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Lecture 1

Topic: ONOMASTICS - THE SCIENCE OF PROPER NAMES. TOPONYMS AS AN OBJECT OF ONOMASTICS STUDY.

Toponyms as an object of study of onomastics.

Toponymic object terminology.

Methods and techniques toponymic research.

Basic terms and concepts:

hagiotoponym, agoronym, agroonym, appellative, astionim, geolonim, hydronym, godonym, dromonim, comonim, limnonym, oikonym, oceanonym, onym, onomastics, oronim, pelagonim, potamonim, toponym, toponymy, urbanonym, horonim. Recommended literature:

1. Bondaletov V.D. Russian onomastics. - M., 1983. Zhuchkevich V.A. General toponymy. – Minsk, 1980. Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary \\ V.N. Yartsev. - M., 2002. Podolskaya N.V. Dictionary of Russian onamastic terminology. - M., 1978. Podolskaya N.V. Modern Russian onomastic terminology. - M., 1978. Popov A.I. Geographical names: An introduction to toponymy. - M.-L., 1965. Pospelov E.M. City names: yesterday and today (1917-1992): Toponymic Dictionary. - M., 1993. Superanskaya A.V. General theory of proper name. - M., 1973. Tolstoy N.I. – Dictionary of geographical terms: Semasiological studies. - M., 1969.

Questions and tasks:

Define the scientific discipline "onomastics".

Describe the specifics of this linguistic discipline.

Define the term "toponym".

What is the name of the discipline that studies toponyms. What are the tasks of the linguistic study of geographical names?

Describe aspects of the study of toponyms?

1. TOPONYMS AS AN OBJECT OF ONOMASTIC STUDIES

Among the various nominal categories in linguistics, as in many areas of logic, much attention is paid to proper names. Neither general, nor abstract, nor collective, nor common nouns are associated with a special branch of linguistic science, which would study only one of the classes. The proper names are related to separate section linguistics. This section is called onomastics, the name in its internal form contains the general designation of the name. The term "onomastics" has two meanings. Firstly, it designates the complex science of proper names, and secondly, the proper names themselves (i.e. onymy). Proper names are part of the language, demonstrating the most paradoxical situations, the analysis of which should contribute to the emergence of new, more in-depth general linguistic concepts. The construction of a general theory of proper names is the identification of general patterns inherent in a given lexical category, it is the search for regular properties of names (onyms), regardless of the language with which they are associated or used. Onomastics arose as an applied science necessary for historians, geographers, ethnographers, literary critics and did not go beyond the auxiliary scientific discipline. When linguists joined the study of this issue, onomastics emerged as an independent discipline that analyzes linguistic material using linguistic methods. Onomastics studies the basic patterns of the history, development and functioning of proper names. Onomastic research uses data from archeology, the history of material and spiritual culture, biology, philosophy, logic, psychology, etc. There are a number of sciences that are especially interested in onomastic material, whose representatives consider onomastics their own. auxiliary discipline. However, proper names are words, and as such they belong primarily to linguistics. The relationship between onomastics and linguistics is characterized as the relationship of part and whole. Onomastics is a part of linguistics. Going beyond the limits of linguistics is carried out due to the extralinguistic components of onomastics, which are obligatory for it. This also explains the possibility of studying onomastic material by linguistic methods: establishing the linguistic affiliation of names, identifying phonetic and morphological patterns. In the extralinguistic analysis of onomastic material, the history of the emergence of objects, the change in their names, the transfer of the names of famous objects to others, the chronology of geographical discoveries and the movement of tribes and peoples are studied. All these studies, which are fundamental for historians and geographers, are auxiliary for onomastics, as they help to clarify the reasons for the emergence and change of names, trends in names and traditions associated with the assignment of names. The method of naming, the image underlying the name, is individual for each nation. Names live colloquial speech are closely connected with the realities, traditions peculiar to a certain people. The more primitive the culture of the people, the more original ethnographic features it retains and the more vivid the connection of its onomastics with the specifics of everyday life and rituals. Language is a social phenomenon. The choice of a particular language by an individual is determined by the cultural and historical unity of which he is a member, and language variations are also determined by economic, cultural, social reasons how they determine the variations in the mores and customs of different peoples. Since onomastic vocabulary is part of the vocabulary in general and, consequently, part of the language, the provisions of sociology also apply to it. Even more than appellatives, onyms respond to social changes. The name always reflects the culture and social life of society. In this regard, onomastic research helps to reveal social processes, and onomastics takes important place in sociological writings. The study of the particular features of the onomastic system of each nation reveals interesting facts related to its history, ethnography, geography, etc., and gives great material for further research. Directions of onomastic work are outlined in a number of studies. Any study of proper names aims to know the unknown, to discover the unknown. Therefore, each new onomastic work is based on previous experience and itself, in turn, serves as a foundation for subsequent work. Theoretical onomastics studies the general patterns of development and functioning of onymic systems. It contributes to the identification of specific onomastic characteristics that distinguish proper names, both from the general vocabulary and from other classes. special vocabulary. Descriptive onomastics deals with the analysis of the onomastic state of a certain territory, language, dialect in a certain historical period. The description deals with only one type of words (proper names), and sometimes with just one of its classes (toponyms, anthroponyms, etc.). There can be no pure synchrony for onomastics. The name is always the result of serious transformations and long historical development. Applied onomastics is a special area of ​​onomastic research. It is closely related to the practice of naming, as well as their functioning in living speech. Among the applied tasks facing onomasts are the establishment of a uniform pronunciation and stress of proper names, the development of normative models for the formation of patronymics, names of residents by place of residence, adjectives from geographical names, etc. In onomastics, the following aspects are distinguished: lexicological, lexicographic, logical, semasiological, terminological, typological, psychological, sociological, historical, geographical, cultural. Lexicological aspect aims at inventorying the material and describing the toponyms of the Evenk language as part of its vocabulary, comparing toponyms with their appellatives. Lexicographic aspect is aimed at identifying lexical groups that are most suitable for secondary nominations. Since toponyms are mostly words of secondary nomination, they can only retain to some extent the residual semantics of those words from which they were once formed. Psychological aspect reveals the worldview of the name-giver, his way of thinking and the sequence of reasoning. Analyzing the affiliation of informants, one can note their age and social affiliation, highlighting children in particular, since they believe that innovations often come from them. Geographic aspect It manifests itself in the fact that many toponyms reflect lexemes, one way or another connected with natural conditions. Cultural aspect has in mind the study of the national-cultural background on which toponyms arise and their systems develop. Any aspect presupposes, first of all, the presence of material collected according to a certain principle and task and having passed a certain approbation and inventory. So, onomastics as a special linguistic discipline turns out to be associated with a complex humanities. All of them, helping to reveal the specifics of the named objects, and at the same time the status of names, turn out to be auxiliary for linguistics, the methods of which are carried out onomastic research. The study of geographical names, the identification of their originality, the history of occurrence and the analysis of the original meaning of the words from which they are formed, is carried out by toponymy - one of the sections of toponymy. Human life is closely connected with various places, which are designated with the help of special words - geographical names, or toponyms (from the Greek words topos - "place" and onoma - "name, name"). Toponyms are an integral part background knowledge carriers given language and culture: they, like in a mirror, reflect the history of a given people, the history of settlement and development of a given territory. Therefore, it is this part of the vocabulary that has long attracted the attention of not only philologists, but also historians, ethnographers and geographers. Toponymy explores geographical names (toponyms), their functioning, meaning, origin, structure, distribution area, development and change over time. Many scientists believe that toponymy is a synthesis of linguistics, geography and history. A representative of each science looks at toponyms with his own eyes, draws attention to their various features and draws conclusions of a completely different nature. Thus, toponymy is a branch of linguistics that studies the theory of the creation, transformation and functioning of geographical names. The historical component in toponymy is obligatory. But this is not the history of states and peoples, but the history of the language. No historical event is directly reflected in the language. Traces of it can be found indirectly in individual words. Only linguists can analyze all types of geographical names in their relationship with each other, with other proper names and with the entire language system in which they are created and used. It is known that the writers of classical antiquity showed interest in geographical names, mainly in their semantics, but only in the 20th century. toponymy became the subject of scientific research. Geographical names are primarily an element of vocabulary. They are actively or passively part of the language and therefore are studied by linguists. At the same time, in most cases, a geographical name is a special element, different from other words. Often we use toponyms only as proper names, as if they have no other lexical meaning. You can't put an equal sign between in ordinary words, which we use to convey thoughts and toponyms that meet the service task - the designation of a geographical object.

TOPONYMIC OBJECT TERMINOLOGY

Toponymy is by far the most terminologically developed branch of onomastics. The development and refinement of terminology continues uninterruptedly. By 1965, such terms as hydronymy, microtoponymy, oronymy, komonymy, urbonymy were fixed, today a number of new terms have been added to them, i.e. increased detailing of terms in the hierarchical system. Let's get acquainted with the main terms of toponymy, reflecting the named geographical reality. A hagiotoponym is a toponym derived from any hagionim (hagionim is the name of a saint). Agroonym is a type of toponym. The name of the land allotment, plot, arable land, field. Astionim is a type of oikonym. The proper name of the city. A geonim is a type of hydronym. The proper name of any bolt, wetland Hydronym is a type of toponym. Any proper name water body, natural or man-made, incl. Oceanonym, Pelagonym, Limnonym, Potamonym, Gelonym. Dromonym is a type of toponym. The proper name of any means of communication: land, water, underground, air. A komonim is a type of oikonym. Any proper name rural settlement. Limnonym is a type of hydronym. The proper name of any lake, pond. Oikonym is a type of toponym. The proper name of any settlement, incl. urban type - astionim and rural type - komonim. Oronym - Toponym class. Proper name of any element of the relief of the earth's surface (positive or negative), i.e. any orthographic object. Pelagonym is a type of oceanonym. The proper name of any sea or part of it. A potamonym is a type of hydronym. The proper name of any river. An urbanonym is a type of toponym. The proper name of any intracity topographic object, including the agoronym, godonym, the name of a separate building, we bury the city. Horonym is a toponym class. Proper name of any territory, region, district, including economic-administrative, urban, natural. You can get acquainted with other toponymic and onomastic terms by referring to such publications as the Dictionary of Geographical Terms: Semasiological Etudes. Tolstoy N.I. (1969), "Dictionary of Russian onamastic terminology" Podolskaya N.V. (1978) and to another work by Podolskaya N.V. "Modern Russian onomastic terminology" (1978).

METHODS OF TOPONIMICAL STUDIES.

In practice, it is very difficult to draw a line between a method and a technique, as well as to identify a hierarchy of methods.

1. Linguistic attribution of the collected toponymic material

Before proceeding to the description of the collected toponymic material, the linguistic attribution of the nominees and the collection of information about language features each of the languages ​​that participated in the formation of toponyms of this sample at the time of the creation of names and at the present time. Information about the type of language, about its phonological, morphological, lexical systems remains a necessary condition for summing up the scientific basis for a successful interpretation of toponymic material.

2. Textual analysis

Toponymic texts include lists of lands, scribe books, charters, land surveying acts, geographical maps, directories of administrative-territorial division and any lists of toponyms of a more general or narrowly local profile, for example, directories of the streets of a given city.

3. Inventory of toponymic material

Before proceeding with the linguistic analysis of certain units of a particular national toponymicon, it is necessary to identify its particular semantic fields and hierarchical relations of microfields subordinate to it. For the starting point in the standard description of toponymicon, usually officially accepted forms of toponyms are taken. However, since the codified forms of toponyms are organically linked both with the system of geographical names that exist in lower styles of speech, and with dialectal forms, the latter cannot also be ignored when analyzing supradialectal toponymy.

4. Classification of toponyms

Classifications in toponymy are carried out according to various principles, according to the types of named objects, according to the linguistic affiliation of names, according to the nature of lexical bases, according to formal indicators, on the basis of typological, chronological, genetic commonality of names, etc. For any toponymicon, it is very difficult to single out the basic principle of division.

5. Etymological analysis

Etymologization in toponymy is a technique that is often used. Having no sufficient grounds for it, sufficient material and unaware of the limitations that exist here, each researcher, having collected at least minimal material, hurries to find out from which appellative this or that toponym is formed, without delving into the etymology of the corresponding appellative. However, there are usually many intermediate stages between the name and the appellative, passing through which the names change, their models and forms change, the connection with the original appellative is lost, and instead the connection is acquired with words to which the name actually has nothing to do. Etymological analysis in toponymy differs from etymological analysis in appellative vocabulary in that for a toponym it is sufficient to identify an appellative or a primary proper name underlying the etymologized nominee. Reliable toponymic etymologies can be obtained only by comparison with the etymologized name of toponymic material. For example, a mass analysis of the word formation of toponyms and anthroponyms, as if belonging to the same models, allows them to be correctly divided into morphemes, to highlight their stems and formants.

6. Word-building analysis

Toponymic word-formation constitutes a subsystem in the word-formation system of the prevailing language, while borrowed toponyms, as a rule, are adapted by it. If in general linguistics word formation can be considered both as a part of grammar and as an independent section, then in toponymy this is a special independent direction, an independent section of the study. The facts of modern and historical word formation can be distinguished, in connection with which the problem of distinguishing between morphemic and word-formation analysis in toponymy is much more acute than in appellative vocabulary.

7. Structural analysis

With its help, toponymic patterns and lexemes and affixes that fill them are revealed. In the process of toponymization of lexemes, they are re-decomposed, as a result of which the connection of toponyms with the original word is lost. Useful at a certain stage, such an analysis cannot exist on its own, without being supported by cultural and historical facts. This technique turns out to be more fruitful in the case when the researcher has developed his own toponymic concept, to confirm which he uses the material of the necessary structures.

8. Formant analysis

Formant analysis consists in identifying the toponymic formant of the name, which is not always equal to the suffix of the appellative. Such an analysis is closely related to structural analysis, but unlike the latter, its application is more limited. The formant method of toponymic analysis allows the researcher to identify mass-repeating elements in toponyms: toponymic bases, toponymic suffixes, and toponymic prefixes. A special case of the formant method is the suffix method. The study of productivity and territorial distribution of Russian suffixes was carried out by V.A. Nikonov, he emphasizes that up to 94% of Russian or toponyms mastered by the Russian language are suffixed. This provision is partly relevant for toponyms that are based on the Evenki lexeme, for example: the name of the village Norsk (suffix -sk-), hydronyms Abaikank (topoformant - ka), Irakanchik (-kan- -a diminutive suffix of the Evenki language, -chik- - suffix borrowed from Russian.

9. Analysis of the fundamentals

The analysis of the stems, especially in those cases where the use of synonymic stems takes place, gives a lot of interesting things from the point of view of the repeated, secondary use of lexical units of certain types and raises new questions, why, for what reason, these lexical stems are involved in such and such a system. and are used repeatedly. Although the bases of toponyms are distinguished in the course of structural analysis, the study of them is directly related to the semasiological aspect of the study of toponymic vocabulary.

10. Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis cannot be the end in itself of toponymic research. It gives only good illustrations for the description of toponymic states, carried out by linguistic methods, and serves as a confirmation or refutation of toponymic concepts and hypotheses.

11. Experimental studies

In some cases, to clarify some features of the functioning of the name, the researcher resorts to experiment. This may be an analysis of the use of words selected by the linguist in the speech of certain community groups, depending on what the experimenter is interested in. Any ordinary native speaker of this language has his own opinion about words and names. From the opinions of individuals, a linguistic public opinion. This is usually done through various surveys and is based on psychological factors. An experiment on free associations that the proposed toponyms evoke can confirm the presence of a large passive pool of nominees, since the associations they evoke are usually random and inexpressive. Questioning is a method of toponymic research, which involves the answers of the subjects, especially those whose opinion is considered authoritative, to a series of questions of interest to the researcher. Thus, the methods and techniques of toponymic analysis are called upon from all specified parties consider and study toponyms, if possible, identify their etymology.

Onomastics - what kind of science is it?

If you have ever studied surnames, first names or wanted to find information about your own surname, you have probably come across incomprehensible terms - onomastics. So, onomastics - what kind of science is it?

Translated from Greek, onomastics means the art of giving names. Speaking in a dry scientific language, then onomastics is a specialized section of linguistics that studies proper names, the history of the emergence of names, their transformation during long-term use in the source language or when borrowed from another language. In a narrower sense, onomastics is the study of proper names of various types, onomastic vocabulary. Now you already have some idea what onomastics is - what kind of science is it? Let's look at what directions onomastics has. Onomastics includes the following sections: anthroponymy, astronomy, toponymy, zoonymy, cosmonymy, chrematonymy, pragmonymy, carabonymy, theonymy. Let's dwell on each in more detail.

Anthroponymy is a specialized section that studies the proper names and surnames of people (anthroponyms), the origin of surnames and given names, their change and transformation in the process of long-term use, their geographical distribution, social function, development and general structure of anthroponymic systems. An anthroponym is understood as any proper name (Andrey, Natalya, etc.), patronymic (Nikolaevich, Ivanovna, etc.), surname (Vorotyntsev, Savelyeva, etc.), pseudonym (sov. writer Arkady Golikov - Arkady Gaidai, etc.), nickname (Slanting, Evil, etc.), nicknames (Lantern, Spring, etc.).

Astronomy deals with the study of the names of all celestial objects or individual names of celestial bodies (Moon, Sun, stars, comets, etc.).

Cosmonymics deals with the study of the names of objects exclusively outer space, for example: scientific and popular names of galaxies, constellations, etc.

Toponymy studies the proper names of any geographical objects and formations (both scientific and folk). For example: the Volga River, Russia, Mount Everest, etc.

The section of onomastics, called zoonymy, deals with the study of proper names and nicknames of animals (Squirrel, Sharik, Tuzik, etc.).

Chrematonymy. The object of study of chrematonymy are the names of objects related to the material culture of mankind (the sword "Durandal", the diamond "Orlov", etc.).

Karabonymics is engaged in the study of the proper names of various boats, ships, and other ships (Titanic, Aurora, etc.).

Theonymy is a section of onomastics that studies the proper names of various deities and gods of any culture (Poseidon, Zeus, Thor, etc.).

Pragmony is responsible for the study of the names of different goods. For example, chokonyms are chocolate products (“Chamomile”, “Red Poppy”, etc.).

Probably, now the answer to the question is “onomastics - what kind of science is this?” almost completely open. It remains only to dwell on the functions of onomastics. Why is she needed at all?

The main essence of onomastic research is to identify and understand the migration routes of all peoples, the study of cultural contacts and the confusion of languages ​​associated with them. Onomastics is also engaged in the study of ancient dialects and the initial state of the languages ​​of different nationalities. Anthroponymy is of the greatest importance in onomastics. Onomastic studies have various aspects. Here are the main ones: descriptive onomastics (general philological and linguistic analysis), theoretical (general laws and principles of functioning of all onomastic systems), applied onomastics (assignment and function of names), onomastics of works of art ( cultural aspect), historical onomastics (the history of names), ethnic (the emergence, features and function of all ethnic groups).

Proper names react sharply to any changes that have taken place and are taking place in society, cultures and nature. Therefore, with the help of onomastic research, it is possible to trace many important historical events that have happened to mankind. All the huge variety of our world of things, real, invented and only hypothetical, is the primary basis of common names that summarize similar facts and proper names that distinguish individual objects from a number of common names named with the help of common names. In the same way that things that have names are placed on earthly and extraterrestrial space, the words that name them are placed in the minds of people who use them, so to speak, have a spatial distribution (onomastic space) in human consciousness, different for residents different regions our planet. Similar spatial distribution is typical for residents of the same locality, people from the same region. The onomastic space can be described as a nominal continuum that exists in the minds of people and in each different culture, the time period of history it differs. In the consciousness of each individual person, the onomastic space is present in a fragmented composition. It is possible to fully identify it only with a specialized study.

If you believe the religions of many peoples, then the heavenly bodies, animals, places on earth (known at that time), and the people themselves had the first names. Only this limited number of objects and objects filled the onomastic space of the consciousness of ancient people. As time passed, expanding the boundaries of knowledge, a person began thereby to expand the boundaries of onomastic space. Everything that mankind has known, discovered, invented and created, now has its own names and fills a truly huge onomastic space of all mankind. Also, according to religions, using onomastics, one can come to the conclusion that all the most ancient cultures (standing at the origins of mankind) had approximately the same onomastic space.

Arkhipova Tatiana

The research work was presented at the regional scientific and practical conference

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1. Introduction

1. What are the names. From the history of names

1. Names born of the era

5. Conclusion

6. Literature

Introduction

Choosing a name for a person who was born is a very important and responsible step. With this name a person lives his whole life, it becomes an integral part of his personality. By asking myself this question, Itopic scientific work"The Secret of the Name".

Objective: study of the origin of names, their influence on the fate of people.

Research objectives:

1. Do brief analysis meanings of Russian names.
2. To study material on anthroponymy - a science that studies proper names related to people.
3. Identify names - leaders and most popular names.
4. Explore the origin of personal names
5. Historical excursion into the history of origin

In my work, I used research methods such aspartially search, static, quantitative.were made by mediagnostic studies.The work is connected with history, ethnography, and also expands ties with demography.

Object of study -modern personal names in people's lives.

Subject of study -personal names. The role of personal names.

relevance and practical significance Topicsdue to the increased interest in this problem when choosing the name of a born child, the desire of future parents through the name to determine the life path of their heir. Names are meant to protect and bring happiness. The study of personal names is social in nature.

What are the names. From the history of names.

Getting into the world of Russian words, starting to study the Russian language, we simultaneously find ourselves in unusual world names and titles that are used in Russian speech. From childhood, a person is surrounded by names, through them, he, as well as through other sources, cognizes the world. It is very important that he knows their origin, meaning and significance.

The science that studies people's names, surnames, patronymics, pseudonyms is called anthroponymy.The basis of this term is the Greek words anthropos - "man" and onima - "name". Anthroponymy is one of the varieties of a special section - onomastics, the name of which is translated from Greek as "the art of giving names"

The names of people are part of the history of peoples. In some cases, a person was characterized by some outward signs, in others - according to the position in the family, relatives in relation to him, and sometimes according to the type of his occupation. For example, a baby born in winter could be called Frost. The names Krasava, Dobrynya are associated with the wishes of beauty, kindness and other qualities. And vice versa, from our point of view, abusive names were quite common - Fool, Nekras, Wolf. So our distant ancestors tried to deceive the evil spirit, to save children from it with ugly names.

Here are some feature names:

By appearance - Mal, Bel, Oblique, Pockmarked, Curly, Chernysh, Nekras, Milava, Chernukha;

The nature - Dobrynya, Brave, Proud, Silent, Bayan, Clever, Fool, Nesmeyana, Annoyance, Dobrava;

By profession - Kozhemyaka, Peasant and etc.

In ancient Russia, until the tenth century, there was no difference between a name and a nickname. The choice of a name in those distant times depended on the wishes of the father and mother. If the parents wanted their daughter to be a winner in everything, then they called her Victoria, which is translated from Latin: “victory”. These names, the so-called talisman names, act on people due to their meaning. Parents named their children after great figures, scientists, kings and queens. It should also be noted that the names in ancient Russia were formed by adding several words, for example: Rostislav, Svyatoslav, Stanislav, Yaroslav.Literally, these names mean: Rostislav - may your glory be multiplied. Svyatoslav - consecrated by glory; Stanislav - who became glorious; Yaroslav - shining with glory.

In 988, Prince Vladimir the Red Sun gave consent to the emperor of Byzantium for the baptism of Russia. The priests, standing on the shore, overshadowed each with a cross and gave a new name. So Zhdany and Brave, Ryzhuny and Malyuty became Vasily and Kirillami, Annamy and Evdokia.

I tried to trace what the Russian name-book was and what it became.

Any word that a person was called by was perceived by those around him as his personal name, and, therefore, any word could become a name.

Ancient Russian names were peculiar characteristics of people. The name was given to a person as a sign by which it was possible to distinguish him from a family or clan.

With the adoption of Christianity, many ancient Russian names were supplanted by the so-called calendar ones, since the name of the child began to be given according to the calendar. And the saints offered ancient Greek, Latin, Hebrew names in origin. characteristic feature Russian calendars is a small number of female names. This is explained by the fact that the names of ministers and keepers of the faith, who, as a rule, were men, fell into the calendar. The nominal composition of the old calendars was rich in male names - about 900. There were no more than 250 female ones.

AT pre-revolutionary Russia only church names were given in honor of the saints of the Orthodox Church. These names were used in a specific social environment.

In the 18th century, in peasant families, girls were called by the following names: Vasilisa, Fedosya, Thekla, Mavra. A vivid example of this is the story of A.S. Pushkin "The young lady-peasant". The young lady calls herself the name of Akulin for the reason that the name was commonly used precisely in the peasant environment. Well, if a girl was born into a family of nobles, she received a name that was uncommon among peasant women: Olga, Catherine, Elizabeth, Alexandra, Tatiana. By the way, thanks to A.S. Pushkin and his novel “Eugene Onegin”, the name Tatyana received a second life, since it appeared less and less in noble families.

The calendar names Maria, as well as Ivan, were the most popular in Russia. In the 18th-19th centuries, every 10-15th woman bore the name Maria.

Names born of the era

A sharp increase in the number of female and male names occurred after the 1917 revolution as a result of the abolition of the act of baptism, when, in addition to church list no name was allowed. The revolution abolished this prohibition, giving everyone the right to freely choose a name. For example, the "Tear-off calendar of the North-West Industrial Bureau" in 1925 included the following memorable dates and related names:

1. February 7 (1478, Thomas More, author of Utopia, was born) - names proposed Maura and Thomas;
2. February 25 (1799, establishment of the Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg) - name Academy;
3. May 31 (1918, Coeducational Compulsory Ordinance) - Names Science and Lunachar.

In the 1920s, a flood of new names poured in, including Oktyabrina (in honor of October), Marlena (addition of the names Marx and Lenin), Roar and Lucia (from revolution), Donara (daughter of the people), Kim ( addition of the first letters of the phrase Communist Youth International), Dinara ("child new era'), Raithia ( regional printing house), Krasarma (Red Army) Many of the names are derived from common nouns: Novella, Tractor, Grenade, Bond, Barricade.

Sometimes names were created from the letters of an entire phrase, such as Lagshmiwara(Schmidt's camp in the Arctic), Dazdraperma (Long live the First of May!)

“Semi-new” names were also created, for example, a new meaning was invested in the name Maya (in honor of the First of May), while in fact it was the name of the mythical goddess of the earth, the holidays in whose honor the month of May was named.

In 1934, on board the Chelyuskin steamer while sailing along the Northern sea ​​route a girl was born, who was given the name Karina. The ship was at that time in the Kara Sea, and the name of the sea was reflected in the name.

Comparative statistics of names

In 1920 - 1930s. most often given the name Nikolai, Vasily, Alexei, George, Ivan. Among female names, the name Maria was the most popular, then Alexandra, Olga, Ekaterina, Elena.

In the 1940s - 1950s. in the first place is the name Vladimir, followed by Yuri, Anatoly. Quite often there are Victor, Nikolai, Boris, Alexander. The names Oleg, Evgeny, Sergey appeared. Among female names, Natalya becomes a favorite, followed by Lyudmila, Tatyana.

In the 1970s, among the male names, the names Alexander, Andrey, Sergey, Oleg, Dmitry are in the lead. These names were named half of the born boys.

The most popular female name was the name Elena.

In the 1980s, Alexander became the favorite name again. The names Dmitry, Denis, Alexei are often found. Often girls began to be called Anna, Natalya, Marina.

I tried to find out what are the most common names in our village. Having studied the personal cards of residents in the village council, I found out that the most common male name is Alexander, followed by the names of Sergey, Alexei and Andrey. In women, the name Natalya is most common, as well as Tatyana and Elena. These names are most common among people born in the 60s and 80s.

The school has more boys with the names Dmitry, Alexei, Andrei, Maxim and Sergei, and girls with the names Anastasia, Daria, Marina and Anna.

In the 2000s, in our village, they increasingly began to give children names that were not met or were very rare in the 50-90s: Stepan, Gleb, Arseny, Yakov, Matvey, Daniil, Polina, Sofia, Uliana, Ksenia , Anastasia, Daria.

Conclusion

The frequency of use of different names is not the same. Now, as before, some names are found very often, others less often, there are also very rare, little-known names.

The number of names used for naming today is relatively small, and it cannot possibly satisfy the demands of a growing population. Therefore, it is important not to lose sight of certain categories of names that are either forgotten or have fallen out of use. different reasons or are little known.

Names, like everything in the world, have their own history. They arise, change and disappear. The history of Russian names is closely connected with the history of the people and their language.

Having studied this problem, I concluded that modern world name choice depends on:

First, the most common are cases of choosing a name in honor of relatives;

Secondly, the euphony of the name and its correlation with the patronymic, surname;

Thirdly, cases of the use of rare and peculiar names.

Less often, the choice of name depends on the case.

List of used literature

1. Bondarenko E.O. Holidays of Christian Russia; Russian folk calendar. - Kaliningrad: Prince. Publishing house, 1995.
2. Gorbanevsky M.V. In the world of names and titles. – M.: Knowledge, 1983.
3. Grushko E., Medvedev Yu. Dictionary of names. - Nizhny Novgorod: Russian merchant; Brothers Slavs, 1996.
4. Name is destiny: A book for parents and godparents. - M .: Modern writer, 1993.
5. Nikonov V.A. Looking for a name. – M.: Sov. Russia, 1988.
6. Give yourself a holiday: Encyclopedia. - Donetsk: IKF "Stalker", 1996.
7. Suslova A.V., Superanskaya A.V. About Russian names. – Ed. 2nd, rev. and additional - L., Lenizdat, 1991
8. Ktorova A. What is in my name to you…// Knowledge is power. -2000. -#7. - S. 125-127.
9. Superanskaya A. Women's names // Science and life - 1991. - No. 7 - P. 77-78
10. Superanskaya A. Name and culture // Science and life. - 1991. - No. 11 - P. 79-85.

Regional scientific and practical

schoolchildren conference

in the field of linguistics

Research work

Done by: 9th grade student

MOU SOSH railway Art. bam

Arkhipova Tatiana

Supervisor:

Krinichnaya Natalya Nikolaevna

Popularizers of physics often paint a terrible picture of a world where there is no friction. Well, if proper names disappeared in the world - the names of people, peoples, pets, names of streets, houses, cities, rivers, stars, planets, books, steamships, brand names and trademarks, scientific articles and monographs, musical works, paintings, sculptures, museums, sports societies, holidays, institutions, etc. etc.?

Already from this far from complete list it is clear how diverse proper names are, how many living beings and inanimate objects they have been assigned. And it is also clear from this list that chaos would reign on our planet no less than the one that should reign if the forces of friction disappeared.

A special science, onomastics, is engaged in the study, systematization, and explanation of this myriad of proper names. So,

Onomastics is the science that studies...

proper names in all their diversity.

Onomastics how science that studies proper names is a rich branch of linguistics. Onomastics studies the history of the emergence of proper names, their types, transformation as a result of their long use.

Names are all around us. We all have a first name, a patronymic, a surname - these are our own names. The name of the nationality is another proper name. Place of birth - republic, region, district, city or village - a few more proper names. Our address - more names.

There are many more proper names than there are stars in the sky. After all, every star has a name - and besides the stars? In Switzerland alone, it is estimated that there are about 12,000,000 place names - all over the world there are at least a thousand times more! What about the titles of books, paintings, symphonies, articles, poems?

What do the sections of onomastics study?

1. Ethnonymy: Each people, tribe, nation, clan, have their own names - ethnonyms. For a long time, people have been interested in why they are called this way and not otherwise, what the word Slav, Russian, Evenk, Tuvan, etc. means. Guesses, conjectures and fabrications, false sophistication and serious research gave rise to attempts to explain the origin of ethnonyms. At present, they are dealt with by a special section of onomastics - ethnonymy.
2. Theonymy studies the names of gods, demons, spirits, characters of myths and legends about the creation of the world, people, things, animals. It shows how common nouns - the names of wind, fire, thunderstorms, thunder and other natural phenomena - turned into proper names.
3. Chrematonyms- this is how some scientists propose to name the names of a wide variety of objects and phenomena, to which, for whatever reason, people assign their own names. We know that such names have stadiums and sports societies, chess debuts and even individual parties (“Eternal Green Party”, “Immortal Party”), holidays (May Day, Geologist’s Day), military units and individual battles (Battle of Borodino, Battle of Kulikovo ). Businesses designate, mark their goods or services with the help of trademarks. These are proper names, and their number is very large. Proper names are also the names of works of art, books, individual poems. Chrematonymy not only of purely academic interest. For example, in Western countries every now and then there are lawsuits related to the fact that the name of a trademark of one company is like the name of a product manufactured by a competing company. The decision as to whether such names are really similar can only be made with the help of scientific analysis.

Yes, and all other sections of onomastics are directly related to practice: one has only to name the fixation of names and surnames in the registry office, the transcription of geographical names, the names of new objects on Earth and the newly discovered relief of other planets. That's why the science of names - onomastics- this is not the occupation of individual scientists "eccentrics", but a science that is most closely connected with life.

Onomastics.

Lecture plan.

Onomastics as a science. From the history of the development of onomastics.

Classification of onomastic material.

Methodology and methods of research in onomastics.

Anthroponyms in a literary text.

Item 1. Onomastics as a science. From the history of the development of onomastics.

Onomastics is a linguistic discipline that studies proper names; otherwise -onomatology[Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary]

The term onomastics is used both in the meaning of "a section of linguistics (a section of lexicology) that studies proper names" and in the meaning of "a set of proper names". However, there are reasons to think that onomastics should be considered as an independent linguistic science, and not as a branch of lexicology [for more details, see: Matveev, 2004, 87–88]).

Many foreign and domestic linguists have contributed to the development of onomastics. Of the foreign linguists, first of all, we can name A. Gardiner, A. Doz, P. Rene, V. Taschitsky, A. Bach, V. Fleischer, V. Zeibke. From domestic - N.M. Tupikova, A.M. Selishchev, V.K. Chichagov, A.I. Sobolevsky, A.V. Superanskaya, V.A. Niknova, V.D. Bondaletova, N.V. , A.N.Antysheva and others.

In the diachronic section, the formation and existence of onomastics as a science can be represented by thematic blocks, within which consideration of multi-spectrum issues is a priority:

1. The emergence and history of onomastics as a science and its individual sections (Aristotle, M Breal, W. Bröndal, A. Gardiner, T. Hobbes, O. Jespersen, P. Christophersen, E. Kurilovich, J. St. Mill, Plutarch, B. Russell, L.S. Stebbing, etc.) (see [Ermolovich 2005 ]).

2. Revealing the features of the meaning of a proper name, its difference from a common noun (N.F. Alefirenko, V.I. Bolotov, E.F. Danilina, A.A. Reformatsky, A.V. Superanskaya, A.A. Ufimtseva and etc.).

3. Determining the place of onomastic vocabulary in the language system (M.Ya. Bloch, V.D. Bondaletov, V.A. Nikonov, etc.).

4. Description of similarities and differences between the categories of onomastic nominations, identifying the principles of their classification, defining the boundaries of the so-called "onomastic space" (I.V. Kryukova, A.V. Superanskaya, V.I. Suprun, L.M. Shchetinin and others .); opposition of the concepts of natural and artificial onomastic nomination (N.D. Golev, M.V. Golomidova).

5. Field approach to onomastic studies (E.L. Berezovich, V.I. Bolotov, A.V. Superanskaya, etc.) with the identification of the nuclear, perinuclear and peripheral zones in the structure of the onomastic field (V.I. Suprun). The concept of "onomastic field" is opposed to the concept of "onomastic space" and assumes the existence of system-structural connections, acting as an ordered, hierarchized set of proper names.

6. Consideration of the specifics of literary and artistic onomastics (L.I. Andreeva, I.B. Voronova, I.P. Zaitseva, Yu.A. Karpenko, E.M. Levina, L.V. Razumova, O.I. Fonyakova and etc.).

7. Determination of the features of the use of onomastic vocabulary in certain functional styles: in the texts of newspaper and journalistic style (L.A. Artemova, L.A. Baturina, M.Ya. Bich, Yu.A. Blinova, N.B. Garbovskaya, N. S. Derenkova, E.R. Yasaveeva and others); in colloquial style (V.D. Devkin, I.N. Zaveryukha, E.A. Zemskaya, S.Yu. Potapova, etc.). Among the authors of the most significant studies on the description of informal naming of a person in Germany, the following stand out: P. Braun, V. Seibike, V. Kani, F. Kiener, G. Koss, H. Naumann.

8. Studying the dynamics of the formation of ethnolingual anthroponymicons (A.N. Antyshev, O.A. Leonovich, A.V. Superanskaya, etc.).

9. The solution of onomastic issues of an applied nature: translation and transliteration, normative-linguistic, linguistic-cultural, cultural-aesthetic methodological issues (K.V. Bahnyan, R.S. Gilyarevsky, D.I. Ermolovich, A.A. Reformatsky, B. A. Starostin, V. I. Suprun and others).

10. Study of the problems of connotation and precedence of a proper name (E.M. Volf, D.B. Gudkov, V.V. Krasnykh, E.S. Otin, V.N. Telia, etc.).

11. Analysis of deonymic nominations (T.N. Atarshchikova, A.E. Bizhkenova, V.N. Chizhova, R.Z. Muryasov, A.V. Superanskaya, etc.).

12. Functional-cognitive analysis of onomastic phenomena, integrating semasiological and onomasiological approaches to lexical meaning, bringing together semantics and pragmatics, presenting the language system from a new angle, refracting it through the prism of human perception and thinking (S.M. Pak, T.N. Semenova ).

The main object of study of onomatologists until the 2nd World War was the search for etymology, i.e. determination of the origin and meaning of those words from which personal names, nicknames, surnames were formed. The German linguist A. Bach believes that onomastics cannot be limited only to the etymology of names. The range of its tasks is much wider. She is interested in the universal laws of formation, occurrence, use of names. In this regard, A. Bach identifies the following tasks facing onomastics:

1) purely linguistic questions: phonetics, form formation, word formation, syntax, etymology of names;

2) historical issues: the age of names and their groups, historical factors, creating names;

3) geographical issues: territorial distribution of names and its causes;

4) sociological issues: participation of various social groups in naming;

5) psychological issues: spiritual factors in the formation of names, the attitude of a person to a name.

Moreover, the range of these problems is so interconnected that it is sometimes very difficult to separate one from the other [Bach 1978: 5-6 ].

Aspects of onomastic studies are diverse. Stand out:

descriptive onomastics , which constitutes the objective foundation of onomastic research, giving a general philological analysis and linguistic interpretation of the collected material;

theoretical onomastics studying the general patterns of development and functioning of onomastic systems;

applied onomastics , associated with the practice of naming, with the functioning of names in live speech and the problems of naming and renaming, giving practical advice cartographers, biographers, bibliographers, lawyers;

onomastics of works of art (literary onomastics), which is a section of poetics;

historical onomastics , studying the history of the appearance of names, and their reflection in the names of the realities of different eras;

ethnic onomastics , which studies the emergence of the names of ethnic groups and their parts in connection with the history of ethnic groups, the relationship of ethnonyms with names of other types, the evolution of ethnonyms [Superanskaya 1998: 20 ].

Item 2. Classification of onomastic material.

When classifying onomastic material, one can proceed from the belonging of names to certain languages, territories, chronological segments, social formations, etc. Depending on this, the approach to the material, the methods of studying it, and the depth of coverage will be different. Taking into account the linguistic and extralinguistic characteristics of names, A.V. Superanskaya distinguishes (by no means claiming to be exhaustive) the following types of their classification:

1) classification of names in connection with named objects;

2) naturally occurring and artificially created names. This classification is closely related to the classification of names according to their purpose and to the dichotomy “names in official and informal use;

3) structural classification of names;

4) chronological classification;

5) the classification of names in connection with their motivation and the etymological classification adjacent to it, as well as the division of names into appellative and eponymous, into primary and "transferred";

6) classification of names in connection with the volume of concepts enshrined in them;

7) classification in connection with the dichotomy language - speech;

8) stylistic and aesthetic classification [Superanskaya 1973: 159].

All these plans are very far from each other and cannot serve as a refinement or ramification of each other. All of the listed aspects (and perhaps even others that have not been identified) are inherent in each name and can act as its characteristics. For some types of names, one characteristic may be more relevant, for others, another. It should be noted that these characteristics are very diverse in their properties; some of them are linguistic, others are logical, others are historical, others are social, others are psychological, but all of them are reflected in onomastics, and it would be a gross mistake to declare proper names belonging to only one of these plans. Of all the possible classifications, the subject-nominative one should be put in the first place, since the correlation with the subject, as a rule, determines the “face” of the name and its other characteristics. However, in a number of special studies, it can also be a subordinate. For example, for a grammarian or lexicologist dealing with the functions or frequency of proper names, the primary division into a proper name - non-proper name and special grammatical characteristics of proper names, and then, within certain grammatical rubrics, division into toponyms, anthroponyms, etc. [Superanskaya 1973: 160].

N.V. Podolskaya gives following groups proper names:

1. Names of outer space: cosmonyms (proper names of outer space zones, galaxies, constellations, parts of constellations: Orion, Orion's belt, Milky Way), astronyms (proper names of individual celestial bodies: Earth, Saturn, Halley's comet), astrotoponym (proper name any relief object on any planet: geonim (Baikal, Caucasus Mountains), selenonym ( lunar craters: Lomonosov, Ocean of Storms), etc.)

2. Names of the terrestrial space: toponym (proper name of any, both natural and man-made object on Earth (oronym - relief element: Everest, Andes; bury - any region, territory: Volga region, Crimea; hydronym - name of any water body: Chudskoe lake, Pinsk swamps; ekklezionim - the name of any place where a ritual or religion is performed: Ignach Cross, Blue Mosque;

4. Names of living organisms, bionyms: anthroponyms, zoonyms, phytonyms, etc.

However, this classification, in our opinion, is too broad. But definitely worth a look.

Item 3. Methodology and methodology of onomastic research.

The specificity of the subject under study is that it includes ethnographic, historical, geographical, sociological, literary components. In addition, data from archeology, biology, theology, philosophy, and psychology are used in onomastic research. Finding autonomy, onomastics continues to be an auxiliary applied for historians and geographers.

Modern onomastics is a complex science, it combines the interests and methods of various philosophical, humanitarian and natural sciences, philologists, linguists and literary critics, folklorists and language historians, sociolinguists and logical philosophers, social scientists, geographers, psychologists, ethnographers take part in its development , mythologists, astronomers and others. But above all, it belongs to linguistics [Fonyakova 1990: 4]. Onomastics is such a part of the vocabulary of any language that is extremely closely related to the needs of society and is entirely due to socio-historical, socio-economic and socio-cultural facts. However, onomastics does not exhaust "the field of its activity" with this. Proper names are given to any geographical objects, and not just those created by human hands; names are given to objects that are outside the globe. In addition, an indispensable component of onomastic research is logic, which in relation to the specified complex serves as a research method rather than an integral part.

Descriptive Method

The descriptive method is used in all socio-historical and natural sciences and is perhaps in first place in terms of the breadth of application. This method, like others, involves a number of requirements: a clear understanding of chosen subject study (about the system of anthroponyms, toponyms, etc.), the sequence of description, systematization, grouping or classification, characteristics of the material (qualitative, quantitative) in accordance with the research task.

initial stage"description" of the material is its collection, cataloging, reasonable systematization, allowing you to see its different parts (kinds, types), the most general relationship between them, as well as their most essential qualities. An example of a primary description, for example, toponymic (hydronymic) material, can be lists of rivers, lists settlements, and in the study of anthroponymy - card indexes of anthroponyms (surnames, names, pseudonyms). Dictionaries (catalogs, indexes) are often created on the basis of these materials with varying degrees of understanding of the material included in them. Of the publications of this kind, one can name the dictionary of Bulgarian names and surnames (“Rechnik on personal and surname names in Bulgarian”, 1969) by Stefan Ilchev, “Dictionary of English personal names” by A. I. Rybakin (1973), etc.

Sometimes the material of one description serves as the basis for a description in a completely different aspect. So, according to the "Dictionary of Russian Personal Names" by N. A. Petrovsky (1966, second edition 1980), one can give a phonetic and morphological-grammatical characteristic of modern Russian names (about 2580 names are recorded here - 1720 male and 860 female).

As an example of such an analysis, we present the results phonetic characteristics male and female names, in which attention is paid to: a) the number of syllables, b) the structure of the final syllable, c) the place of stress in the personal name.

a) Male names in the original form (named after units) they have from 1 (Lev, Peter) to 6 syllables (Exakustodian), However, the bulk are three-syllable ones: Alexander, Alexei (there are 47%) and two-syllable ones: Victor, Oleg (37 %) - names. One-syllable names - 6% (Vlas, Zhdan), four-syllable names - 9% (Athanasius, Agricola), five-syllable names - 0.7%, six-syllable names - 0.05%.

And in female names we see from 1 to 6 syllables, but specific gravity different syllabic patterns here is different: 38% are three-syllable (Agnia, Nadezhda) and four-syllable (Valeria, Valentina, etc.), 16% are two-syllable (Anna, Vera), 7% are five-syllable (Leokadiya, Olympiada), 0.7% - for six-syllables (Apollinaria) and only 0.1% for monosyllabic ones (Ruth).

The descriptive method, like other research methods, is historically variable. It expands the boundaries of its application, a set of research techniques and procedures, depending on the development of general linguistic (and general scientific) theory and practice.

Semiotic method

The use of the semiotic method (from the term semiotics - the science of signs, their features and types, systems and conditions of use) is based on the recognition of the symbolic nature of onomastic units and their systemic organization within anthroponymy, toponymy, etc., as well as as part of the entire onomastic the space of a particular language in certain period his existence. The task is to determine the set of signs (onyms), their differentiating features, the ways of their linguistic expression (in sounds, morphemes, words, word combinations), specific types of manifestation of systemic connections, to determine the measure (level) of systemicity of onomastics as a whole, its individual categories , as well as individual sections of these categories (for example, in anthroponymy - consistency in personal names, systemic organization of surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms)

AT recent times the semiotic method began to spread to the analysis of both real and literary onomastics. Toponymic, anthroponymic and cosmonymic material is processed better than others by this method.

The semiotic method, which promises us to learn the structure and functioning of onomastic "information devices", is very young and does not yet have a rich set of analysis procedures. Its application is usually limited to the consideration of systemic connections, most often in the field of toponymy, in one or another synchronous slice. The semiotic aspect of the dynamics of onomastic systems has not yet attracted the attention of researchers. Meanwhile, the emergence, history and interaction of onomastic systems (related and unrelated) in the course of their historical development cannot be truly understood without analyzing them from the standpoint of semiotics.

Linguopsychological method

A hundred years ago, a talented student of I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay N. V. Krushevsky wrote: “Due to the law of associations by similarity, words should fit into systems or nests in our mind, thanks to the law of associations by adjacency, the same words should be built in rows” . Further research showed a variety of associations between words and their individual categories (parts of speech, semantic groups, stylistic layers, antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, etc.), linguistic and psychological objectivity of associations (despite the individual nature of their manifestation), their different strength (stability and frequency of response to the stimulus word), as well as the possibility of comparing psycholinguistic data with the results of language learning by other methods.

The most popular method for studying the "elements of linguistic thinking" (Baudouin de Courtenay) is currently an associative experiment. Diverse in terms of specific methods and object of study, it has one essence - the subject is given a stimulus word and is invited to respond to it with the first word or phrase that “comes to mind”. The data obtained in the course of such psychological experiments (and they must be significant in terms of the coverage of the subjects) are recognized as objective and are formalized in the form of so-called "associative norms" for native speakers of a particular language. Age, professional, cultural-educational, individual-personal, etc. factors, which undoubtedly influence the “choice” of one or another reaction, are “removed” by mass character, as well as by repeated experimentation. The main associative pattern "breaks through" quite clearly and can be expressed in numerical terms.

So far, few experiments have been carried out on proper names in order to identify their associative links with each other, as well as with appellative vocabulary. Linguists and psychologists were and continue to be interested in clearly "conceptual" words - common nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.

There are paradigmatic associations (response to a stimulus word with a reaction word of the same part of speech: table - chair, high - low, talk - say) and syntagmatic (response to a stimulus word with a reaction word of another part of speech, for example: sky - blue, speak clearly).

Proper names, “free”, according to many linguists, from semantics and, consequently, from paradigmatic (usually semantic) and syntagmatic association, are a great temptation for those who, relying on the concept of “sound symbolism”, would like to deal with pure experimental material in which the “objective” meaning (due to the semantic “emptiness” own name) does not overlap the associative-expressive one. Experiments are being carried out to assess the "euphony" of both real and literary onomastics. For example, they try to answer “why is Khaltyupkina a surname with a negative expression for a native speaker of Russian speech?”, “why Svidrigailov is an unpleasant surname, Perependeev is funny? Why is the surname Chichikov close to those indicated, and the surnames Chatsky, Arbenin, Kirsanov, Irteniev, etc. "evaluatively sharply opposed to the first group of names?".

In a special and popular literature experiments are described that testify to the different perception of the text depending on the variation of proper names in them (see, for example, the article by A. A. Leontiev “The words “cold” and “hot”), readers of journals are invited to participate in solving linguo-psychological problems in onomastics , in publications devoted to the motives for choosing names, is almost always noted as one of the essential (and sometimes as decisive) factors in the harmony of the name. This question is considered important not only in theoretical but also in practical terms (in particular, the foreign trade association "Autoexport" uses the recommendations of psycholinguists: the car "Zhiguli" has the export name "Lada").

At present, it is too early to talk about the symbolic meaning of the sound side of proper names as an undoubted and proven phenomenon. It is necessary to carefully check the degree of reliability of the results obtained, in particular, a more rigorous consideration of the impact on the perception of a word (name) of many factors - structural-linguistic, contextual-speech, socio-cultural, psychological, etc. Evaluate names only by sounds and their combinations (say, in Russian: l - a feminine, gentle, kind sound; zh - bad, rude, ugly, rough, heavy, dangerous, evil ...) without taking into account the above factors, it means simplifying the research task.

Stylistic method

It may seem that proper names with their "hypertrophied nominativity" are simple signs (labels) and are of no interest to the stylist. However, it is not. It is enough to recall the names of characters in fiction and folklore to imagine a huge “second onomastic space” in size, the analysis of which requires, along with other methods, a special stylistic method with a variety of linguistic-stylistic, literary criticism, as well as complex philological methods and tricks. “The question of the selection of names, surnames, nicknames in fiction, of their structural peculiarities in different genres and styles, their figurative characteristic functions, etc., cannot be illustrated by a few examples. It is very big and difficult topic stylistics of fiction,” pointed out Acad. V. V. Vinogradov.

The onomatologist-stylist is attracted by a wide range of problems: the functions of proper names in a work of art (nominative, ideological, characterizing, aesthetic, symbolic), the specifics of literary onomastics, the dependence of the composition of names and their functions on the literary direction (classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, symbolism, realism and etc.), features of the selection and use of names in prose, poetry, dramaturgy (in comedy, tragedy, drama, vaudeville), types of literary anthroponyms, toponyms, etc. (conditional poetic names, mask names, symbol names , "speaking" of neutral names, names-allusions to the anthroponyms of prototypes), their role in the construction artistic image, methods and techniques of modifying real proper names to achieve expressive-stylistic and artistic expressiveness, the role of a proper name in a typified reflection of reality, a proper name as a means of creating satire and humor, as well as many other types of motivated use of all categories of proper names without exception.

To determine the source of a literary proper name (whether it is real or created by the author), its artistic and pictorial purpose, stylistic shade in each specific use (in the context, situation), one has to use additional research techniques (for example: a) comparison of the name of the prototype and literary character: Kochubey's daughter was called Matrena - in Pushkin's "Poltava" she is called Maria; Shatilov, Griboedov's colleague in the regiment, became Repetilov in Woe from Wit; Rufim Dorokhov (a friend of Lermontov) served as the basis for the image and surname of Dolokhov to L. N. Tolstoy; mother of Leo Tolstoy Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya - the prototype of Princess Marya Bolkonskaya; b) a comparison of several editions of the work (in the drama of L. N. Tolstoy "The Power of Darkness" in the original version were the names Aksinya, Andreyan, in the intermediate version - Nadezhda, Timofey, in the final version - Anisya, Nikita); c) the testimonies of the writers themselves (for the name and surname of Vasily Terkin, for example, see the book: Tvardovsky A. How Vasily Terkin was written. M., 1952). With the method of stylistic analysis of names in literary texts more details can be found in the articles devoted to the onomastics of the works of A. S. Griboyedov, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol, N. A. Nekrasov, A. N. Ostrovsky, L. N. Tolstoy , A.P. Chekhov, as well as a number of Soviet writers. See the bibliography of S. I. Zinin and A. G. Stepanova “Names of Characters in Fiction and Folklore”.

However, the stylistic diversity of names in fiction ultimately comes from the stylistic richness of onomastics in life. A huge number of so-called "unofficial" anthroponyms are known (Masha, Mashenka, Mashutka, Mashka, Mashulya ...), toponyms ("our own", unofficial names of villages), folk (dialect) cosmonyms, etc., which differ from the corresponding "official" forms by colloquialism, stylistic marking, a special sphere of use. All this heterogeneous and exceptionally thin (“tinted”) material requires analysis by a stylistic method. In particular, it is relevant to study the composition and stylistic functions of onomastic vocabulary (and more complex onomastic formations - such as "full" names of a person by last name, first name, patronymic or various types of "incomplete" names - by last name and first name, first name and patronymic, etc. .) in various functional styles of the literary language - official business, scientific, journalistic, colloquial. Such an analysis can be both synchronous and diachronic. A complete picture of the stylistic possibilities of onomastics national language it will be possible to see after studying its functioning 130 all forms of its existence - in the literary language, everyday colloquial speech, vernacular, territorial and social dialects. A special area, as we have seen, is the onomastics of the language of fiction.

Bondaletov V. L. Russian onomastics - M., 1983

Item 4. Anthroponyms in a literary text.

Anthroponymy (gr.ἄνθρωπος - man andὄνομα - name) - sectiononomastics, studyinganthroponyms - namespeople (taking various forms, for example:Pyotr Nikolaevich Amekhin, Ivan Kalita, Igor Kio ,Pele ) and their individual components (personal names, patronymics, surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms, etc.); themorigin,evolution, patterns of their functioning.

Anthroponymy emerged from onomastics in the 60-70s of the XX century. Until the 60s of the XX century, instead of the term "anthroponymy", the general term "onomastics" was used. This science studies the information that a name can carry: a characteristic human qualities, connection of a person with a father, clan, family, information about nationality, occupation, origin from any locality, estate, caste. Anthroponymy studies the functions of an anthroponym in speech - nomination, identification, differentiation, change of names, which is associated with age, a change in social or marital status, living among people of a different nationality, joining secret societies, conversion to another faith, tabooing, etc.

Famous Russian scientist, philosopher and theologianP. A. Florensky, whom contemporaries called "Leonardo da Vinci of the 20th century", belongs to the philosophical work "Names", created by him at the beginning of the twentieth century. The essence of names is revealed from historical, literary and metaphysical points of view. Pavel Florensky compiled detailed description 16 names, eight male and eight female:Alexander andAlexandra , Alexei andAnna , Vladimir andOlga , Basil and Sfya , Nicholas andCatherine , Paul , Konstantin , Michael , Elena , Faith , Ludmila .

The development of the main issues of anthroponymy was carried out by V.V. Bondaletov, A.A. Reformatsky, A.V. Superanskaya and others. Russian anthroponymy in the 1980-90s of the XX century was replenished with worksM. V. Gorbanevsky, Yu. A. Karpenko, N. V. Podolskaya and others. In recent decades, Russian scientists have been interested in the formation of regional anthroponymy. Just an introduction to scientific circulation many texts from various territories of our country, including a significant number of personal names and surnames, will help to present the real picture formation of the anthroponymic system as a whole.

In the wake of interest in personal names, a lot of base literature of a reference nature has appeared, giving “name descriptions” and characteristics of their carriers, including in combination with patronymic, zodiac sign, etc. This fashion has nothing to do with scientific research and philosophical reflection names.

Anthroponymy is of two types: theoretical and applied.

Subjecttheoretical anthroponymy are the laws of the emergence and development of anthroponyms, their structure, anthroponymic system, models of anthroponyms, historical layers in the anthroponymy of a particular ethnic group, the interaction of languages ​​in anthroponymy, universals. Theoretical anthroponymy uses the same research methods as other sections of onomastics (special conditions, motives and circumstances for naming people are taken into account - social conditions, customs, the influence of fashion, religion, etc.).

Applied anthroponymy studies the problems of the norm in names, ways of transferring one name in different languages; contributes to the creation of anthroponymic dictionaries. The anthroponymist helps in the work of the registry office, in choosing names, in resolving some controversial legal issues of naming a person. Anthroponymy is closely connected with history, ethnography, geography, anthropology, genealogy, hagiography, literary criticism, folklore, cultural studies.

In the modern Russian anthroponymic system, each person has a personal name (selected from a limited list), patronymic and surname (the possible number of the latter is practically unlimited). There were and still are other anthroponymic systems: in ancient Rome, every man hadpraenomen – personal name (there were only 18 of them),nomen – genus name, inherited, andcognomen - a name that is inherited, characterizing the branch of the genus. In modern Spain and Portugal, a person usually has several personal names (from the Catholic church list), paternal and maternal surnames. In Iceland, each person has a personal name (from a limited list) and instead of a surname- a name derived from the name of the father. In China, Korea, Vietnam, a person's name is made up of a monosyllabic surname (in different eras there were from 100 to 400) and a personal name, usually consisting of two monosyllabic morphemes, and the number of personal names is not limited. A special place in anthroponymic systems is occupied byhypocoristics (affectionate and diminutive names– Russian Masha, Petya, English Bill and Davy), as well as pseudonyms and nicknames.

The data of anthroponymy are also essential for other sections of linguistics, sociology, and the history of peoples.

anthroponym - a single proper name or a set of proper names that identify a person. In a broader sense, this is the name of any person, both real and fictional.

From the point of view of semantics, among anthroponyms stand out :

1. Personal name (name at birth). Sociolinguistic unit, a kind of proper name, one of the main personal linguistic identifiers of a person or any animate being.

2. Middle name (patronymic - naming by father, grandfather, etc.). Part of a family name given to a child by the name of the father. Variations of patronymic names can also connect their carriers with more distant ancestors - grandfathers, great-grandfathers, etc. In the pre-family period, naming by name and patronymic served the purpose of more accurate identification of a person, that is, it performed the same social function as modern surnames.

Among peoples who have more than one name in use, middle names often carry the function of patronymics as keepers of information about the immediate ancestors (fathers, grandfathers and great-grandfathers), but this patronymic function of theirs is not rigidly fixed. Patronymic - patronymic, an indication of the name of the father. In Russian, it has the ending - (v) ich, - (v) na; in ancient times also -ov, -in similarly modern surnames(in Bulgarian it has been preserved). The patronymic as part of the nominal formula performed a triple function: it supplemented the name, distinguishing its owner (in addition to the surname) from the namesake, clarified kinship in the family circle (father - son) and expressed respect (a form of politeness). However, patronymic forms in -ov / -ev were used only in clerical speech, in official documents. In informal situations, in everyday life, Russian people called each other by their first names and patronymics in the form that is familiar to us now: the magnificence on -ovich, -evich, -ovna, -evna, -ich, -inichna was not limited. Sometimes it was even used instead of a name (as sometimes it is now), when the speaker wanted to emphasize special respect for a person, to show a shade of affection, love.

3. Surname (generic or family name). A hereditary generic name indicating that a person belongs to the same genus, leading from a common ancestor, or, in a narrower sense, to one family.

4. Mononym. Full names consisting of one word (instead of, for example, traditional Russian full names from the first name, surname and patronymic), as well as people called by such names. In some cases, this name is taken by the person himself, in others it is due to the traditions of the people or given to him by other people.

5. Nickname. Informal name for a person, animal, object, etc.

Unlike a name, a nickname, as a rule, reflects not the desired, but the real properties and qualities of the carrier, the origin of their carriers, etc., and thus fixes the special meaning that these properties and qualities had for others. Nicknames can be given at different periods of life and in many cases can be known to a rather limited circle of people.

6. Aliases (various types, which can be both individual and group). The name used by a person in a particular public activity instead of the present (given at birth, recorded in official documents). AT Western culture pseudonyms are most often used by figures of literature and art. In Eastern cultures (especially Chinese and Japanese), the adoption of a new name when changing social status in some eras was almost mandatory for any field of activity; An analogue of this kind of obligatory pseudonyms in Western culture can be considered the obligatory name change of priests and monks, especially in the Orthodox Church, however, it is not customary to call church names of clergymen pseudonyms. With the spread of the Internet, the use of pseudonyms has become more relevant than ever: almost every web user has a pseudonym, which is usually called a nickname.

7. Cryptonym (hidden name). The signature under the work instead of the name of the author, which does not imply the possibility of identifying it with one or another specific person; in other words, a name calculated to hide the true author of the work. A cryptonym is usually used when publishing works that are risky in one way or another (“Affair with Cocaine” by M. Ageev, “History O” by Polina Reage) and / or in cases where these works differ in one way or another from that creative activity, with which the real name of the author is already firmly connected (cryptonym B. Akunin, taken by the famous Japanese philologist and translator Grigory Chkhartishvili for the publication of his detective novels). If successful, cryptonyms are often revealed and turned into ordinary pseudonyms or heteronyms (pseudonyms adopted for signing works chosen by the author on some basis (genre, problematic, stylistic)).

8. Anthroponyms of literary works (literary anthroponymy), heroes in folklore, in myths and fairy tales.

9. Anthroponyms - derivatives of ethnonyms (names of nations, peoples, nationalities)

There is also a classification of names according to the role of the character in the work:

The names of the main characters (of one work and passing through the storyline) (for example, Max or Shurf)

Names of minor characters ( this work and a cycle of works) (for example, Bubuta)

Names of characters mentioned (e.g. Loiso)