"Case" life of the heroes of A. P. Chekhov
Municipal educational institution
Zhana-Dunya main comprehensive school
Karasuksky district of the Novosibirsk region
"Case" life of the heroes of A.P. Chekhov
Doszhanova Aigul Bazarbaevna -
teacher of Russian language and literature
Creativity A.P. Chekhov has been in demand for many decades. His works are actively included in spiritual world reader, enriching him with ideological, moral, aesthetic values necessary for the formation of a harmonious personality. Chekhov touched on many topical topics in his stories, novels, and plays. subject case man can rightfully be considered a cross-cutting in the work of the writer.
Chekhov's works are special. With outward simplicity, they are fraught with many difficulties for reading.
When studying the work of A.P. Chekhov, I consider the goal of my work: the formation of students' ability to see the creative concept of the author in the laconism of Chekhov's stories.
In practice, I achieve the following tasks:
Show artistic skill stories by A.P. Chekhov;
To develop the ability of students to analyze a work of art;
Reveal the most effective forms and storytelling techniques.
Creativity A.P. Chekhov - creativity of a small genre. IN AND. Kuleshov notes that A.P. Chekhov "managed to achieve high skill, to reveal the serious in a small form."
Subject creative research is a complex and contradictory world for the writer human soul. In small stories, he reproduces the stories of people's whole lives, the change in their inner world. Based on contemporary material, he poses problems of great universal significance, which have a universal meaning that persists for a long time. In early humorous stories, A.P. Chekhov considered different types “misconceptions” - stereotyped life patterns of behavior, standards by which the whole life of a person is built. For such a phenomenon, the author found the exact word - "case". This is what allows the characters of stories to build their lives according to a certain pattern, to have a single answer to all the various questions of life.
In the late 90s, A.P. Chekhov created the so-called "small trilogy", which united three stories: "The Man in the Case", "Gooseberry", "About Love". These stories are connected common theme, the theme of rejection of the case, whatever it may be.
The works are devoted to the study of three main aspects public life: in the field of power - "The Man in a Case", in the field of property - "Gooseberries", in the field of the family - "About Love". The stories are a refutation of the foundations of the existing in Russia social order.
The Greek teacher Belikov in the story "The Man in the Case" is a common noun, he personifies a social phenomenon called "Belikovism". Belikov lived and thought “in a case”, that is, according to official models, being afraid to deviate from the rules, he condemned everything new, saying “. no matter what happens." Belikov's case also manifested itself outwardly: he constantly wore galoshes, always under an umbrella, dark glasses, in a "warm coat on wadding", with a raised collar, as if he wanted to hide, surround himself with a shell, create a case for himself that would protect him from the outside. peace. Reality irritated him, frightened him, kept him in constant anxiety. And to overcome his distaste for the present, he always praised the past. The case is gaining strength, the way of thinking becomes case. He cut himself off from living life. The figure of Belikov is pathetic, vulnerable and sinister at the same time. Life gave him the opportunity to open up by marrying Varenka Kovalenko. The hero instead went even deeper into the "case". He could not stand contact with "living" life and died, having finally reached, according to the author's ironic remark, "his ideal." He ended up in a box from which he would never leave.
The story "Gooseberry" begins with a description of the vastness of Russia, which a person needs in order to show all the properties and characteristics of his free spirit. In contrast to these thoughts, the story of the old veterinarian Ivan Ivanovich about the fate of his brother Nikolai sounds. This new version"case" existence, when all thoughts of a person are focused on property, all life is spent on acquiring an estate with a garden in which gooseberries grow.
In the story "About Love" a living, sincere, mysterious feeling is ruined by the loving hearts committed to a "case" existence. They are afraid of everything that could reveal their secret to themselves. The heroine is afraid to leave her family - her "case", the hero is not sure what he can offer her decent life. And only when separation came, he realized how petty everything that prevented them from loving was.
The people of the “little trilogy” understand a lot. They realized the hopeless dead end of the "case life". But their insights are a little late. Life doesn't change at all.
“Case” is a designation of inertia, the inability of a person to go beyond the limits of the standard and prescriptions. Showing the failure of all the old foundations of Russian life, A.P. Chekhov does not hide the difficulties that lie in wait for Russia on the path to gaining spiritual freedom. The writer in his works wanted to "truthfully depict life and show how much this life deviates from the norm." He preferred to explore life not in large and general phenomena, but in particular terms, in the sphere of everyday life. By this, he expanded the possibilities of realism, raising small and, at first glance, unimportant topics to the level of large and deeply significant ones.
All the stories of A.P. Chekhov evoke a deep emotional response in the reader, because each work is written off from nature. One of the properties human life, to the greatest regret, is a huge, all-consuming vulgarity. This vulgarity does not allow a person to exist in peace, it puts pressure on him, making his whole life unhappy and miserable. Chekhov states that with all this, some people not only do not try to fight this vulgarity, but even cultivate it in every possible way. In any story by A.P. Chekhov, which tells about people who live a "case" life, the real, real life triumphs over any of the cases in which they try to imprison her. The works of A.P. Chekhov have not lost and will not lose their relevance. The impossibility of destroying philistinism and vulgarity makes the works of A.P. Chekhov immortal not only in their artistic performance, but also in their social sound.
In the process of studying the stories of A.P. Chekhov, I proceed from some features of the course:
First, the small form of works. Unlike novels and stories, which are read by students in parts, and then analyzed step by step at each lesson, A.P. Chekhov's stories are read very quickly, and this makes it possible for a holistic and detailed analysis;
secondly, I try to make it clear to students that behind humor and external entertainment, there is a serious moral problem;
thirdly, Chekhov's works are so diverse in their subject matter, in the artistic details that often for their study it is necessary to select different methods.
I study the writer's stories in inseparable connection with his biography, with certain concrete historical conditions, with the formation and development of his worldview. In grades 6-7, I think there is no need to talk about the whole life of A.P. Chekhov, I make a general outline of life, dwelling in more detail only on those stages and facts that are either closer to a teenager (childhood and gymnasium years), or will be specified in analysis of works of art. In grade 9, I present the biography and work of the writer as fully as possible, and some facts, for example, personal and creative connections Chekhov with other writers and phenomena of his contemporary cultural life are presented by students independently in the form of oral abstracts, reports, presentations, etc.
What kind of progress in the development of subjects can we speak of, judging only by the titles of the works?
"Ward №6"; "The Man in the Case"; "Gooseberry"; "My life"
As a result of acquaintance with the work of A.P. Chekhov, students should understand his place in the historical and literary process, see in A.P. Chekhov an innovative artist who continued in his work the high traditions of Russian realistic art and enriched it.
Work on the works of A.P. Chekhov should arouse in students a keen interest in the writer, as wonderful artist words. This can only be achieved by thoughtful, expressive reading text, its commentary. Throughout the lesson, students follow the speech of the characters, learn to find means of expression in the text, follow the features of Chekhov's style.
Before reading the work, I draw students' attention to the title, I ask what readers' expectations the title evokes in them; and after reading to see if they were justified. Students carefully read the text of the story in order to understand the position of the writer, to identify from all figurative system, from the plot fabric of the story, from the hints hidden in the subtext of the author's attitude to the depicted.
Here are some of the techniques I use in class:
Read the story, making psychological comments and observing expressive means speech;
Let us recall the image of Belikov and trace what figurative means of the language work here?
- characterize the character by speech (reception speech characteristics), according to the reference words;
Present and describe appearance character (word drawing);
Act out an episode of the story
Run creative work;
Write a small humorous story in the style of Chekhov.
- drawing up a table.
Some students are working on brief description heroes. Others - draw parallels between him and Chekhov's life at the time of writing the work (what events, the influence of the outside world led the writer to thoughts that found an outlet in this hero). Together we discuss the attitude of this hero to the present day. By the end of the lesson, a table is obtained.
Chekhov's attitude to life
A.A. Artamonova notes that today literature, even if we are talking about works of art that have become phenomena in world culture, is not perceived for the most part young people as "the consciousness of the people, the fruit and flower of its spiritual life." There are many reasons for this. One of them is that the reader does not find “personal meanings” on the pages of the classics, the content of the book is perceived detachedly, does not evoke an emotional response, movement of the soul and thought. The student is distracted from the topic of the lesson, thinks about something of his own and involuntarily begins to drive a pen over paper, sometimes a desk, some images, symbols appear. This feature is used by psychologists, using graphic, color-drawing tests for diagnosis. emotional state, personal characteristics.
In my practice I use experimenting with color in literature lessons. Search desired shade to convey the state of the hero, the theme of the work, their mood, they allow:
To feel the story more deeply, make it possible to reach a personal level, “attach” students to the emotional background of the lesson;
Diversify learning techniques, introduce an element of novelty, and thus arouse interest-the engine of cognitive activity;
Create in the lesson not only sound, but also visual images, include the student in creative activity on their creation. These are not illustrations. artwork in the traditional sense, and the illustrations internal state sensations of the reader in the form of color bands, spots, specific images, plot drawings that allow not only to diagnose the effectiveness of the lesson for each student, but also to reach the personal level of awareness and self-knowledge;
Contribute to the enrichment of the emotional-sensual sphere of adolescents.
After analyzing the work, I suggest that students think about their own lives, design their future in color. None of them wants to repeat the path of the hero of the story, most often clear, life-affirming colors are selected. Material well-being does not seem as attractive as before. It turns out much love is more important, friendship, high goal in life.
The book, written in 1898, becomes milestone in prioritization, awareness of life by teenagers of the XXI century.
Thus, in order to reveal the theme of “case life” in the stories of A.P. Chekhov, various methods and forms of work can be used. Of course, all of them should be aimed at one thing: understanding the general concept of the author.
Literature
Artamonova A.A. Work with color in the lessons of Russian literature // Russian language and literature. - 2001, No. 3;
Alexey Ponomarev Internet Library www.Library.ru/author/chekhov/index html
Kuleshov V.I. Life and work of A.P. Chekhov. - M. 1986;
Kurdyumova T.F. etc. Literature: Textbook-reader for grade 9: At 2 o'clock. - M. Enlightenment, 2007.
Polotskaya.E.S. Ways of Chekhov's heroes. - M. 1983;
Rubchik B.I. The path of spiritual evolution of the main character of the story A.P. Chekhov as an example of working with color in literature lessons // Literature lessons. - 1998. - No. 11;
Website www.library. ru /2/Lit./sectons to readers" Literary names. A.P. Chekhov.
Website of the Humanitarian Foundation "Chekhov Center" www.anton chekhov.ru
Chekhov A.P. Collected Works. - M. Fiction, V.8. 1969
Chudakov A.P. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. - M. 1987.
- a writer who was very observant in his time. This quality of his made it possible to reveal all human vices which the author revealed in his works. So in his stories the writer touched on philosophical and moral problems, among which are the problems of the sheath of the life of society. Chekhov revealed these questions in his works About Love, Gooseberries, as well as in the story The Man in the Case, which we will write about today.
Chekhov's trilogy The Man in the Case is one of his famous works which reveals the narrowness of the human soul. Here the author denounces the desire to subordinate his life to established laws, some norms and rules. At the same time, we see that people living in a case do not even notice how their life flies in vain, considering their life in a case to be ideal.
What is a case and what does the writer put into the concept of a case life? As for me, the case is the inner slavery of the human soul. It is obedience to restrictions, observance of rules that do not allow you to open up. human feelings that do not give the opportunity to spiritually develop and enrich. It is the observance of rules and laws that hinder the freedom of personal relationships. Case is closedness. It is precisely such a person that Belikov is - main character Chekhov's story. Already in his appearance we see all his unusualness, because he, like in that case, tries to hide all the time. He constantly wears glasses, with an umbrella, in a coat, as if hiding from the world, while all his items, including watches, glasses, the same umbrella, are also in their cases and covers.
This is a person who cannot accept reality in any way, and here the problem of the case of life can be argued, because Belikov constantly praises the past, he constantly praises what has never been and never will be. He is afraid of the real.
The problem of life's sheath
The hero of the story obeys the rules, he understands only those articles that are published in newspapers where there are prohibitions, he does not accept other information, especially if there are any permissions. What is most terrible, the character has not only driven himself into the framework, he is trying to influence others, trying to subordinate them to his own rules.
Belikov is clamped, his inner world full of fears, he's not sure. All this prevents Belikov from living fully, enjoying all the delights of life. It is very difficult to live for people like Belikov, who painfully perceives any difficulty in life. Such people are not happy. Driving themselves into the framework, they morally destroy themselves.
The hero of the story dies, unable to bear the moral humiliation in the eyes of his beloved, dies from inner fear of something new. He went to another world, because he was tired of life with its threats and constant worries about the correctness of his actions. Only in the coffin did his features acquire a certain cheerful expression, he found peace. As Chekhov writes, the hero was glad to be in a case in which he will remain forever.
They buried Belikov all together, and the teachers hoped that with the death of the hero freedom would come to them, but days passed and life flowed in the usual direction. Everything is just as stupid, harsh and tedious, and all because the hero was buried, but there are still a lot of people like him. People who live a case life. There are case people in our time, which means that Chekhov's story The Man in the Case is relevant to the present.
1. "Case" theme in the work of Chekhov.
2. "Man in a case."
3. The lifestyle of the teacher Belikov.
The artistic world of the works of A.P. Chekhov is inhabited by various characters, united by the writer's interest in everyday life, everyday trifles, and familiar everyday life. The author is interested in the life of an official. He studies the lifestyle of his hero, tries to artistically rethink it. Chekhov's gallery of officials includes various representatives: among them there are even opposites - both opportunists and dreamers. Daily routine is their constant, habitual way of life. The main thing that unites them is the apt name "man in a case". For Chekhov, life is "in a case" - actual topic, he opposes the indifference and sheath of people who have closed in on themselves and smugly and satiety stay there, enjoying their happiness. According to the author, a person cannot be content with just this, but should strive for something more.
In the stories “The Man in the Case”, “Gooseberries”, “About Love”, the reader sees that the case is a consequence of the influence of the environment, the social structure. In the story "The Gooseberry", the hero Nikolai Ivanovich Chim-sha-Himalayan also closes himself in a case, dreaming only of a manor in which gooseberries grow. The heroes of the story "About Love", Alekhine and Anna Alekseevna, are enclosed in a case of fear of new life. In the story "Chameleon", the police officer Ochu-melov is also in the case. The story "Ionych" is an excellent illustration of how people lock themselves into the case of their interests. For “Darling” by Olenka Plemyannikova, love became a case. A person whose soul is closed in a case is a hero with stereotypical behavior who wants to build his life according to some specific pattern. He has his own world, the best, much better than what surrounds him. Such is the hero of the story "The Man in the Case", the teacher of the Greek language Belikov. What is this person? He always walks in galoshes, with an umbrella and in a warm coat on wadding, clothes surround him like a cover, also in a cover he always carries an umbrella, a watch and a penknife. Belikov hides his face in his collar, as if in a case. “This person had a constant and irresistible desire to surround himself with a shell, to create for himself, so to speak, a case that would seclude him, protect him from external influences. Reality irritated him, frightened him, kept him in constant anxiety, and, perhaps, in order to justify this timidity of his, his disgust for the present, he always praised the past and what had never happened; and the ancient languages that he taught were for him, in essence, the same galoshes and an umbrella where he hid from real life, ”the author characterizes Belikov in this way. The teacher covered his eyes with glasses, and his ears with cotton wool. At home, he was surrounded by shutters, latches, and in the bedroom, similar to a box, there was a bed with a canopy, in which the teacher always covered himself with his head and was still afraid.
The heroes of the story in a conversation mention that this phenomenon, when people tend to go into their shell, like a snail or a hermit crab, is not uncommon - so the headman’s wife, Mavra, has never been anywhere, but “for the last ten years ... she only went out at night outside". What it is - heredity or a character trait - the heroes cannot decide. The author, through the narrator Burkin, expresses his opinion - such people are driven by fear of life. His thoughts are also limited by the framework of the case. “No matter what happens” - this is the leitmotif of the life of the suspicious and overly cautious Belikov. It was common for him to perceive only prohibitions as a guide to action. He always felt suspicious in permission.
It is surprising that the teacher, who was afraid of his superiors and those around him, a rather quiet person, kept the gymnasium in fear for fifteen years, looking for violations everywhere. Colleagues felt the enormous pressure of this small, quiet man as he sighed, whined about breaking the circulars, and voiced misgivings. A strange ritual of "maintenance good relations with comrades" scared the teachers and the director more - in the silent presence of Belikov, everyone had the opinion that he was looking for something, for example, if the owners had violations at home. It got to the point that his influence spread not only to the gymnasium, but to the whole city. People tried to prevent what, according to Belikov, could be unlawful. Hyperbolizing reality, the author shows a picture of the hero's distorted, inferior way of life - after all, there are no joys in his life, there is no freedom from himself, from the conventions with which the Greek teacher surrounded himself. Not only that, we also see the pernicious influence of the hero on those around him. Chekhov criticizes such features of the social system as the rejection of enlightenment and the encouragement of flattery and denunciation.
The hero is so accustomed to his eternal case that when he is given the opportunity to change his life, to marry, he closes himself more and more. His bride Varenka is open, mobile, expresses her emotions freely and loudly. Belikov began to fear that he would marry and get into some kind of story with her: “... I’m afraid: she and her brother have some kind of strange image thoughts, they argue somehow, you know, strange, and the character is very lively. Varenka's brother, Mikhail Kovalenko, could not stand Belikov. This the only hero, who calls a spade a spade: a Greek teacher - a fiscal, “swallow abozh spider”, and the gymnasium turned into a deanery council; and it "stinks like a police box" in there.
While Belikov was thinking about marriage and weighing his future duties and responsibilities, an event occurred that changed his intentions. They spread a caricature of a couple called "anthropos in love", and in addition, Belikov was amazed by the spectacle of Varenka on a bicycle. He believed that it was indecent for women to behave in this way. Having come to the bride's brother in order to assure him that he did not give rise to such a caricature, Belikov begins to teach him that it is indecent for a gymnasium teacher to behave like this, because he can reach the director and the trustee. Mikhail, however, has a different opinion: he does not like to be interfered with in his household affairs, and says that no one cares about their cycling. Cautious Belikov sees this as disrespect for the authorities and says that he will be forced to tell the director about the conversation. Kovalenko, a visiting person, does what no one has done before: he says directly that fair man and does not want to talk to Belikov, because he does not like fiscals, and lowers him down the stairs. Downstairs, Varenka greets the teacher with a booming laugh. The marriage is cancelled.
Since then, Belikov has closed himself even more tightly in his case, and a month later he died, having found his eternal case, having reached the ideal: “when he lay in a coffin, his expression was meek, pleasant, even cheerful, as if he was glad that at last he put in a case from which he will never come out.
The narrator expresses the author's thoughts: to bury such people as a Greek teacher - great pleasure. A team of teachers from two gymnasiums and a seminary returned from the cemetery with a sense of freedom, but after that it did not get better, because there was more than one "man in a case" in the world. One of actors, Ivan Ivanovich, says: “We live in a city in close quarters, write unnecessary papers, play vint - isn't this a case? And the fact that we spend our whole lives among idlers, quarrelsome, stupid, idle women, talking and listening to all sorts of nonsense - isn't this a case? You have to live among those who lie, and not dare to tell the truth, to lie yourself and endure humiliation because of your rank - these are the signs of a time marked by universal fear. The author shows that this phenomenon is not the norm of life, but an ugly deviation from it. In the blind zeal of performing bureaucratic service, the hero closes himself in a case - this, according to Chekhov, is the inevitable influence of the social system.
Text from the exam
Introduction
What is philistine morality? Who is a layman?
Probably, almost every person in our modern society can be called a layman. This ordinary person who strives to be like everyone else, to have things that everyone has, to look like everyone else looks. This phenomenon is not only Russian, but worldwide.
Problem
V.V. Nabokov reflects on this topic, identifying character traits narrow-mindedness, leading to the "case" of life ordinary people. Without realizing it, the townsfolk limit their living space to the limits established by someone, generally accepted norms, evaluation criteria.
In the text of V.V. Nabokov's main problem is philistine morality, isolation.
A comment
The author believes that the layman is a phenomenon characteristic of humanity as a whole. It is found among both the poor and the rich. The townsfolk strive for adaptation, for familiarization, their main desire is "to be like everyone else." They acquire this or that thing not at all because they need it, but because their neighbor has it.
75. The problem of "case" in the "little trilogy" A.P. Chekhov ("Man in a Case", "Gooseberries", "About Love").
The "Little Trilogy" is represented by three stories by A. Chekhov - "The Man in a Case", "Gooseberry", "About Love", in the center of which is the world of boring people. The stories are connected by the unity of the idea and are devoted to the study of the social atmosphere of Russian reality.
In the center of the story "The Man in the Case" - the teacher of the gymnasium Belikov as the bearer of the ideology of fear, alertness, expectation of something difficult and unpleasant. This phenomenon grows in the story to incredible parameters - the phenomenon of “Belikovism” appears, i.e. the desire to hide in everything and everywhere in your cozy and lonely case. The hero of the story "The Man in the Case" - the character is not only comical, he is terrible. After all, guided by the motto "no matter what happens", he "held the entire gymnasium in his hands for fifteen years!". The whole city was afraid of Belikov.
The image of Belikov is intended to show how the train of thought acquires hypertrophied features and turns into a lifestyle, and then into a menacing phenomenon with public outcry.
The “case” person in the story is not only its main character, but also those who, fearing him, live by his rules. And the narrator, Burkin, is also a "man in a case." He also trembles before Belikov. Belikov died, but "how many more such people are left in the case, how many more there will be!"
The story "Gooseberry" tells about the most terrible sacrifices that a person's own fanatical dream can require. It seems that there is nothing shameful in the dream of having your own estate with gooseberries, but marrying an unloved, but rich widow for this - already too much.
The dream of the hero of the story "Gooseberry", Nikolai Ivanovich, who completely mastered him, is also a kind of "case". As a result, the hero turns into a flabby fat man with a fat cook and a fat dog, whose entertainment in the evenings is eating small and sour, but his gooseberries. Chekhov comes to the conclusion that such an existence is also a kind of case. The hero of "Gooseberry", like the heroes of "The Man in the Case" is faced with a slave ideology, which, combined with obsessive desire And the easy way obtaining funds leads to sad results. Ownership, Chekhov argues, does not guarantee moral independence, but, on the contrary, most often leads to degradation.
Having collected the first plate of gooseberries, sour and tasteless, Nikolai Ivanovich can no longer adequately evaluate him: he is all in his "case" and stupidly rejoices at what he gave his all to. So without finding a true meaning in life, Nikolai Ivanovich dies.
Another version of the "case" existence is presented in the story "About Love". In the center of the story, there are two people loving friend friend, but unable to understand the intricacies own lives. The reason for this is the fear of life and new feelings, the indecision to trust them. The hero of the story "About Love", Alekhine, like Nikolai Ivanovich, also limited his life to the estate and caring for it. Alekhine is an intelligent person, and his “case” is special. Alekhin, refusing his own happiness, tries to justify himself with his “case”: “Where could I take her? Another thing, if I had a beautiful, interesting life... ". The hero does not try to change anything, he prefers to obediently go with the flow. Alekhine is a clear evidence that all the threads of Belikovism that are devouring on their way have entangled the very intimate sphere - sphere love, which means they got to the very essence of a person and took root in him forever. Time goes by, Anna Alekseevna painfully experiences her situation. She becomes irritable, nervous, and Alekhine's indecisiveness stifles love. His feelings are truly revealed only when it becomes very late. Alekhine did nothing either before the heroine decided to leave, or after. And his behavior is a peculiar form of expressing the idea of "case".
Chekhov argued that “everything in a person should be beautiful”, that a person in any life situation should remain a person, not entangle himself with ties of vulgarity and spiritual wretchedness, and not limit his own existence to them. The writer also reflects on this in the “little trilogy”.
