The Monk Nestor came to the famous Kievo-Pechersk monastery, being a youth of seventeen. The holy monastery lived according to the strict Studian rule, which the Monk Theodosius introduced in it, borrowing it from Byzantine books. According to this charter, before taking monastic vows, the candidate had to undergo a long preparatory stage. Newcomers first had to wear lay clothes - until they learned well the rules of monastic life. After that, the candidates were allowed to put on the monastic attire and proceed to the tests, that is, to show themselves in work on various obediences. The one who passed these tests successfully took the tonsure, but the test did not end there - last step Admission to the monastery was tonsure into the great schema, which not everyone was honored with.
The Monk Nestor went all the way from a simple novice to a schemamonk in just four years, and also received the rank of deacon. a significant role this was played, in addition to obedience and virtue, by his education and outstanding literary talent.
The Kiev Caves Monastery was a unique phenomenon in the spiritual life Kievan Rus. The number of brethren reached one hundred people, which was rare even for Byzantium itself. The severity of the communal charter, found in the archives of Constantinople, had no analogues. The monastery flourished material terms, although his deputies did not care about collecting earthly riches. They listened to the voice of the monastery powers of the world this, he had a real political and, most importantly, spiritual influence on society.
The young Russian Church at that time was actively mastering the richest material of Byzantine church literature. She was faced with the task of creating original Russian texts in which the national image of Russian holiness would be revealed.
The first hagiographic (hagiography is a theological discipline that studies the lives of the saints, the theological and historical and ecclesiastical aspects of holiness. - Ed.) work of the Monk Nestor - "Reading about the life and destruction of the blessed martyrs Boris and Gleb" - is dedicated to the memory of the first Russian saints. The chronicler, apparently, responded to the expected all-Russian church celebration - the consecration of a stone church over the relics of Saints Boris and Gleb.
The work of St. Nestor was not the first among the works devoted to this topic. However, he did not begin to present the history of the brothers according to a ready-made chronicle tradition, but created a text that was deeply original in form and content. The author of "Reading about the life of ..." creatively reworked the best examples of Byzantine hagiographic literature and was able to express very important ideas for the Russian church and state consciousness. As the researcher of ancient Russian church culture Georgy Fedotov writes, “the memory of Saints Boris and Gleb was the voice of conscience in inter-princely appanage accounts, not regulated by law, but only vaguely limited by the idea of tribal seniority.”
The Monk Nestor did not have much information about the death of the brothers, but how fine artist was able to recreate a psychologically reliable image of true Christians, meekly accepting death. The truly Christian death of the sons of the baptizer of the Russian people, Prince Vladimir, is inscribed by the chronicler in the panorama of the global historical process, which he understands as the arena of the universal struggle between good and evil.
Father of Russian monasticism
The second hagiographic work of St. Nestor is dedicated to the life of one of the founders of the Kiev Caves Monastery - St. Theodosius. He wrote this work in the 1080s, just a few years after the death of the ascetic, in the hope of a speedy canonization of the saint. This hope, however, was not destined to come true. Saint Theodosius was canonized only in 1108.
The inner appearance of the Monk Theodosius of the Caves has for us special meaning. As Georgy Fedotov writes, “in the person of the Monk Theodosius, Ancient Rus' found its ideal of a saint, to whom it remained faithful for many centuries. Saint Theodosius is the father of Russian monasticism. All Russian monks are his children, bearing his family traits. And Nestor the Chronicler was the man who preserved for us his unique appearance and created on Russian soil an ideal type of biography of the saint. As the same Fedotov writes, “Nestor’s work forms the basis of all Russian hagiography, inspiring feat, indicating the normal, Russian path of labor and, on the other hand, filling in the gaps of biographical tradition with common necessary features.<…>All this makes Nestor's life of exceptional importance for the Russian type of ascetic holiness. The chronicler was not a witness to the life and deeds of the Monk Theodosius. Nevertheless, his life story is based on eyewitness accounts, which he was able to combine into a coherent, vivid and memorable story.
Of course, in order to create a full-fledged literary life, it is necessary to rely on a developed literary tradition, which was not yet in Rus'. Therefore, the Monk Nestor borrows a lot from Greek sources, sometimes making long verbatim extracts. However, they practically do not affect the biographical basis of his story.
The memory of the unity of the people
The main feat of the life of the Monk Nestor was the compilation of the Tale of Bygone Years by 1112-1113. This work is different from the first two known to us. literary works the Monk Nestor for a quarter of a century and refers to another literary genre- annals. Unfortunately, the set of "The Tale ..." has not come down to us in its entirety. It was subjected to processing by the monk of the Vydubitsky monastery Sylvester.
The Tale of Bygone Years is based on the chronicle work of Abbot John, who made the first attempt at a systematic presentation of Russian history from ancient times. He brought his story up to 1093. Earlier chronicles are a fragmentary account of disparate events. It is interesting that these records contain a legend about Kyi and his brothers, a short report about the reign of the Varangian Oleg in Novgorod, about the death of Askold and Dir, a legend about death Prophetic Oleg. Actually Kyiv history begins with the reign of "old Igor", the origin of which is silent.
Abbot John, dissatisfied with the inaccuracy and fabulousness of the chronicle, restores the years, based on the Greek and Novgorod chronicles. It is he who first introduces "old Igor" as the son of Rurik. Askold and Dir here for the first time appear as the boyars of Rurik, and Oleg as his governor.
It was the set of Abbot John that became the basis of the work of the Monk Nestor. He subjected to the greatest processing initial part chronicle code. The original edition of the chronicle was supplemented with legends, monastic records, Byzantine chronicles of John Malala and George Amartol. Great importance Saint Nestor gave oral evidence - the stories of the elder boyar Jan Vyshatich, merchants, warriors, travelers.
In his main work, Nestor the Chronicler acts both as a historian, as a writer, and as religious thinker giving theological insight national history, which is integral part history of the salvation of the human race.
For St. Nestor, the history of Rus' is the history of the perception of Christian preaching. Therefore, he fixes in his chronicle the first mention of the Slavs in church sources - 866, tells in detail about the activities of the saints Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius, about the baptism of Equal-to-the-Apostles Olga in Constantinople. It is this ascetic who introduces into the chronicle the story of the first Orthodox church in Kyiv, about the preaching feat of the Varangian martyrs Theodore the Varangian and his son John.
Despite the huge amount of heterogeneous information, the chronicle of St. Nestor has become a true masterpiece of ancient Russian and world literature.
In the years of fragmentation, when there was almost nothing to remind of the former unity of Kievan Rus, The Tale of Bygone Years remained the monument that awakened in all corners of crumbling Rus the memory of its former unity.
The Monk Nestor died about the year 1114, having bequeathed to the chronicler monks of the Caves the continuation of his great work.
Newspaper " Orthodox faith» № 21 (545)
To make the chronicle interesting and informative, start by collecting and analyzing factual material. To get started, select the information that you personally have. Then start collecting data from your relatives. Be prepared for the fact that the process will be very long, and the information will be constantly updated. Through communication with distant relatives, you can get closer and see your family in a new light.
If possible, pay personal visits to relatives, ask about the past, about loved ones. Ask for some photographs, postcards, newspaper clippings. So you can collect a lot of valuable visual material
Remember that your loved ones can get confused in memories and facts, especially if we are talking about older people. To check and clarify the information, it is advisable to use the city archives, local information desks, libraries. You will certainly be surprised at how much information about your family members is contained in public sources.
Family tree
If your family is large enough, names and relationships can get confusing. genealogical tree - great option to structure basic information. With it, you will not forget any of the family members and specify the main dates. There are many websites on the internet that help you family tree. To begin with, you can use a similar program, and later write information on paper and arrange it beautifully.
Chronicle design
Make several sections in the annals, which will be constantly updated both by you and your descendants. An approximate structure might be as follows:
The origin of the surname; - genealogical tree; - Short story of each generation; - bright events from different times; - people whose fate or achievements were the most outstanding.
You can add sections, illustrations, documents as you wish. In this case, your chronicle will be interesting and lively.
When creating a chronicle, remember that this document must be preserved for many decades. Do it yourself or order a large album from the master. The pages should be made of thick paper, the cover should be made of durable material, and the binding should be as reliable as possible. It is better not to paste the photos, but to fix them with the help of special corners, otherwise they will deteriorate from the glue much faster. Write texts hard pencil because the ink of a pen or printer is easily washed out by moisture and faded in the light.
Modern libraries are actively engaged in the study of the past of their region. They traditionally accumulate information from the history of cities and rural areas. settlements: make out albums and folders of newspaper clippings, write down the memories of old-timers - eyewitnesses of various memorable events, collect manuscripts, diaries, letters, photographs of fellow countrymen.
At present, many libraries have started writing chronicles of their villages. We hope the proposed guidelines will assist the chroniclers in their work, help in collecting and fixing materials about the history and modern life villages.
What is a chronicle?
To each cultured person well known historical works XI-XVII centuries, in which the narration was conducted by years. These chronicles are the most significant monuments of social thought and culture. Ancient Rus'.
Subsequently, the annals not only reflected historical information, but also included records of contemporary chronicler events over the years.
In our case, the chronicle is a handwritten text of the history and modern life of the village in chronological order.
The chronicle regularly records information about socially significant, extraordinary, political, economic, cultural and community events of this village:
statistics of births, marriages, divorces and deaths;
total the population of the village, the number of schoolchildren, conscripts, pensioners, other statistical information;
various information on the economy, culture, infrastructure of the settlement;
information about institutions and organizations located in the village, significant milestones and achievements in their activities, full names of leaders from the beginning of the activities of institutions and organizations to the present;
labor, combat, educational and other socially significant achievements of the villagers or other persons related to the rural settlement;
decisions of rural and higher administrations and bodies related to the life of the village;
publications in media mass media on issues related to history and current situation rural settlement;
major events in life rural school;
information about events and celebrations celebrated in the village, natural features and phenomena on its territory;
information about employment, folk crafts, hobbies and interests of the villagers;
economic activity individuals and organizations in the village;
other events, facts, figures and dates of social significance for the area.
Founder of the chronicle, his duties
The founder of the chronicle is the administration of the body local government.
Her responsibilities include:
making a decision on the creation of the chronicle and the composition of the team of authors (compilers);
registration of this document;
providing compilers with information that is within the competence of the village administration;
assistance to compilers in collecting information from institutions, organizations and individuals related to this rural settlement;
check the availability of the chronicle as a document of the village administration within the prescribed time limits for the inventory.
The team of authors (compilers), their duties and reporting
The composition of the team of authors (compilers) is approved by the decision of the head of the local government. On voluntary it can include local historians, representatives of the administration, librarians, teachers, war and labor veterans, villagers, schoolchildren. It is advisable to involve local poets, artists, and photographers in compiling the chronicle.
Participants need to be prepared in advance for this work - help to master the methodology independent work with a book and archival sources, teach them:
work deeper with historical literature;
record the memories of eyewitnesses on various media;
make a correct bibliographic record.
The work will require close contact with local and regional archives, museums, public organizations.
It is very important that the team of authors (compilers) of the annals have the opportunity to work with modern technical means: computer, scanner, copier. With their help, any written or printed document, as well as a photo archive, will become available to anyone who wants to see it.
Within the deadlines set by the village administration, the compilers prepare a report on the work done and the prospects for further activities in creating the chronicle.
What is important for a chronicler?
It is fundamentally important for modern creators of the annals of their settlements to observe the principles of ethics and reliability when communicating with people who provide information:
feel responsible for the people they work with and whose lives and cultures they study: avoid drawing moral damage or mistreatment, respect well-being, work for the long-term preservation of artifacts, actively consult with those being examined in order to establish a working relationship;
ensure that research does not harm the safety, dignity or privacy people in respect of whom professional actions are carried out;
find out if the persons who provided the information wish to remain anonymous or be known, and do everything to fulfill these wishes. However, they should be warned about possible consequences such a choice: despite compliance with the conditions, anonymity may be disclosed, and wide recognition may not take place;
Obtain prior consent of study subjects who may be affected by the study. This concerns, first of all, old-timers and veterans. rural settlements;
responsibly and in a timely manner to plan work on the creation of an annals, both now and in the future.
Thus, the modern chronicler is responsible not only to the people whom he touches with his research, but also for the truth of the information that he disseminates and ensures its correct understanding.
How to start work on the annals?
Preparation for the collection and systematization of materials:
preliminary acquaintance with the history of their area and the administrative-territorial position of the village;
a conversation with scientists and researchers involved in local history on the subject of methods for collecting materials and their systematization;
planning.
Study of literature and other information sources:
books, magazines, newspapers;
archives of your village and district;
regional and central archives;
family documents;
testimonies and memoirs of old-timers, settlers.
The structure of the chronicle, the order of its maintenance
The structure of the chronicle is developed by the team of authors (compilers) and approved by the head of the local administration. As a rule, the chronicle consists of two main parts:
1. History of the settlement.
2. Chronicle (chronicle) of the settlement.
In accordance with Russian legislation, the paper version of the rural chronicle, which is registered with the village administration, has the status of a document. All entries in the book are kept with the date of the event, the text of information about the past event.
Sources of information can be official and unofficial, written and oral, presented in the form of photo, video and audio recordings. Each source of information has its own value, degree of reliability and significance. Even the plaque grave monument, as a source of information, gives three types of information: date of birth, death and place of burial of a person.
On title page Chronicle contains information about modern name villages indicating the district, region and time of the beginning of the maintenance of this document.
When the previous book of the annals is completely filled, work continues in the next one. In this case, on the title page of the chronicle, under the name of the settlement, its number is indicated (book 1, book 2, book 3, etc.).
The chronicle is filled in with black ink, smooth beautiful handwriting, letters medium size using different stencils. The text should not contain corrections, strikethroughs. Recordings are made on both sides of the sheet.
Pages are placed in the upper outer corner. Footnotes are given at the bottom of the sheet in smaller handwriting and are separated by a short line from the main text. Footnotes are marked with asterisks.
Add value materials collected photo albums accompanying them, originals (photocopies) of documents, samples of folklore of the area, audio and video sequences, separate review and thematic materials, which, due to their large volume, were not included in the text of the chronicle itself. These materials are stored as independent units. It is not allowed to paste photographs, documents, etc. into the chronicle book.
The section "History" contains a literary processed text of the history of the settlement from the moment of its foundation.
IN historical background It is recommended that you include the following information:
location of the village in relation to district center and railway station;
location on the river bank or remoteness from it;
geographical location, natural and climatic conditions;
date of foundation of the settlement;
founder's name;
name changes;
the origin of the name, the legends associated with it, etc.
Reflection in the annals of modern village life
In the second part of the chronicle, on the second sheet of the chronicle book, the following information is placed: full name, position of the person responsible for maintaining the book, the period in which he kept records.
The chronicle of modern village life begins with overview its socio-economic and cultural life: area, number of inhabitants, enterprises, organizations, institutions located on the territory of this settlement.
Center line large print figures are allocated with the designation of the year of events (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, etc.).
The date of the event is highlighted in red ink and a text-free field.
For example:
January 12 __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
In the upper part of the front side of the sheet, on the first line of the stencil, the year is affixed.
The records are kept in chronological order. At the beginning - events with known dates, at the end of the month - with unknown dates. If the month is unknown, the event is recorded at the end of the year. After that, orders, resolutions of the local administration are listed. Next is a brief statistical review (based on data from authorities, enterprises, institutions, organizations, etc.).
Entries in the chronicle book must be kept regularly (at least once a quarter) in chronological order.
About the electronic version of the annals
Simultaneously with the paper version of the chronicle, if possible, its electronic version is maintained. It should completely duplicate the paper text. Under this condition, the electronic version is a full-fledged author's copy of the annals.
If the paper version is lost, it must be restored on the basis of its electronic copy.
After graduation and passing rural library the next book of the annals, its electronic copy is recorded on digital media in two copies and then transferred one copy to the village library and local administration.
Collection and processing of materials
The main sources for creating chronicles are documentary sources obtained from archives and museums.
The collection of materials involves the identification of information about the village from books, collections, magazines, newspapers and various information materials. You need to be prepared for the fact that in many cases information will have to be collected literally bit by bit. It could be a chapter or paragraph from a book, just a few lines in a newspaper article, or one of the dates in a timeline.
The identification of information must begin with the study of the local history fund. Local history bibliographic manuals should be especially carefully studied, first of all, local history manuals prepared by employees of regional (inter-settlement) libraries, as well as publications of regional library centers (“Literature about the Altai Territory”, “Pages from the history of Altai”, etc.). The files of local, regional newspapers and magazines are closely looked through.
In order to fill in the "blank spots" in the history of the settlement, to capture the knowledge of fellow villagers about their village with the greatest completeness and bring them to posterity, the local history fund is replenished with unpublished local history documents. These are typewritten and handwritten materials, photographs, archival documents or their copies, documents of local administrations, slides, video and audio recordings, illustrative material. These can be memoirs, diaries, letters, drawings, memoirs of old-timers, migrants, famous or well-known fellow countrymen - natives of the village - marked “from words”. The collection of such material from local residents carried out on a voluntary basis. Each "contribution" is subject to processing: registration, editing and determining the place of storage in the fund.
Registration of such documents as a storage unit is carried out in a special notebook (book) or on a card. When registering, it is necessary to put down the number, inventory number of the received document, indicate its title, exact name, patronymic and surname of the author, type of document, annotation, method of acquiring the document (donated, discovered by accident, etc.). If this is a copy, then indicate the place where the original is stored, and also refer to the author who compiled the description.
If a link is given to an eyewitness account, then it is necessary to indicate his last name, first name, patronymic, year of birth and address of residence.
Documents are stored in folders. Photos - in envelopes, in a vertical position, each picture separately.
Chronicle - a monument of spiritual culture
Significant assistance in replenishing the historical part of the chronicle can be provided by the use of the Internet, electronic catalogs, full-text databases, etc.
The information presented in the annals refers to materials of high demand. In order to widely popularize the information collected in it and at the same time preserve the original documents, the compilers can propose the creation of printed publications based on these materials.
The information presented on the pages of newspapers, magazines, on radio and television will raise the authority and significance of both the chronicle itself and its creators, will involve them in the work of restoring and studying the history of their small motherland new stakeholders.
The electronic version of the chronicle can be legitimately placed on the Internet, providing access to it to as many people as possible who are interested in this topic.
The created chronicle of the village is not just a listing of historical events. This is a monument of Russian spiritual culture. She is unique.
1. To help the local history work of libraries / Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation; State. Pub. ist. b-ka; comp. E. V. Besfamilnaya. - M., 1992. – 83 p.
2. Zakharova, G. We keep a chronicle / G. Zakharova, E. Zubkova // Chronicles of a local historian. - 2008. - No. 3. - P. 13–16; No. 4. - P. 10–12; No. 5. - P. 13-18.
3. Chronicle of the village: method. recommendations / comp. I. A. Stupko; resp. for issue T. A. Maksoeva; Irkut. region publ. b-ka them. I. I. Molchanov-Sibirsky. - Irkutsk: [b. and.], 1996. - 6 p.
4. Compilation of the chronicle of settlements: (from work experience) / G. N. Reznichenko, L. A. Zakharova; Ryazan. UNB, Starozhylovskaya Central District Hospital. - Ryazan: [b. and.], 2002. - 5 p.
5. Tolkunova, V. Return to the "small motherland": [experience of the department. local historian. Bibliography Vladimir. OUNB] / V. Tolkunova // Library. - 1995. - No. 10. - P. 83–84.
6. Udalova, L. Chroniclers of professional affairs / L. Udalova // Bibliopole. - 2006. - No. 12. - P. 12–14.
7. Churochkin, B. Chronicle art / B. Churochkin // Chronicle of local history. - 2009. - No. 4. - P. 8–21.
8. Shadrina, L. V. In my village - my destiny: (from the experience of local lore. Baklushin activities. Historical local lore. library named after F. F. Pavlenkov Bolshesonov. district) / L. V. Shadrina // To the librarian for implementation in practice. - Perm, 2001. - Issue. 28. – P. 4–20.
9. Chronicles: [Electronic resource] // Access mode: http://interpretive.ru/dictionary
10. Chronicles: [Electronic resource] // Access mode: http://his95.narod.ru/leto.htm
UDC 9(c) + 913
BBC 63.3(2) + 26.891
________________________________________
Production and practical edition
How to make a chronicle of your village: guidelines
Compiled by: L. I. Lukyanova, E. M. Terentyeva
Responsible for the release of L. V. Farafonova
Proofreader M. V. Sigareva
Computer layout by S. N. Arsentiev
Signed for publication on 28.01.2011. Format 60×84 1/16. Conv. oven l. 0.70.
Circulation 1 copy. Order No. 559.
GUK "Altai regional universal science Library them. V. Ya. Shishkov. 656038, Barnaul, st. Youth, 5.
© GUK "Altai Regional Universal Scientific Library. V. Ya. Shishkova
Chronicle is a detailed account of specific events. It is worth noting that the annals of ancient Rus' are the main written source on the history of Russia in (pre-Petrine time). If we talk about the beginning of Russian chronicle writing, then it refers to the XI century - the period of time when historical records began to be made in the Ukrainian capital. According to historians, the chronicle period dates back to the 9th century.
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Saved lists and annals of ancient Rus'
The number of such historical monuments reaches about 5000. The main part of the annals, unfortunately, has not been preserved in the form of the original. Many good copies have been preserved, which are also important and tell interesting stories. historical facts and stories. Lists have also been preserved, which are some narratives from other sources. According to historians, the lists were created at certain places, describing this or that historical event.
The first chronicles appeared in Rus' approximately in the period from the 11th to the 18th centuries during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. It should be noted that at that time the chronicle was the main type historical narrative. The people who compiled the chronicles were not private figures. This work was carried out exclusively by order of secular or spiritual rulers, who reflected the interests of a certain circle of people.
History of Russian chronicles
More precisely, then Russian chronicle It has difficult story. Everyone knows the chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years", where various agreements were highlighted, including agreements with Byzantium, stories about princes, the Christian religion, etc. Of particular interest are chronicle stories, which are plot stories about the most significant events in the history of the fatherland. It is worth noting that the first mention of the annals of Moscow can also be attributed to the Tale of Bygone Years.
In general, the main source of any knowledge in Ancient Rus' is medieval chronicles. Today in many libraries in Russia, as well as in the archives, you can see a large number of such creations. It is surprising that almost every chronicle was written by a different author. Chronicles were in demand for almost seven centuries.
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In addition, chronicle favorite hobby many scribes. This work was considered charitable, as well as spiritual work. Chronicle can easily be called an integral element ancient Russian culture. Historians claim that some of the first chronicles were written thanks to the new Rurik dynasty. If we talk about the first chronicle, then it ideally reflected the history of Rus', starting from the reign of the Rurikovich.
The most competent chroniclers can be called specially trained priests and monks. These people had a fairly rich book heritage, owned various literature, records of old stories, legends, etc. Also at the disposal of these priests were almost all the grand ducal archives.
Among the main tasks of such people were the following:
- Creation of a written historical monument of the era;
- Comparison of historical events;
- Working with old books, etc.
It is worth noting that chronicle ancient Rus' is unique historical monument containing the mass interesting facts about specific events. Among the common chronicles, one can single out those that told about the campaigns of Kiy, the founder of Kyiv, the travels of Princess Olga, the campaigns of the no less famous Svyatoslav, etc. Chronicles of Ancient Rus' - historical basis thanks to which many historical books have been written.
Video: SLAVIC CHRONICLES in CHARACTERISTICS
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