In the 17th century, the division of genres of painting into "high" and "low" was introduced. The first included historical, battle and mythological genres. The second included mundane genres of painting from Everyday life, For example, household genre, still life, animalistics, portrait, nude, landscape.
historical genre
historical genre in painting, it depicts not a specific object or person, but a certain moment or event that took place in the history of past eras. It is included in the main painting genres in art. Portrait, battle, everyday and mythological genres are often closely intertwined with the historical.
"Conquest of Siberia by Yermak" (1891-1895)
Vasily Surikov
Artists Nicolas Poussin, Tintoretto, Eugene Delacroix, Peter Rubens, Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev and many others painted their paintings in the historical genre.
mythological genre
Legends, ancient legends and myths, folklore- the image of these plots, heroes and events has found its place in mythological genre painting. Perhaps, it can be distinguished in the painting of any nation, because the history of each ethnic group is full of legends and traditions. For example, such a plot of Greek mythology as a secret romance of the god of war Ares and the goddess of beauty Aphrodite depicts the painting "Parnassus" by an Italian artist named Andrea Mantegna.
"Parnassus" (1497)
Andrea Mantegna
Mythology in painting was finally formed in the Renaissance. Representatives of this genre, in addition to Andrea Mantegna, are Rafael Santi, Giorgione, Lucas Cranach, Sandro Botticelli, Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov and others.
Battle genre
Battle painting describes scenes from military life. Most often, various military campaigns are illustrated, as well as sea and land battles. And since these battles are often taken from real history, the battle and historical genres find their intersection point here.
Fragment of the panorama "Battle of Borodino" (1912)
Franz Roubaud
Battle painting took shape in times Italian Renaissance in the work of artists Michelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo da Vinci, and then Theodore Gericault, Francisco Goya, Franz Alekseevich Roubaud, Mitrofan Borisovich Grekov and many other painters.
household genre
Scenes from everyday, social or privacy ordinary people, whether it be urban or peasant life, depicts the everyday genre in painting. Like many others painting genres, everyday paintings are rarely found in their own form, becoming part of the portrait or landscape genre.
"Seller of Musical Instruments" (1652)
Karel Fabricius
The origin of everyday painting took place in the 10th century in the East, and it passed to Europe and Russia only in the 17th-18th centuries. Jan Vermeer, Karel Fabricius and Gabriel Metsu, Mikhail Shibanov and Ivan Alekseevich Ermenev are the most famous artists of everyday paintings of that period.
Animal genre
main objects animal genre are animals and birds, both wild and domestic, and in general all representatives of the animal world. Initially, animalistics was part of the genres of Chinese painting, since it first appeared in China in the 8th century. In Europe, animalism was formed only in the Renaissance - animals at that time were depicted as the embodiment of the vices and virtues of man.
"Horses in the Meadow" (1649)
Paulus Potter
Antonio Pisanello, Paulus Potter, Albrecht Durer, Frans Snyders, Albert Cuyp are the main representatives of animalistics in the visual arts.
Still life
In the still life genre, objects that surround a person in life are depicted. These are inanimate objects grouped together. Such objects may belong to the same genus (for example, only fruits are depicted in the picture), or they may be heterogeneous (fruits, dishes, musical instruments, flowers, etc.).
"Flowers in a Basket, Butterfly and Dragonfly" (1614)
Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder
Still life as an independent genre took shape in the 17th century. Flemish and dutch school still life. Representatives of a variety of styles painted their paintings in this genre, from realism to cubism. One of the most famous still lifes painted by the painters Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder, Albertus Jonah Brandt, Paul Cezanne, Vincent van Gogh, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Willem Claes Heda.
Portrait
Portrait - a genre of painting, which is one of the most common in the visual arts. The purpose of a portrait in painting is to portray a person, but not just him. appearance, but also to convey the inner feelings and mood of the person being portrayed.
Portraits are single, pair, group, as well as a self-portrait, which is sometimes distinguished as a separate genre. And most famous portrait of all time, perhaps, is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci called "Portrait of Mrs. Lisa del Giocondo", known to everyone as "Mona Lisa".
"Mona Lisa" (1503-1506)
Leonardo da Vinci
The first portraits appeared millennia ago in Ancient Egypt- these were images of the pharaohs. Since then, most artists of all time have dabbled in this genre in one way or another. The portrait and historical genres of painting can also intersect: the image of a great historical figure will be considered a work of the historical genre, although it will convey the appearance and character of this person as a portrait.
nude
The purpose of the nude genre is to depict the naked body of a person. The Renaissance period is considered the moment of the emergence and development of this type of painting, and the main object of painting then most often became female body which embodied the beauty of the era.
"Country Concert" (1510)
Titian
Titian, Amedeo Modigliani, Antonio da Correggio, Giorgione, Pablo Picasso are the most famous artists who painted in the nude genre.
Scenery
The main theme of the landscape genre is nature, environment city, countryside or wilderness. The first landscapes appeared in ancient times when painting palaces and temples, creating miniatures and icons. As an independent genre, the landscape takes shape as early as the 16th century and has since become one of the most popular painting genres.
It is present in the work of many painters, starting with Peter Rubens, Alexei Kondratievich Savrasov, Edouard Manet, continuing with Isaac Ilyich Levitan, Piet Mondrian, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and ending with many contemporary artists of the XXI century.
"Golden Autumn" (1895)
Isaac Levitan
Among landscape painting, one can single out such genres as sea and city landscapes.
Veduta
Veduta is a landscape, the purpose of which is to depict the appearance of an urban area and convey its beauty and color. Later, with the development of industry, the urban landscape turns into an industrial landscape.
"Saint Mark's Square" (1730)
Canaletto
You can appreciate urban landscapes by getting acquainted with the works of Canaletto, Pieter Brueghel, Fyodor Yakovlevich Alekseev, Sylvester Feodosievich Shchedrin.
Marina
Seascape, or marina depicts the nature of the sea element, its greatness. Perhaps the most famous marine painter in the world is Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky, whose painting The Ninth Wave can be called a masterpiece of Russian painting. The heyday of the marina occurred simultaneously with the development of the landscape as such.
"Sailboat in a Storm" (1886)
James Buttersworth
Katsushika Hokusai, James Edward Buttersworth, Alexey Petrovich Bogolyubov, Lev Feliksovich Lagorio and Rafael Montleon Torres are also known for their seascapes.
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Painting is a type of fine art, the works of which are created using paints applied to a hard surface. in works of art, created by painting, color and pattern, chiaroscuro, expressiveness of strokes, textures and compositions are used, which allows you to reproduce on the plane the colorful richness of the world, the volume of objects, their qualitative, material originality, spatial depth and light-air environment, can convey a state of static and a sense of temporary development, peace and emotional and spiritual richness, the transient instantaneousness of the situation, the effect of movement, etc.; in painting, a detailed narrative and a complex plot are possible. This allows painting not only to visually embody visible phenomena real world, show a broad picture of people's lives, but also strive to reveal the essence of historical processes, the inner world of a person, to express abstract ideas. Due to its vast ideological and artistic possibilities, painting is an important means of artistic reflection and interpretation of reality, has significant social content and various ideological functions.
The breadth and completeness of the coverage of reality are reflected in the abundance of genres inherent in painting (Historical genre, everyday genre, battle genre, portrait, landscape, still life). There are paintings: monumental-decorative (wall paintings, plafonds, panels), designed to decorate architecture and play an important role in the ideological and figurative interpretation of an architectural building; easel (paintings), usually not associated with any particular place in the artistic ensemble; scenery (sketches of theatrical and film scenery and costumes); iconography; miniature. Diorama and panorama also belong to the varieties of painting. According to the nature of the substances that bind the pigment (dye), according to the technological methods of fixing the pigment on the surface, oil painting differs. paints on water on plaster - raw (fresco) and dry (a secco), tempera, glue painting, wax painting, enamels, painting with ceramic and silicate paints, etc. and monumental painting are artistic tasks. Watercolor, gouache, pastel, and ink are also used to perform paintings.
Color is the most specific means of expression for painting. Its expression, the ability to evoke various sensual associations, enhances the emotionality of the image, determines the pictorial, expressive and decorative possibilities of painting. In paintings, color forms complete system(color). Usually a series of interrelated colors and their shades is used (gamut colorful), although there is also painting with shades of the same color (monochrome). The color composition provides a certain coloristic unity of the work, affects the course of its perception by the viewer, being an essential part of it. artistic structure. Another expressive means of painting is drawing (line and chiaroscuro), together with color, rhythmically and compositionally organizes the image; the line delimits volumes from each other, is often the constructive basis of the pictorial form, allows generalized or detailed reproduction of the outlines of objects and their smallest elements. Chiaroscuro allows not only to create the illusion of three-dimensional images, to convey the degree of illumination or darkness of objects, but also creates the impression of the movement of air, light and shadow. An important role in painting is also played by a colorful spot or stroke of the artist, which is his main technique and allows him to convey many aspects. The brushstroke contributes to the plastic, voluminous molding of the form, the transfer of its material character and texture, in combination with color, recreates the coloristic richness of the real world. The nature of the stroke (smooth, continuous or pasty, separate, nervous, etc.) also contributes to the creation of the emotional atmosphere of the work, the transfer of the artist's immediate feelings and mood, his attitude to the depicted.
Conventionally, two types of pictorial representation are distinguished: linear-planar and volumetric-spatial, but there are no clear boundaries between them. Linear-planar painting is characterized by flat spots of local color, outlined by expressive contours, clear and rhythmic lines; in ancient and partly in modern painting, there are conditional methods of spatial construction and reproduction of objects that reveal to the viewer semantic logic images, the placement of objects in space, but almost do not violate the two-dimensionality of the picturesque plane. The desire to reproduce the real world as a person sees it, which arose in ancient art, caused the appearance of volumetric-spatial images in painting. In painting of this type, spatial relationships can be reproduced by color, the illusion of deep three-dimensional space can be created, the pictorial plane can be visually destroyed with the help of tonal gradations, airy and linear perspective, by distributing warm and cold colors; volumetric forms are modeled by color and chiaroscuro. In volume-spatial and linear-planar images, the expressiveness of line and color is used, and the effect of volume, even sculpture, is achieved by a gradation of light and dark tones distributed in a clearly limited color spot; at the same time, the coloring is often colorful, figures and objects do not merge with the surrounding space into a single whole. Tonal painting, with the help of a complex and dynamic development of color, shows the subtlest changes in both color and its tone depending on the lighting, as well as on the interaction of adjacent colors; the general tone unites objects with the surrounding light and air environment and space. In the painting of China, Japan, Korea, a special type of spatial image has developed, in which there is a feeling of an infinite space seen from above, with parallel lines going into the distance and not converging in depth; figures and objects are almost devoid of volume; their position in space is shown mainly by the ratio of tones.
A painting consists of a base (canvas, wood, paper, cardboard, stone, glass, metal, etc.), usually covered with a primer, and a paint layer, sometimes protected by a protective film of varnish. Fine and expressive possibilities painting, the features of the writing technique largely depend on the properties of paints, which are due to the degree of grinding of pigments and the nature of the binders, on the tool the artist works with, on the thinners he uses; the smooth or rough surface of the base and ground affects the methods of applying paints, the texture of paintings, and the translucent color of the base or ground affects color; sometimes paint-free parts of the base or ground can play a role in the color construction. The surface of the paint layer of a painting, that is, its texture, is glossy and matte, continuous or intermittent, smooth or uneven. The required color, shade is achieved both by mixing colors on the palette, and by glazing. The process of creating a picture or wall painting can be divided into several stages, especially clear and consistent in medieval tempera and classical oil painting (drawing on the ground, underpainting, glazing). There is painting of a more impulsive nature, which allows the artist to directly and dynamically embody his life impressions through the simultaneous work on drawing, composition, modeling of forms and color.
Painting arose in the era of the late Paleolithic (40-8 thousand years ago). Rock paintings have been preserved (in southern France, northern Spain, etc.), painted with earthen paints (ocher), black soot, and charcoal using split sticks, pieces of fur, and fingers (images of individual animals, and then hunting scenes). In Paleolithic painting, there are both linear-silhouette images and simple modeling of volumes, but the compositional principle in it is still poorly expressed. More developed, abstractly generalized ideas about the world were reflected in Neolithic painting, in which images are linked into narrative cycles, the image of a person appears.
The painting of the slave-owning society already had a developed figurative system rich in technical means. in ancient Egypt and also in ancient America there was monumental painting, acting in synthesis with architecture. Associated mainly with the funeral cult, it had a detailed narrative character; the main place in it was occupied by a generalized and often schematic representation of a person. The strict canonization of images, manifested in the features of the composition, the ratio of figures and reflecting the rigid hierarchy that prevailed in society, was combined with bold and well-aimed observations of life and an abundance of details drawn from the surrounding world (landscape, household utensils, images of animals and birds). Ancient painting, the main artistic and expressive means of which were contour line and a color spot, had decorative qualities, its flatness emphasized the surface of the wall Art Encyclopedia. M., 1997.
In ancient times, painting, acting in artistic unity with architecture and sculpture and decorating temples, dwellings, tombs, and other structures, served not only religious, but also secular purposes. New, specific possibilities of painting were revealed, giving a reflection of reality that is broad in terms of subject matter. In antiquity, the principles of chiaroscuro, peculiar variants of linear and aerial perspective were born. Along with the mythological, everyday and historical scenes, landscapes, portraits, still lifes were created. An antique fresco (on multi-layer plaster with an admixture of marble dust in the upper layers) had a shiny, glossy surface. IN Ancient Greece there arose almost no preserved easel painting (on boards, less often on canvas), mainly in the encaustic technique; Faiyum portraits give some idea of ancient easel painting.
In the Middle Ages in Western Europe, Byzantium, in Russia, the Caucasus and the Balkans, painting developed, religious in content: fresco (both on dry and wet plaster, applied to stone or brickwork), icon painting (on primed boards, mainly in egg tempera). ), as well as book miniatures (on primed parchment or paper; executed in tempera, watercolor, gouache, glue and other paints), which sometimes included historical plots. Icons, wall paintings (subject to architectural divisions and the plane of the wall), as well as mosaics, stained-glass windows, together with architecture, formed a single ensemble in church interiors. Medieval painting is characterized by the expression of a sonorous, predominantly local color and rhythmic line, the expressiveness of contours; the forms are usually planar, stylized, the background is abstract, often golden; there are also conditional methods of modeling volumes, as if protruding on a pictorial plane devoid of depth. The symbolism of composition and color played a significant role. In the 1st millennium A.D. e. monumental painting experienced a high rise (with glue paints on white gypsum or lime primer on clay-straw soil) in the countries of the Front and Central Asia, in India, China, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). In the feudal era in Mesopotamia, Iran, India, Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, the art of miniature developed, which is characterized by subtle brilliance, elegance of ornamental rhythm, and brightness of life observations. Far Eastern painting with ink, watercolor and gouache on scrolls of silk and paper - in China, Korea, Japan - was distinguished by poetry, amazing vigilance of the vision of people and nature, conciseness of the pictorial manner, the finest tonal transmission of aerial perspective.
In Western Europe, during the Renaissance, the principles of a new art based on a humanistic worldview, discovering and knowing the real world, were affirmed. The role of painting, which developed a system of means for a realistic depiction of reality, increased. Individual achievements of Renaissance painting were anticipated in the 14th century. Italian painter Giotto. scientific study perspectives, optics and anatomy, the use of the oil painting technique improved by J. van Eyck (Netherlands) contributed to the disclosure of the possibilities inherent in the nature of painting: the convincing reproduction of three-dimensional forms in unity with the transfer of spatial depth and light environment, the disclosure of the color richness of the world. The fresco experienced a new heyday; easel painting also gained importance, preserving its decorative unity with the surroundings. subject environment. The feeling of the harmony of the universe, the anthropocentrism of painting and the spiritual activity of its images are characteristic of compositions on religious and mythological themes, portraits, everyday and historical scenes, images of nudes. Tempera was gradually supplanted by a combined technique (glazing and elaboration of details with oil on tempera underpainting), and then technically perfect multi-layer oil-lacquer painting without tempera. Along with smooth, detailed painting on boards with white ground (characteristic of the artists of the Dutch school and a number of schools of Italian Early Renaissance) the Venetian school of painting developed in the 16th century. techniques of free, impasto painting on canvases with colored grounds. Simultaneously with painting in local, often bright colors, with a clear pattern, tonal painting also developed. The largest painters of the Renaissance - Masaccio, Piero della Francesca, A. Mantegna, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giorgione, Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto in Italy, J. van Eyck, P. Brueghel the Elder in the Netherlands, A. Dürer, H. Holbein the Younger, M. Niethardt (Grunewald) in Germany, etc.
In the XVII-XVIII centuries. the process of development of European painting became more complicated. National schools were formed in France (J. de Latour, F. Champagne, N. Poussin, A. Watteau, J. B. S. Chardin, J. O. Fragonard, J. L. David), Italy (M. Caravaggio, D. Fetti, J. B. Tiepolo, J. M. Crespi, F. Guardi), Spain (El Greco, D. Velazquez, F. Zurbaran, B. E. Murillo, F. Goya), Flanders (P. P. . Rubens, J. Jordaens, A. van Dyck, F. Snyders), Holland (F. Hals, Rembrandt, J. Vermeer, J. van Ruisdael, G. Terborch, K. Fabricius), Great Britain (J. Reynolds, T Gainsborough, W. Hogarth), Russia (F. S. Rokotov, D. G. Levitsky, V. L. Borovikovsky). proclaimed new social and civic ideals, turned to a more detailed and accurate depiction of real life in its movement and diversity, especially the everyday environment of a person (landscape, interior, household items); psychological problems deepened, the feeling of a conflicting relationship between the individual and the world around him was embodied. In the 17th century the system of genres expanded and clearly took shape. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. Along with monumental and decorative painting (especially in the Baroque style), which was flourishing, existed in close unity with sculpture and architecture and created an emotional environment that actively affected people, easel painting played an important role. Various painting systems were formed, as having a commonality of stylistic features (dynamic baroque painting with its characteristic open, spiral composition; classicism painting with a clear, strict and clear pattern; rococo painting with a play of exquisite nuances of color, light and faded tones), and not within a certain style framework. In an effort to reproduce the brilliance of the world, the light and air environment, many artists improved the system of tonal painting. This caused the individualization of the techniques of multilayer oil painting. The growth of easel art, the growing need for works designed for intimate contemplation, led to the development of chamber, thin and light, painting techniques - pastels, watercolors, ink, various types of portrait miniatures.
In the 19th century new national schools of the realistic were emerging. painting in Europe and America. The connections of painting in Europe and other parts of the world were expanding, where the experience of European realistic painting received an original interpretation, often on the basis of local ancient traditions (in India, China, Japan, and other countries); European painting was influenced by the art of the Far Eastern countries (mainly Japan and China), which affected the renewal of the methods of decorative and rhythmic organization of the picturesque plane. In the 19th century painting solved complex and urgent worldview problems, played an active role in public life; sharp criticism of social reality acquired great importance in painting. Throughout the 19th century the canons of academism, the abstract idealization of images, were also cultivated in painting; naturalistic tendencies emerged. In the fight against the abstractness of late classicism and salon academism, romanticism painting developed with its active interest in the dramatic events of history and modernity, the energy of the pictorial language, the contrast of light and shadow, and the saturation of color (T. Géricault, E. Delacroix in France; F. O. Runge and K. D. Friedrich in Germany, in many ways O. A. Kiprensky, Sylvester Shchedrin, K. P. Bryullov, A. A. Ivanov in Russia). realistic painting, based on direct observation of the characteristic phenomena of reality, comes to a more complete, concretely reliable, visually convincing depiction of life (J. Constable in the UK; K. Corot, master of the Barbizon school, O. Daumier in France; A. G. Venetsianov, P. A. Fedotov in Russia). During the period of the rise of the revolutionary and national liberation movement in Europe, the painting of democratic realism (G. Courbet, J. F. Millet in France; M. Munkachi in Hungary, N. Grigorescu and I. Andreescu in Romania, A. Menzel, V. Leibl in Germany, etc.) showed the life and work of the people, their struggle for their rights, turned to major events national history, created vivid images of ordinary people and advanced public figures; Schools of national realistic landscape emerged in many countries. The painting of the Wanderers and artists close to them - V. G. Perov, I. N. Kramskoy, I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov, V. V. Vereshchagin, closely connected with the aesthetics of the Russian revolutionary democrats, was distinguished by social and critical sharpness I. I. Levitan.
TO artistic expression the surrounding world in its naturalness and constant variability comes in the early 1870s. impressionist painting (E. Manet, C. Monet, O. Renoir, C. Pissarro, A. Sisley, E. Degas in France), which updated the technique and methods of organizing the pictorial surface, revealing the beauty of pure color and texture effects. In the 19th century in Europe, oil painting dominated, its technique in many cases acquired an individual, free character, gradually losing its inherent strict systematicity (which was facilitated by the spread of new factory-made paints); the palette expanded (new pigments and binders were created); instead of dark colored primers at the beginning of the 19th century. white soils were again introduced. Monumental and decorative painting, which used in the XIX century. almost exclusively glue or oil paints, fell into disrepair. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. attempts are being made to revive monumental painting and to merge different types of painting with works of arts and crafts and architecture into a single ensemble (mainly in "modern" art); the technical means of monumental and decorative painting are being updated, the technique of silicate painting is being developed.
At the end of XIX - XX centuries. the development of painting becomes especially complex and contradictory; various realist and modernist currents coexist and fight. Inspired by the ideals of the October Revolution of 1917, armed with the method of socialist realism, painting is intensively developing in the USSR and other socialist countries. New schools of painting are emerging in Asia, Africa, Australia, and Latin America.
Realistic painting of the late XIX - XX centuries. is distinguished by the desire to know and show the world in all its contradictions, to reveal the essence of the deep processes taking place in social reality, which sometimes do not have a sufficiently visual appearance; the reflection and interpretation of many phenomena of reality often acquired a subjective, symbolic character. 20th century along with the visual-visible volume-spatial method of depiction, he makes extensive use of new (as well as dating back to antiquity), conditional principles for interpreting the visible world. Already in the painting of post-impressionism (P. Cezanne, V. van Gogh, P. Gauguin, A. Toulouse-Lautrec) and partly in the painting of "modern" features were emerging that determined the features of some trends of the 20th century. (an active expression of the artist's personal relationship to the world, the emotionality and associativity of color, which has little to do with natural color relationships, exaggerated forms, decorativeness). The world was comprehended in a new way in the art of Russian painters of the late XIX - early XX centuries - in the paintings of V. A. Serov, M. A. Vrubel, K. A. Korovin.
In the XX century. reality is contradictory, and often deeply subjective, is realized and translated into painting major artists capitalist countries: P. Picasso, A. Matisse, F. Leger, A. Marquet, A. Derain in France; D. Rivera, J. C. Orozco, D. Siqueiros in Mexico; R. Guttuso in Italy; J. Bellows, R. Kent in the USA. In paintings, wall paintings, picturesque panels, a truthful understanding of the tragic contradictions of reality found expression, often turning into a denunciation of the deformities of the capitalist system. With the aesthetic understanding of the new, "technical" era, the reflection of the pathos of the industrialization of life is connected, the penetration into painting of geometric, "machine" forms, to which organic forms are often reduced, the search for those that meet the worldview modern man new forms that can be used in decorative arts, architecture and industry. Widespread in painting, mainly capitalist countries, since the beginning of the 20th century. received various modernist trends, reflecting the general crisis of the culture of bourgeois society; however, the "sick" problems of our time are also indirectly reflected in modernist painting. In the painting of many modernist movements(Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, and later Surrealism), individual more or less easily recognizable elements of the visible world are fragmented or geometrized, appear in unexpected, sometimes illogical combinations that give rise to many associations, merge with purely abstract forms. The further evolution of many of these trends led to a complete rejection of figurativeness, to the emergence of abstract painting(see Abstract Art), which marked the collapse of painting as a means of reflecting and cognizing reality. Since the mid 60s. in Western Europe and America, painting sometimes becomes one of the elements of pop art.
In the XX century. the role of monumental-decorative painting, both pictorial (for example, revolutionary-democratic monumental painting in Mexico) and non-pictorial, usually planar, in harmony with the geometrized forms of modern architecture, is growing.
In the XX century. there is a growing interest in research in the field of painting techniques (including wax and tempera; new paints are invented for monumental painting - silicone, on organosilicon resins, etc.), but oil painting still prevails.
Multinational Soviet painting is closely connected with the communist ideology, with the principles of party spirit and nationality of art, it represents qualitatively new stage development of painting, which is determined by the triumph of the method of socialist realism. In the USSR, painting is developing in all the Union and Autonomous Republics, and new national schools of painting are emerging. Soviet painting is characterized by a keen sense of reality, the materiality of the world, and the spiritual richness of images. The desire to embrace socialist reality in all its complexity and completeness led to the use of many genre forms, which are filled with new content. Already since the 20s. the historical and revolutionary theme acquires special significance (the canvases of M. B. Grekov, A. A. Deineka, K. S. Petrov-Vodkin, B. V. Ioganson, I. I. Brodsky, A. M. Gerasimov). Then patriotic canvases appear, telling about the heroic past of Russia, showing the historical drama of the Great Patriotic War 1941-45, spiritual fortitude Soviet man.
A large role in the development of Soviet painting is played by the portrait: collective images of people from the people, participants in the revolutionary reorganization of life (A. E. Arkhipov, G. G. Rizhsky and others); psychological portraits showing the inner world, the spiritual warehouse of the Soviet person (M. V. Nesterov, S. V. Malyutin, P. D. Korin, etc.).
The typical way of life of Soviet people is reflected in genre painting, which gives a poetic and vivid image of new people and a new way of life. Soviet painting is characterized by large canvases imbued with the pathos of socialist construction (S. V. Gerasimov, A. A. Plastov, Yu. I. Pimenov, T. N. Yablonskaya, and others). The aesthetic affirmation of the peculiar forms of life of the Union and Autonomous Republics underlies the national schools that have developed in Soviet painting (M. S. Saryan, L. Gudiashvili, S. A. Chuikov, U. Tansykbaev, T. Salakhov, E. Iltner, M. A Savitsky, A. Gudaitis, A. A. Shovkunenko, G. Aitiev, and others), representing the integral parts of the unified artistic culture of the Soviet socialist society.
In landscape painting, as in other genres, national artistic traditions are combined with the search for something new, with a modern sense of nature. The lyrical line of Russian landscape painting (V. N. Baksheev, N. P. Krymov, N. M. Romadin, etc.) is supplemented by the development industrial landscape with its rapid rhythms, with the motives of a transformed nature (B. N. Yakovlev, G. G. Nissky). Still life painting reached a high level (I. I. Mashkov, P. P. Konchalovsky, M. S. Saryan).
The evolution of the social functions of painting is accompanied by the general development of painting culture. Within the boundaries of a single realistic method, Soviet painting achieves diversity art forms, techniques, individual styles. The wide scope of construction, the creation of large public buildings and memorial ensembles contributed to the development monumental and decorative painting (works by V. A. Favorsky, E. E. Lansere, P. D. Korin), the revival of the technique of tempera painting, frescoes and mosaics. In the 60s - early 80s. the mutual influence of monumental and easel painting has increased, the desire to maximize the use and enrich the expressive means of painting has increased (see also the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and articles about the Soviet union republics) Vipper BR Articles about art. M., 1970.
Thus, painting is a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paints on a solid or flexible base, as well as creating an image using digital technology.
The number of styles and trends is huge, if not endless. The key feature by which works can be grouped by style is the unified principles of artistic thinking. The change of some ways of artistic thinking by others (alternating types of compositions, techniques of spatial constructions, features of color) is not accidental. Our perception of art is also historically changeable.
Building a system of styles in a hierarchical order, we will adhere to the Eurocentric tradition. The largest in the history of art is the concept of an era. Each era is characterized by a certain "picture of the world", which consists of philosophical, religious, political ideas, scientific ideas, psychological characteristics of the worldview, ethical and moral standards, aesthetic criteria of life, according to which they distinguish one era from another. These are the primitive era, the era ancient world, Antiquity, Middle Ages, Renaissance, New time.
Styles in art do not have clear boundaries, they smoothly pass one into another and are in continuous development, mixing and opposition. Within the framework of one historical artistic style, a new one is always born, and that, in turn, passes into the next. Many styles coexist at the same time and therefore there are no “pure styles” at all.
Several styles can coexist in the same historical era. For example, Classicism, Academicism and Baroque in XVII century, Rococo and Neoclassicism - in the XVIII, Romanticism and Academicism - in the XIX. Such styles as, for example, classicism and baroque are called great styles, since they apply to all types of art: architecture, painting, arts and crafts, literature, music.
It should be distinguished: artistic styles, trends, trends, schools and features of the individual styles of individual masters. Within one style, there can be several artistic directions. The artistic direction is made up of both signs typical of a given era and peculiar ways of artistic thinking. The Art Nouveau style, for example, includes a number of trends from the turn of the century: post-impressionism, symbolism, fauvism, and so on. On the other hand, the concept of symbolism as an artistic movement is well developed in literature, while in painting it is very vague and unites artists who are so different stylistically that it is often interpreted only as a worldview that unites them.
Below are the definitions of eras, styles and trends that are somehow reflected in modern fine and decorative arts.
| - an artistic style that was formed in the countries of Western and Central Europe in the XII-XV centuries. It was the result of the centuries-old evolution of medieval art, its highest stage and at the same time the first pan-European, international art style in history. It covered all kinds of art - architecture, sculpture, painting, stained glass, book design, arts and crafts. basis gothic style there was an architecture that is characterized by lancet arches soaring upwards, multi-colored stained-glass windows, visual dematerialization of form. Elements gothic art can often be found in modern interior design, in particular, in wall painting, less often in easel painting. Since the end of the last century, there has been a gothic subculture, clearly manifested in music, poetry, and fashion design. |
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| (Renaissance) - (French Renaissance, Italian Rinascimento) An era in the cultural and ideological development of a number of countries in Western and Central Europe, as well as some countries in Eastern Europe. The main distinguishing features of the Renaissance culture: secular character, humanistic worldview, appeal to the ancient cultural heritage, a kind of "revival" of it (hence the name). The culture of the Renaissance has the specific features of the transitional era from the Middle Ages to the new time, in which the old and the new, intertwined, form a peculiar, qualitatively new alloy. Difficult is the question of the chronological boundaries of the Renaissance (in Italy - 14-16 centuries, in other countries - 15-16 centuries), its territorial distribution and national characteristics. Elements of this style in modern art are often used in wall paintings, less often in easel painting. | |
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- (from the Italian maniera - technique, manner) a trend in European art of the 16th century. Representatives of mannerism moved away from the Renaissance harmonious perception of the world, the humanistic concept of man as a perfect creation of nature. A sharp perception of life was combined with a programmatic desire not to follow nature, but to express the subjective "inner idea" of the artistic image that was born in the artist's soul. Most clearly manifested in Italy. For Italian Mannerism 1520s. (Pontormo, Parmigianino, Giulio Romano) are characterized by the dramatic sharpness of the images, the tragedy of the worldview, the complexity and exaggerated expression of postures and movement motifs, the elongation of the proportions of the figures, coloristic and light and shade dissonances. Recently, it has been used by art historians to refer to phenomena in contemporary art associated with the transformation of historical styles. |
| - historical art style, which was originally distributed in Italy in the middle. XVI-XVII centuries, and then in France, Spain, Flanders and Germany in the XVII-XVIII centuries. More broadly, this term is used to define the ever-renewing tendencies of a restless, romantic worldview, thinking in expressive, dynamic forms. Finally, in every time, in almost every historical artistic style, one can find its own "baroque period" as a stage of the highest creative upsurge, tension of emotions, explosiveness of forms. | |
| - artistic style in Western European art XVII - early. XIX century and in Russian XVIII - early. XIX, referring to the ancient heritage as an ideal to follow. It manifested itself in architecture, sculpture, painting, arts and crafts. Classicist artists considered antiquity to be the highest achievement and made it their standard in art, which they sought to imitate. Over time, it was reborn into academism. | |
| - a trend in European and Russian art of the 1820s-1830s, which replaced classicism. Romantics brought individuality to the forefront, opposing the ideal beauty of the classicists to "imperfect" reality. Artists were attracted by bright, rare, extraordinary phenomena, as well as images of a fantastic nature. In the art of romanticism, a sharp individual perception and experience plays an important role. Romanticism liberated art from abstract classicistic dogmas and turned it towards national history and images of folklore. | |
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- (from lat. sentiment - feeling) - a direction of Western art of the second half of the 18th century, expressing disappointment in a “civilization” based on the ideals of “reason” (the ideology of the Enlightenment). S. proclaims feeling, solitary reflection, simplicity rural life"little man". J. J. Rousseau is considered to be the ideologist of S.. |
| - a direction in art that strives to display both the external form and the essence of phenomena and things with the greatest truth and reliability. How a creative method combines individual and typical features when creating an image. The longest time of existence direction, developing from the primitive era to the present day. | |
| - direction in European artistic culture late 19th-early 20th centuries Arising as a reaction to the domination of the norms of bourgeois "sanity" in the humanitarian sphere (in philosophy, aesthetics - positivism, in art - naturalism), symbolism first of all took shape in French literature of the late 1860s and 70s, and later became widespread in Belgium, Germany , Austria, Norway, Russia. The aesthetic principles of symbolism in many respects went back to the ideas of romanticism, as well as to some doctrines of the idealistic philosophy of A. Schopenhauer, E. Hartmann, partly F. Nietzsche, to the work and theorizing of the German composer R. Wagner. Symbolism contrasted the living reality with the world of visions and dreams. A symbol generated by poetic insight and expressing the otherworldly meaning of phenomena, hidden from ordinary consciousness, was considered a universal tool for comprehending the secrets of being and individual consciousness. The artist-creator was considered as an intermediary between the real and the supersensible, finding "signs" of world harmony everywhere, prophetically guessing the signs of the future both in modern phenomena and in the events of the past. | |
| - (from French impression - impression) a trend in art of the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries, which arose in France. Name has been entered art critic L. Leroy, who scornfully commented on the exhibition of artists in 1874, where, among others, the painting by C. Monet “Sunrise. Impression". Impressionism asserted the beauty of the real world, emphasizing the freshness of the first impression, the variability of the environment. The predominant attention to solving purely pictorial problems reduced the traditional idea of drawing as the main component of a work of art. Impressionism had a powerful impact on art European countries and the United States, aroused interest in stories from real life. (E. Manet, E. Degas, O. Renoir, C. Monet, A. Sisley, etc.) | |
| - a trend in painting (synonymous with divisionism), which developed within the framework of neo-impressionism. Neo-Impressionism originated in France in 1885 and also spread to Belgium and Italy. The neo-impressionists tried to apply the latest advances in the field of optics in art, according to which painting, made by separate points of primary colors, in visual perception gives a fusion of colors and the whole gamut of painting. (J. Seurat, P. Signac, K. Pissarro). | |
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post-impressionism- conditional collective name of the main directions of French painting to. XIX - 1st quarter. 20th century The art of post-impressionism arose as a reaction to impressionism, which fixed attention on the transfer of the moment, on the feeling of picturesqueness and lost interest in the form of objects. Among the post-impressionists are P. Cezanne, P. Gauguin, V. Gogh and others. |
| - style in European and American art at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Art Nouveau rethought and stylized the features of the art of different epochs, and developed its own artistic techniques based on the principles of asymmetry, ornamentality and decorativeness ty. Natural forms also become the object of stylization of modernity. This explains not only the interest in vegetative ornaments in the works of Art Nouveau, but also their compositional and plastic structure itself - an abundance of curvilinear outlines, floating shchix, uneven contours, reminiscent of plant forms. Closely associated with modernity is symbolism, which served as the aesthetic and philosophical basis for modernity, relying on modernity as a plastic implementation of its ideas. Art Nouveau had different names in different countries, which are essentially synonymous: Art Nouveau - in France, Secession - in Austria, Jugendstil - in Germany, Liberty - in Italy. |
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- (from French modern - modern) the general name of a number of art movements of the first half of the 20th century, which are characterized by the denial of traditional forms and aesthetics of the past. Modernism is close to avant-gardism and opposed to academicism. |
| - a name that unites the range of artistic movements that were widespread in the 1905-1930s. (Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Expressionism, Dadaism, Surrealism). All these areas are united by the desire to renew the language of art, to rethink its tasks, to gain freedom of artistic expression. | |
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- direction in art to. XIX - present. 20th century based on creative lessons french artist Paul Cezanne, who reduced all forms in the image to the simplest geometric figures, and color - to contrasting constructions of warm and cold tones. Cézannism served as one of the starting points for cubism. To a large extent, cezannism also influenced the domestic realistic school of painting. |
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- (from fauve - wild) avant-garde trend in French art n. 20th century The name "wild" was given contemporary critics a group of artists who spoke in 1905 at the Paris Salon of the Independent, and was ironic. The group included A. Matisse, A. Marquet, J. Rouault, M. de Vlaminck, A. Derain, R. Dufy, J. Braque, K. van Dongen and others. color solutions, the search for impulses in primitive creativity, the art of the Middle Ages and the East. |
| - deliberate simplification of visual means, imitation of the primitive stages of the development of art. This term refers to the so-called. naive art of artists who have not received special education, but are involved in the general artistic process to. XIX - early. XX century. The works of these artists - N. Pirosmani, A. Russo, V. Selivanov and others are characterized by a kind of childishness in the interpretation of nature, a combination of generalized form and petty literalness in details. The primitivism of the form by no means predetermines the primitiveness of the content. It often serves as a source for professionals who borrowed forms, images, methods from folk, essentially primitive art. N. Goncharova, M. Larionov, P. Picasso, A. Matisse drew inspiration from primitivism. | |
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- a direction in art that has developed on the basis of following the canons of antiquity and the Renaissance. It existed in many European schools of art from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Academism turned classical traditions into a system of "eternal" rules and regulations that fettered creative searches, tried to oppose imperfect living nature with "high" improved, extra-national and timeless forms of beauty brought to perfection. Academism is characterized by a preference for plots from ancient mythology, biblical or historical themes to plots from contemporary life for the artist. |
| - (French cubisme, from cube - cube) direction in the art of the first quarter of the XX century. The plastic language of cubism was based on the deformation and decomposition of objects into geometric planes, the plastic shift of form. The birth of cubism falls on 1907-1908 - the eve of the First World War. The undisputed leader of this trend was the poet and publicist G. Apollinaire. This trend was one of the first to embody the leading trends in the further development of the art of the twentieth century. One of these trends was the dominance of the concept over the artistic value of the painting itself. J. Braque and P. Picasso are considered the fathers of cubism. Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay, Juan Gris, and others joined the emerging current. | |
| - a trend in literature, painting and cinema that arose in 1924 in France. It greatly contributed to the formation of the consciousness of modern man. The main figures of the movement are Andre Breton, Louis Aragon, Salvador Dali, Luis Bunuel, Juan Miro and many other artists from all over the world. Surrealism expressed the idea of existence beyond the real, the absurdity, the unconscious, dreams, daydreams acquire an especially important role here. One of the characteristic methods of the surrealist artist is the removal from conscious creativity, which makes him a tool that in various ways extracts bizarre images of the subconscious, akin to hallucinations. Surrealism survived several crises, survived the second world war and gradually, merging with mass culture, intersecting with the transavant-garde, entered postmodernism as an integral part. | |
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- (from lat. futurum - future) literary and artistic movement in the art of the 1910s. Assigning itself the role of a prototype of the art of the future, futurism as the main program put forward the idea of dissolving cultural stereotypes and offered instead the apology of technology and urb anism as the main signs of the present and the future. An important artistic idea of futurism was the search for a plastic expression of the swiftness of movement as the main sign of the pace of modern life. The Russian version of futurism bore the name kybofuturism and was based on a combination of the plastic principles of French cubism and European general aesthetic settings futurism. |
One of the applied types of easel painting is theatrical and decorative painting - sketches of costumes for heroes and mise-en-scenes.
Monumental painting - painting of buildings
monumental painting cannot exist separately from the place where it is performed. This type of painting was very popular in the 16th-19th centuries, when majestic temples were built, and best artists painted their vaults. The most common type is a fresco, painting with water-based paints on wet plaster.Painting on dry plaster - secco - was also common, but such works have survived worse to our times. The most famous monumental painting is the large-scale painting of the Sistine Chapel, in which Michelangelo took part. According to critics, the frescoes of the chapel can be equated with the Eighth Wonder of the World.
The most ancient works of monumental painting are rock paintings of the first people.
Decorative painting - applied art
decorative painting closely related to arts and crafts. It plays rather an auxiliary role in the decoration of various objects. Decorative painting is a variety of patterns and ornaments that decorate household items, furniture, architecture. The authors of this type of painting may be unknown - simple paintings of peasant houses and furniture also belong to this type.Miniature painting - cute little things
Initially, miniature painting was the design of books. Old books were made with great care and were very expensive. For their decoration, special craftsmen were hired, who beautifully designed the headers, covers and screensavers between the chapters. These publications were a real work of art. There were several schools that adhered to the strict canons of miniature painting.Later, miniatures began to be called any small-scale paintings. They were used as souvenirs and memorable gifts. Despite its small size, this type of painting required great precision and skill. The most popular materials for souvenir miniatures were bone, stone and metal plates.
Advice 2: What are the types of easels: basic and popular
Drawing is one of the most interesting directions in creativity. But in order to paint a picture, you need to choose the right not only brushes and paints, but also an easel.
For some people, creativity, namely drawing, is an integral part of life in the form of a hobby or professional activity. Artists and amateurs attach particular importance to the materials and devices with which they work. So easels are an integral part creative process, so there is a need to consider these auxiliary items in more detail.
So, at the moment there are three main types, these are: tripod easels, vertical panel easels (stationary), as well as sketchbooks. Each type of easel has its own characteristics. For example, tripods are very easy to assemble and use. Such an easel can always be disassembled, while when folded, this device takes up very little space.
At the same time, vertical panel easels are very convenient, having the functions of adjusting the height and angle of inclination, but they take up a lot of space due to their stationarity. The principle of fastening paper or stretched canvas in these types of easels is practically unchanged. At the bottom there is a small panel for the location of consumables: pencils, paints, brushes and other things.
Sketchbooks can be used outdoors for from nature. At the same time, when assembled, this device turns into a small suitcase with which you can make long journeys to the place where the canvas is written.
The most popular easels
Tripod easels are the most popular. This is due to their convenience and compactness. In addition, such an easel can be made independently if you do not want to spend money on buying it.
For work in the studio or at home, table easels, that is, easels with a vertical panel, are often used. This type is convenient when working in one place, since its transportation is hampered by the inability to disassemble the item into smaller parts with subsequent assembly. At the same time, each type of easels is designed for a specific intended use, but the tripod can rightfully be considered the most versatile, since it can be used both for permanent work in the studio and for working from nature in nature, of course, if it is not too large.
Sources:
- Classification of easels
The art of decorating surfaces with paints and a brush is called artistic painting. The very concept of painting is seriously different from painting, as it is part of the space conceived by the artist.
Artistic painting was originally applied to any democratic and easily obtained materials: leather, wood, natural fabrics, clay, etc. Skills were passed down from generation to generation by masters, specific artistic techniques who helped wares. Over time, the most meaningful and expressive application of the ornament was chosen. In architecture, ceilings, vaults, walls, beams were decorated with paintings, and in everyday life, decor was applied to household items.
The systematization of various types of painting was first started in 1876 by Professor A.A. Isaev in his two-volume book entitled "Crafts of the Moscow province". Artistic painting enterprises are currently developing their business in order to meet the demand in the markets of Russia and abroad.
Khokhloma painting
Craftsmanship has found application in a rich floral ornament fine brush coming from the monasteries. From there, the secret was derived of how to paint dishes in gold color without the use of gold. The painting has not changed to the present, and the process from ancient times to the present day is the same. A blank of dishes is turned from wood on a lathe, then primed with a specially prepared clay solution or artificial primers are used. The dishes are covered with paint based on tin or silver, less often - aluminum. They paint according to the conceived motive and dry it in an oven, then varnish it and again do hot drying.
Since the product undergoes intensive heat treatment several times, the paints were chosen from those whose brightness was not affected by high temperatures. It is black, gold and cinnabar.
Gzhel porcelain
Gzhel is unique, since each artist, using classical and familiar motifs, creates the technique individually. The main role belongs to the experience of the master and the movement of his brush. At the same time, harmonious transitions from dark blue to pale blue appear on whiteness from one stroke. Only one paint is used, cobalt, and the drawing is done very quickly, the first time.
Matryoshka
These figurines of different sizes, nested in one another, originate from Japan. These dolls gained great popularity in 1900, after an exhibition in Paris. The main production took place in the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, which was famous for both painting and turners - after all, the shape of the nesting dolls had to be carved.
Polkhovskaya has distinctive features by which she can be recognized among others. She has a face painted in small strokes, and a wild grouse flower in her forehead. The color of the scarf contrasts with the color of the sundress, and from the back the matryoshka is 2/3 scarlet or green. The apron is oval and runs from the neck to the ground.
The most difficult to process, straw-encrusted matryoshka from Vyatka.
Almost every girl, if her free time is not overloaded with studies or dates, has one or more hobbies. Some of them captivate her with their originality for a short time, others are companions for life.
Instruction
The most common type of female hobby can be called all types of needlework: crochet, macrame, sewing, embroidery. This passion does not originate in empty place, it traditionally comes from mothers and grandmothers who do them in the presence of their daughters and granddaughters. The little girl becomes interested, and she asks adults to show her, loops, knots, a line or a chain stitch. At first, it doesn’t work out, and she can even give up her new hobby for a while, but after a few years nature will take its toll, and now a teenage girl will sew her first jeans or knit a beret.
Not so time-consuming, leaving the evenings free for other activities, is floriculture. All women love flowers, and those grown by their own are of the greatest interest. Tracking the appearance of shoots, their increase in size and subsequent flowering is akin to motherhood, which is why it gives pleasure to many of the fair sex. If you don’t have the patience to care for roses and violets, you can start with chlorophytum, or simple cacti.
The earliest hobbies a young child has are drawing and moving to music. If there is talent for them, then undertakings will not be lost, but will develop into the ability to display the external and inner worlds through painting and dancing. If there is no talent, but the soul insistently demands the expression of all her impulses, then the girl becomes a good photographer. Her photographs most often feature relatives and friends, significant places and corners of nature that captured the imagination.
Another method to realize your potential is to make crafts from various materials. This is clay modeling and soap making, carving and design. The latter can turn into a profession and become a good way to earn money. And carving can be called a kind of common, but far from all-encompassing hobby - cooking. Almost every girl is capable of cooking the simplest porridge and soup, baking pizza from everything that is in the refrigerator, but only a few of them have the art of preparing original dishes.
And finally, the general hobby of women of all ages and social categories is fortune telling. Most often on the cards, but to achieve the result, coffee grounds, palmistry and other divination methods are also used. Knowing the past and the future cannot be boring, and specializing in separate form can turn a girl into a real master.
Round and flat, with a wooden handle and plastic, marten and pony. A variety of shapes and types of brushes helps the artist to create masterpieces on canvas or paper. So, for example, the squirrel brush is mainly used to work with watercolor paint, and a linear brush is used for writing.
Brush shapes
One of the most common and versatile brush shapes is round. A bundle of such a brush is fixed in a round clip, usually metal. Brushes can be of different sizes. A small beam is used to create miniatures, and a large beam is used for large landscapes. A round brush provides a uniform line of the same thickness, although a skilled artist can vary it.
It is good to work out large areas of the composition with flat brushes, they hold a lot of paint in themselves. Strokes with such a brush are smooth and wide.
The brush called "cat's eye" has an oval or domed shape. Such a brush is very individual in use and can be applied in the same way as round and flat.
A subspecies of flat brushes is contour, they have a similar shape, but the bundle is shorter and, accordingly, more elastic. Such brushes are used for oil painting techniques, they are easy to make flat strokes and clear contours.
Type brushes have a round long bunch with a thin, sharp tip, which allows you to write and apply contours. Such brushes are used with liquid paints.
Retouching brushes also belong to a variety of flat brushes, their peculiarity lies in the tip cut at an angle. These brushes are used to create very thin strokes and smooth and precise transitions from one color to another. This is due to the thin and sharp tip.
Line brushes, like type brushes, have a round, long beam shape and are used to apply inscriptions and create long, even lines. Line brushes are shorter than type brushes, but longer and thinner than round ones.
Flute brushes, in addition to painting, are used when applying makeup, namely, powder or blush. These soft brushes are designed for free painting with watercolors. They hold a lot of water, so they can draw long, solid, uniform lines without interruption.
Fan brushes have a thin bunch in the shape of a fan. They are used to create subtle color stretches, color transitions and contrasts.
Types of brushes
In addition to shapes and sizes, there is a significant difference in types of brushes, namely, what kind of hair the bundle is made of. The most common type of brush is the squirrel. Such brushes are made from processed tail hairs of a squirrel, since it is in the tail that the longest pile is. Squirrel brushes are very soft and delicate, so they require special care. They are used to work with watercolor paint or other water-based paint.
Kolinsky brushes are made from processed kolinsky tail hair. These brushes are quite soft and at the same time elastic. Therefore they are used
The great figure, scientist and Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci said: "Painting is poetry that is seen, and poetry is painting that is heard." And one cannot but agree with him. Real art is truly perceived comprehensively. We see, and contemplate, and hear, and in our souls we keep the works of art we like. And world masterpieces remain in our memory for many years.
Genres and types of painting
Drawing a picture, the master performs it in a certain state, a special character. The work will not turn out to be full-fledged, worthy of love and attention, if only form and color are depicted on it. The artist is obliged to endow objects with a soul, people with charisma, a spark, perhaps a secret, nature with peculiar feelings, and events with real experiences. And genres and types of painting help the creator in this. They allow you to correctly convey the mood of an era, event, fact, it is better to capture the main idea, image, landscape.
The main ones include:
- Historical- depiction of facts, moments in the history of different countries and eras.
- Battle- transmits battle scenes.
- Domestic- Scenes from everyday life.
- Scenery These are paintings of nature. There are sea, mountain, fantastic, lyrical, rural, urban, space landscapes.
- Still life- illustrates inanimate objects: kitchen utensils, weapons, vegetables, fruits, plants, etc.
- Portrait- This is an image of a person, a group of people. Often, artists like to paint self-portraits or canvases depicting their lovers.
- animalistic- Pictures about animals.
Separately, one can single out another plot-thematic genre and include here works, the subject of which are myths, legends, epics, as well as paintings of everyday life.
Types of painting also mean separate ones. They help the artist achieve perfection when creating a canvas, tell him in which direction to move and work. There are the following options:
- Panorama- an image of the area in a large-scale format, a general view.
- Diorama- an image of battles, spectacular events curved in a semicircle.
- Miniature- Manuscripts, portraits.
- Monumental and decorative painting- painting on walls, panels, plafonds, etc.
- iconography- paintings on religious themes.
- decorative painting- creation of artistic scenery in cinema and theater.
- easel painting In other words, pictures.
- Decorative painting of everyday objects of life.
As a rule, each master of fine arts chooses for himself one particular genre and type of painting that is closest to him in spirit, and mostly works only in it. For example, Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (Hovhannes Gayvazyan) worked in the style seascape. Such artists are also called marine painters (from "marina", which in Latin means "sea").
Techniques
Painting is a certain manner of executing the plot, its feeling through the world of colors and strokes. And of course, such reproduction cannot be done without the use of certain techniques, patterns and rules. The very concept of "technique" in the visual arts can be defined as a set of techniques, norms and practical knowledge, with the help of which the author conveys the idea and plot of the picture most accurately, close to reality.
The choice of painting technique depends on what kind of materials, type of canvas will be taken to create a work. Sometimes an artist can take an individual approach to his work, take advantage of a mixture of different styles and trends. This author's approach allows you to create truly unique works of art - world masterpieces.
In technical terms, there are several options for painting. Let's consider them in more detail.
Painting of ancient times
The history of painting begins with rock carvings of primitive man. At this time, the paintings are not distinguished by the liveliness of the plots, the riot of colors, but there was a peculiar emotion in them. And the plots of those years clearly inform us about the existence of life in the distant past. The lines are extremely simple, the subject is predictable, the directions are unambiguous.
In ancient times, the content of the drawings becomes more diverse, more often they depict animals, different things, make whole biographies on the entire wall, especially if the pictures are created for the pharaohs, in which they then believed very much. After about another two thousand years, wall paintings begin to acquire colors.
Ancient painting, in particular, Old Russian, is well conveyed and preserved in old icons. They are a shrine and the best example, conveying the beauty of art from God. Their color is unique, and the purpose is perfect. Such painting conveys the unreality of being, images and instills in a person the idea of a divine principle, of the existence of an ideal art, which must be equal to.
The development of painting did not pass without a trace. Behind for a long time humanity has managed to accumulate real relics and spiritual heritage of many centuries.
Watercolor
Watercolor painting is distinguished by the brightness of colors, purity of color and transparency of application to paper. Yes, it is on a paper surface that it is best to work in this fine art technique. The drawing dries quickly and as a result acquires a lighter and matte texture.
Watercolor does not allow you to achieve interesting tints when using dark, solid shades, but it perfectly models the color when the layers are superimposed one on top of the other. In this case, it turns out to find completely new, unusual options that are difficult to obtain with other artistic techniques.
Difficulties with watercolor
The complexity of working in such a technique as watercolor painting lies in the fact that it does not forgive mistakes, does not allow improvisation with cardinal changes. If you did not like the applied tone or you got a completely different color that you wanted, then it is unlikely that you will be able to fix it. Any attempts (washing with water, scraping, mixing with other colors) can lead to both a more interesting shade and complete contamination of the picture.
Changing the location of a figure, an object, any improvement in composition in this technique is essentially impossible to do. But due to the quick drying of paints on painting, it is ideal for drawing sketches. And in terms of depicting plants, portraits, urban landscapes, it can compete with oil paintings.
Oil
Each of the technical varieties of painting has its own specifics. This applies to both the manner of performance and the artistic transmission of the image. Oil painting is one of the favorite techniques of many artists. It is difficult to work in it, because it requires a certain level of knowledge and experience: from preparing the necessary items, materials to the final stage - covering the resulting picture protective layer varnish.
The whole process of oil painting is quite laborious. Regardless of which base you choose: canvas, cardboard or hardboard (fibreboard), you must first cover it with primer. It will allow the paint to lie down and hold well, not to stand out from the oil. It will also give the background the desired texture and color. There are a lot of types and recipes for various soils. And each artist prefers his own, specific, to which he is accustomed and which he considers the best option.
As mentioned above, the work takes place in several stages, and the final is the coating of the picture with varnish substances. This is done in order to protect the canvas from moisture, the appearance of cracks (mesh) and other mechanical damage. Oil painting does not tolerate work on paper, but thanks to the whole technology of applying paints, it allows you to save works of art safe and sound for the ages.
fine arts of china
I would like to pay special attention to the era of Chinese painting, since it has a special page in history. East direction painting has evolved over more than six thousand years. Its formation was closely connected with other crafts, social changes and conditions taking place in people's lives. For example, after the introduction of Buddhism in China, religious frescoes acquired great importance. In times (960-1127), paintings become popular historical character talking about everyday life as well. Landscape painting has established itself as an independent direction already in the 4th century AD. e. Images of nature were created in blue-green colors and Chinese ink. And in the ninth century, artists increasingly began to paint pictures that depicted flowers, birds, fruits, insects, fish, embodying their ideals and the nature of the era in them.
Features of Chinese painting
Traditional Chinese painting is notable for its specific style as well as the materials used for painting, which in turn influences the methods and forms. oriental art. First, Chinese painters use a special brush to create paintings. It looks like watercolor and has a particularly sharp tip. Such a tool allows you to create sophisticated works, and, as you know, the style of calligraphy is still widely used in China. Secondly, ink is used everywhere as paints - Chinese ink (it happens that together with other colors, but it is also used as an independent paint). This has been happening for two thousand years. It is also worth noting that before the advent of paper, people in China painted on silk. Today, modern masters of art perform their work both on paper and on a silk surface.
This is not all the technical possibilities of painting. In addition to the above, there are many others (gouache, pastel, tempera, fresco, acrylic, wax, painting on glass, porcelain, etc.), including author's options for art.
Epochs of painting
Like any art form, painting has its own history of formation. First of all, it is characterized different stages development, multifaceted styles, interesting directions. Not last role epochs of painting play here. Each of them affects not just a piece of the life of the people and not only the time of some historical events, but a whole life! Among the most known periods in the art of painting, one can distinguish: the Renaissance and Enlightenment, the work of impressionist artists, modern, surrealism and many, many others. In other words, painting is a visual illustration of a certain era, a picture of life, a worldview through the eyes of an artist.
The concept of "painting" literally means "to write life", to depict reality vividly, masterfully, convincingly. To convey on your canvas not only every detail, every little thing, moment, but also the mood, emotions, color of this or that time, the style and genre of the entire work of art.
