
Rule number 5. Skeleton first, essay later
The explanation will again be connected with the structure of our brain. There are concepts like associative thinking and chain reaction. They are often included during dialogue.
For example, Lena tells something to Irina, and she remembers a joke on this topic about a cat. Lena tells a joke about a cat, and Irina remembers which one beautiful kitten saw near Mega, in turn, Lena says that she was in Mega yesterday and saw a very cool dress and Irina is already wondering what to wear to graduation? Etc. Perhaps Irina will never tell Lena her story to the end.
When we write an essay, we have an internal dialogue and we can just as well move away from the topic. Perhaps the text will be logical and solid, but our conclusion will not correspond to the introduction ( the main idea conclusions and thesis will carry different meaning), which is a non-issue. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to compose and WRITE on a piece of paper the skeleton of the essay:
The main idea of the argument
The main idea of the conclusion
How to formulate a thesis and plan an essay
A pre-made and written plan will not allow you to go astray, or at least save valuable time.
Plan structure:
Argument
Thesis in the essay is yours own position(opinion) regarding the topic of the essay.
Important! The thesis is a clearly formulated and beautifully designed thought that fits in ONE sentence. It is this statement that should be argued in the main part. The thesis should be written at the end of the introduction.
Example:
I believe that love does not always fill a person's heart with happiness, sometimes it can destroy a person's life. (arguments "Garnet bracelet", "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district".
Willpower, in my opinion, is our main ally in the fight against our own weaknesses. (arguments "Love of life", "Oblomov")
Argument in the essay substantiates the thesis, proves that your thought is correct. By the way, all arguments can be conditionally divided into two categories. The entire plot of the work can serve as an argument. For example, "Love of Life" by Jack London as an example of an iron will. Using this work as an argument, it is enough to systematically convey the content of the entire story.
If we turn to more major works, then a specific episode (or several) will act as an argument. For example, when discussing honor and dishonor, we can cite as an argument the dialogue between Pugachev and Grinev (The Captain's Daughter), where Peter, at the risk of being executed, refuses to swear allegiance to the "great sovereign". That is, all other moments can be omitted. In this case, in order to formulate the argument correctly, it is necessary to briefly (3-4 sentences) state the plot of the work, and then describe the scene (character or act of the character, some situation, etc.) in colors, which is actually the argument .
Conclusion - summing up, logical conclusion. Here you need to be especially careful, because. you can get off topic. To write a conclusion correctly, you need to confirm that your position turned out to be correct, or continue your thought (thesis), it will be especially good if the conclusion sounds like a parting word (recommendation) to the reader of your essay.
Example:
I believe that love does not always fill a person's heart with happiness, sometimes it can destroy a person's life. Conclusion:
Thus, if the thesis, argument and conclusion are combined with the help of introductory words, the plan of the essay turns into a short, but solid and meaningful text. If you succeeded, you can be sure that you are provided with a credit for the first two criteria.
Composition plan:
I believe that love does not always fill a person's heart with happiness, sometimes it can destroy a person's life.
For example, Katerina (Lady Macbeth), having fallen in love with her worker Sergei, did not notice the selfish intentions of this man and was ready for anything for him. She killed own husband and his nephew, ended up in hard labor through the fault of her chosen one, but continued to love him. Sergei did not reciprocate. Unable to bear the bullying of Sergei, Katerina committed suicide.
Thus, love can really hurt, so it is important to remember one more feeling - self-respect.
Now it remains to paint each item in more detail and your ideal essay is ready.
And finally. The easiest way to formulate a beautiful thesis is to go from the opposite, that is, choose an argument and draw a conclusion from it, which will serve as a thesis.
Directions
Experience and mistakes
Works about experience and mistakes. If you cannot find an argument for the final essay in the direction of "experience and mistakes", this bibliography will help you.
A. S. Pushkin story "The Captain's Daughter" (Inexperienced Pyotr Grinev, having received freedom from parental control, lost a large amount. Youth is the time for mistakes
L. N. Tolstoy story "Youth" ( Best Artwork about mistakes made in youth. Youth is the time for mistakes
A. S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" (People tend to make rash acts. Eugene Onegin rejected Tatyana, who was in love with him, which he regretted, but it was too late. Mistakes are rash acts)
M. Yu. Lermontov novel "A Hero of Our Time" (Only after losing Vera, Pechorin realized that he loved her. The worst mistake is not to appreciate what we have)
N. V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" ( Central character possesses leadership qualities and, undoubtedly, many years of experience gives him self-confidence. People around him knew this and listened to him. The role of experience. The value of experience._
A. S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" (an experienced Andrei Grinev, who has seen life, gives his son the instruction "Take care of your dress again, and honor from a young age." Peter listened to his father and tried to follow the order, which ultimately helped him earn Pugachev's respect and thereby saved a life
"Ionych" - a story by A. N. Chekhov
Argument:
The heroine of A. N. Chekhov's story "Ionych" - Ekaterina Ivanovna, also made an irreparable mistake. Once the house of her parents was visited by Dr. Dmitry Ionych. Watching Ekaterina play the piano and how her eyes glow with childish naivete, Startsev fell in love. The doctor confessed his feelings to the heroine, but in response, she cruelly played her admirer, making an appointment at the cemetery, which she was not going to go to. This act did not extinguish the flame in the heart of Ionych, and the next day he decided to ask for the hand of Ekaterina Ivanovna. The heroine did not reciprocate. Being a young inexperienced girl, Kotik, as her parents called her, considered herself very talented and prophesied fame for herself. famous pianist. She was afraid that family life interfere with her career. Ekaterina Ivanovna was mistaken. Four years later, Kitty realized that "there is nothing special about her" and that it is more important to love and be loved. She hoped that Startsev's feelings had not cooled down, but it was too late. Time passed, and Kotik and Ionych remained unhappy and lonely.
Possible theses:
Often people mislead themselves and regret it all their lives
Some mistakes can ruin a person's life
By making a rash decision, a person risks destroying not only his own life, but also the lives of those around him.
Honor and dishonor
Works about honor and dishonor. A list of references in which you will find excellent arguments for the final essay in the direction of "Honor and dishonor"
A. S. Pushkin story "The Captain's Daughter" (Grinev retained his honor even under pain of death)
M. A. Sholokhov the story "The Fate of a Man" (Sokolov is a Russian soldier who was not afraid to look death in the eyes and aroused the respect of the Nazis)
M. Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time" (Pechorin, knew about Grushnitsky's intentions, but nevertheless did not wish him harm. An act worthy of respect. Grushnitsky, on the contrary, committed dishonorable act, offering Pechorin an unloaded weapon for a duel)
M. Yu. Lermontov poem "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov" (Kalashnikov gave his life for the honor of his family)
N. V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" (Ostap accepted death with dignity)
A. S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" (Shvabrin is a vivid example of a person who has lost his dignity)
F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" (Raskolnikov is a murderer, but a dishonorable act was based on pure thoughts. What is it: honor or dishonor?)
F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" (Sonya Marmeladova sold herself, but did it for the sake of her family. What is it: honor or dishonor?)
F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" (Dunya was slandered, but her honor was restored. Honor is easy to lose)
"War and Peace" - an argument for the final essay in the direction of "honor and dishonor":
The problem of morality has always been a cross-cutting one in the literature of the 19th century. So, in the work "War and Peace" Lev Nikolaevich touches on the theme of honor and dishonor. In the novel, one of central characters- Pierre Bezukhov appears before us as a completely naive, inexperienced young man who has lived all his youth abroad. Having become the owner of a large inheritance, Bezukhov, with his honesty and faith in the kindness of people, falls into the nets set by Prince Kuragin. The prince's attempts to take possession of the inheritance were unsuccessful, so he decided to get money in another way and married the young man to his daughter Helen, who did not have any feelings for her husband. In the good-natured and peace-loving Pierre, who learned about the betrayal of his wife with Dolokhov, anger boiled and he challenged Fedor to battle. Duel highlights everything best qualities Pierre: his courage, his philanthropy, his moral strength. In this episode, the author contrasts the characters: Pierre did not want to harm Dolokhov, let alone kill him, in turn, Fedor lamented that he missed and did not hit Bezukhov.
Thus, Lev Nikolaevich, using the example of the protagonist, showed qualities that command respect, qualities that one should strive for. The miserable intrigues of Prince Kuragin, Helen and Dolokhov brought them only misfortune. Lies, hypocrisy and sycophancy never bring real success, but entail the risk of tarnishing honor and losing dignity. (200 words)
Possible theses:
1. To maintain honor means to remain human in any situation.
2. The honor of a person can be judged not only by self-respect, but also by his attitude towards other people
victory and defeat
Works about victory and defeat. Now you do not have to look for arguments for the final essay in the direction of victory and defeat. We have selected an argument for each possible topic in this direction.
I. A. Goncharov novel "Oblomov" (The main character could not overcome his laziness. Fighting his weaknesses)
Jack London story Love for life (Thanks to the iron will, the hero overcame hunger, pain and remained alive. Victory over himself)
K. D. Vorobyov story "Killed near Moscow" (Alexey Yastrebov coped with fear and uncertainty. Victory over himself)
K. D. Vorobyov story "Killed near Moscow" (Victory over the enemy)
M. A. Sholokhov story "The Fate of a Man" (The main character found the strength to live after he lost his family. Victory over himself)
A. S. Pushkin story "The Captain's Daughter" (Shvabrin slanders Grinev, but Masha manages to tell the Empress everything. Shvabrin's plans collapsed. Defeat)
B. Vasiliev story "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" (Vaskov defeats the Germans, but there is a stone in his heart, because he is the only survivor of the battle. The price of victory. The bitterness of victory)
N.V. Gogol's story Taras Bulba (Taras was brutally killed by the Poles, but this cannot be called a defeat. His spirit was not broken, he was dying with the thought of further victories of the Cossacks. What is victory?)
"Oblomov" - a novel by I. A. Goncharov
Argument:
He was defeated in the battle with his own shortcomings and the hero of the novel by I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov". Ilya Ilyich grew up in a family where life went on smoothly and measuredly, without shocks. Surrounded by care, Ilyusha grew up as a dependent man. Lying on the couch was his usual way of life, and nothing aroused his interest. When problems piled on Oblomov, he did not take any action. The hero only complained to everyone about life, dreamed that everything would resolve itself and waited for the arrival of his childhood friend, hoping that he would help sort everything out. Oblomov understood that something needed to be changed in his life. With the arrival of Stolz, he began to wake up early, become interested in what was happening in the world, and even fell in love. But the very first obstacle, moving from the city to the country, returned Oblomov to his usual way of life. Ilya Ilyich did not manage to change, until the end of his days he remained a lazy, dependent and needy person. (143 words)
Possible theses:
1. Willpower is our best ally in the fight against our own shortcomings.
2. Try to change into better side means to challenge yourself
Mind and feeling
Works about reason and feelings. Now you do not have to look for arguments for the final essay in the direction of reason and feelings. We have selected two arguments for each possible topic in this direction.
A. I. Kuprin story "Garnet Bracelet" (some feelings can only be extinguished by death)
A. N. Ostrovsky play "Thunderstorm" (some feelings can only be extinguished by death)
A. S. Griboyedov play "Woe from Wit" (one cannot become happy, guided only by common sense)
A. N. Ostrovsky play "Thunderstorm" (Katerina realized that she was doing wrong, but went on about her feelings. Feelings are stronger than reason)
N. V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" (Taras was able to step over his father's feelings and killed his son-traitor)
A. S. Pushkin story "The Captain's Daughter" (Grinev realized that he could be executed, but self-esteem turned out to be stronger)
A. S. Pushkin novel "Eugene Onegin" (Tatiana is unhappy in a marriage of convenience, because she is in love with Onegin. Feeling is more important than reason)
M. Yu. Lermontov novel "A Hero of Our Time" (Vera is not happy in marriage with her unloved husband. Feeling is more important than reason)
"Garnet Bracelet" - a story by A. I. Kuprin
Argument:
I could not cope with my feelings and Zheltkov, the hero of Kuprin's story "Garnet Bracelet". This man, seeing Vera Nikolaevna once, fell in love with her for life. The hero did not expect reciprocity from the married princess. He understood everything, but he could not help himself. Faith was a small meaning of Zheltkov's life, and he believed that it was God who rewarded him with such love. The hero showed his feelings only in letters, without showing himself to the princess in front of her eyes. On the day of the angel of Vera, the fan gave his beloved Garnet bracelet and enclosed a note in which he asked for forgiveness for the inconvenience he had caused. When the husband of the princess, together with her brother, found Zheltkov, he admitted the indecency of his behavior and explained that he sincerely loves Vera and only death can extinguish this feeling. Finally, the hero asked Vera's husband for permission to write to her last letter, and after the conversation said goodbye to life (134 words)
Possible theses:
1. Sincere feelings are not subject to the will of man
2. Only death can kill real feelings.
Reason and feeling argument based on Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm" for the final essay:
Talking about real and sincere feelings, I would like to turn to the play "Thunderstorm". IN this work A. N. Ostrovsky was able to convey the mental anguish of the main character with all the brightness of emotions. In the 19th century, a huge number of marriages were not for love, parents tried to marry their daughter to someone who was richer. The girls were forced to live with the unloved all their lives. Katerina, who was married off as Tikhon Kabanov from a wealthy merchant family, found herself in a similar situation. Katya's husband was a pitiful sight. Irresponsible and infantile, he was incapable of anything other than drinking. Tikhon's mother, Marfa Kabanova, embodied the ideas of tyranny and hypocrisy inherent in the entire "dark kingdom", so Katerina was constantly under pressure.
The heroine strove for freedom, it was difficult for her in the conditions of slavish worship of false idols. The girl found solace in communicating with Boris. His care, affection and sincerity helped the unfortunate heroine forget about the oppression from the Kabanikhi. Katerina realized that she was doing wrong and could not live with it, but her feelings turned out to be stronger and she cheated on her husband. Tormented by remorse, the heroine repented to her husband, after which she threw herself into the river. (174 words)
Possible theses:
1. Sometimes people get caught up in their own feelings.
2. Feelings can be so strong that it's easier to say goodbye to life than to hide them.
Friendship and enmity
List of works about friendship and enmity. Now you do not have to look for arguments for the final essay in the direction of friendship and enmity. We have selected two arguments for each possible topic in this direction.
V. L. Kondratiev story "Sasha" (what is a person ready for for a friend?)
A. S. Pushkin historical tale"The Captain's Daughter" (Grinev and Shvabrin - why is friendship crumbling? Betrayal)
I. S. Turgenev novel "Fathers and Sons" (Kirsanov and Bazarov - why is friendship crumbling?)
A. S. Pushkin historical story "The Captain's Daughter" (Grinev and Pugachev - indirect hostility, enemy - potential friend)
I. A. Goncharov novel "Oblomov" (Oblomov and Stolz - friends should complement each other)
V. G. Korolenko story "Children of the Underground" (true friendship, disinterestedness of children's friendship)
N. V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" (Taras Bulba believed that friendship/partnership is more important than family)
"Captain's daughter"
Heroes can serve as a vivid example of warring comrades. historical novel A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". Grinev Petr at the age of seventeen was sent by his father to the army to "smell gunpowder" and "pull the strap."
The Belgorod fortress, where the young man was sent, turned out to be not a formidable bastion, but a village surrounded by a wooden fence. Instead of a brave garrison, there were invalids, and instead of artillery, an old cannon full of rubbish. There Grinev met Alexei Shvabrin. The officer himself came to Peter when he found out about his arrival, saying that he was seized by the desire to finally see human face. But the friendship of the young men ended before it began.
It all started when Grinev shared his feelings for the captain's daughter with a friend and showed a song written for her. Shvabrin criticized the lines and allowed himself dirty hints about Masha's "temper and custom". Later it turned out that Alexei himself wooed the girl, but was refused. Their quarrel ended in a duel, where Peter was wounded.
After the invasion of Pugachev's rebels, the mutual hostility between the characters is replaced by hatred. Grinev remained loyal to the empress with honor, and Shvabrin, who swore allegiance to the robber, was appointed commandant of the fortress where Masha remained. Her parents were killed, and the priest betrayed captain's daughter for your niece. The traitor forced the girl to marry him, threatening to tell who she really was. Shvabrin's plans did not come true, Grinev released the captain's daughter, and was pardoned by Pugachev, despite Shvabrin's efforts. ( 211 words)
Possible theses:
1. Often the cause of enmity between comrades is a woman.
2. A woman can destroy a man's friendship.
3. Why do friends become enemies?
4. If a friend betrayed you, then he was not your friend.
Five arguments for preparing for the final essay on the block of topics: "Honor and dishonor"
1. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
The epigraph of the novel immediately points to the problem raised by the author: who is the bearer of honor, who is dishonor. Embodied honor, which does not allow one to be guided by material or other selfish interests, is manifested in the feat of Captain Mironov and his inner circle. Pyotr Grinev is ready to die for the given word of the oath, and does not even try to get out, deceive, save a life. Shvabrin acts otherwise: in order to save his life, he is ready to go into the service of the Cossacks, if only to survive.
Masha Mironova is the embodiment of female honor. She, too, is ready to die, but does not collude with the hated Shvabrin, who covets the girl's love.
2. M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about ... the merchant Kalashnikov"
Kiribeevich - a representative of the oprichnina, does not know refusal in anything, he is used to permissiveness. Desire and love lead him through life, he does not tell the whole truth (and therefore lies) to the king and receives permission to match with married woman. Kalashnikov, following the laws of Domostroy, defends the honor of his disgraced wife. He is ready to die, but to punish his offender. Leaving to fight on place of execution, he invites his brothers, who must continue his work if he dies. Kiribeevich, on the other hand, behaves cowardly, courage and prowess immediately leave his face as soon as he learns the name of his opponent. And although Kalashnikov dies, he dies a winner.
3. N.A. Nekrasov "To whom in Rus' ..."
Matryona Timofeevna sacredly preserves her honor and dignity as a mother and wife. She, pregnant, goes to the governor's office to save her husband from recruitment.
Ermila Girin, being an honest and noble person, enjoys authority among the villagers of the nearest district. When it became necessary to buy the mill, he did not have money, the peasants at the market in half an hour collected a thousand rubles. And when I was able to return the money, I went around everyone and personally returned the borrowed money. He gave the remaining unclaimed ruble to everyone for a drink. He is an honest man and honor is more precious to him than money.
4. N.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District"
main character- Katerina Izmailova - puts love above honor. For her, it doesn’t matter who to kill, just to stay with her lover. The death of the father-in-law, the husband becomes only a prelude. The main crime is the murder of a small heir. But after being exposed, she remains abandoned by her beloved, since his love was only an appearance, the desire to find a mistress as a wife. The death of Katerina Izmailova does not wash away the dirt from her crimes. So dishonor during life remains the posthumous shame of a lustful, jaded merchant's wife.
5. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
Sonya Marmeladova is the moral ideological center of the novel. The girl, thrown by her stepmother on the panel, keeps the purity of her soul. She not only sincerely believes in God, but also retains a moral principle in herself, which does not allow her to lie, steal, or betray. She bears her cross without shifting responsibility to anyone. She finds the right words to convince Raskolnikov to confess to the crime. And he follows him to hard labor, protects the honor of his ward, guards him in the most difficult moments of his life. Saves, in the end, with his love. So surprisingly, a girl working as a prostitute becomes in Dostoevsky's novel a defender and bearer of true honor and dignity.
Five arguments for preparing for the final essay on the block of topics: "Friendship and enmity"
1. A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Chatsky and Gorich once (only a year ago they served together in the same regiment) were friends. Their meeting at Famusov's house was joyful. One says: "An old friend," - the other echoes him: brother! This is how these people meet. According to the memoirs of Chatsky, last year “... did I know you in the regiment? only morning: a foot in the stirrup and rushing on a greyhound stallion. Now Gorich has come under the influence of not only his young wife, but everything Famus Society. Hearing about the madness of Chatsky is perceived by him with difficulty, but under pressure public opinion he surrenders, thereby betraying a friend: “Well, that’s all, so you can’t believe it ...” Platon Mikhailovich betrays so easily former friend, almost a brother.
2. M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
Pechorin does not accept friendship, he believes that in friendship one will always obey the other. Werner doesn't think so. He tries his best to understand and explain Pechorin's actions, but he never accepts his actions to the end. The last meeting of these "friends" is colored by heavy intonations of omissions and misunderstandings. It is a pity that Pechorin is indifferent to Werner's attitude towards him. It's more of a bravado though.
3. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Prince Andrei and Count Bezukhov, despite the difference in age, are very close friends. They are united by high demands on themselves, the desire to do good to society, to leave a mark. Andrei always gives good advice to Pierre, although he never fulfills them. And Pierre is trying to help Andrei at the moment of Natasha's betrayal. His words, at first glance, are not heard by a friend, but in fact, he suffers too much and seeks to avenge the honor of his beloved girl. They are always there, even when far away. This is true friendship.
4. M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don»
The life of Grigory Melekhov is filled with communication with people, among them are friends such as Mitka Korshunov and Mishka Koshevoy. Over time, life breeds them not only according to different sides barricades, but also on opposite sides of good and evil. Prokhor Zykov remains the only true friend Gregory to the end.
5. B. Vasiliev "Tomorrow there was a war"
Vika Lyuberetskaya and Iskra Polyakova are not friends at first. Both very strong natures, they seemed to never find a common language. But Iskra realized how pure and honest Vika was after reading Yesenin's poems. The harmless birthday became the starting point for testing the true friendship of these girls. Vika's death shocked all her classmates. But Iskra performs a feat when she reads Yesenin's poems over the grave of a young friend. This is her oath of friendship for the dead girl.
Five arguments for preparing for the final essay on the block of topics: "Mind and Feeling"
1. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign":
Reason gave way to feeling, and Igor, instead of a reasonable decision to save the army and his life, after all the omens, decides to die, but not to shame his honor.
2. Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin "Undergrowth":
Reason is completely absent in the actions of Prostakova and Skotinin, they do not even understand the need to protect their serfs, since they have all the welfare of these "masters of life." Mitrofan shows complete control over feelings: when a mother is needed, he fawns over, says that he loves her, and as soon as the mother has lost all power, he announces:
Get off, mother!
He has no sense of responsibility, love, devotion.
3. Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov "Woe from Wit":
The main character - Chatsky - at first glance, is a model of reason. He is educated, understands his place well, determines the political situation, is literate in matters of law in general and serfdom in particular. However, the mind refuses him in an everyday situation, he does not know how to behave in relations with Sophia, when she says that he is not the hero of her novel. In relation to Molchalin, Famusov and the whole secular society, he is bold and daring and, as a result, ends up with nothing. A feeling of annoyance and loneliness squeezes his chest:
My soul here is somehow compressed by grief.
But he is not used to obeying feelings and does not take seriously discord with society, but in vain.
4. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin "Eugene Onegin":
Onegin with youthful years used to subordinate feelings to reason: “the science of tender passion” is already proof of this. Having met Tatyana, he “did not give way to a sweet habit”, did not take this feeling seriously, deciding that he could cope with the feeling, as always, when he knew how to “shine with an obedient tear.” Reverse Tatiana. In her youth, she obeyed only feelings. Onegin read her a sermon in which he recommended: "learn to control yourself." The girl took note of these words and took up self-development. By the time of the next meeting with Onegin, she already masterfully controls her feelings, and Eugene could not see a single gram of emotion on her face. But happiness is no longer possible ...
5. Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time":
The main character - Pechorin - is a man consisting of reason and feeling. When he is one on one with nature, with a diary or with a person with whom you do not have to pretend - it is a naked nerve, an emotion. A striking example in the episode when he drove the horse down the road in pursuit of Vera. He cries in grief. This state lasts for a moment. But the moment passes, and another Pechorin rises above the “crying child” sobbing on the grass and soberly and sternly assesses his behavior. The triumph of reason does not give happiness to this person.
Five arguments for preparing for the final essay on the block of topics: "Victory and defeat"
1. M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about ... the merchant Kalashnikov"
The merchant Kalashnikov, standing up for the honor of his wife, goes to a fistfight with the guardsman Kiribeevich. He wins the battle, but dies at the hands of the executioner, because he refuses to tell the king about the reasons for his act. But Kalashnikov defended his wife's honor. And his death becomes a victory.
2. M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri"
The protagonist runs away from the monastery where he has been all his life, because he considers it a prison. Three days at large became for him the replacement of a lifetime. Meeting with people, fighting with a leopard, thunder and lightning, contemplation of the beauty of nature - this is life for him - demonic freedom. He dies, but, in his opinion, he wins.
3. A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
Katerina enters into combat with " dark kingdom and perishes, because it cannot withstand the onslaught of hypocrisy and falsehood. Her protest becomes the first signal for confrontation with this kingdom. Her death is a victory over general indifference and obscurantism.
4. I.A. Bunin " Clean Monday»
The main character of the story is a girl living an idle life filled with bright events. She is little understood by her young man because he can't listen. And the girl is looking for a way out of such a life. And her sudden departure to the monastery very clearly demonstrates a large inner work souls. By this act, she proves the victory of a pure, sublime, divine principle over the mundane, base, carnal. With her departure to the monastery, she saves her soul and conquers all base things.
5. E.I. Zamyatin "We"
The protagonist of the novel, having experienced love for the first time in his life, becomes a conspirator. But his primitive swarm consciousness is incapable of making right choice, he calmly puts himself at the mercy of the guardians to avoid having to choose. Watching the torture of his recently beloved, he dryly, logically reflects on the irrational behavior of the girl. The United State here and now is victorious over D-503 and I-330, over the entire Mephi, but this victory is akin to defeat.
Five arguments for preparing for the final essay on the block of topics: "Experience and mistakes"
1. I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
The protagonist of the novel Ilya Oblomov, starting his career, commits a misstep in the service and sends an important dispatch instead of Astrakhan to Arkhangelsk. Then he suddenly falls ill, in the medical certificate issued by the doctor, it is testified: "Thickening of the heart with the expansion of the left ventricle thereof", caused by daily "going to office". This mistake led to the subsequent eternal lying on the couch, from which even all the attempts of Stolz do not save. So a mistake in the service became fatal for Oblomov.
2. M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don"
Grigory Melekhov, being a young, strong Cossack, chooses the most beautiful young Cossack girl Aksinya for lovemaking. It's a common thing for a Cossack village. But the problem lies in the amazing origin of the entire Melekhov family, in its genesis. And Aksinya, who had never known love, for the first time understood the charm of this feeling. In the village, the Cossacks were embarrassed to look into Aksinya's shameless eyes. But his father's order to marry Natalya becomes fatal for Gregory. All his life he will rush between two women, in the end he will destroy both.
3. E.I. Zamyatin "We"
The protagonist of the novel, D-503, is a cog in the mechanism of the United State. He lives in a world where there is no love (it is replaced by "pink coupons"). The meeting with I-330 strikes the hero's imagination. He falls in love. By law, he must report to the guardians about the crime into which his girlfriend is dragging him. But he hesitates and loses time. The mistake becomes fatal for I-330.
4. V.F. Tendryakov "Bread for the dog"
Volodya Tenkov finds himself at the most terrible time in the years of the great turning point in the very center of the battle. On the one hand, these are well-fed representatives of the nomenklatura of the party leadership, where there are pies, borscht and delicious kvass. On the other hand, people thrown to the sidelines of life. Former "fists" today are "shockets" and "elephants", causing pity for the boy. Trying to help them becomes a mistake. Rescues a child sick with mercy, an old sick dog.
5. V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
The protagonist of the story - Sotnikov - experienced a shock in his life. He, disobeying his father's prohibition, took his nominal pistol, which suddenly fired. It was hard for the boy to confess this to his father, but he did it not of his own free will, but at the request of his mother. When the boy told his father about his crime, he forgave him, but asked if he himself decided to do it? The child was not ready to answer this question and cowardly said: “Yes.” The poison of lies forever burned Sotnikov's soul, reminding him of a childhood mistake. This offense became decisive in the life of Sotnikov.
Life - long haul to perfection. Everyone goes through it on their own. This means that he grows up on his own, gets acquainted with the changes that occur inside a person, learns the world with its unpredictable, like the movement of atmospheric masses, the course of history. But humanity does not want to learn from mistakes previous generations, and stubbornly steps on the same rake again and again.
It took a painfully long time to create Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov's novel Quiet Flows the Don. tragic story several generations of one family, caught in a whirlpool of terrible destructive events, gives an idea of the mistakes that lead to the collapse, death of almost all members of the Melekhov family. Dictionary gives the concept of the word error:
unintentional deviation from the correct actions, deeds, thoughts.
It seems to me that the main word in this definition is "unintentional". No one wants to make mistakes on purpose, to spite everyone and everything. Most often, when a person makes a mistake, he is sure that he is right. So does Grigory Melekhov. Throughout the novel, he does everything somehow "out of his mind." Against a reasonable, logical rejection of love for the married Aksinya, he achieves a reciprocal feeling:
He stubbornly, with bullish persistence, courted her.
When the father decides to marry his son to a girl from a wealthy family, not having any feelings for Natalya, only obeying the will of Pantelei Prokofich, Grigory makes another mistake. Returning to Aksinya, then leaving her, returning to Natalya, Grigory rushes between two differently beloved women. The mistake ends in tragedy for both: one dies from an abortion, the other dies from a bullet. So it is in determining his path in the revolution: he is looking for harmony, the highest truth, truth, but he does not find them anywhere. And the transition from the Reds to the Cossacks, and then to the Whites, the new transition to the Reds also does not bring him either freedom, or justice, or harmony. “Blessed is he who visited our world in fatal moments,” F.I. Tyutchev once said. Gregory - a saint in a soldier's overcoat - a great warrior who so passionately desired peace, but did not find it, because he got such a share ...
But the hero of the novel by A.S. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin, gained rich experience in dealing with girls and women. “How early he could be hypocritical, harbor hope, be jealous ...” - and always achieve his goal. That's just the experience played a cruel joke with him. Having met true love, he did not give the “cute habit” a move, he did not want to lose “his hateful freedom”. And Tatyana married another. Onegin, not finding a modest village girl in a secular lady, received his sight! An attempt to return Tatyana ends in failure for him. And he was so confident in himself, in the correctness of his actions, his choice.
Nobody is immune from mistakes. As we live our lives, we will make mistakes over and over again. And when we gain experience, maybe we will lose all interest in life. Everyone makes their own choice: deliberately making another mistake or quietly sitting in their shelter and calmly enjoying the experience ...
Composition “Who is Chatsky: winner or loser”
In comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" we met many heroes, one of whom was Alexander Andreevich Chatsky.
Alexander Andreevich Chatsky is a very good person, in my opinion. He was well brought up. His behavior and his words emphasized some grace, subtlety and superiority. Chatsky, unlike Famusov, is smart and full of knowledge. Also, Alexander Andreevich always wanted to do something for the benefit of society and honestly serve the Fatherland. And this once again emphasizes his nobility and superiority.
Chatsky has always been worthy of the best. And when he fell in love with Sophia, he, like all young people in love, believed that Sophia loved him as passionately as he loved her. But it wasn't. When Chatsky, having arrived, meets Sophia, he begins to remember the wonderful past, not knowing that Sophia is no longer the same as she used to be. Alexander recalls their childhood spent together:
Where is the time? where is that innocent age,
When it used to be a long evening
You and I will appear, disappear here and there,
We play and make noise on chairs and tables.
And here is yours, father and madam, behind the picket;
We are in a dark corner, and it seems that in this!
Do you remember? shudder that the table creaks, the door ...
But Sophia is not touched by this past at all, she considers the time spent with him just childish. The enamored Chatsky does not understand this. He is still simple and naive in his blind love. But still, no matter how attached Chatsky was to Sophia, it took him only one day for the “veil to fall off” from his eyes. He learns that Sofia is already absolutely indifferent. It happens like this: Chatsky offers Sofia his help at any moment, in any trouble, but she refuses him and says: “What do you need me for?” By this, she emphasizes that she simply does not need him. Alexander finally understands this and decides to leave Moscow so as not to see all the vile and hypocritical things that are happening in the Famusovs' house and, in particular, with Sofia.
Chatsky did the right thing, that he did not close his eyes again to all the whims and whims of Sofia. He once and for all let her know that there are girls in the world nobler and better than her. Chatsky left as a winner, not allowing himself to be deceived further.
In fact, who is Chatsky: the winner or the loser in this endless game of pretense, envy, ranks and noisy balls of that hour of Moscow:
Where, show us, fathers of the fatherland,
Which should we take as samples?
Are not these rich in robbery?
They found protection from court in friends, in kinship,
Magnificent building chambers,
Where they overflow in feasts and extravagance,
And where foreign clients will not resurrect
The meanest traits of the past life.
Yes, and who in Moscow did not clamp their mouths
Lunches, dinners and dances?
Such was Moscow of that time, such was that society, and Chatsky emerged victorious from this stupid game, composed of deceit and servility. He is the winner because he did not want to become like Molchalin, who did nothing but suck up to tall people, for which he received all sorts of awards and gifts. Chatsky did not want to become like Famusov, who was indifferent to everything except money and being respected. Chatsky lived not by rank and not by money, but by mind and heart. He sincerely loved Sophia, who was once interesting and sociable, but in the three years of his absence turned into one of the puppets of the Famusov theater, which was controlled by money and boundless envy and at the same time flattery and respect, so incomparable:
And he answered: “No wonder, Liza, I’m crying:
Who knows what I will find when I turn back?
And how much, perhaps, I will lose!
The poor thing seemed to know that in three years ...
The winner is Chatsky, perhaps also because he knew how to relate to everything with a laugh. He was amused by everything, and he perceived everything as a temporary phenomenon. Chatsky was an optimist and sincerely did not believe that the Famusovs would rule the world, but his only hope remained hope. Chatsky is not understood or does not want to be understood. If he found support among people, maybe they would not consider him crazy. But still it happened. Why? Because of the truth! That open and clear, like day, which was closed from the eyes of other people by clouds of lies and envy. This was Chatsky's main victory. In the truth, which he knew how to see and understand, but he was alone and therefore had to leave. Even if they did not understand him and slandered him, Chatsky remained himself and became the winner in this game called Life:
Insane you glorified me with all the chorus.
You are right: he will come out of the fire unharmed,
Who will have time to spend the day with you,
Breathe the air alone
And his mind will survive.
Get out of Moscow! I don't come here anymore.
I'm running, I won't look back, I'll go looking around the world,
Where there is a corner for the offended feeling! ..
Carriage for me, carriage!
Composition "ALEXANDER SERGEYEVICH GRIBOEDOV "Woe from Wit" CHATSKY'S TRAGEDY"
A. S. Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit" is one of the most mysterious works Russian literature XIX century, although not very difficult in plot plan.
Two lines determine the development of the action of the play. At first, Chatsky's personal story and the collapse of his love seem to be developing separately from the public one, but already from the seventh appearance of the first act it becomes clear that both storylines are closely connected.
The action goes smoothly, one after another appear characters, controversy ensued. The conflict between the protagonist and the "gone century" deepens. Having told everyone about his "million of torments", the young hero remains completely alone. It looks like the comedy movement is about to decline. But no. The development of the action continues - the personal fate of the hero must be decided. Chatsky learns the truth about Sofia and Molchalin. The denouement of both storylines happens simultaneously, they merge, and the unity of content - one of the virtues of comedy - comes into force. Personal and public merged in life ordinary people, they merge in the development of the plot "Woe from Wit".
Why is this comedy still one of the most attractive works of our literature? Why, after so many lv1s, are we concerned about the drama of Chatsky? Let's try to answer these questions, and for this we reread Chatsky's monologues and remarks, look at his relationship with other characters.
The hero of the comedy contains not only real features the best people Decembrist era, but also embodied the best qualities of an advanced public and political figure Russia XIX century. But for us, Alexander Andreevich Chatsky is artistic image immortal comedy, in which "the century was reflected and modern man", and, although many called the comedy "Woe from Wit" a "comedy of manners", each new generation recognizes its contemporary in Chatsky. So in the sketch of I. A. Goncharov "A Million Torments" there are these words: "Chatsky is inevitable at every change centuries to others ... Every business that needs updating causes the shadow of Chatsky ... "
What is this comedy about?
Most often, critics argue about the title of the play: Woe from Wit or Woe to Wit? And if you shift the emphasis to the first word? After all, the play speaks not of imaginary, but of genuine grief. It's about about the life drama of Chatsky - personal and public.
The life story of the hero in the play is outlined in separate strokes. Childhood spent in Famusov's house with Sofia, then service with Gorich in the regiment "five years ago", St. pleasant smoke Fatherland. He is young, and behind him there are already many events and life ups and downs, hence his observation and understanding of what is happening is not accidental. Chatsky understands people well, gives them accurate characteristics. "He is fat, his artists are skinny," he says of one of Moscow's "aces" and his serf theater. He notices the hatred of the world for everything new:
And that consumptive, kindred to you, the enemy of books, In the scientific committee that settled And shouting demanded oaths, So that no one knew and did not learn to read and write? ..
Years have passed, and, returning from distant wanderings, the hero sees that little has changed in Moscow. Abroad, Chatsky "looked for the mind", studied. But in addition to scientific truths, restless Europe, seething with revolutionary uprisings and national liberation struggles, has instilled or could instill thoughts about individual freedom, equality, and fraternity. Yes, and in Russia after Patriotic War In 1812, an atmosphere of critical reflection on what was happening in the empire reigned.
Chatsky finds it funny that he could bow before the embroidered uniforms that covered "weakness, poverty of reason." Now he can clearly see that in Moscow "the houses are new, but the prejudices are old." And therefore, the poor nobleman Chatsky refuses to serve, explaining that "I would be glad to serve - it's sickening to serve." He "writes and translates nicely", he is kind and gentle, witty and eloquent, proud and sincere, and his love for Sophia is deep and constant.
Already the first monologue of Chatsky makes you feel important quality hero - his openness. At the time of the first meeting with Sophia, he is far from sarcasm, and in his remarks one can feel the mockingly-malicious mockery of an intelligent observer who notices the funny and ridiculous aspects of life, therefore, after the Frenchman Guillaume, Molchalin is also mentioned. Trying to melt the ice of indifference with which Sofia met him, he achieves the opposite. Puzzled by her coldness, Chatsky utters a prophetic phrase: "But if so: the mind is out of tune with the heart!" This is said surprisingly accurately: in this phrase, as in the title of the comedy, the definition of the dual nature of the conflict of the work as a play about citizenship a man of progressive convictions and a play about his unhappy love. There is no “watershed” that separates one from the other, but there is a citizen who is passionately in love with a beautiful girl, his like-minded person. It reveals itself to us in actions that have both personal and social meaning.
For Chatsky, in his own way, "the connection of times broke up." The time when he and Sophia had mutual language and feelings, and the time when the events of the comedy take place. His mind has matured and now does not give mercy to anyone, but he loves Sophia even more than before, and this causes both her and himself great grief. Truly "mind and heart are not in harmony."
The main battle that takes place in the second act turns out to be entirely connected with the intimate line. In his love monologue in Let's leave this debate ... "contains almost the most important political statement of Chatsky. It is expressed as a hint-joke about the transformations that are possible in Molchalin, since they turned out to be possible in the government, which was transformed from a liberal-democratic to a barracks The satirical bile about the transformations of "governments, climates, and manners, and minds" is combined with the elegiac outpourings of the hero.
But can love overshadow, drown out in Chatsky the heartbeat of a citizen who dreams of freedom and the good of the Fatherland? The fate of his people, their suffering is the main source of Chatsky's civic pathos. The brightest places in the hero's monologues are those where he angrily opposes oppression, serfdom. He is disgusted by the unclean spirit of blind, slavish, empty imitation of everything foreign.
The drama of Chatsky is also in the fact that he sees tragic moments in the fate of society, but cannot correct people, and this also leads him to despair. Chatsky is attractive because even in despair he does not sigh, like Gorich, does not chat like Repetilov, does not even move away from society, like Skalozub's brother, but boldly rushes into battle with the obsolete, old, dilapidated.
Director Vl. Nemirovich-Danchenko was amazed at Griboedov's stage skills, when the play suddenly breaks the boundaries of intimacy and spills into a wide stream of the public. Chatsky's struggle for the heart of his beloved becomes the moment of his break with the hostile world around him of the Famusovs, Skalozubs, Molchalins. Chatsky was deeply deceived in Sofia, and not only in her feelings for herself. The terrible thing is that Sofia not only does not love, but also finds herself in a crowd of those who curse and drive Chatsky, whom he calls "tormentors".
Two tragedies? Woe from the mind or grief from love? They are inextricably linked, and out of two tragedies one arises, very painful, since grief from the mind and from love merged into one. And all this is complicated by the tragedy of insight, and consequently, the loss of illusions and hopes.
In parting monologues, Chatsky seems to sum up: "What did I expect? What did I think I would find here?" Annoyance, bitterness, pain of disappointment are heard in his words, and in the very last monologue - hatred, contempt, anger and ... there is no feeling of brokenness:
Insane you glorified me with all the chorus. You are right: he will come out of the fire unharmed, Whoever manages to stay with you for a day, Breathes the same air, And his mind will survive.
That is not what the vanquished says. His protest is an energetic protest against the vile rassian reality, against bribe-taking officials, bar-libertines, against ignorance and servility, "wrote V. rassian reality, against bribe-taking officials, bar-libertines, against ignorance and servility," wrote V. G. Belinsky.
Clever, trembling with indignation, busy relentlessly thinking about the fate of Russia, Chatsky not only irritates a society mired in inertia, but also provokes its active hatred. vulgarity and fanfare of Repetilov.
Chatsky is experiencing personal, heartfelt grief, thanks to his mind, which is irreconcilable to social deformities. Indeed, freethinking is the cornerstone of the concept of the mind, therefore Chatsky's life guidelines are not money and a career, but the highest ideals. Chatsky's mind remains invulnerable and brings its owner that highest happiness when a person with faith in his own truth defeats lies and injustice.
This understanding of life, duty, happiness is taught by an intelligent and deeply human comedy AS Griboyedova "Woe from Wit".
The love story of Eugene Onegin (based on the novel in verse by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin")
The novel "Eugene Onegin" was created with amazing subtlety
poetic mastery, which found expression both in composition and
in the construction of the plot, and in the rhythmic organization of the novel. A.S.
Pushkin created a novel in verse. like Byron's Don Juan.
The protagonist of the work of A.S. Pushkin is young.
an attractive, very intelligent person, a nobleman. Pushkin
treats his hero with sympathy and with a significant share
irony. In chapter 1, the poet talks about life young rake Evgenia
Onegin in Petersburg. About how and by whom he was brought up:
At first, Madame followed him, Then Monsieur replaced her, The child was
cut, but nice.
During his youth, he behaved exactly like the young people of his circle, then
is "in French he could perfectly speak and write, easily
danced the mazurka." But his main science, Pushkin admits, "was
science of tender passion. "A victim of love, as we later learn, and fell
Eugene.
Pushkin emphasizes that "stubborn work was sickening to him", He
talks about Onegin's life, spent in restaurants, theaters,
balls, in courting women. Thousands lived the same life
young nobles. This way of life was familiar to the nobility.
estate. But one should not rush to conclusions, defining Onegin in
category of "superfluous". For his circle, he was not superfluous. Onegin occupied
certain place in secular society where he had a "happy talent"
and aroused "the smile of the ladies with the fire of unexpected epigrams." So would
his life flowed measuredly, if not for the meeting with Tatyana
Larina. Onegin will let Tatyana fall in love with him, torments and torments for a long time
her. Tatyana writes a letter to Eugene with a declaration of love. Young woman
asks him a question: "Who are you ... Is it a guardian angel or an insidious
tempter?"
Seemingly incapable of a serious feeling, Onegin rejects her.
love, which for Tatyana becomes the meaning of life.
A dreamy, romantic girl "believes that Eugene has been sent
God." Onegin is touched by Tatyana's confession, but nothing more.
The next thoughtless step is the relationship with
Olga Lbina. Onegin just like that, out of boredom, begins to care for
Olga Larina, fiancee of Vladimir Lensky. The girl is addicted
Evgeny, which, naturally, causes Lensky's jealousy.
turning point in relationships with girls appeared
duel between Evgeny and Lensky. The duel ends tragically for
Vladimir. And here our hero seems to see clearly: "Onegin with
with a shudder" sees the work of his own hands, how the "frozen corpse" of the young men is being transported
in a sleigh. Lensky was killed by a "friendly hand". The meaninglessness of this
action becomes clear.
But what about Tatyana? She silently supports her sister in grief. However,
Olga "did not cry for a long time", but was carried away by a certain lancer, with whom she soon
went down the aisle.
In Tatyana, love for Eugene and dislike for him are fighting, as
the murderer of Lensky. The girl suddenly begins to understand that Eugene is not
the way she imagined him in her dreams. windy egoist,
heartthrob, a person who brings pain and tears to others, but is unable to
compassionate.
Returning to St. Petersburg, Eugene meets another Tatyana -
secular woman, "trendsetter". He will know; what is she now
married to an important general, hero of the Patriotic War.
An amazing transformation is taking place. Now Eugene is looking for a date
with Tatyana Larina, who became "an indifferent princess, impregnable
goddess, "languishes, suffers. Yes, Tatiana has ceased to be like
provincial noblewoman. How much royalty in the eyes! How many
majesty and carelessness! Eugene is in love, he pursues her, looking for
response feeling. But, alas! A letter was written, but the answer to it
Eugene did not receive. And finally, they met. What a blow
what a disappointment! Onegin is rejected: "I ask you to leave me."
"As if struck by thunder" stands Evgeny and suddenly feels
