I love music and I love Bosch. And here's Bosch polyphonic music did not approve, considered it an invention of the devil and sent all musicians to Hell. However, he also sent himself there. He must have secretly enjoyed music, especially when he was drunk. How can this be understood? From his paintings. But first things first. The drunken master will still appear in our story.
Jeroen Antonison van Aken that's actually called Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516). Even his real name remains a mystery to many today. What can we say about his paintings? The real names of the paintings have not survived to this day. And what about the symbols that we see on the works of the master?
Over time, many of them either changed their meaning or were lost. For most people, Bosch turned into a cool artist who depicted all sorts of psychedelic garbage. And that's just not the case at all. Hieronymus Bosch was very an educated person of his era. His paintings are the deepest text in terms of level.
Precisely the text, because Bosch, above all, belongs to book culture led by the Bible. Unlike many of his contemporaries, the artist was a literate person, well versed in scripture. the main task his creativity - to convey the content to the masses. It is natural to show people the whole meaning of the main book of Christianity.
Almost all of his paintings are triptychs. This is a multi-level text that we must perceive in stages, like a novel. Only then can its meaning be revealed to us. Let's celebrate Bosch!
Here I will allow myself a small digression. If you want to get acquainted with the paintings of the master, go to the museum in his native Hertogenbosch in Holland. Although there are copies of works, they can be touched. Open and close. The Prado won't let you do that. And there are no crowds of tourists, you can see everything in detail.
Let's start with his triptych "Hay Cart". The sashes are closed, and we see an image called "The Traveler". And this is the first inaccuracy introduced by time. Bosch was not interested in ordinary travelers. Here we are talking about something else. We see clear references to the biblical parable "The Good Samaritan".
He was the only one who stopped to help a man who had been robbed and beaten by robbers. But here we see another point. The decision has not yet been made. The person has stopped, but he is confused, does not yet know what needs to be done: help or go further.
By the way, the figure of the traveler in the picture is a portrait of Bosch himself. The artist was a constant character in his own canvases. The picture does not give any answers, the choice is yours, and you open the doors.
The left side is the story of Adam and Eve in Paradise. And again a choice, the consequences of which are the expulsion of the first people from Eden.
The story moves on. In the central part we see a cart of hay. This is perhaps one of the most interesting allegories of human life. We see how everyone strives to get on this cart. He is a reflection of human happiness, an ideal, the ultimate dream. For the sake of their goal, people kill each other, they fight, they are ready to be under the wheels, to be crushed. Everyone looks only at the top of the wagon, but no one sees that devils are harnessed to the wagon instead of horses. They roll her to Hell.
Bosch mocks kings and bishops, ordinary people over false prophets and thieves. They are all blind. They all fall for a simple trick. None of them can look higher to see the Savior above this whole world. Their choice is to choose what is closer and more understandable, not to notice the essence. Until the last, do not believe in a nightmare.
And the nightmare is very close. Life is short and they all go there. The cart with hay follows non-stop to the station "Hell". On the right wing is the final destination. Therefore, when we close the triptych again, then in our head there is already an answer to the question: “What should the Samaritan do: pass by or help?”. The path to salvation is selfless help to one's neighbor.
The fact that Bosch knew the Scriptures perfectly is confirmed by his unusual depiction of objects and animals mentioned in the Bible. Take, for example, his painting “St. John the Evangelist on the island of Patmos. What kind of incomprehensible figure is located in the lower right corner? What is its symbolism?
It becomes clear if you look at the source. We open, we read:
“In appearance, the locust was like horses prepared for war; and on her heads there are, as it were, crowns that look like gold, while her faces are like human faces; and her hair was like the hair of women, and her teeth were like those of lions. She was armored, as if iron armor, and the noise from her wings was like a knock from chariots when many horses run to war; she had tails like scorpions, and in her tails were stingers ... "
Here is your explanation. This is a locust. Hieronymus Bosch did not treat the biblical text as a metaphor. For him, it was the ultimate truth. It even came to funny facts related to the inaccuracy of the translation scripture into Latin. In two parts of the triptych "Garden earthly pleasures» in the middle we see a fountain. The fact is that St. Jerome, creating latin translation Bible, replaced the word "source" with "fountain". Bosch didn't know what the latter looked like, so he turned on his imagination. But this picture of the master definitely needs to be told in more detail.
Before us again closed sashes. This is the scene of the creation of the earth. In the upper left corner is God himself, his gaze fixed on the book. In the area - flat earth just created by him. The world is a book written by the hand of God. The two inscriptions above translate as follows: "He said and it happened", "He commanded - and it appeared". Before us is a clear reference to the gospel of John and the idea that everything began with a word. We open doors...
We see how animals are born and named Adam in Paradise, in the center - allegorical image the joys of life, and on the right - the result. The result is disappointing.
In the foreground we have musicians. I have already said that polyphonic Bosch music believed to be a creation of Satan. So he put me in hell whole orchestra. One note was written right on the fifth point. The rest of them are playing. Only now their game is no longer pleasure, but torture.
Above is the artist himself. Here it is big face looking straight at us.
Why is he acting like this? For drunkenness! The legs of the figure resemble dried tree trunks. The trunks rest on the ships - a symbol of a shaky drunken gait. Inside his body is generally a tavern, where devils feast. They feast, then to be born in his head, go in a round dance and get on the canvas. Ruthless to people, Bosch treated himself with all severity. But he, as the creator, manages this whole party at the very end.
His canvases were destroyed, they forgot about him for several centuries, but in the 20th century he again turned out to be his own, so bright, so vital. After Nietzsche announced that God was dead, only Bosch remained with us.
In almost every significant work art is a mystery, a "double bottom" or secret history that you want to open.
Music on the buttocks
Hieronymus Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights, 1500-1510.
Fragment of a triptych
Disputes about the meanings and hidden meanings most famous work Dutch artist have not subsided since its inception. On the right wing of the triptych called "Musical Hell" sinners are depicted who are tortured in the underworld with the help of musical instruments. One of them has notes imprinted on his buttocks. Oklahoma Christian University student Amelia Hamrick, who studied the painting, transposed the 16th-century notation into a modern twist and recorded "a 500-year-old ass song from hell."
Nude Mona Lisa
The famous "Gioconda" exists in two versions: the nude version is called "Monna Vanna", it was painted by the little-known artist Salai, who was a student and sitter of the great Leonardo da Vinci. Many art critics are sure that it was he who was the model for Leonardo's paintings "John the Baptist" and "Bacchus". There are also versions that dressed in a woman's dress, Salai served as the image of Mona Lisa herself.
Old Fisherman
In 1902, the Hungarian artist Tivadar Kostka Chontvari painted the painting "Old Fisherman". It would seem that there is nothing unusual in the picture, but Tivadar laid a subtext in it, which was never disclosed during the life of the artist.
Few people thought of putting a mirror in the middle of the picture. In each person there can be both God (the right shoulder of the Old Man is duplicated) and the Devil (the left shoulder of the old man is duplicated).
Was there a whale?
Hendrik van Antonissen "Scene on the Shore".
It would seem that, ordinary landscape. Boats, people on the shore and the desert sea. And only an X-ray study showed that people gathered on the shore for a reason - in the original, they examined the carcass of a whale washed ashore.
However, the artist decided that no one would want to look at a dead whale and repainted the painting.
Two "Breakfasts on the Grass"
Edouard Manet, Luncheon on the Grass, 1863.
Claude Monet, Breakfast on the Grass, 1865.
Artists Edouard Manet and Claude Monet are sometimes confused - after all, they were both French, lived at the same time and worked in the style of impressionism. Even the name of one of Manet's most famous paintings, "Breakfast on the Grass", Monet borrowed and wrote his "Breakfast on the Grass".
Twins at the Last Supper
Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1495-1498.
When Leonardo da Vinci wrote " last supper", he gave special meaning two figures: Christ and Judas. He was looking for sitters for them for a very long time. Finally, he managed to find a model for the image of Christ among the young singers. Leonardo failed to find a sitter for Judas for three years. But one day he came across a drunkard lying in the gutter on the street. He was a young man who had been aged by heavy drinking. Leonardo invited him to a tavern, where he immediately began to write Judas from him. When the drunkard came to his senses, he told the artist that he had already posed for him once. It was a few years ago, when he sang in the church choir, Leonardo wrote Christ from him.
"Night Watch" or "Day Watch"?
Rembrandt, " The night Watch", 1642.
One of Rembrandt’s most famous paintings, “The Performance of the Rifle Company of Captain Frans Banning Cock and Lieutenant Willem van Ruytenbürg,” hung in different halls for about two hundred years and was discovered by art historians only in the 19th century. Since the figures seemed to stand out against a dark background, it was called the Night Watch, and under this name it entered the treasury of world art.
And only during the restoration, carried out in 1947, it turned out that in the hall the picture had managed to become covered with a layer of soot, which distorted its color. After clearing original painting it finally turned out that the scene presented by Rembrandt actually takes place during the day. The position of the shadow from the left hand of Captain Kok shows that the duration of the action is no more than 14 hours.
capsized boat
Henri Matisse, "The Boat", 1937.
At the New York Museum contemporary art in 1961, Henri Matisse's painting "The Boat" was exhibited. Only after 47 days did someone notice that the painting was hanging upside down. The canvas depicts 10 purple lines and two blue sails on a white background. The artist painted two sails for a reason, the second sail is a reflection of the first one on the surface of the water.
In order not to be mistaken in how the picture should hang, you need to pay attention to the details. The larger sail should be at the top of the painting, and the peak of the sail of the painting should be directed to the upper right corner.
Deception in a self-portrait
Vincent van Gogh, Self Portrait with a Pipe, 1889.
There are legends that Van Gogh allegedly cut off his own ear. Now the most reliable version is that van Gogh's ear was damaged in a small scuffle with the participation of another artist, Paul Gauguin.
The self-portrait is interesting because it reflects reality in a distorted form: the artist is depicted with a bandaged right ear, because he used a mirror when working. In fact, the left ear was damaged.
alien bears
Ivan Shishkin, "Morning in pine forest", 1889.
The famous painting belongs not only to the brush of Shishkin. Many artists who were friends with each other often resorted to "the help of a friend", and Ivan Ivanovich, who had been painting landscapes all his life, was afraid that touching bears would not turn out the way he needed. Therefore, Shishkin turned to a familiar animal painter Konstantin Savitsky.
Savitsky drew perhaps the best bears in history Russian painting, and Tretyakov ordered that his name be washed off the canvas, since everything in the picture "starting from the idea and ending with the execution, everything speaks of the manner of painting, of the creative method peculiar to Shishkin."
Innocent story "Gothic"
Grant Wood, american gothic", 1930.
Grant Wood's work is considered one of the strangest and most depressing in history. American painting. The picture with a gloomy father and daughter is overflowing with details that indicate the severity, puritanism and retrogradeness of the people depicted.
In fact, the artist did not intend to depict any horrors: during a trip to Iowa, he noticed a small house in gothic style and decided to portray those people who, in his opinion, would be ideally suited as inhabitants. Grant's sister and his dentist are immortalized in the form of characters that the people of Iowa were so offended by.
Revenge of Salvador Dali
The painting "Figure at the Window" was painted in 1925, when Dali was 21 years old. Then Gala had not yet entered the life of the artist, and his sister Ana Maria was his muse. The relationship between brother and sister deteriorated when he wrote on one of the paintings "sometimes I spit on a portrait of my own mother, and it gives me pleasure." Ana Maria could not forgive such shocking.
In her 1949 book Salvador Dali Through the Eyes of a Sister, she writes about her brother without any praise. The book infuriated El Salvador. For another ten years after that, he angrily remembered her at every opportunity. And so, in 1954, the picture "A young virgin indulging in Sodomy sin with the help of the horns of her own chastity" appears. The pose of the woman, her curls, the landscape outside the window and the color scheme of the painting clearly echo the Figure at the Window. There is a version that this is how Dali took revenge on his sister for her book.
Two-faced Danae
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, Danae, 1636-1647.
Many secrets of one of the most famous paintings by Rembrandt were revealed only in the 60s of the twentieth century, when the canvas was illuminated with X-rays. For example, the shooting showed that in the early version the face of the princess, who entered into love affair with Zeus, it looked like the face of Saskia, the wife of the painter, who died in 1642. In the final version of the painting, it began to resemble the face of Gertier Dirks, Rembrandt's mistress, with whom the artist lived after the death of his wife.
Van Gogh's yellow bedroom
Vincent van Gogh, "Bedroom in Arles", 1888 - 1889.
In May 1888, Van Gogh acquired a small workshop in Arles, in the south of France, where he fled from the Parisian artists and critics who did not understand him. In one of the four rooms, Vincent sets up a bedroom. In October, everything is ready, and he decides to paint Van Gogh's Bedroom in Arles. For the artist, the color, the comfort of the room was very important: everything had to suggest thoughts of relaxation. At the same time, the picture is sustained in disturbing yellow tones.
Researchers of Van Gogh's creativity explain this by the fact that the artist took foxglove, a remedy for epilepsy, which causes serious changes in the patient's perception of color: all surrounding reality dyed green-yellow.
Toothless perfection
Leonardo da Vinci, "Portrait of Mrs. Lisa del Giocondo", 1503 - 1519.
The generally accepted opinion is that Mona Lisa is perfection and her smile is beautiful in its mysteriousness. However, the American art critic (and part-time dentist) Joseph Borkowski believes that, judging by the expression on her face, the heroine has lost a lot of her teeth. While examining enlarged photographs of the masterpiece, Borkowski also found scars around her mouth. “She smiles so much precisely because of what happened to her,” the expert believes. “Her facial expression is typical of people who have lost their front teeth.”
Major on face control
Pavel Fedotov, Major's Matchmaking, 1848.
The public, who first saw the painting "Major's Matchmaking", laughed heartily: the artist Fedotov filled it with ironic details that were understandable to viewers of that time. For example, the major is clearly not familiar with the rules of noble etiquette: he appeared without the proper bouquets for the bride and her mother. And the bride herself, her merchant parents discharged in the evening ball gown, although it is daytime (all the lamps in the room are extinguished). The girl obviously tried on a low-cut dress for the first time, is embarrassed and tries to run away to her room.
Why Freedom is naked
Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix, Liberty at the Barricades, 1830.
According to the art historian Etienne Julie, Delacroix painted the face of a woman from the famous Parisian revolutionary - the laundress Anna-Charlotte, who went to the barricades after the death of her brother at the hands of royal soldiers and killed nine guards. The artist depicted her bare-chested. According to his plan, this is a symbol of fearlessness and selflessness, as well as the triumph of democracy: naked breasts show that Svoboda, like a commoner, does not wear a corset.
non-square square
Kazimir Malevich, Black Suprematist Square, 1915.
In fact, the "Black Square" is not at all black and not at all square: none of the sides of the quadrangle is parallel to any of its other sides, and none of the sides of the square frame that frames the picture. A dark color is the result of mixing various colors, among which there was no black. It is believed that this was not the negligence of the author, but principled position, the desire to create a dynamic, mobile form.
Specialists Tretyakov Gallery found the author's inscription on famous painting Malevich. The inscription reads: "Battle of the Negroes in dark cave". This phrase refers to the title of the playful painting. French journalist, writer and artist Alphonse Allais "The Battle of the Negroes in a Dark Cave late at night”, which was a completely black rectangle.
Melodrama of the Austrian Mona Lisa
Gustav Klimt, "Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer", 1907.
One of Klimt's most significant paintings depicts the wife of the Austrian sugar magnate Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer. All Vienna discussed the stormy romance of Adele and famous artist. The wounded husband wanted to take revenge on his lovers, but chose a very unusual way: he decided to order a portrait of Adele for Klimt and make him make hundreds of sketches until the artist starts to turn out of her.
Bloch-Bauer wanted the work to last several years, and the model could see how Klimt's feelings fade away. He made a generous offer to the artist, which he could not refuse, and everything turned out according to the scenario of the deceived husband: the work was completed in 4 years, the lovers had long cooled off towards each other. Adele Bloch-Bauer never found out that her husband was aware of her relationship with Klimt.
The painting that brought Gauguin back to life
Paul Gauguin, "Where do we come from? Who are we? Where are we going?", 1897-1898.
Most famous painting Gauguin has one feature: it is "read" not from left to right, but from right to left, like Kabbalistic texts that the artist was interested in. It is in this order that the allegory of the spiritual and physical life of a person: from the birth of the soul (a sleeping child in the lower right corner) to the inevitability of the hour of death (a bird with a lizard in its claws in the lower left corner).
The painting was painted by Gauguin in Tahiti, where the artist fled from civilization several times. But this time life on the island did not work out: total poverty led him to depression. Having finished the canvas, which was to become his spiritual testament, Gauguin took a box of arsenic and went to the mountains to die. However, he did not calculate the dose, and the suicide failed. The next morning, he staggered to his hut and fell asleep, and when he woke up, he felt a forgotten thirst for life. And in 1898, his affairs went uphill, and a brighter period began in his work.
112 proverbs in one picture
Pieter Brueghel the Elder, "Netherlands Proverbs", 1559
Pieter Brueghel the Elder depicted a land inhabited by literal images of the Dutch proverbs of those days. There are approximately 112 recognizable idioms in the painted picture. Some of them are still used today, such as "swim against the current", "bang your head against the wall", "armed to the teeth" and "big fish eats small ones".
Other proverbs reflect human stupidity.
Subjectivity of art
Paul Gauguin, Breton village under the snow, 1894
Gauguin's painting "Breton Village in the Snow" was sold after the death of the author for only seven francs and, moreover, under the name "Niagara Falls". The auctioneer accidentally hung the painting upside down after seeing a waterfall in it.
hidden picture
Pablo Picasso, The Blue Room, 1901
In 2008, infrared showed that another image was hidden under the "Blue Room" - a portrait of a man dressed in a suit with a butterfly and resting his head on his hand. “As soon as Picasso had new idea, he took up the brush and embodied it. But he didn't have the opportunity to buy a new canvas every time the muse visited him," explains possible cause this art historian Patricia Favero.
Inaccessible Moroccan women
Zinaida Serebryakova, Naked, 1928
Once Zinaida Serebryakova received tempting offer- go to creative journey to depict the nude figures of oriental maidens. But it turned out that it was simply impossible to find models in those places. An interpreter for Zinaida came to the rescue - he brought his sisters and his bride to her. No one before and after that was able to capture the closed oriental women naked.
Spontaneous insight
Valentin Serov, "Portrait of Nicholas II in a jacket", 1900
For a long time Serov could not paint a portrait of the king. When the artist completely gave up, he apologized to Nikolai. Nikolai was a little upset, sat down at the table, stretching out his hands in front of him ... And then it dawned on the artist - here he is! A simple military man in an officer's jacket with clear and sad eyes. This portrait is considered the best image last emperor.
Again deuce
© Fedor Reshetnikov
The famous painting "Again deuce" is just the second part of the artistic trilogy.
The first part is "Arrived for the holidays." Clearly wealthy family the winter vacation, a joyful student-excellent student.
The second part is "Again the deuce." A poor family from the working outskirts, the height school year, a downcast stunner, again grabbing a deuce. In the upper left corner you can see the picture "Arrived for the holidays."
The third part is "Re-examination". Country house, summer, everyone is walking, one malicious ignoramus who failed the annual exam is forced to sit within four walls and cram. In the upper left corner you can see the picture "Again deuce".
How masterpieces are born
Joseph Turner, Rain, Steam and Speed, 1844
In 1842, Mrs. Simon traveled by train in England. Suddenly, a heavy downpour began. The elderly gentleman sitting across from her got up, opened the window, stuck his head out, and stared like that for about ten minutes. Unable to contain her curiosity, the woman also opened the window and looked ahead. A year later, she discovered the painting “Rain, Steam and Speed” at an exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts and was able to recognize in it the very episode on the train.
Anatomy lesson from Michelangelo
Michelangelo, The Creation of Adam, 1511
A pair of American neuroanatomy experts believe that Michelangelo actually left some anatomical illustrations in one of his most famous works. They believe that a huge brain is depicted on the right side of the picture. Surprisingly, even complex components such as the cerebellum, optic nerves, and pituitary gland can be found. And the catchy green ribbon perfectly matches the location of the vertebral artery.
The Last Supper by Van Gogh
Vincent van Gogh, Café Terrace at Night, 1888
Researcher Jared Baxter believes that Van Gogh's Café Terrace at Night contains a dedication to Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper. In the center of the picture is a waiter with long hair and in a white tunic, reminiscent of the clothes of Christ, and around him exactly 12 cafe visitors. Baxter also draws attention to the cross, located directly behind the back of the waiter in white.
Dali's image of memory
Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931
It is no secret that the thoughts that visited Dali during the creation of his masterpieces were always in the form of a very realistic images, which the artist then transferred to the canvas. So, according to the author himself, the painting "The Persistence of Memory" was painted as a result of associations that arose at the sight of processed cheese.
What is Munch shouting about
Edvard Munch, "The Scream", 1893.
Munch spoke about the emergence of his idea of one of the most mysterious paintings in world painting: "I was walking along a path with two friends - the sun was setting - suddenly the sky turned blood red, I paused, feeling exhausted, and leaned against the fence - I looked at the blood and flames over the bluish-black fjord and the city - my friends went on, and I stood trembling with excitement, feeling the endless scream piercing nature. But what kind of sunset could scare the artist so?
There is a version that the idea of "Scream" was born by Munch in 1883, when there were several strongest eruptions of the Krakatoa volcano - so powerful that they changed the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere by one degree. A copious amount of dust and ash spread throughout the globe even reaching Norway. For several evenings in a row, the sunsets looked as if the apocalypse was about to come - one of them became a source of inspiration for the artist.
Writer among the people
Alexander Ivanov, "The Appearance of Christ to the People", 1837-1857.
Dozens of sitters posed for Alexander Ivanov for his main picture. One of them is known no less than the artist himself. In the background, among travelers and Roman horsemen who have not yet heard the sermon of John the Baptist, one can notice a character in a brown tunic. His Ivanov wrote with Nikolai Gogol. The writer closely communicated with the artist in Italy, in particular on religious issues, and gave him advice in the process of painting. Gogol believed that Ivanov "had long since died for the whole world, except for his work."
Michelangelo's gout
Rafael Santi, " Athenian school", 1511.
Creating the famous fresco "The School of Athens", Raphael immortalized his friends and acquaintances in images ancient Greek philosophers. One of them was Michelangelo Buonarroti "in the role" of Heraclitus. For several centuries, the fresco kept the secrets of Michelangelo's personal life, and modern researchers have suggested that the artist's strangely angular knee indicates that he has a joint disease.
This is quite likely, given the peculiarities of the lifestyle and working conditions of Renaissance artists and Michelangelo's chronic workaholism.
Mirror of the Arnolfinis
Jan van Eyck, "Portrait of the Arnolfinis", 1434
In the mirror behind the Arnolfinis, you can see the reflection of two more people in the room. Most likely, these are witnesses present at the conclusion of the contract. One of them is van Eyck, as evidenced by the Latin inscription placed, contrary to tradition, above the mirror in the center of the composition: "Jan van Eyck was here." This is how the contracts were usually sealed.
How a flaw turned into a talent
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, Self-portrait at the age of 63, 1669.
Researcher Margaret Livingston studied all of Rembrandt's self-portraits and found that the artist suffered from strabismus: in the images, his eyes look in different sides, which is not observed in the portraits of other people by the master. The disease led to the fact that the artist could better perceive reality in two dimensions than people with normal vision. This phenomenon is called "stereo blindness" - the inability to see the world in 3D. But since the painter has to work with a two-dimensional image, it was precisely this shortcoming of Rembrandt that could be one of the explanations for his phenomenal talent.
Sinless Venus
Sandro Botticelli, The Birth of Venus, 1482-1486.
Before the advent of The Birth of Venus, the image of the naked female body in painting it symbolized only the idea of original sin. Sandro Botticelli was the first European painter not to find anything sinful in him. Moreover, art historians believe that pagan goddess love symbolizes on the fresco christian image: her appearance is an allegory of the rebirth of the soul that has passed the rite of baptism.
Lute player or lute player?
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, The Lute Player, 1596.
For a long time, the painting was exhibited in the Hermitage under the title "Lute Player". Only at the beginning of the 20th century, art historians agreed that the canvas still depicts a young man (probably, Caravaggio was posed by his friend artist Mario Minniti): on the notes in front of the musician, a recording of the bass part of the madrigal by Jacob Arcadelt “You know that I love you” is visible . A woman could hardly make such a choice - it's just hard for the throat. In addition, the lute, like the violin at the very edge of the picture, was considered a male instrument in the era of Caravaggio.
Art of the Netherlands in the 15th and 16th centuries
Right leaf The Garden of Earthly Delights triptych got its name "Musical Hell" because of the images of instruments used as instruments of torture and other in a strange way: one sinner is crucified on the harp, below the lute becomes an instrument of torture for another, prone "musician", on whose buttocks the notes of the melody are imprinted. It is performed by a choir of damned souls led by a regent - a monster with a fish face. If an erotic dream is depicted on the central part, then a nightmarish reality is depicted on the right wing. This is the most terrible vision of Hell: the houses here do not just burn, but explode, illuminating the dark background with flashes of flame and making the water of the lake crimson, like blood. In the foreground, a rabbit is dragging its prey, tied by its feet to a pole and bleeding - this is one of Bosch's favorite motifs, but here the blood from the ripped stomach does not flow, but gushing, as if under the influence of a powder charge. The victim becomes an executioner, the prey becomes a hunter, and this is the best way to convey the chaos that reigns in Hell, where the normal relationships that once existed in the world are reversed, and the most ordinary and harmless objects Everyday life, growing to monstrous proportions, turn into instruments of torture. They can be compared with gigantic berries and birds in the central part of the triptych.
The literary source of Bosch's Hell of musicians is considered to be the essay "The Vision of Tundal", published in 's-Hertogenbosch in 1484, which describes in detail the author's mystical visit to Heaven and Hell, from where, apparently, the image of an ice-covered pond comes, along which sinners are forced to invariably slide on shaky sledges or skates. On a frozen lake in the middle shot, another sinner balances uncertainly on a huge skate, but he carries him straight to the polynya, where he is already floundering in ice water another sinner. These images are inspired by an old Dutch proverb, the meaning of which is similar to our expression "on thin ice". A little higher, people are depicted, like midges flocking to the light of a lantern; on the opposite side, "doomed to eternal perdition" hangs in the "eye" of the door key. The diabolical mechanism - an organ of hearing dissected from the body - is made up of a pair of gigantic ears pierced by an arrow with a long blade in the middle.
There are several interpretations of this fantastic motive: according to some, this is an allusion to human deafness to the words of the Gospel "he who has ears, let him hear." The letter "M" engraved on the blade denotes either the gunsmith's mark or the painter's initial, for some reason especially unpleasant to the artist (perhaps Jan Mostaert), or the word "Mundus" ("Peace"), indicating the universal meaning of the masculine principle, symbolized blade, or the name of the Antichrist, which, in accordance with medieval prophecies, will begin with this letter. Strange creature with a bird's head and a large translucent bubble absorbs sinners and then overthrows their bodies into a perfectly round cesspool. There the miser is condemned to defecate forever with gold coins, and the other. apparently, a glutton - non-stop spewing eaten delicacies. The motif of a demon or devil sitting on a high chair is borrowed from the text "The Vision of Tundal", At the foot of the throne of Satan, next to the infernal flames, a black demon with donkey ears hugs a naked woman with a toad on her chest. The woman's face is reflected in the mirror, stuck to the buttocks of another, green demon - such is the retribution for those who succumbed to the sin of pride. In the Hell scene, Bosch talks about the negative effects of the influence of the Moon and Venus. Enough important place in the composition is occupied by a "man-tree". Bosch made a special sketch for this figure, showing us that the artist's symbol of the moon was an egg, trees and bats. Debauchery, murder and drunkenness are punishable by torment. The planet Venus patronizes music and musicians. In Hell, due to the unfavorable influence of the planet, the souls of sinners are tortured on the lute, harp and organistrum.
On the buttocks of a sinner from the "Musical Hell" by Hieronymus Bosch (triptych "The Garden of Earthly Delights"), you can see the notes of a strange melody. An American student managed to decipher this music and perform it.
Amelia Hamrick, student at Oklahoma Christian University:
“I decided to rewrite this melody according to the rules of modern musical notation, assuming that the key of the lower voice is C major, as was customary in medieval chorales”.
Amelia writes that, together with her friend Luke, they studied the painting of Bosch, how “Suddenly, to our great surprise, we found hellish music on the bottom of one of the tortured sinners, which, without exaggeration, is already more than 600 years old”(the painting dates from 1490-1510). It took her about half an hour to record the track. After a Tumblr post garnered 50,000 likes, Amelia revealed that her transcript contained errors and is working with the University of Oklahoma Music Department on a new, more accurate interpretation of the music from the buttocks.
"The Garden of Earthly Delights" - the most famous triptych of Hieronymus Bosch, which got its name from the theme of the central part, is dedicated to the sin of voluptuousness - Luxuria. original name this work of Bosch is not known for certain. The researchers called the triptych the "Garden of Earthly Delights". In general, none of the interpretations of the painting available today is recognized as the only correct one. Most theories about the meaning of the painting developed in the 20th century. The right wing was called the "Musical Hell" because of the images of the instruments used here in the strangest way: one sinner is crucified on a harp, below the lute it becomes an instrument of torture for another "musician" lying face down, on whose buttocks melody notes are imprinted. It is performed by a choir of damned souls led by a regent - a monster with a fish face. Wikipedia
Amelia Hamrick quickly developed a following. William Esenzo aka Wellmanicuredman, an independent artist and composer, choralized and composed lyrics for the infernal song, which includes, for example, the following line: "Our asses sing while we burn in purgatory".
Full version of William's poems:
Butt song from hell
This is the butt song from hell
We sing from our asses while burning in purgatory
The butt song from hell
The butt song from hell
The British Daily Mail could not ignore such an intriguing event, the publication states that this is the first transcript of the melody in 600 years. This is wrong. Back in 2003, the composition De jordiska fröjdernas paradis, created on the basis of notes from the buttocks, was performed by the Swedish team Vox vulgaris. The composition was released on the ensemble's CD .
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“Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516) has hitherto been known only as a painter, and for the first time Vox Vulgaris considers him as a composer. Five hundred years after the author's death, "Paradise of earthly joys" is performed for the first time, piece of music, based on a musical fragment, which this extraordinary medieval artist posted on a man's butt depicted on a triptych of the same name. Even though the music on the record - medieval, and the instruments are authentic, the chance that at least an approximation to how music could manifest itself in the Middle Ages is achieved here is vanishingly small. We are not looking for any historical truths, and some of them are impossible to find, even if they exist at all. Rather, in an attempt to find a place on a thorny imaginary scale between the shackled "authentic" and the tense "rock-like", we aim to find a third way, to create music that is both completely modern and completely medieval. We believe this is the only way to play live medieval music in our time, even if we see only a few preserved musical fragments and instruments, which we consider an inexhaustible source musical creativity. Of course, we were influenced by all the music and all the impressions that we get every day, some of this is heard in our music. Our interpretation also reflects knowledge about medieval life, art and religion. For many, the picture of the world of the Middle Ages is inhabited by pigs roasted whole, noble knights and chaste or not very chaste girls; our choice is rooted in the periphery of medieval society - among heretics, defrocked monks, flagellants and leaders of failed peasant uprisings. |
"The Garden of Earthly Delights" - the most famous triptych of Hieronymus Bosch, which got its name from the theme of the central part, is dedicated to the sin of voluptuousness - Luxuria.
Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1460 -1516) Garden of Earthly Delights (triptych) Around 1500, Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain. (a high resolution)
The original title of this work by Bosch is not known for certain. The researchers called the triptych the "Garden of Earthly Delights". In general, none of the interpretations of the painting available today is recognized as the only correct one. Most theories about the meaning of the painting developed in the 20th century.
Hieronymus Bosch. The Garden of Earthly Delights. Right wing. Music Hell (fragment)
But behind the huge number of studies devoted to the "Garden of Earthly Delights", it is surprising that the mysterious fragment music notation, imprinted on the buttocks of one of the sinners, attracted attention quite recently, and not professionals.
Hieronymus Bosch. The Garden of Earthly Delights. Right wing. Mysterious piece of musical notation
American student Amelia Hamrick in 2010 became interested in the depicted fragment of the melody, “on her knee” translated it “according to the rules of modern musical notation, assuming that the key of the lower voice is C major, as was customary in medieval chorales.”
The adequacy of the adaptation made raises doubts among specialists. There is another version of this musical fragment, made in 2003 Swedish group Vox Vulgaris.
But as they themselves write:
- “... the chance that our version achieves even an approximation to how it could have sounded in the Middle Ages is vanishingly small. We are not looking for any historical truths, and some of them are impossible to find, even if they exist at all.
Hieronymus Bosch. The Garden of Earthly Delights. Right wing. Musical instruments
And finally, the third version of the "song from hell", made by Amelia Hamrick's friend, William Esenzo, in a "choral" arrangement:
But finally the content musical message Hieronymus Bosch in the "Garden of Earthly Delights" is still undisclosed.
