A prize or award is awarded, as a rule, on a competitive basis to a person or organization for outstanding results in a particular field of activity. Below is a list of the ten most famous world awards.
Opens the ranking of the most famous awards "Pulitzer Prize" - the most prestigious US award in the field of literature, journalism, music and theater. It was founded on August 17, 1903 by newspaper magnate Joseph Pulitzer. The award has been awarded annually in twenty-one categories since 1917. The amount of the award is $10,000.
MTV Video Music Awards is an annual award given by the MTV channel for the creation of video clips. The ceremony was first held in 1984 in New York. The record holder for the number of statuettes won, the so-called "Moonmanow", is American singer Madonna, who has won 20 awards.
BRIT Awards
BRIT Awards - the annual most prestigious award UK Award for Achievement in Pop Music. The award was first presented in 1977 as part of the Silver Jubilee celebrations for Queen Elizabeth II. It has been awarded annually since 1982. The record holder for the number of nominations is British singer Robbie Williams (17 BRIT Awards).
The seventh place in the list of the most famous awards is occupied by the Grammy - the annual music award The Recording Academy of America, founded March 14, 1958. Awarded by voting in 78 categories of 30 musical genres. As of February 2009, a total of 7,578 awards have been presented.
The Cannes Film Festival is an annual international film festival founded in 1946. Held at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès in resort town Cannes, in the south of France. The most prestigious award at the Cannes Film Festival awarded in the category for best movie is the Palme d'Or.
Fifth place in the list of the most famous world awards goes to the Golden Globe. It's an annual american award, awarded since 1944 for motion pictures and television pictures, as voted by some 90 international journalists living in Hollywood. The record holder for the number of nominations is Meryl Streep (29 awards).
BAFTA
BAFTA - independent Charitable organization, which supports, develops and promotes such trends in art as cinema, television and computer games. The organization was formed in 1947 under the leadership of David Lean. The first BAFTA award ceremony took place in 1948 in London. The winners receive as a prize golden mask.
Third place in the list of the ten most famous awards in the world goes to the Booker Prize. It is the most prestigious literary award given annually in the UK since 1969 for the best original novel written in English language. The winner of the award receives £50,000.
Oscar
In second place in the list of the most famous world awards is the Oscar - the most prestigious American film award on the planet, annually presented since 1929 in Los Angeles, at the Dolby Theater for various achievements in the film industry. From 1953 to the present, the ceremony has been televised in more than 200 countries. Walt Disney won the most Oscars (26).
The Nobel Prize is an international annual award given for outstanding Scientific research, revolutionary inventions or major contributions to culture or society. The award was named after the Swedish chemist, engineer and inventor Alfred Nobel, who in his will ordered part of his capital to be awarded as an award for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and the world. Between 1901–2015 The Nobel Prize was awarded to 870 laureates and 26 organizations.
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Thousands of literary awards are held annually around the world. Millions of applications are submitted to participate in them. The awards are held on a national and global scale, in different categories: children's literature, poetry, fiction and non-fiction, science fiction and fantasy.
1969 to 2001 this award was known as the Booker Prize. Since 2005, the Man Group has been the main sponsor of the award and the award has been renamed the Man Booker Prize. The award is presented every two years. Initially, the Booker Prize only accepted entries from the Commonwealth, Zimbabwe and Ireland. But since 2014, the award has acquired international status, which made it possible to expand the list of participants - a writer from any country whose novel is written in English can become a nominee. You can only become a laureate once. The cash prize is 60 thousand pounds sterling. International Prize has a separate award for the translation of the novel. Since 2016, the Booker Prize has been awarded for the translation of a fiction novel, with the winning author and translator receiving £50,000.
The man credited with founding the Pulitzer Prize was Joseph Pulitzer, a respected journalist originally from rich family who lived at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The award is given for work in the field of music, literature and journalism, while it is taken into account in the Internet space and print media - newspapers and magazines. The Pulitzer Prize is administered by Columbia University and is awarded in 21 categories. The winners of 20 categories are awarded a certificate and $15,000. Golden medal awarded to one winner by the public service department of the journalism competition. Pulitzer Prize for art book was founded in 1918. The first recipient of the award was Ernest Poole. He received an award for his novel "His Family".
Another prestigious literary award, the Neustadt Prize, originated in the United States in 1969. Its original name was "International Prize foreign literature” she received from her founder - editor foreign books Ivara Ivaska. The award changed its name in 1976 and was named after the new sponsors, Walter and Doris Neustadt of Ardmore, Oklahoma. Since that time, the University of Oklahoma has been a permanent sponsor of the award. The winner of the award receives a certificate, an award in the form of a silver eagle feather and $ 50,000. The award is given for outstanding work in the field of drama, poetry and fiction.
The award was established in 1971 under the name of the Whitbread Prize. In 2006, Costa Coffee became the official sponsor of the award, which led to its renaming to the Costa award. Applicants can be authors from the UK and Ireland, whose works are written in English. The award recognizes not only brilliant and outstanding works in the field of literature, but also books that bring pleasure to reading. Promoting reading as an enjoyable pastime is one of the main goals of the award. The award is given in the following categories: Biography, Novel, Children's Literature, Best First Novel and Poetry. The winners receive £5,000 each.
The American Prize for Literature was introduced in 1994. It is awarded to authors who have contributed to the field international letter. In part, the prize was created as an alternative to the famous Nobel Prize in Literature. The award is sponsored by educational project contemporary art. The award itself was founded in memory of Anna Farney. Every year, 6 to 8 jury members, including prominent American literary critics, playwrights, poets and writers, gather to determine the winner. The laureate does not receive any monetary prize for the victory.
This award is one of the most coveted literary awards United Kingdom. original name- Literary Prize "Orange". The award is presented annually to a female author, regardless of nationality, for an outstanding full-length novel published in the UK in the past year in English. In 1991, the Booker Prize marked the beginning of the Women's Prize for Fiction because the committee did not include women on its list of nominees. After that, a group of men and women working in the literary industry met and considered their next steps. The winner of the award receives 30,000 British pounds and a bronze statuette.
The Hugo Award is named after Hugo Gernsbeck, the man behind the science fiction magazine " Amazing Stories". The award is given for best work, published in the past year and written in the genres science fiction or fantasy. The Hugo Award is sponsored by the World Science Fiction Society.
The award has been presented at the annual World Science Fiction Convention since 1953 in several categories, including: Best Short Novel, Best Graphic Story, Best Fanzine, Best professional artist", "Best Fancast", "Best Dramatic Presentation" and " Best Book about fantasy.
The award was established in July 2008 by the University of Warwick. It has no analogues in the world and consists of an interdisciplinary writing competition. Students, alumni and employees of the University of Warwick, as well as employees of the publishing industry, can nominate work for the nomination. Each year for the award is approved new topic. must be written in English.
Every year in Struga, Macedonia, an international poetry festival takes place. The most talented international poets receive the coveted award of the Golden Crown festival. The festival was first held in 1961 with the participation of famous Macedonian poets. A few years later, in 1966, the festival was transformed from a national into an international one. In the same year, the highest award of the Golden Crown Prize was established, the first winner of which was Robert Rozhdestvensky. Over the years of the award, its laureates have become such prominent literary figures as Seamus Haney, Joseph Brodsky and Pablo Neruda.
The Nobel Prize is named after Albert Nobel, a man who made significant contributions in the fields of chemistry, literature, engineering, and entrepreneurship in the 1800s. Already at the age of 17, he was fluent in 5 foreign languages. In his will, Albert Nobel stipulated the conditions for the establishment of the prize and allocated his own money for this. All Nobel Prizes are controlled by different institutions. The Nobel Prize in Literature is administered by the Swedish Academy. The winner receives a medal and money prize, which varies from year to year. The Academy determines the people and institutions that may be nominated for the award. I have the right to put forward my candidacy as a professor of literature and linguistics of higher educational institutions, Nobel Literary Prize winners and members of the Swedish Academy. The Nobel Committee for Literature verifies candidates and passes the collected information to the Swedish Academy. The prize has been awarded since 1901 to writers from different countries.
Literary Awards Facts - Video
Short facts about the most famous awards in the field of literature:
The boom in literary awards in Russia is a sign of the last 20 years, but it cannot be said that they were invented only now. What, if not a prize, were, for example, rings, snuff boxes and other valuable gifts that Emperor Alexander I liked to give to writers in abundance. It is known that in 1802 alone the tsar spent an unheard-of amount for that time - 160 thousand rubles to encourage writers .
Direct continuation imperial tradition became the main Soviet prize - Stalin. Now this is rarely remembered, but at first its fund was formed from the fees that Stalin received for the publication of his works in different countries. That is, it was also a personal royal award of 100 thousand rubles. After the death of the leader Stalin Prizes were replaced by Lenin (10 thousand rubles) and State (5 thousand). It was enough money to buy a car.
The era of independent awards came in 1991 with the establishment of the Russian Booker. Russian literature then received reinforcements in the form of British money. The Booker Prize itself is of British origin, its name comes from the name of the Booker company, famous for the production of canned vegetables. In the early 1990s, Booker's agents drew attention to the vast field of activity that Russian literature represented, with no clearly expressed material gain being pursued. As, by the way, in most other literary awards, their founders are more likely to be driven by image considerations.
The Russian Booker did not remain the only major award for long. In 1995, the leadership of Nezavisimaya Gazeta (in fact, its owner, Boris Berezovsky) established a competing award, which they called Antibooker. Its size was 12,001 dollars, that is, a dollar more than the "Russian Booker". In 2001, with increased pressure on Berezovsky and the institution of criminal cases against him, Antibooker ceased to exist.
But by that time, players began to appear on the field of Russian literary awards one after another. To date, their number has reached six hundred. "Trud" remembered the main ones.
Established in November 2005.
Prize fund: With a prize fund of 5.5 million rubles, it is one of the largest in the world. The size of the first prize is 3 million rubles, the second - 1.5 million, the third - 1 million.
Who gives money: the founders are the Ministry of Culture, Rospechat, the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, but the financial component is mainly provided by Gazprom.
Distinctive feature: bonuses not only works of art, but also literature in the non-fiction genre.
Established in 2008 on the personal initiative of Anatoly Chubais.
Prize fund: One prize of $50,000 is awarded.
Who gives money: at first it was supported by RAO "UES of Russia", with the departure of Chubais from there, it came under the wing of the Energy of the Future Foundation specially established by the businessman.
Distinctive feature: only living people can become laureates contemporary poets. Among the laureates are Sergei Gandlevsky, Timur Kibirov, Alexander Kushner.
Established in September 2003.
Prize fund: prize in the nomination " Modern classic” is equal to 900 thousand rubles, in the nomination “ Literature XXI century" - 750 thousand.
Who gives money: established by the Museum-Estate of Leo Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana and the South Korean company Samsung Electronics, which is the sponsor of the award.
Distinctive feature: supports works contemporary authors developing the humanistic ideas of Leo Tolstoy.
Established in 1998 by Alexander Solzhenitsyn.
Prize fund: 25 thousand dollars.
Who gives money: The Alexander Solzhenitsyn Foundation, founded by the writer in 1974 and collecting royalties from all editions of his book The Gulag Archipelago.
Distinctive feature: Awarded to writers living in Russia who created their works after the 1917 revolution. Genres: prose, poetry, dramaturgy, literary criticism and literary criticism.
Established in March 2009.
Prize fund: 700 thousand rubles. Reader's Choice Award - 200 thousand rubles.
Who gives money: Established by the Mikhail Prokhorov Foundation. Part of the project book world”, headed by the publisher Irina Prokhorova.
Distinctive feature: created to support new trends in modern Russian literature.
Established in December 1991.
Prize fund: 12 thousand dollars.
Who gives money: The main sponsor is British Petroleum.
Distinctive feature: Being the first post-Soviet award, it is distinguished by an emphasis on dissident literature. Among the laureates are Vasily Aksenov, Georgy Vladimov.
Established in 2001 on the initiative of literary critic Viktor Toporov.
Prize fund: 10 thousand dollars.
Who gives money: The premium fund is formed from the funds of the investment and construction company "Vistkom".
Distinctive feature: noted best novel of the year. Information about which of the nominees nominates whom is open.
The biggest awards in the world
Nobel (Sweden) - 1.05 million euros
Chino del Duca (France) - 300 thousand euros
Dublin (Ireland) - 100 thousand euros
IMPAC (Ireland - USA) - 100 thousand euros
"Miguel de Cervantes" (Spain) - 90 thousand euros
Goethe Prize (Germany) - 50 thousand euros
Writers who made the most money from awards
Ludmila Ulitskaya
3.35 million rubles
The novels The Case of Kukotsky and Daniel Stein, Translator were noted by the Russian Booker (2001) and the Big Book (2007).
Dmitry Bykov
3 million rubles
The biographical novel Boris Pasternak was awarded the Big Book and National Bestseller awards in 2006.
Mikhail Shishkin
1.3 million rubles
The novel "Venus Hair" was awarded the "Big Book" award in 2006 and the "National Best Seller" award in 2005.
Ludmila Saraskina
2.25 million rubles
Her biography "Alexander Solzhenitsyn" was awarded in 2008 with the Big Book and Yasnaya Polyana awards.
In a sense, the most prestigious literary award. And it's not about the prize fund at all: everything is just simple here - 1 ruble, a bottle of vodka and an apple. The Andrei Bely Prize has existed since 1978 and is the oldest non-state prize in Russia, which has long had its own special, most "intelligent" status.
Gleb Morev, literary critic, member of the Andrei Bely Prize Committee in 2011:“The Andrei Bely Prize was founded in 1978 by the publishers of the unofficial Leningrad magazine Chasy. The award has always had a symbolic monetary value - 1 ruble, which did not prevent it from quickly gaining high prestige in the circle of unofficial, and then - non-commercial literature, focused on the search for a new artistic language and opposing market literature as one of the types of "entertainment". Among the winners of the Andrei Bely Prize are Sasha Sokolov, Boris Groys, Elena Schwartz, Andrey Bitov, Mikhail Gasparov, Gennady Aigi, Alexei Parshchikov, Lev Rubinstein, Eduard Limonov and other classics of the latest Russian culture.”The Russian Booker Prize, which is awarded annually for the best novel in Russian, was created in 1991 by Englishman Sir Michael Caine, who headed Booker Group plc, the same company that established the Booker Prize in 1969, the main British literary prize.
Company Booker for a long time had nothing to do with literature. It was founded in Liverpool in 1835 by the Booker brothers, who traded in colonial goods. Already in the 20th century, the company was engaged in the book business, in particular, acquired the copyright for the works of Ian Fleming, Agatha Christie and Harold Pinter.
Yuri Buida, writer and journalist, Russian Booker Prize finalist in 1994 and 1998:“This was the first award in Russia, which was not supported by state and even public organizations, and in this sense she was the embodiment of the spirit of modern times. The Booker Prize, by the very fact of the high monetary content, forced writers and critics to focus on the novel, on a genre that by that time seemed to be given over to the flow and plunder, blurred and even lost its former meaning. This was also a minus: many rushed to write novels, some of these works fell into the lists of applicants, although there were no grounds for this. Works that had nothing to do with the novel were also awarded. But at the same time, Booker reflected in general the peculiarities of the literary process - with all its pluses and minuses. The Booker Prize gave birth to many other prizes and anti-prizes, caused a lot of praise and scandals, which is useful for marking the literary space, for attracting readers' attention. I don’t know what it will become surrounded by new awards (Big Book, National Best), in the context of an accelerating change in tastes, ideas and preferences, but in the history of Russian literary life Booker's last twenty years - no matter how he was treated - is one of the few real events.To size prize pool The Big Book is the largest prize in Russia and the second in the world after the Nobel Prize. The winner receives 3 million rubles, silver and bronze medalists - 1.5 and 1 million respectively. The award was created in 2005 by the "Center for the Support of Russian Literature" and since then has been awarded annually for works of all prose genres. Among the winners were fiction novels, for example, "Venus Hair" by Mikhail Shishkin, and non-fiction - "Boris Pasternak" by Dmitry Bykov.
Dmitry Danilov, writer, finalist big book" in 2011: The Big Book is a really big award, in every sense. Both financially, and in terms of the PR effect, and in terms of some general solidity. Usually status, consensus figures, such as Makanin, Ulitskaya, Yuzefovich win. Their laureate does not become a sensation, much less a scandal. While our others major awards sometimes, as they say, they throw out a knee - remember at least last year's decision of the Booker jury. The "Big Book" is focused to a greater extent not on the search and discovery of new names, but on the recognition of existing literary merits. This can be viewed as both a plus and a minus - depending on what special person expects from a literary prize."The relatively young "Debut" award was established in 2000 by Andrey Skoch's "Generation" humanitarian foundation and is awarded to authors under the age of 35 in different nominations: large and small prose, dramaturgy, poetry and essay writing. By the way, the age limit used to be 25 years old and only this year it was significantly raised.
Andrey Astvatsaturov, literary critic, writer, jury member of the Debut Prize:“I think the Debut Award is unique because it is one of the very few literary awards for young people. literary world, magazine and publishing, not very hospitable, not very friendly to newcomers, unfortunately. And looks at them rather suspiciously. And the Debut Award in such a context and in such a situation is a correct and wonderful exception. It seems to me that it helps young authors, on the one hand, to try their hand, and on the other hand, it attracts the attention of editors of magazines, publishing houses and, accordingly, readers.The NOS Prize was founded by the Mikhail Prokhorov Foundation quite recently - in 2009 - and timed to coincide with the bicentenary of N.V. Gogol. The texts of various artistic genres: "from traditional novels to radical experimental prose". The winners of the award for two years of its existence were Lena Eltang with the novel "Stone Maples" and Vladimir Sorokin with the story "Snowstorm".
Kirill Kobrin, writer, jury member of the NOS award:“We, the members of the jury, hesitate between the options for deciphering the award: “new domestic literature”, “new domestic sociality” and “new domestic subjectivity”. This, it seems to me, means the following: "new literature" can be regarded as one of the manifestations of the "new sociality". In other words, changes public consciousness that took place in Russian society over the past two decades, equally lead to the transformation of society itself and its cultural (in this case, literary) product. NOSE keeps its distance from the mainstream, but at the same time tries not to fall into aesthetic radicalism. In other words, the prize does not invent new tradition, but is trying to catch its manifestations in the ore of the usual stream of domestic literature.The most significant poetic award was created by the Society for the Encouragement of Russian Poetry on the initiative of Anatoly Chubais in 2005 “as an award for the highest achievements in modern Russian poetry” and is a kind of summing up poetic results, as it rewards long-established and recognized poets.
Nikolai Bogomolov, literary critic, jury member of the Poet Prize: « National Award"Poet" is not awarded for new book poems or a good selection, especially not for poems sent to the jury. It is received by the poet, who, throughout his long enough literary biography does not change the traditions of Russian poetry and at the same time has public recognition. Therefore, among the jury members there are many literary critics who clearly see not only the modern literary process but also perspective literary movement People: Alexander Kushner, Olesya Nikolaeva, Oleg Chukhontsev, Timur Kibirov, Sergey Gandlevsky and Viktor Sosnora. They represent different generations, different creative manners, different cities, but all are united by the fact that for decades each of them has been speaking in his own voice, heard not by some narrow group of people, but wide circles poetry lovers. There are quite a few poetic awards that highlight momentary success in Russia, but there is only one prize awarded for the historical significance of creativity."National Bestseller", or simply "Natsbest", is a literary award, which even has a motto: "Wake up famous!". The award was founded in 2001 literary critic Viktor Toporov and is awarded in St. Petersburg for the best novel written in Russian. One of the highlights of this award is
in openness and transparency: you can always find out who nominated whom and who voted for whom.
Sergey Shargunov, writer, journalist, finalist of the National Bestseller in 2011:“National Best is an award that claims to be objective. Objectivity is unpredictability. As a result, the winner may be a writer who is unkind to the organizers of the award, or simply one who is afraid and shunned by the “venerable public”. I think it's good."Dedicated to the great Russian writers.
From October 21 to November 21, 2015, the Library and Information Complex invites you to the exhibition, dedicated to creativity Nobel laureates in literature from Russia and the USSR.
Nobel Prize in Literature in 2015 received Belarusian writer. The award was given to Svetlana Aleksievich with the following wording: "For her many-voiced work - a monument to suffering and courage in our time." At the exhibition, we also presented the works of Svetlana Alexandrovna.
The exposition can be found at the address: Leningradsky Prospekt, 49, 1st floor, room 100.
The prizes established by the Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel are considered the most honorable in the world. They are awarded annually (since 1901) for outstanding work in the field of medicine or physiology, physics, chemistry, literary works, for his contribution to the strengthening of peace, the economy (since 1969).
The Nobel Prize in Literature is an award for literary achievement presented annually by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm on 10 December. According to the statute of the Nobel Foundation, the following persons can nominate candidates: members of the Swedish Academy, other academies, institutions and societies with similar tasks and goals; professors of the history of literature and linguistics of universities; laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature; chairmen of authors' unions representing literary creativity in the respective countries.
Unlike the winners of other prizes (for example, in physics and chemistry), the decision to award the Nobel Prize in Literature is made by members of the Swedish Academy. The Swedish Academy brings together 18 figures from Sweden. The Academy is composed of historians, linguists, writers and one lawyer. They are known in the community as "The Eighteen". Membership in the academy is for life. After the death of one of the members, the academicians choose a new academician by secret ballot. The Academy elects from among its members the Nobel Committee. It is he who deals with the issue of awarding the prize.
Nobel laureates in literature from Russia and the USSR :
- I. A. Bunin(1933 "For the rigorous skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose")
- B.L. Parsnip(1958 "For significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel")
- M. A. Sholokhov(1965 "For artistic power and the honesty with which he portrayed in his Don epic historical era in the life of the Russian people")
- A. I. Solzhenitsyn(1970 "For the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature")
- I. A. Brodsky(1987 "For a comprehensive work imbued with the clarity of thought and the passion of poetry")
Russian laureates in literature are people with different, sometimes opposing views. I. A. Bunin and A. I. Solzhenitsyn are staunch opponents Soviet power, and M. A. Sholokhov, on the contrary, is a communist. However, the main thing they have in common is their undoubted talent, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prizes.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin - famous Russian writer and poet, eminent master realistic prose, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1920 Bunin emigrated to France.
The most difficult thing for a writer in exile is to remain himself. It happens that, having left the Motherland because of the need to make dubious compromises, he is again forced to kill the spirit in order to survive. Fortunately, this fate passed Bunin. Despite any trials, Bunin always remained true to himself.
In 1922, Ivan Alekseevich's wife, Vera Nikolaevna Muromtseva, wrote in her diary that Romain Rolland nominated Bunin for the Nobel Prize. Since then, Ivan Alekseevich lived in hopes that someday he would be awarded this prize. 1933 All newspapers in Paris on November 10 came out with large headlines: "Bunin - Nobel laureate." Every Russian in Paris, even a loader at the Renault factory, who had never read Bunin, took this as a personal holiday. For the compatriot turned out to be the best, the most talented! In Parisian taverns and restaurants that evening there were Russians who sometimes drank for "their own" for their last pennies.
On the day of awarding the prize on November 9, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin watched "merry stupidity" - "Baby" in the "cinema". Suddenly, a narrow beam of a flashlight cut through the darkness of the hall. They were looking for Bunin. He was called by phone from Stockholm.
And immediately all my former life. I walk home rather quickly, but feeling nothing but regret that I didn't get to see the movie. But no. You can’t believe it: the whole house is lit up with lights. And my heart shrinks with some kind of sadness ... Some kind of turning point in my life, "I. A. Bunin recalled.
Exciting days in Sweden. IN concert hall in the presence of the king, after the report of the writer, member of the Swedish Academy Peter Galstrem on the work of Bunin, he was handed a folder with Nobel diploma, a medal and a check for 715,000 French francs.
When presenting the award, Bunin noted that the Swedish Academy acted very boldly by awarding the émigré writer. Among the contenders for this year's award was another Russian writer, M. Gorky, however, largely due to the publication of the book "The Life of Arseniev" by that time, the scales still tipped in the direction of Ivan Alekseevich.
Returning to France, Bunin feels rich and, sparing no money, distributes "allowances" to emigrants, donates funds to support various societies. Finally, on the advice of well-wishers, he invests the remaining amount in a "win-win business" and is left with nothing.
Bunin's friend, poetess and prose writer Zinaida Shakhovskaya, in her memoir book "Reflection", noted: "With skill and a small amount of practicality, the prize should have been enough to the end. But the Bunins did not buy either an apartment or a villa ..."
Unlike M. Gorky, A. I. Kuprin, A. N. Tolstoy, Ivan Alekseevich did not return to Russia, despite the exhortations of the Moscow "messengers". He never came to his homeland, even as a tourist.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) was born in Moscow into a family famous artist Leonid Osipovich Pasternak. Mother, Rosalia Isidorovna, was a talented pianist. Maybe that's why in childhood the future poet dreamed of becoming a composer and even studied music with Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin. However, the love of poetry won. Glory to B. L. Pasternak was brought by his poetry, and bitter trials - "Doctor Zhivago", a novel about the fate of the Russian intelligentsia.
The editors of the literary magazine, to which Pasternak offered the manuscript, considered the work anti-Soviet and refused to publish it. Then the writer sent the novel abroad, to Italy, where in 1957 it was published. The very fact of publication in the West was sharply condemned by Soviet colleagues in the creative workshop, and Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union. However, it was Doctor Zhivago that made Boris Pasternak a Nobel laureate. The writer was nominated for the Nobel Prize starting in 1946, but was awarded it only in 1958, after the release of the novel. The conclusion of the Nobel Committee says: "... for significant achievements both in modern lyric poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition."
In his homeland, the award of such an honorary prize to an "anti-Soviet novel" aroused the indignation of the authorities, and under the threat of expulsion from the country, the writer was forced to refuse the award. Only 30 years later, his son, Yevgeny Borisovich Pasternak, received a diploma and a medal for his father. Nobel laureate.
The fate of another Nobel laureate, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, is no less dramatic. He was born in 1918 in Kislovodsk, and his childhood and youth were spent in Novocherkassk and Rostov-on-Don. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Rostov University, A. I. Solzhenitsyn taught and at the same time studied in absentia at literary institute in Moscow. When did the Great Patriotic War, future writer went to the front.
Shortly before the end of the war, Solzhenitsyn was arrested. The reason for the arrest was the critical remarks about Stalin found by military censorship in Solzhenitsyn's letters. He was released after Stalin's death (1953). In 1962, the magazine " New world" published the first story - "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", which tells about the life of prisoners in the camp. Most of the subsequent works were refused to be printed by literary magazines. There was only one explanation: anti-Soviet orientation. However, the writer did not back down and sent the manuscripts abroad, where they were published. Alexander Isaevich was not limited literary activity- he fought for the freedom of political prisoners in the USSR, spoke out with sharp criticism of the Soviet system.
Literary works and political position AI Solzhenitsyn were well known abroad, and in 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize. The writer did not go to Stockholm for the award ceremony: he was not allowed to leave the country. Representatives of the Nobel Committee, who wanted to present the prize to the laureate at home, were not allowed into the USSR.
In 1974 A. I. Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the country. He first lived in Switzerland, then moved to the United States, where he was, with a considerable delay, awarded the Nobel Prize. In the West, such works were printed as "In the First Circle", "The Gulag Archipelago", "August 1914", " cancer corps". In 1994, A. Solzhenitsyn returned to his homeland, having traveled through all of Russia, from Vladivostok to Moscow.
The fate of Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, the only one of Russian laureates Nobel Prize in Literature, who supported government bodies. M. A. Sholokhov (1905-1980) was born in the south of Russia, on the Don - in the center Russian Cossacks. My small homeland- the farm Kruzhilin of the village of Vyoshenskaya - he later described in many works. Sholokhov graduated from only four classes of the gymnasium. He actively participated in the events of the civil war, led the food detachment, which selected the so-called surplus grain from wealthy Cossacks.
Already in his youth, the future writer felt a penchant for literary creativity. In 1922, Sholokhov arrived in Moscow, and in 1923 he began to publish his first stories in newspapers and magazines. In 1926, the collections "Don Stories" and "Azure Steppe" were published. Work on "Quiet Don" - a novel about the life of the Don Cossacks in the era of the Great Break (First World War, revolutions and Civil War) - began in 1925. In 1928, the first part of the novel was published, and Sholokhov completed it in the 30s. " Quiet Don"became the pinnacle of the writer's work, and in 1965 he was awarded the Nobel Prize" for the artistic power and completeness with which he in his epic work about the Don reflected a historical phase in the life of the Russian people." "Quiet Don" was translated in 45 countries of the world into several dozen languages.
By the time of receiving the Nobel Prize in the bibliography of Joseph Brodsky, there were six collections of poems, the poem "Gorbunov and Gorchakov", the play "Marble", many essays (written mainly in English). However, in the USSR, from where the poet was expelled in 1972, his works were distributed mainly in samizdat, and he received the award, already being a citizen of the United States of America.
For him, the spiritual connection with the homeland was important. As a relic, he kept the tie of Boris Pasternak, he even wanted to wear it to the Nobel Prize, but the rules of the protocol did not allow it. Nevertheless, Brodsky still came with Pasternak's tie in his pocket. After perestroika, Brodsky was repeatedly invited to Russia, but he never came to his homeland, which rejected him. "You can't step into the same river twice, even if it's the Neva," he said.
From Nobel lecture Brodsky: “A person with taste, in particular literary, is less susceptible to repetition and rhythmic incantations, characteristic of any form of political demagogy. It's not so much that virtue is no guarantee of a masterpiece, but that evil, especially political evil, is always a bad stylist. The richer the aesthetic experience of the individual, the firmer his taste, the clearer his moral choice, the freer he is - although perhaps not happier. It is in this rather applied than Platonic sense that Dostoyevsky's remark that "beauty will save the world" or Matthew Arnold's saying that "poetry will save us" should be understood. The world will probably not be saved, but an individual person can always be saved.
