Who are pure Aryans. Who are the Aryans? Aryan Hyperborean civilization

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In the 30s of the last century, it was not possible to reliably determine the origin of a particular people.

Hitler relied on the history and myths of the Nordic race. He considered the Germans the descendants of the Aryans as the Nordic race. From the history known at that time, the Aryans were the progenitors of the European and Indo-Iranian civilization. Comparative study of the Sanskrit language with other European languages ​​- Latin, Greek, Slavic and Celtic - led scientists to the idea that most of European languages comes from one, common, primitive language - Aryan.More German writer, linguist Friedrich Schlegel at the end of the 18th century called the speakers of this language Indo-Germans.

In 1883, the English psychologist Francis Galton formulated the basic principles of eugenics. He proposed to study phenomena that can improve the hereditary qualities of future generations. Galton was a racist and considered Africans inferior. Here is one of his statements: The weak nations of the world must inevitably give way to the nobler varieties of mankind... In 1904, Galton defined eugenics as "the science concerned with all factors that improve the innate qualities of a race."

In 1928, Europe passed the first eugenics law in Switzerland. Denmark followed in 1929. Germany, Sweden and Norway passed similar laws in 1934. Finland and Danzig - in 1935, and Estonia - in 1936. In 1932, the International Congress on Eugenics, that is, the science of improving the human race, was held in New York. The first castration carried out under the eugenics law was carried out in Denmark in 1925. Hitler came to power when eugenics laws were already officially in place in Germany. judicial practice. Later in Nazi Germany sterilization was used in relation to "inferior persons": mentally ill, homosexuals, gypsies, Jews. Then, as we know, sterilization was replaced by physical destruction.

The Nazi eugenics programs, which were carried out as part of the prevention of the degeneration of the German people, as a representative of " Aryan race»: T4 euthanasia (destruction of the mentally ill), extermination of homosexuals, Lebensborn (conception of children from SS employees), Final decision Jewish question, Plan "Ost".

All this was built on the idea of ​​the purity of the Aryan race. So who are the Aryans?

genetic genealogy

At the beginning of the 21st century, scientists answered this question. With the development of genetic genealogy using DNA tests. Each person carries a kind of biological passport - this is our DNA. The methods of genetic genealogy allow access to that part of the DNA that is transmitted unchanged from father to son in a direct male line - the Y chromosome. Now the results of DNA tests, genetic genealogy, are accepted as factual material in judicial practice and undeniably testify to the degree of kinship of the tested. As a result of the fusion of the egg and sperm, the child receives genes that will be a mixture of the genes of the father and mother. But the Y chromosome is only passed down from the father, so the number of repeats in a son's markers will be the same as his father's. The Y chromosome is passed down through the generations from father to son unchanged through the centuries and millennia. The Y chromosome can only change as a result of a mutation, which happens quite rarely after 500 generations, i.e. once every 10,000 years. This makes it possible to determine with certainty when the common ancestor in two male test subjects. After checking and combining the results of Y-chromosome markers from one human genome, a haplotype is determined. Which can be represented as a sequence of the number of each token. When comparing haplotypes from different human genomes, it is possible to trace the entire path of ancestors this person for hundreds of thousands of years. Now the results of genetic genealogy give much greater results than all of archeology and anthropology combined.

Which of the haplogroups is Aryan? To do this, we need to compare the modern halos of the distribution of haplogroups with the history of the distribution of the Aryans and the Aryan language. What is known about the Aryans?

Aryans

The Aryans spoke and wrote in Sanskrit. Sanskrit was the progenitor of groups of Indian, Iranian, Persian, Eraco-Illyrian, Greek, Italic, including Latin. It was the language of the Celts, Slavs.

Sanskrit was also the progenitor of the Baltic and German languages. The ancient Aryans created three highly developed and peculiar civilizations − Persian, Indo-Gangetic and Turano-Scythian, had a significant impact on the cultures of the Front and South-East Asia, Caucasus, China, Turkic, Mongolian, Slavic and Finno-Ugric peoples. Their contribution to the treasury of the spiritual values ​​of mankind is unusually weighty. Aryans-Indo-Iranians broke into world history at the beginning of the II millennium BC. - in an era when the great civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Harappa (Indus Valley) and the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean (Crete-Mycenaean world) were experiencing the deepest internal crisis. The tribes of the Aryan root contributed to the renewal of ancient societies, gave a powerful impetus to the world cultural and historical process. For two millennia - up to the III-IV centuries AD. - they were in charge actors world history.

What was the ancient Aryan society like? The study of various sources suggests that long before the start of large-scale migrations, the Indo-Iranians were pastoral tribes. cornerstone their public life was a big patriarchal family, typical for the pastoral peoples of Eurasia. The basis of the economy was the breeding of cattle and horses. The number of cows and bulls was the main measure material well-being and wealth, the cow was considered the best sacrifice that the gods could wish for. The foundation of the military power of the Aryans was the war cavalry, magnificent chariots. A thoroughbred horse was worth a whole herd of ordinary ones. All other animals were inferior in their importance to cows and horses, and in addition to them, the Indo-Iranians bred goats, sheep, and two-humped camels. Pig breeding was almost unknown to them, it was considered a matter of little honor, pigs were not sacrificed to the gods. The Aryans were also engaged in agriculture, but it was a secondary occupation for them.
The tribes of the Indo-Iranians were semi-sedentary; every few years they moved their villages to a new place, which, as a rule, was not far from the former camp. The Aryans did not know the potter's wheel, sculpted ceramics "by hand" and fired it not in a furnace, but in special pits or on a fire. Their ritual utensils were wooden.

The Indo-Iranians lived in large houses dug into the ground, they also used dwellings on wheels - like wagons or wagons, they knew many metals and alloys - copper, gold, silver, bronze, they made weapons and utensils from them. The Aryans were well versed in the art of woodworking, it was they who perfected the technique of building chariots.

The Aryans were warlike people, military booty - cattle, pastures, captives - was one of the most important sources of their well-being. Wars were fought almost constantly.

The Aryans were expert gatherers of wild honey, and it was an essential element of their diet. The main food for them was fresh cow's milk and products obtained from it: sour milk and butter, as well as cereal dishes like porridge and boiled meat. For various rituals and religious celebrations, the Indo-Iranians made "sauma" - a drink that led to a state of sacred ecstasy. At secular holidays, public and family, drunken "sura" was used. These holidays opened with equestrian competitions, followed by a collective feast.

The Aryans wore leather-made trousers, boots and jackets, as well as a hood - clothes that later became traditional for the mass of Eurasian nomads.

The Aryans either cremated their dead, or buried them under mounds, or (much less often) left them to the will of the elements and the devourers fell on the territory of the burial grounds designated for this purpose.

Various branches of the Aryans created great monuments of ancient religious thought, the Indo-Aryans - the Vedas, the southern Iranians - the Avesta. Judging by these monuments, they worshiped a host of gods, believing, at the same time, that behind all the diversity of life phenomena lies a single and eternal Primal Foundation, a spiritual and creative principle that created this world, God the Absolute. In each of their many gods embodied different aspects this Absolute.

There were very few female deities in the Indo-Iranian pantheon, and a severe patriarchy reigned in it. The Aryan gods were shepherd gods. Their most frequent epithets- "lord of vast pastures", "sending beautiful wealth", etc. The gods were asked to irrigate pastures, give herds of horses and bulls. In Indo-Iranian hymns, the gods were depicted riding horse-drawn chariots, their most important function was to protect livestock from demons or their servants in the earthly world.

Sacrifices were the main element of the religious practice of the Aryans. Sacrifices were made not only to the gods, but also to the ancestors. In addition to animals, ghee, saumu and milk were donated to the gods. In honor of the ancestors, mounds were built with stone altars.

The cult of the horse was extremely developed among the Indo-Iranians.

An essential component of the religion of the Aryans was also the veneration of fire and the worship of the sun.

Aryan expansion from 4000 to 1000 BC

Where are the descendants of the Aryans now?

Under such a spread of languages ​​and historical sources the resettlement of the Aryans is suitable only for one haplogroup R1a.

One of the centers of high density of the haplogroup R1a falls on the territory of Russia. .

Where, with a density scale from 0 to over 51% of the haplogroup:
R1a - Aryans
R1b - Celts (Europeans)
N3 - Finno-Ugrians
N2 - Mongols.

Impurities at a density scale from 0 to over 26% of the haplogroup:

I1a - Scandinavians (Nordic race)
I1b - Serbs (Balkan race)
E3b-?
J2 - Turks.

The second density center of the haplogroup R1a in India is upper castes 45.35%, Brahmins 72.22%. These are the same descendants of the Aryans who came to India 4300 years ago.

Genetic genealogy gives not only the areas of distribution of haplogroups, but also the stages of distribution of the peoples of the owners of these haplogroups.

On the affinity of the Slavic language with Sanskrit / On the affinity of the Slavic language with Sanskrit

Year of issue : 1853
Author : A. Gilferding / A. Gilferding
Publisher: Saint-Petersburg, Printing houses of the Imperial Academy of Sciences
Format : DjVu
Language: Russian pre-reform
Quality : Scanned pages
Number of pages: 321
Description : The well-known work of A. Gilferding, in which, perhaps for the first time, a comparison of two languages ​​​​- Russian and Sanskrit.
Add. Information : I'm not a linguist, so sorry if the description is not entirely accurate.
You can give yours.

Many European and Oriental languages ​​are close to each other. All of them belong to a single "Aryan" or Indo-European language family. However, historians are still arguing whether the "Aryans" actually existed.

Aryan etymology

Aryans - the ancient peoples of India and Iran, who spoke the Aryan languages ​​included in the Indo-European language family. The etymology of their self-name is very mysterious. In the 19th century, a hypothesis was put forward that the ethnonym "Aryan" came from the words "nomad" or "farmer". Already in the 20th century, scientists believed that the Indo-European ar-i̯-o- means “one who is hospitable to ari”, and “ari” can be translated from ancient Indian as “friend” or, conversely, “enemy” (the opposite meaning of the same same words or related words characteristic of ancient languages).

The unifying meaning can also be "a tribesman from a foreign clan", since he could be both a friend and an enemy. Thus, the concept of "Aryan" denoted a person who is part of the ethnic totality of the various tribes of the Aryans. The hypothesis is confirmed by the presence in the Vedic pantheon of the god Aryaman, who is responsible for friendship and hospitality.

Another vector of etymological research leads us to a different meaning of the word "Aryan" - "freeborn" and "noble", which came from the Semitic languages. It is possible that the rudiments of this word were preserved in the Old Irish language, in which "aire" is translated as "noble" or "free", as well as in some others.

Where did the arias come from

Recent studies show that the ancient pra-Aryans were originally united people, and only in the second millennium BC they were divided into two branches - Iranian and Indo-Aryan. The very word "Iran" has a connection with the word "Aryan", and means "land of the Aryans". At the same time, it is important to take into account that modern Iran is only a small area on the map of those vast territories that were occupied by ancient Iranian peoples: Iranian plateau, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, steppes north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea and others. In addition, the commonality of the Indo-Aryan and Iranian branches proves the similarity of the sacred texts - the Iranian Avesta and the Indian Vedas. To date, there are several versions of where the arias came from.

According to the linguistic hypothesis, the Aryans migrated to India and settled there around 1700-1300. BC. The version is based on the study of ancient languages ​​and customs reflected in historical sources. Linguistics shows that India was not the birthplace of the Aryans - as a rule, in the region of origin of any language family there are many various languages and dialects of the same family, and in India there is only one Indo-Aryan branch of languages. In the Central and Eastern Europe on the contrary, there are hundreds of varieties of Indo-European languages. It is logical to assume that it was here that the Indo-European family of languages ​​\u200b\u200band peoples originated. In addition, having come to India, the Aryans encountered its indigenous population, speaking the languages ​​​​of another family, for example, Munda (Austroasiatic family) or Dravidian - languages ​​from which archaic borrowings in Sanskrit were taken.

Most recognized in this moment- the barrow hypothesis. According to her, the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans was the Volga and Black Sea lands, where archaeologists recorded the Yamnaya culture. Its representatives were the first to build war chariots, which allowed them to capture everything large territories and extend its influence to the entire Eurasian continent.

Pseudo-scientific speculation

In addition to academic versions, there are dozens of fantastic ones: that the Aryans, in fact, are inhabitants of the mythical Hyperborea, who came from the Arctic; that they are the immediate ancestors of the Germans, Russians or someone else. As a rule, such theories are in demand among nationalist-minded communities to build a pseudo-history of a certain people. The main goal is to “extend” the history of their country.

Aryan culture

The Aryans or Indo-Iranians left a rich cultural legacy. In addition to the most important written heritage, such as the Vedas and Avesta, the later Mahabharata and Ramayana, the Aryans also left monuments material culture. Originally a semi-nomadic people, they focused primarily on raising cows and horses. The main weapon of the Aryans were arrows. These peoples were familiar with irrigation systems, forging copper and gold products.

The Aryan family was patriarchal, in each family there were other members, slaves and cattle in addition to the head of the family. Families united into clans, communities and tribes, sometimes at war with each other. That three-class social system, which became widespread in ancient Iranian and Indian societies, was not as strongly developed among the Aryans, however, its main features were present. At the top of the hierarchy were priests, future Brahmins, and kshatriya aristocrats who commanded common people. Arias were warlike people mining land in search of new lands and pastures.

Origin

The origin of races before the 19th century was a historical mystery. However, at the beginning of the century, scientists discovered the commonality of many European languages ​​​​with the languages ​​\u200b\u200bof India and Iran. All these languages ​​were called Aryan language family- later it will be called Indo-European. The self-name of the peoples of ancient India and Iran - the Aryans, was mistakenly understood as common name all Indo-European tribes, and archaeologists soon found the so-called Pit culture, which, thanks to the construction of war chariots, quickly expanded its linguistic, cultural and political influence from a small area within the boundaries of some lands modern Poland, Ukraine and southern Russia to the scale of an entire empire - from Portugal to Sri Lanka. Despite the fact that no separate race of Aryans existed, and the mixing of physiological characteristics with linguistic ones was pseudoscientific (the peoples of Tajikistan, Persia, the gypsies, and even the Veddas, who are Australoids), were among the speakers of Indo-European languages), scientists began to believe that the community of languages ​​is equal to the community of race. A well-known mistake by the German researcher Max Müller, who inadvertently referred to a non-existent "Aryan race", led to the spread in scientific world opinions about the existence of the Aryan race, and later the emergence of Nazi race theories.

In this book, Blavatsky spoke about the theory that she managed to deduce thanks to numerous spiritualistic sessions and numerous experiments with otherworldly forces. Her theory was about the Aryans. Aryans who are they? - mystically illuminated people who once inhabited our Earth and belong to the race of masters.

She believed that the Germans descended from the ancient Aryans, and the first place where the Aryans appeared was Atlantis or the island of Thule (the name of this island later became the name secret society"Thule"). After the death of Atlantis, the Aryans moved to the foothills of the Himalayas and to Tibet.

According to Helena Blavatsky, the Aryans were God's chosen people, whose calling was to rule all those living on Earth. Hitler immediately liked this theory. He realized that this was exactly what he had been looking for for so long. Thanks to this legend, he will be able to raise the morale of the German people broken in the First World War. After all, it is they, the Germans, who should rule all other peoples, and they have been endowed with this right since ancient times.

Was the book alone the progenitor of the future ideology of the National Socialist Party, or did something else influence the creation of the foundation of the nationalist ideas of Adolf Hitler?

Hitler was a Freemason

Few people know that back in 1919, Hitler joined one of the Masonic lodges. At that time, he really needed a strong shoulder and support, both financial and spiritual. the mighty of the world this. Subsequently, he will get rid of his former comrades, the Masons - by dissolving all their lodges in every country where his army visits.

No, he did not arrange a total persecution of the members of the lodges, but in no case should they be allowed to gather in societies, especially those who love the sacraments and strive for power. After all, competitors have no right to exist.

Yet, long before the National Socialists gained power, Hitler considered the Masons his brothers and they shared his opinion. It was in the box that Hitler would first hear old legend about the secret history of the Earth, which in the future he will take as the basis of ideological convictions, thanks to which he will ascend to the pinnacle of power in Germany.

Arive legend

The legend says. There were once two races on earth. Some had dark color skin, and were endowed with extraordinary power. They had a highly developed culture and science. All their cities were predominantly located in the south. In the north lived people of the "white race". Their development in comparison with the "black race" was not great, so they were obliged to obey the "black masters". But one day everything changed. Among the white people appeared the brave and wise Aryan Ram, who no longer wanted to obey the "black masters". He was able to convince representatives of his race to raise uprisings in northern lands. It happened about eight thousand years before the birth of Christ.

Aryans who are they? The people of the "white race" under the leadership of Ram were able to defeat the "black masters" and overthrow them. This circumstance subsequently affected the representatives of the "black race" in that they lagged far behind the white people in development. Ram, on the other hand, managed to create an empire of extraordinary strength, uniting many peoples of the world. But everything is not forever.

After the death of Ram, his heirs could not agree among themselves and on long years unleashed a bloody feud. As a result, small uprisings turned into riots, and then into civil war, started by Prince Irsha. Moreover, the struggle for power and the legacy of Ram had not only political significance, but also determined further ways development of all mankind.

In this struggle, the Aryans were defeated, and all subsequent revolutions, socialist utopian teachings and the loss of spirituality by people are a consequence of this.

After these events, another legend remained. As if somewhere in Asia, high in the mountains, on the border of Afghanistan, Tibet and India, there is the country of Agharti-Shambhala, which is inhabited by sage mediums who managed to survive after the Irsha uprising, who hid secret laboratories, libraries, warehouses in inaccessible caves that store all scientific experience of many ancient civilizations. Whoever can negotiate with the inhabitants of Shambhala and take possession of the key to secret knowledge - he will take over the world and reveal all the secrets of the Universe!

Hitler in search of Shambhala

After hearing this legend and reading Blavatsky's book, Hitler becomes simply obsessed with the idea - to find these secret knowledge. In his search, he relies on the locations indicated by Helena Blavatsky. The first place to look for is the city of Agadi, located underground on the site of the former Babylonia, and the second is the legendary Shambhala, where there is a key to all the secrets of the Universe.

After Adolf Hitler officially re-established his National Socialist Party in 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined it in August of the same year, with whom Hitler had already known since the days of the Beer Putsch. It was Himmler who in 1923 carried the "battle banner of the Reich." As soon as the devoted Heinrich Himmler becomes a member of the party, Hitler immediately appoints him Gauleiter of Bavaria. After some time, Adolf tells Heinrich ancient legend and asks a friend to help in the search for valuable knowledge.

In 1926, first in Munich, and then in Berlin, quite numerous colonies of Tibetans and Hindus began to appear, with whom specialists from the SS were working, trying to get at least some information about Shambhala and the black faith of the Bonpo.

The Near and Middle East were not forgotten either. "Archaeological" expeditions are sent there, consisting of Nazi-sympathetic scientists and SS employees who are trying with all their might to find underground city Agadi.

Heinrich Himmler is trying his best to complete the task entrusted to him by Hitler to search for ancient knowledge and the origins of the Aryans as quickly and as best as possible. In other respects, his efforts were soon appreciated. On January 6, 1929, Heinrich Himmler was appointed to the post of Reichsführer-SS. Thus, Hitler not only thanked Himmler for his efforts, but also acquired a true friend and "right hand".

Since the beginning of 1931, Himmler has been creating his own independent secret service called the SD. At the beginning of the same 30s, Himmler begins to show interest in the retired sailor Reinhard Heydrich.

A well-educated, musically gifted, fair-haired, athletically built young man, recreated, according to Himmler, the image true Aryan. But not only this in Heydrich interested the Reichsfuehrer SS.

First of all, Himmler drew attention to his education and deep knowledge of culture: not every Nazi functionary or SS officer could boast of this. And Reinhard was born and raised in the family of the director of the conservatory, where the cult of culture reigned.

Reinhard was such a virtuoso on the violin that he could easily do musical career, but he chose the path of a naval officer, but could not stay there for a long time because of his weakness for women. He had to leave the fleet after the trial of officer honor because of the scandalous love story with the daughter of one of the senior officers.

Project "Heritage of Ancestors"

As a result, Heydrich was invited to Himmler's office, where he was offered to lead the secret service of the SD with the goal, which was a new program to search for ancient knowledge called "Ancestral Heritage".

Himmler believed that only Reinhard Heydrich, possessing enviable erudition and deep knowledge of world culture, would be able to get off the ground, thoroughly deadlocked searches. Reinhard gladly accepted the proposals of the Reichsführer SS and left the office.

Some time after the appointment of Reinhard Heydrich, a secret structure was organized as part of the SS, called the "Ancestral Heritage". The main task of this organization is to be in the culture, science, and history of the whole world, to confirm God's chosenness and claims to world domination of the Aryan race represented by the Germans.

This secret structure united under its roof more than fifty scientific institutes and closed laboratories. different profile where highly qualified specialists studied:

• Symbolism
• Runic writings
• Applied Linguistics
• The history of the Aryans
• Knowledge of ancient peoples with translations from Sanskrit

All sorts of myths and legends of various tribes and peoples were carefully analyzed, discussed ethnographic questions, anthropometric features of different races were revealed, etc.

In parallel with the research carried out in the laboratories and institutes of Germany, searches are also being carried out in the East and Tibet, where very often expeditions are sent, which include professional intelligence officers, saboteurs and venerable scientists.

Subsequently, the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition did not find a single report or report on any expedition. What the Germans managed to find in the Middle East and Tibet will remain a mystery forever.

Origin of the Aryan race

But some information is still preserved. Experts and the "Heritage of the Ancestors" managed to find out where the Aryan race originated. According to them, these places should have been somewhere in Central Asia in the Gobi desert region, in the Pamirs and Eastern Europe.

It is also known that the SS believed that the Gobi desert was not always lifeless, but turned into one as a result of the use most powerful weapon not yet known to people 30s of the last century. And it happened, according to their calculations, about four thousand years ago.

Around the same time, the tribes of the Aryans after ecological disaster dispersed into different sides around the world. The Nordic Aryans headed by Thor (who later became the main deity of the ancient Scandinavians and Germans) went to the northwest, where the rest went remains unknown.

It is not known how Himmler motivated the request when he told Hitler in the late 30s that sacrifices were required, but Adolf immediately gave the green light to this matter. A year later, the head of the SD, Reinhard Heydrich, also became the head of the concentration camp system, and, having created the first ghetto, he began to solve the problem of “sacrifices” to unknown “powers”.

Apparently, the sacrifices were very to the liking of the gods to whom Hitler brought them, because he won victories one after another, until his luck turned away from him in the winter of 1941 and he “stumbled” near Moscow.

Many scientists are still eager to know what information was stored by the Ancestral Heritage organization and still strive to understand Aryans who are they? Occasionally, various fragmentary data on the activities of this powerful organization come up here and there, for example, here is one of them.

There is evidence that the "Heritage of the Ancestors" managed to understand what the energy-information system and the unified energy-information field of the Earth, in which the Tibetans believe so much, are. Maybe it was for this reason that the Allied troops numbered thousands of corpses of Tibetans dressed in Waffen-SS uniforms without identification marks, so vehemently defending Berlin, to the last bullet, to the last drop of blood.

Whether this is so or not and what the Tibetans did in the service of the Nazis will remain a mystery of history. Aryans who are they? Until the end, this is also unknown.

All members of the expedition died under strange circumstances

Luck turned away not only from Hitler in his conquests, but also from his entourage.

For example, the fate of Reinhard Heydrich was very prosaic. He had long been under the "cap" of British intelligence. On May 27, 1942, Deputy Reich Protector Heydrich, in an open Mercedes, was returning through the narrow streets of Prague from his country house to the residence sharp turn two men dressed in overalls jumped up to his car. One opened fire on the driver, and the second threw a grenade under the car. As a result of the explosion, Reinhard Heydrich was seriously wounded by shrapnel in the chest and stomach and died suddenly on June 4 of the same year.

Now it is difficult to say who organized the assassination - the British or Hitler himself. After all, on the eve of what happened, one of the expeditions sent to Tibet returned safely and brought valuable information, which was first read by Reinhard Heydrich. According to a number of sources, all members of that expedition died under strange circumstances, and the materials they delivered disappeared without a trace ...

Why was Hitler wrong? In the 30s of the last century, it was not possible to reliably determine the origin of a particular people.

Hitler relied on the history and myths of the Nordic race. He considered the Germans the descendants of the Aryans as the Nordic race. From the history known at that time, the Aryans were the progenitors of the European and Indo-Iranian civilization. A comparative study of the Sanskrit language with other European languages ​​- Latin, Greek, Slavic and Celtic - led scientists to the idea that most of the European languages ​​\u200b\u200bcome from one, common, primitive language - Aryan. Even the German writer, linguist Friedrich Schlegel at the end of the 18th century called the speakers of this language Indo-Germans.

In 1883, the English psychologist Francis Galton formulated the basic principles of eugenics. He proposed to study phenomena that can improve the hereditary qualities of future generations. Galton was a racist and considered Africans inferior. Here is one of his statements: The weak nations of the world must inevitably give way to the nobler varieties of mankind... In 1904, Galton defined eugenics as "the science concerned with all factors that improve the innate qualities of a race."

In 1928, Europe passed the first eugenics law in Switzerland. Denmark followed in 1929. Germany, Sweden and Norway passed similar laws in 1934. Finland and Danzig - in 1935, and Estonia - in 1936. In 1932, the International Congress on Eugenics, that is, the science of improving the human race, was held in New York. The first castration carried out under the eugenics law was carried out in Denmark in 1925. Hitler came to power when eugenics laws already officially existed in judicial practice in Germany. Later in Nazi Germany, sterilization was used in relation to "inferior persons": mental patients, homosexuals, gypsies, Jews. Then, as we know, sterilization was replaced by physical destruction.

Nazi eugenics programs that were carried out as part of preventing the degeneration of the German people as a representative of the "Aryan race": T4 euthanasia (destruction of the mentally ill), the destruction of homosexuals, Lebensborn (conceiving children from SS employees), the Final Solution of the Jewish Question, the Ost Plan.
All this was built on the idea of ​​the purity of the Aryan race. So who are the Aryans?

genetic genealogy

At the beginning of the 21st century, scientists answered this question. With the development of genetic genealogy using DNA tests. Each person carries a kind of biological passport - this is our DNA. The methods of genetic genealogy allow access to that part of the DNA that is transmitted unchanged from father to son in a direct male line - the Y chromosome. Now the results of DNA tests, genetic genealogy, are accepted as factual material in judicial practice and undeniably indicate the degree of relationship of the tested. As a result of the fusion of the egg and sperm, the child receives genes that will be a mixture of the genes of the father and mother. But the Y chromosome is only passed down from the father, so the number of repeats in a son's markers will be the same as his father's. The Y chromosome is passed down through the generations from father to son unchanged through the centuries and millennia. The Y chromosome can only change as a result of a mutation, which happens quite rarely after 500 generations, i.e. once every 10,000 years. This allows you to determine with certainty when a common ancestor occurred in two test males. After checking and combining the results of Y-chromosome markers from one human genome, a haplotype is determined. Which can be represented as a sequence of the number of each token. When comparing haplotypes from different human genomes, one can trace the entire path of the ancestors of a given person for hundreds of thousands of years. Now the results of genetic genealogy give much greater results than all of archeology and anthropology combined.

Which of the haplogroups is Aryan? To do this, we need to compare the modern halos of the distribution of haplogroups with the history of the distribution of the Aryans and the Aryan language. What is known about the Aryans?

The Aryans spoke and had Sanskrit writing. Sanskrit was the progenitor of the groups of Indian, Iranian, Persian, Eraco-Illyrian, Greek, Italic, including Latin. It was the language of the Celts, Slavs.

Progenitor of the Baltic and German language groups. The ancient Aryans created three highly developed and peculiar civilizations - Persian, Indo-Gangese and Turano-Scythian, had a significant impact on the cultures of Western and Southeast Asia, the Caucasus, China, the Turkic, Mongolian, Slavic and Ugro-Finnish peoples. Their contribution to the treasury of the spiritual values ​​of mankind is unusually weighty. Aryans-Indo-Iranians burst into world history at the beginning of the II millennium BC. - in an era when the great civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Harappa (Indus Valley) and the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean (Crete-Mycenaean world) were experiencing the deepest internal crisis. The tribes of the Aryan root contributed to the renewal of ancient societies, gave a powerful impetus to the world cultural and historical process. For two millennia - up to the III-IV centuries AD. They were the main actors in world history.

What was the ancient Aryan society like? The study of various sources suggests that long before the start of large-scale migrations, the Indo-Iranians were pastoral tribes. The cornerstone of their social life was a large patriarchal family, typical of the pastoral peoples of Eurasia. The basis of the economy was the breeding of cattle and horses. The number of cows and bulls was the main measure of material well-being and wealth, a cow was considered the best sacrifice that the gods could wish for. The foundation of the military power of the Aryans was the war cavalry, magnificent chariots. A thoroughbred horse was worth a whole herd of ordinary ones. All other animals were inferior in their importance to cows and horses, and in addition to them, the Indo-Iranians bred goats, sheep, and two-humped camels. Pig breeding was almost unknown to them, it was considered a matter of little honor, pigs were not sacrificed to the gods. The Aryans were also engaged in agriculture, but it was a secondary occupation for them.

The tribes of the Indo-Iranians were semi-sedentary; every few years they moved their villages to a new place, which, as a rule, was not far from the former camp. The Aryans did not know the potter's wheel, sculpted ceramics "by hand" and fired it not in a furnace, but in special pits or on a fire. Their ritual utensils were wooden.

The Indo-Iranians lived in large houses dug into the ground, they also used dwellings on wheels - like wagons or wagons, they knew many metals and alloys - copper, gold, silver, bronze, they made weapons and utensils from them. The Aryans were well versed in the art of woodworking, it was they who perfected the technique of building chariots.

The Aryans were warlike people, military booty - cattle, pastures, captives - was one of the most important sources of their well-being. Wars were fought almost constantly.

The Aryans were expert gatherers of wild honey, and it was an essential element of their diet. The main food for them was fresh cow's milk and products obtained from it: sour milk and butter, as well as cereal dishes like porridge and boiled meat. For various rituals and religious celebrations, the Indo-Iranians made "sauma" - a drink that led to a state of sacred ecstasy. On secular holidays, public and family, drunken "sura" was used. These holidays opened with equestrian competitions, followed by a collective feast.

The Aryans wore leather-made trousers, boots and jackets, as well as a hood - clothes that later became traditional for the mass of Eurasian nomads.

The Aryans either cremated their dead, or buried them under mounds, or (much less often) left them to the will of the elements and the devourers fell on the territory of the burial grounds designated for this purpose.

Various branches of the Aryans created great monuments of ancient religious thought, the Indo-Aryans - the Vedas, the southern Iranians - the Avesta. Judging by these monuments, they worshiped a host of gods, believing, at the same time, that behind all the diversity of life phenomena lies a single and eternal Primal Foundation, a spiritual and creative principle that created this world, God the Absolute. Each of their many gods embodied different aspects of this Absolute.

There were very few female deities in the Indo-Iranian pantheon, and a severe patriarchy reigned in it. The Aryan gods were shepherd gods. Their most frequent epithets are "lord of vast pastures", "sending beautiful wealth", etc. The gods were asked to irrigate pastures, give herds of horses and bulls. In Indo-Iranian hymns, the gods were depicted riding horse-drawn chariots, their most important function was to protect livestock from demons or their servants in the earthly world.

Sacrifices were the main element of the religious practice of the Aryans. Sacrifices were made not only to the gods, but also to the ancestors. In addition to animals, the gods were offered ghee, saumu and milk. In honor of the ancestors, mounds were built with stone altars.

The cult of the horse was extremely developed among the Indo-Iranians, along with it, probably, the cult of the beaver, less common among them, also existed.

An essential component of the religion of the Aryans was also the veneration of fire and the worship of the sun. It is possible that the very name "Arya" goes back to ancient name Suns - Svar, Svara.

Where are the descendants of the Aryans now?

Only one haplogroup R1a is suitable for such a distribution of languages ​​​​and historical sources of the settlement of the Aryans.

Where, with a density scale from 0 to over 51% of the haplogroup:
R1a - Aryans
R1b - Celts (Europeans)
N3 - Finno-Ugrians
N2 - Mongols, Buryats, etc.

Impurities at a density scale from 0 to over 26% of the haplogroup:

I1a - Scandinavians (Nordic race)
I1b - Serbs (Balkan race)
E3b-?
J2 - Turks.

The second density center of the haplogroup R1a in India is the upper castes 45.35%, Brahmins 72.22%. These are the very ancestors of the Aryans who came to India 4300 years ago.

Genetic genealogy gives not only the areas of distribution of haplogroups, but also the stages of distribution of the peoples of the owners of these haplogroups.
In total, there are more than a hundred haplogroups (with sub-options - 169), lettered from A to R. For example, A, B and E3a (Africa), C, E and K (Asia), I and R (Europe), J2 (Middle East ; Coen modal group), Q3 (American Indians). We are interested in the haplogroup R1a - the Aryans. The ancestors of the Aryans descended from the same "Adam" who lived in northeast Africa and had the first common genetic marker M168. 50 thousand years ago, when about 10 thousand people lived on Earth, direct ancient ancestor non-Africans moved north, and crossed the Red Sea to the Arabian Peninsula. He became the progenitor of all people now living outside of Africa, in addition to the Africans themselves.

In the Arabian Peninsula, just beyond the Red Sea, the first mutation changed its common marker to M89. It happened 45 thousand years ago. This marker is now present in 90-95% of all non-Africans. The ancestor of the Aryans went further to the northeast, where in the territory modern Iraq the stream split - part of our family continued to go north, and, having passed Syria and Turkey, through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, went to the Balkans, to Greece, to Europe, and the direct ancestor of the Aryans turned right, passed along the northern part of the Persian Gulf, crossed Iran and Afghanistan , leaving the Hindu Kush range to the right, and rested against the Pamir mountains, at the Pamir junction, where the mountains of the Hindu Kush, Tien Shan and Himalayas converge. Further straight, to the east, there was nowhere to go. By this time, the direct ancestor of the Aryans had mutated again, and became the carrier of the M9 marker, the marker of the so-called Eurasian clan. It happened 40 thousand years ago. There were several tens of thousands of people on Earth at that time. A few millennia later, the Eurasian ancestor of the Aryans had another mutation, M45. It happened in Central Asia, 35 thousand years ago. Behind it is the next mutation, M207, already in the south of Siberia, 30 thousand years ago, on the way to the north. After that, the flow divided again, and at the latitude of the future Moscow, the Aryans turned west, to Europe, soon undergoing the M173 mutation. The rest of the tribe went further north, into the glaciers, eventually became the Eskimos, part of the land moved to Alaska and became American Indians. But they already had other genetic markers.

Approximately in the area of ​​the future Novgorod-Pskov, the flow again divided. Some continued their journey to the west and came to Europe, bringing the M173 marker there, and the direct ancestor of the Aryans turned south and settled on the way to the Black and Caspian Seas, on the territory of present-day Ukraine and southern Russia, having earned the last mutation M17, 10- 15 thousand years ago. M17 mutation preserved among the Slavs. In the steppes of Ukraine and Russia, the ancestors of the Aryans thousands of years ago left a lot of burial mounds, in which later they found a lot of gold and silver jewelry. Here the Aryans tamed the horse for the first time many thousands of years ago. It was they who first spoke the language that laid the foundation for the Indo-European family of languages, including English, French, German, Russian, Spanish, several Indian languages ​​such as Bengali and Hindu, and many others. Now about 40% of men living in Europe, especially in the north of France and in England and Germany, and up to Siberia, are descendants of this haplogroup R1a. Aryan haplogroups.
4500 years ago, the Proto-Slavs-Aryans appeared on the Central Russian Upland, and not just some Proto-Slavs, but precisely those whose descendants live in our time. 3800 years ago they built the settlement of Arkaim and the "country of cities" on Southern Urals. 3600 years ago, the Aryans left Arkaim and moved to India. Indeed, according to archaeologists, the settlement, which is now called Arkaim, existed for only 200 years.

But what about the Germans themselves? Modern Germans are not only not Aryans, but for the most part they are not even historical Germans. In this sense, the Swedes, Danes and Norwegians are more Germanic than the Germans themselves, and the Austrian Germans can only conditionally be attributed to the Germanic ethnos.
As part of the modern German ethnos, groups I1a and I1c make up a minority of about 30%, and the majority is the population with the haplogroup R1b - 46% and represents the heirs of the historical Celts. In addition, a significant proportion of the modern German ethnic group, more than 8%, are the descendants of the Aryans - Slavs with the haplogroup R1a.

Or did Hitler know?

German ethnographers considered the Slavs Aryans, this is clearly seen on the 19th century map from the bibliographic museum of the city of Leipzig:

Often at the mention of the word Aryans many for some reason remember the Germans. Although the idea Aryan origin the Germans at one time was popularized and even served as a justification for war and atrocities Nazi Germany during World War II, it has a very different meaning.

When was it first used

Schlegel was the first person to introduce the word "Aryans" into circulation. This great scientist, philosopher and writer noticed that all the languages ​​spoken by different peoples who inhabited the globe have common features. Despite the fact that all languages ​​are different, among them one can distinguish some features which are common to all languages ​​without exception.

This led him to the idea that all peoples have one common root And descended from the same nation. He called the nation Aryans. It's just that in many languages ​​the word ariya means "supreme, origin", that is, having an ancient noble origin.

So usually representatives of different peoples call themselves, and the rest are called non-Aryans, that is, those who are not of noble birth, they are classified as non-humans. In the 21st century, this sounds unusual, but for the ancient peoples this attitude towards foreigners was natural.

Subsequently, philologists confirmed his assumption. They shared all languages into the two largest groups: Indo-European and Indo-Iranian, each of which, in turn, is divided into families and separate languages ​​and dialects.

The Aryans did not disappear, they just spread throughout the area the globe. They have external differences, such as skin color, eye shape, but basically all people are one people.

In the future, languages ​​developed, as the environment and life of a person changed, new objects appeared, which each nation called in its own way. Hence this feature of languages: the farther peoples are from each other, the more difference between the sound of words and syntax. For example, if you compare Russian and Chinese or Russian and Ukrainian, then the latter will be understandable even without an interpreter.

Distortion of meaning - the beginning of racial theories

Peaceful, armchair theories have one drawback - they are difficult to sell, since they do not have dynamism and struggle, they set out dry facts, without praise for any individual people. This leveling did not suit everyone.

Especially in the 18-19 centuries, when the colonies were ruled by whites, the British and the French, who read that they were only due to their nationality and skin color smarter and more talented than any black man.

Following the writings of Schlegel, in which he expounded his views on the origin of languages ​​and the connection of the peoples of the Earth, other theories appear, this time racial, which dominated almost the entire nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth.

So the two most prominent philosophers of that time Gobineau and Chamberlain in their writings they describe the struggle between the Aryan and Semitic races. Chamberlain believed that the Germans were the direct descendants of the Aryans.

The layman liked the simplicity of presentation and indulgence of national swagger more. Since he is a German, it means Aryan, which means the best, by origin. If a non-Aryan has some property, but an Aryan does not have it, then the Aryan has the right to take away, and kill the non-Aryan. A non-Aryan initially has no rights.

The Consequences of Trying to Put Racial Theory into Practice turned into a disaster. The theory became the justification for starting the largest war in terms of the number of victims in Europe, as well as mass extermination indigenous people in the colonies by English settlers. Some tribes were completely exterminated.

Modern theories of the origin and disappearance of the Aryans

In addition to officially accepted theory about the origin of the Aryans, there are many theories that were invented very recently. Most of these theories are pseudoscientific. Usually they are based on a free retelling of myths about the existence, somewhere far away, of an extraordinary people with unique abilities. All peoples have such myths, without exception.

Some of the more recent theories are based on racial theories of the last century.

Aryans, at the same time, the authors of theories consider ancestors of their own people. Usually such theories are popular in countries with a "missing" history of independent existence. In an attempt to fill this gap, many rulers try to use similar writings as a replacement true history of his people.

As you can see, the word ariya has not lost its original meaning even in the 21st century. They, as before, designate a people of noble origin, an elected people who have more rights than other peoples. And although the dissemination of racial theories is prohibited in many countries, miraculously there are people who manage to circumvent this law.