Genres constitute a certain system due to the fact that they are generated by a common set of causes, and also because they interact, support each other's existence and at the same time compete with each other.
Main epic genres:
Epic (epic poem) - an extensive narrative in verse or prose about prominent national historical events. epic poem, epic, song called the dominant species folk epic, which arose in the early pre-literary stages of literature (see, for example, "The Song of Roland", "The Song of Side"). The epic depicted the most significant (according to Hegel - "substantial") events and collisions of life: either the clashes of the forces of nature, mythologically realized by folk fantasy, or the military clashes of tribes and peoples. Ancient and medieval epics in form were large poetic works that arose either by combining relatively short mythological and epic tales, or by unfolding (growth) of the central event (compare, for example, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey).
Fairy tale- one of the main genres of oral folk poetry, epic, mostly prose piece of art magical, adventurous or everyday nature with a fantasy setting. From other types of oral prose or works in which fiction plays a significant role, a fairy tale. differs in that the storyteller presents it, and the listeners perceive it primarily as a poetic fiction, a play of fantasy. A literary fairy tale is no longer a product folk art, but the work of a specific author who uses figurative and motivic archetypes in his narrative folk tale(“The Tale of the Golden Cockerel”, “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” by A.S. Pushkin) or creating a new model based on certain fairy-tale tricks-functions (according to V.Ya. Propp). Compare, for example, the technique of "miraculous transformation" in M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Wild Landowner".
Novel – epic work large form, in which the narrative is focused on the fate of an individual in its external and internal collisions with the environment, on the formation of its self-awareness and character. The novel is the epic of modern times. Unlike the folk epic, where the individual and the folk soul are inseparable, the novel historically arises and develops when conditions begin to develop for the moral freedom of an individual, for the development of his self-consciousness and self-affirmation, for his ideological and moral denial of old universally significant norms. The life of the individual and the life of society appear in the novel as relatively independent, but, as a rule, opposing principles. A typical novel situation is a clash in the hero of the moral and human (personal) with natural and social necessity. Since the novel develops in modern times, where the nature of the relationship between man and society is constantly changing, insofar as its form is essentially “open”: the main situation is each time filled with concrete historical content and is embodied in various genrevarieties(picaresque, socially-domestic, historical, adventure novel, etc.).
The heyday of the novel, namely his socio-psychological variety occurs in the era of realism. Showing the formation of the characters' characters in complex conflict interactions, many realist writers traced both the formation and the change of these characters in certain national-historical conditions and therefore covered the narrative very much. broad spheres public life depicted eras and countries - their civil, spiritual, domestic relations and customs ("Eugene Onegin" by Pushkin, "Father Goriot" by Balzac, "Hard Times" by Dickens). Such novels were often branched, multi-linear in plot and monumental in volume (“Lost Illusions” by Balzac, “ cold house" Dickens, "Anna Karenina" L.N. Tolstoy, The Brothers Karamazov by F.M. Dostoevsky), and sometimes even combined into cycles (“ human comedy» Balzac).
epic novel– narrative genre connecting genre settings epics with her interest in the formation of society - in events and goodies national historical significance, and genre settings novel aimed at embodying the formation of the character of an individual in her own life and in her internal contradictions and external clashes with the world (cf .: “War and Peace” by L.N. Toltoy, “ Quiet Don» M.A. Sholokhov).
Tale- a medium-sized narrative genre that occupies a middle position between the novel and the short story. It differs from the novel in less completeness and breadth of pictures of everyday life, customs, etc., and differs from the story in greater complexity. In the historical and literary tradition, the term story, mainly applied to works of Russian literature. Initially, in the history of ancient Russian literature, this term was used to refer to prose works that did not have a pronounced expressiveness of artistic speech (“The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu”). But in the 18th century, when the term novel, story began to be called an epic work of a smaller volume. V.G. Belinsky gives this distinction a general definition: he calls story"a fragmented ... novel," a chapter torn from a novel. Gradually, a stable theoretical idea was formed: story- a small form of epic prose, story- her middle form, novel- big. It still prevails to this day.
Story- a small epic (usually prose) work depicting some episode or a series of episodes from the life of one hero (or several heroes). The story as a literary genre arose at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries; unlike the short story, it is not the plot that is brought to the fore, but the verbal texture of the narration itself, which implies the presence of detailed characteristics, often refracted through the perception of the narrator-narrator, increasing specific gravity details in art space works, the presence of leitmotifs, etc.
Novella- a small narrative genre, comparable in volume to the story (which sometimes gives rise to their identification), but differing from it in genesis, history and structure. The novel is based on an unusual event, an unexpected event or an "unheard of incident" (Goethe). "Cultivating" the case, the short story reveals to the utmost the core of the plot - the central vicissitudes, reduces life material into the focus of one event. Unlike the story, the short story is the art of the plot in its purest form, developed in ancient times and addressed primarily to the active side of human existence (S. Sierotvensky). The novelistic plot, built on situational antitheses and abrupt transitions between them, usually ends with an unexpected denouement.
Feature article- a small narrative genre, close in volume and formal content structure to the story. However, a specific genre feature of the essay is documentary. The focus of the essay writer is on the issues of the civil and moral state of the "environment" (usually embodied in specific individuals and situations), that is, the problems of "moral descriptive" (G.N. Pospelov). The heyday of essay writing in the history of national literature occurs when in society, in connection with the crisis public relations or with the emergence of a new way of life, "moral-descriptive" interests sharply increase. Essay literature usually combines features of fiction and journalism.
Main lyric genres:
Oh yeah - genre of lyric poetry target installation of glorification, praise of socially significant personalities and events. It is written, as a rule, on a certain solemn occasion (victory in a war, accession to the throne of a ruler, etc.), hence the rhetorical and pathetic nature of its stylistic embodiment. Oda, unlike madrigal(complimentary poem addressed to a private person), its task is not just to glorify the mighty of the world this, but the assertion of certain public values, the embodiment of which is the glorified object. The author interprets it as a kind of social ideal, which is the guarantor of a fair world order, reasonable social laws, and the progressive movement of history. Hence the element of edification in the picture of lyrical experience. Therefore, the ode is not so much complimentary as didactic. It is no coincidence that the ode flourished in the era of classicism (the most bright patterns genre - "Ode on the day of the accession to the throne of Elizabeth Petrovna" M.V. Lomonosov; "Felitsa" G.R. Derzhavin). In the case when the odic object is metaphysical principles (or abstract concepts), the ode acquires an extra-social, philosophical character (ode “God”, “On the Death of Prince Meshchersky” by G.R. Derzhavin).
Target installation for praise is close to the ode and hymn, however hymn addressed not to specific person, but to some personified transpersonal force (god, providence, state). The hymn differs from the ode also in its functional setting, namely, in the setting for singing. There are the following types of anthem - state, revolutionary, military, religious.
Message- this is a poetic work designed for a very specific real addressee (single or collective), indicated in the text of the poem itself, having as an installation an “interview” with the addressee on one or another topic that is relevant to the author (the subject of the conversation may be the relationship of correspondents, their life and creative views, philosophical, aesthetic, socio-political problems).
The addressee of the message can be given directly (explicitly) - in the title, in a nominal address, as well as indirectly (implicitly). In the second case, an indication of it is contained in the very artistic structure of the work and is revealed through appeals, questions, appeals, requests, etc., as well as through the intended acquaintance of the addressee with the unique and peculiar; the situation depicted in the poem.
Correspondence of correspondents creates that dialogicity that introduces a certain objectifying principle into the sphere of lyrical experience - an indication of another person and the possible factors of everyday life, literary practice associated with him, public position, attitudes. With any degree of poetic conventionality (primarily the conventionality of the roles attributed in the artistic system of the work to the author and addressee), this genre opens a direct exit into the sphere of topical life (and sometimes momentary) interests, being elevated to the level of art epistolary contact of one real person with the other on issues essential to both.
The message as a genre is determined precisely by the setting for a dialogue with the addressee. This is its typology and difference from other related genres, which also allow specific addressing, but have their own prevalent purpose, which characterizes them as a genre. The heyday of the epistle genre is observed in the era of romanticism (cf.: “To the partisan-poet” by P. Vyazemsky; “From a letter to Gnedich”, “Yazikov”, “To Chaadaev” by A. Pushkin).
elegy ( from the Greek elegeia - mournful song ) - a genre of lyric poetry, a poem of sad content. In modern European and Russian poetry, it is based on introspective attitudes that define a complex of such stable features as intimacy, motives of disappointment, unhappy love, loneliness, death, and the frailty of earthly existence. Classic genre sentimentalism and romanticism (cf.: "Elegy" by A.S. Pushkin).
Idyll(from the Greek. eidýllion) - in ancient literature, the genre of pastoral (shepherd) poetry, which was characterized by an interest in Everyday life ordinary people, to intimate feelings, nature; the depiction is deliberately artless and emphatically non-social. In the literature of sentimentalism and romanticism, a small poem depicting a peaceful life in unity with nature, while the main attention is paid to internal state author or character.
Epigram- a satirical or philosophical-meditative poem “in case”, the distinctive features of which are determined by its genesis (the original meaning of the epigram is an inscription on something), which determines the laconic presentation, aphoristic and contextual conditionality of the picture of experience by an epigrammatic object (cf. the epigram of A.S. Pushkin on Count Vorontsov: "Half-my lord, half-merchant ..." or Akhmatova's epigram "Could Bice create like Dante ...").
Genetically close to the epigram genre inscription(cf.: “The inscription on the book” by A. Akhmatova; “To the portrait of A.A. Blok”, “To the portrait of Dostoevsky” by In. Annensky) and epitaph(epitaph). Compare: "Poems in memory of A. Bely".
Song- originally a folklore genre, which in its broadest sense includes everything that is sung, subject to the simultaneous combination of words and melody; in a narrow sense - a small poetic lyrical genre that exists among all peoples and is characterized by the simplicity of musical and verbal construction, due to the author's setting for performance to music.
Sonnet– small (14-line) lyric poem, consisting of two quatrains (quatrains) for two rhymes and two three-verses (tercetes) for three rhymes. A sonnet with the indicated strophic organization is usually called an “Italian” sonnet (there are 2 types of rhyme arrangement most common in it: quatrains according to the abab abab or abba abba scheme, tercetes according to the cdc dcd or cdc cde scheme). The “Shakespearean” sonnet, consisting of three quatrains and a final couplet (abab cdcd efef gg), has also become widespread. The clear internal articulation of the sonnet makes it possible to emphasize dialectical development themes: already early theorists provided for “rules” not only for the form, but also for the content of the sonnet (pauses, dots on the boundaries of stanzas; not a single meaningful word is repeated; the last word- the semantic key of the whole poem, etc.); in modern times, the deployment of the theme in 4 stanzas of the sonnet was more than once interpreted as the sequence “thesis - development of the thesis - antithesis - synthesis”, “outset - development - climax - denouement”, etc.
Ballad- a lyrical epic work, the plot of which is borrowed from folk or historical traditions. In medieval England, a ballad is a folk story song of dramatic content with a chorus, usually on a historical, legendary or fantastic theme (for example, a cycle of ballads about Robin Hood). Ballad close to English and Scottish folk ballad, became a favorite genre of poetry of sentimentalism and especially romanticism (R. Burns, S. Coleridge, W. Blake - in England, G. Burger, F. Schiller, G. Heine - in Germany). Introduced into Russian literature by V. Zhukovsky ("Lyudmila", altered from "Lenora" by Burger, "Svetlana"). Ballads were written by A.S. Pushkin ("Song of prophetic Oleg”, “Groom”), M.Yu. Lermontov ("Airship"), A.K. Tolstoy (mainly on the topics of Russian history). Soviet poets N.S. Tikhonov, E.G. Bagritsky are the authors of ballads with heroic themes.
The same term in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance was also used to designate a purely lyrical genre, the formal feature of which was the specific design of the finale in the form of a so-called “premise” addressed to a conditional or real addressee and the presence of a refrain (repeating the last line of each stanza and “premise” ). (cf. "The Ballad of the Ladies of the Past" by F. Villon).
Poem- this is a work in verse ("The Bronze Horseman" by A.S. Pushkin, "Mtsyri" by M.Yu. Lermontov, "Vasily Terkin" by A.T. Tvardovsky), which occupies an intermediate position between epic And lyrics. In the lyrical-epic poem, the event plot, often unfolding in wanderings, acts as a result of the author's experience, while in " Dead souls» prosaic life situations and satirical portraits of non-smokers in the foreground.
Main dramatic genres:
Tragedy- a genre of drama imbued with pathos tragic(see the definition of tragic pathos in the next section). The tragedy is based on acute socio-historical conflicts, collisions of a person with fate, fate, history, etc., expressed in a tense form of struggle strong characters and passions. A tragic conflict usually touches upon the fundamental problems of human existence and is resolved by the death of the protagonist (cf.: "Hippolytus" by Euripides, "Hamlet", "Macbeth" by V. Shakespeare; "Boris Godunov" by A. Pushkin).
Comedy – genre of drama comic pathos (see the definition of comic pathos in the next section). For a long time, K. meant a work, a polar tragedy, with an obligatory happy ending. In many poetics, up to classicism (N. Boileau), comedy was defined as a "lower" genre. The subject of the comedy is “improper”, contrary to the social ideal or norm. Exposure of social and human vices is the purpose of comedy. First of all, the comedian wraps the “improper” in ridiculous forms: the heroes of the comedy are internally untenable, inconsistent, do not correspond to their position, purpose (the author’s ideal), due to which they are depicted in a reduced, ridiculously caricatured form, recreated with the help of satirical tricks ( types of comic), such as irony, sarcasm, parody, hyperbole, grotesque, farce etc. Spiritual failure, "viciousness" put the comic hero below the surrounding reality, plunging him into a "ghostly life" (Hegel); her, as an "anti-ideal", as opposed to true social and human values, and exposes laughter, thereby fulfilling its "ideal", health-improving mission.
According to the principle of organizing a comic action, they distinguish comedyprovisions based on a cunning, intricate intrigue (“Much Ado About Nothing” by W. Shakespeare); comedycharacters or mores, based on the ridicule of individual hypertrophied human qualities or social vices (“Tartuffe” by J.-B. Moliere; “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov); comedy of ideas ridiculing outdated or banal ideas (“Pygmalion” by B. Shaw). Comedy genre modification based on character differences comic, depending on which satirical, humorous comedy and tragicomedies.
Drama- one of the leading genres of dramaturgy, since the Enlightenment. It reproduces the private life of a person (in social, psychological, family and household, and other aspects) in acutely conflicting, but unlike tragedies, not hopeless relations with society or with oneself (cf .: “Thunderstorm” by N.A. Ostorvsky; “ At the bottom" by M. Gorky).
One of the common types of drama is melodrama, which can be defined as a play with sharp intrigue, a sharp opposition between good and evil, exaggerated emotionality (cf.: “Guilty Without Guilt” by N.A. Ostrovsky).
Symbiotic genre is lyrical drama, which occupies an intermediate position between the two genera - lyrics And drama(cf .: "The Stranger" by A. Blok; "Phaedra" by M. Tsvetaeva).
Control questions and tasks
What is a genre? What is the relationship between genre and gender?
What epic genres do you know? State their main features.
What are the characteristic genre features of tragedy, comedy, drama?
What are the characteristic genre features of an ode, an elegy, a message?
Topic 5. Literary work in the content aspect
Content of a work of art- this is a set of meanings, expressed in a holistic system of meanings of the work. It should be noted that the concepts meaning And content sometimes used in different meanings. Meaning also stands in the same synonymic row as content, but the concept of “meaning” is wider, because the content is considered to be that complex of significances that author invests in the text, and the meaning is a category that characterizes the complex of significances that is formed when perception works. Therefore, the meaning of the work can change - in the process of historical and cultural evolution, as a result of a change in the philosophical picture of the world, etc.
Idea works (or the main idea work) is a conceptual expression of the content essence of the work.
Subject works are the most essential components artistic sense, this is all that has become the subject of the author's interest, comprehension and evaluation, the sphere of artistic comprehension of the world, presented in the work by the author in accordance with his system of values. An extremely generalized formulation of a topic is called a concept. Thus, the theme is the sphere of artistic comprehension presented in the work. It is not just a world or a fragment of an external or inner being, but a fragment of being, axiologically singled out, accentuated by the author - in accordance with his system of values. Artistic themes is a combination of certain principles:
ontological and anthropological universals;
Philosophical and ethical universals;
Local cultural and historical phenomena;
Phenomena of individual life in their inherent value;
Reflective-creative phenomena.
Problems of the work- this is a complex of actual significant topics for the author, the solution of which is somehow assumed in the work.
Category ideas characterizes the content of the work in terms of its relationship to the author's worldview, it is an alloy of author's generalizations and feelings. The concept of idea can be used in two senses. Firstly, the idea is called the intelligible essence of objects, which is beyond the limits of material existence (this is the “platonic” understanding of the idea). Secondly, the idea is often associated with the sphere of subjective experience, with "personal" knowledge of being. In literature, the word idea is used in both senses. The artistic idea present in the work includes both the directed interpretation and assessment by the author of certain life phenomena and the embodiment of the philosophical view of the world in its integrity, coupled with the spiritual self-disclosure of the author. Artistic ideas differ from scientific ones not only in that they are always emotionally colored, but also in that the generalizations of artists and writers often precede the later scientific worldview. At the same time, quite often in works of art there are ideas and truths that have long been established in social experience.
The meaningful unity of a work is unthinkable without a category pathos, which expresses the author's "axiology". Pathos- this is the author's modality, the author's emotional and evaluative perception of the subject that he describes, expressed in a certain emotional tone. This author's attitude (openly emotionally or latently manifested in the work) is called in contemporary literature – author's emotionality(V.E. Khalizev), artistry mode(N. Fry, V.I. Tyupa) (from Latin modus - measure, method, image). However, in traditional literary criticism, the term pathos is used (from the Greek pathos - suffering (pathology, pathos), passion).
The types of pathos coincide, on the one hand, with the emotional mood of the author, on the other hand, with his axiological position, that is, with the author's ideas about the proper (ideal) and improper (negative). At the same time, when determining pathos, one must take into account the relationship between the hero and the world, or life situation in which the hero operates.
At the core idyllic pathos lies a harmonious and joyful perception of life. The world is arranged correctly and the hero is in harmony With the world.
Elegiac pathos suggests a sad and dull tonality of the work, caused by the internal isolation of private being. Hence the motives for the intrinsic value of the state of inner life. The state of loneliness in the world, solitude, comprehension of the secrets of being, contrition about the fleeting time, the finiteness of life, the passing of youth and the approach of death. The questioning of being about its secret. Meditative reasoning, reflection.
Tragic pathos associated with global insoluble existential-ontological contradictions. The world is arranged wrong, and the hero is a person who rebelled against the world or fate.
At the core dramatic pathos lies the idea of harmoniously organized world in which individuals are in conflict with certain aspects of the world and with other people. Personality in this case does not oppose the world order, but another "I".
Heroic pathos- this is a type of author's emotionality associated with heroism and the glorification of human will and strength. The world is arranged correctly, but it is in danger, the whole world order is collapsing, and the hero, saving him, does not distinguish himself from the “whole world” and acts in his interests.
The following three types of pathos are based on comic or funny start. Identification of their essence and specificity involves the definition comic as an aesthetic category.
comic goes back to carnival-amateur laughter (M. Bakhtin). In the course of the development of culture, several types of comic are isolated: irony, humor, satire underlying the corresponding types of pathos. At the heart of the comic there is always a contradiction, which can manifest itself in exaggerating the size of objects (caricature), fantastic combinations (grotesque) and the convergence of distant concepts (sharpness).
Satirical pathos- this is pathos, suggesting annihilating ridicule of phenomena that seem vicious to the author. At the same time, the power of satire depends on social significance the position taken by the satirist and the effectiveness of satirical methods (sarcasm, grotesque, hyperbole, farce, parody, etc.).
Humorous pathos suggests both mockery and sympathy, outwardly comic interpretation and inner involvement in what seems ridiculous. In works based on humorous pathos under the mask of the funny lurks serious attitude to the subject of laughter, which provides a more holistic display of the essence of the phenomenon.
Ironic pathos suggests laughter, which has an alienating-mocking character. At the same time, it presupposes ridicule and denial, pretended to be clothed in the form of consent and approval. This kind of pathos is based on allegory, when the true meaning of the statement is the opposite of the verbalized meaning. ironic pathos Document
Epic genre - what is it? The fact is that it is impossible to answer this question unambiguously. This is due to the fact that this genre contains several varieties. Let's see what is the epic genre, and what directions does it contain? And also in what connects the epic and the lyrics.
What is a literary genre?
It seems that at the beginning of the narrative about the genres of epic works, it would be appropriate to understand the concept of a literary genre as such. The word "genre" comes from the French genre, taken from the Latin, where there is the word genus, both of them mean "kind, genus."
As for the literary genre, they are such groups of works of literature that are formed historically and are united by a set of a number of properties. Such properties are both substantive and formal. In this they differ from literary forms, which are distinguished only on the basis of formal features. Often the genre is confused with the type of literature, which is wrong.
Now let's move on to a direct consideration of the question that this is an epic genre.
What is the essence of the concept?
An epic (as the genre we are considering is also called) is one (just like drama and lyrics) that tells about events that supposedly took place in the past. And the narrator remembers them. characteristic feature epic is the coverage of being in such various aspects as:
- Plastic bulk.
- Extension in time and space.
- Plot, or richness of events.
Aristotle on the nature of the epic
ancient greek philosopher 4th century BC e. Aristotle in his work "Poetics" wrote that the epic genre is (unlike dramatic and lyrical works) the impartiality and objectivity of the author at the moment of narration. According to Aristotle, the features of the epic are the following:
- A wide scope of reality, which means the image and privacy individual characters, and phenomena occurring in public life.
- Disclosure of the characters of people in the course of the plot.
- Objectivity in the narrative, in which the author's attitude to his characters and the world depicted in the work occurs through the selection of artistic details.
Varieties of the epic
As mentioned above, there are several types of epic genres that can be grouped on the basis of their volume. These are large, medium and small. Each of these types includes the following varieties:
- The major ones include the epic, the novel, the epic poem (the epic poem).
- To the middle belongs such a kind as a story.
- Among the small ones they name a story, a short story and an essay.
A little more about the varieties of works that belong to the epic genres will be discussed below.
What else should be noted? There are also folklore, folk-epic genres, such as epic, fairy tale and historical song.
What else is the significance of the epic?
Features of this genre are also the following:
- An epic work is not limited in scope. As V. E. Khalizev, who was a Soviet and Russian literary critic, said, the epic refers to such a kind of literature that contains not only short stories, but also works designed for long reading or listening - epics, novels.
- In the epic genre big role belongs to the image of the narrator (narrator). He, talking about the events themselves, about the characters, at the same time delimits himself from what is happening. But at the same time, in the narration itself, not only what is being told is reproduced, imprinted, but also the mindset of the narrator, his manner of presentation.
- In the epic genre, it is possible to use almost any artistic means known in literature. The narrative form inherent in it makes it possible to penetrate deeply into the inner world of an individual.
two large forms
The leading genre of epic literature until the 18th century was the source of its plot is folk tradition, the images of which are generalized and idealized. The speech reflects a relatively unified national consciousness, and the form, as a rule, is poetic. Examples are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.
In the 18-19 centuries, it was replaced by the novel as the leading genre. The plots of the novels are mainly drawn from modern reality, and the images become more individualized. The speech of the heroes reflects the multilingual nature of the public consciousness, which is sharply differentiated. The form of the novel is prosaic. Examples are the novels written by Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
Combining in cycles
Epic works strive for the fullest possible reflection of life's realities, so they tend to be combined into cycles. An illustration of this trend is the epic novel called The Forsyte Saga.
It is a monumental series of diverse works describing the life of the wealthy Forsyth family. In 1932, for the art of narration inherent in Galsworthy, in which the Forsyte Saga is the pinnacle, the writer was awarded Nobel Prize on literature.
Epic means "narrative"
An epic (from the ancient Greek ἔπος - “word, narrative” and ποιέω - “I create”) is an extensive narrative, which is set out either in verse or in prose, and is dedicated to outstanding historical events of a national scale. IN general sense An epic is a complex, lengthy story that includes a series of events on a large scale.
The forerunners of the epic were past songs, which were half lyrical, half narrative. They were caused by the exploits of a tribe or clan, timed to coincide with the heroes around whom they were grouped. Such songs formed into large-scale poetic units called epics.
In epics related to heroic-romantic, their main characters purposefully and actively participate in significant historical events, in the process of which the formation of their personality is carried out, as, for example, in the novel by A. N. Tolstoy "Peter I". There are also “moralistic” epics that tell about the state of society in a comic vein, such as Rabelais’s “Gargantua and Pantagruel” or “ Dead Souls» Gogol.
Epic and lyrical genres
The two genres are interconnected and in some cases can form a kind of symbiosis. To understand this, let's define lyrics. This word comes from the Greek λυρικός, which means "performed to the sound of the lyre."
This kind of literature, also called lyric poetry, reproduces the personal feeling of a person, his attitude to something, or the mood of the author himself. Works in this genre are characterized by emotionality, sincerity, excitement.
But there is also an intermediate option between poetry and the epic genre - this is the lyre-epic. In such works there are two sides. One of them is the observation and assessment by the reader from the side of the plot narrative, presented in the form of poetry. And the second, which, however, is closely related to the first, is the receipt by him of a certain lyrical (emotional) assessment of the narrator. Thus, lyric epic is characterized by both epic and lyrical principles in the reflection of the surrounding reality.
Lyro-epic genres include such genres as:
- Poem.
- Ballad.
- Stanzas.
Art style used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, possibilities different styles, characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.
The emotionality of the artistic style differs from the emotionality of colloquial and publicistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.
Genre as a concept appeared a very long time ago, back in ancient world. At the same time, a typology of genres appeared. Today, text typologies are more rigorous and have clear boundaries. Moreover, they are used in all areas of life - in government activities, in professional areas, theater, medicine and even everyday life.
Genres in fiction are a special complex issue. As you know, all literary works, depending on the nature of the depicted, belong to one of the three genera: epic, lyric or drama. A literary genre is a generalized name for a group of works, depending on the nature of the reflection of reality.
EPOS(from the Greek "narrative") is a generalized name for works depicting events external to the author.
LYRICS(from the Greek. "performed to the lyre") - this is a generalized name for works in which there is no plot, but the feelings, thoughts, experiences of the author or his lyrical hero are depicted.
DRAMA(from the Greek. "action") - a generalized name of works intended for staging on stage; the drama is dominated by the dialogue of the characters, the author's beginning is minimized.
Varieties of epic, lyrical and dramatic works are called types of literary works .
Type and genre - concepts in literary criticism very close .
Genres called variations of the type of literary work. For example, a genre version of a story can be fantastic or historical tale, and the genre variety of comedy is vaudeville, etc. Strictly speaking, a literary genre is a historically established type of work of art containing certain structural features and aesthetic quality characteristic of this group of works.
TYPES (GENRES) OF EPIC WORKS:
epic, novel, story, short story, fairy tale, fable, legend.
EPIC- a major work of art that tells about significant historical events. In ancient times - a narrative poem of heroic content. In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the epic novel genre appears - this is a work in which the formation of the characters of the main characters occurs in the course of their participation in historical events.
NOVEL- a large narrative work of art with a complex plot, in the center of which is the fate of the individual.
STORY- a work of art that occupies a middle position between a novel and a short story in terms of volume and complexity of the plot. In ancient times, everything was called a story. narrative work.
STORY- a work of art of a small size, based on an episode, an incident from the life of a hero.
FAIRY TALE- a work about fictional events and heroes, usually with the participation of magical, fantastic forces.
FABLE(from "bayat" - to tell) - this is a narrative work in poetic form, small in size, moralizing or satirical in nature.
TYPES (GENRES) OF LYRICAL WORKS:
ode, hymn, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message.
OH YEAH(from Greek “song”) - choral, solemn song.
HYMN(from Greek “praise”) - a solemn song to verses of a programmatic nature.
EPIGRAM(from the Greek. "Inscription") - a short satirical poem of a mocking nature, which arose in the 3rd century BC. e.
ELEGY- a genre of lyrics dedicated to sad thoughts or a lyric poem imbued with sadness. Belinsky called an elegy "a song of sad content." The word "elegy" is translated as "reed flute" or "mournful song". The elegy originated in Ancient Greece in the 7th century BC e.
MESSAGE- a poetic letter, an appeal to a specific person, a request, a wish, a confession.
SONNET(from the Provencal sonette - "song") - a poem of 14 lines, which has a certain rhyming system and strict stylistic laws. The sonnet originated in Italy in the 13th century (the creator is the poet Jacopo da Lentini), appeared in England in the first half of the 16th century (G. Sarri), and in Russia in the 18th century. The main types of the sonnet are Italian (of 2 quatrains and 2 tercetes) and English (of 3 quatrains and the final couplet).
LYROEPIC TYPES (GENRES):
poem, ballad
POEM(from the Greek poieio - “I do, create”) - a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot, usually on a historical or legendary topic.
BALLAD- a story song of dramatic content, a story in verse.
TYPES (GENRES) OF DRAMA WORKS:
tragedy, comedy, drama (in the narrow sense).
TRAGEDY(from Greek tragos ode - “goat song”) - dramatic work, depicting a tense struggle of strong characters and passions, which usually ends with the death of the hero.
COMEDY(from the Greek komos ode - “merry song”) - a dramatic work with a cheerful, funny plot, usually ridiculing social or domestic vices.
DRAMA("action") is literary work in the form of a dialogue with a serious plot, depicting the individual in her dramatic relationship with society. Drama may be tragicomedy or melodrama.
VAUDEVILLE- genre of comedy light comedy with singing couplets and dancing.
FARCE- a genre variety of comedy, this is a theatrical play of a light, playful nature with external comic effects, designed for a rude taste.
And drama), a narrative of events assumed in the past (as if accomplished and remembered by the narrator). The epic embraces being in its plastic volume, spatio-temporal extension and event saturation (plot). According to Aristotle's Poetics, the epic, unlike lyrics and drama, is impartial and objective at the moment of narration. Characteristic features of the epic: the breadth of coverage of reality: the image as a private life individual people, and the phenomena of social life; disclosure of human characters in the course of the plot; objectivity of the narrative: the author's attitude to the characters and the world depicted is made through the selection of artistic details.
epic genres [ | ]
Also included in the epic folklore genres: fairy tale , epic , historical song .
Meaning [ | ]
An epic work has no limits in its scope. According to V. E. Khalizev, “Epos as a kind of literature includes both short stories (…) and works designed for long listening or reading: epics, novels (…)”.
A significant role for epic genres is played by the image of the narrator (narrator), who talks about the events themselves, about the characters, but at the same time delimits himself from what is happening. The epic, in turn, reproduces, imprints not only what is being told, but also the narrator (his manner of speaking, mentality).
An epic work can use almost any known to literature. The narrative form of the epic work "contributes to the deepest penetration into the inner world of man."
Until the 18th century, the leading genre of epic literature was the epic poem. The source of its plot is a folk legend, the images are idealized and generalized, the speech reflects a relatively monolithic folk consciousness, the form is poetic ("Iliad" by Homer). In the XVIII-XIX centuries. the leading genre is the novel. Plots are borrowed mainly from modernity, images are individualized, speech reflects a sharply differentiated multilingual public consciousness, form
Myth(from Gr. mythos - word, speech) one of ancient species folklore, fantasy story, explaining in a figurative form the phenomena of the surrounding world.
Legend(from lat. legenda - what should be read) - one of the ancient types of folklore, a fantastic story about events that could have taken place in the past. The most common are legends about the founding of cities.
legend- an ancient narrative work mainly about events historical character. Unlike the legend, it speaks of
real events and real people, although fiction prevails in their coverage (“The Legend of Mamaev massacre"," The legend of Indian kingdom" and etc.).
Parable- short story allegorical nature, containing moral or religious teaching Parables are widely represented in the Bible (for example, the parable of the prodigal son). In its structure, the parable resembles a fable: the first part tells about a certain event, and the second part presents a didactic idea.
Fairy tale- a short narrative work about fictional events that occur to a person or animal. There are fairy tales about animals, fantastic, social and everyday. a special variety present literary tales - fairy tales created by writers.
Bylina- an epic folk song of a heroic, social or fabulous character. It was performed to the accompaniment of the harp.
Fable(from Russian. Bayati- to tell) - a small allegorical work, which has an emphatically instructive orientation.
epic- (from Gr. epopoiia - a collection of songs, legends) - a large monumental work which depicts significant events in the life of the people. In ancient times, as a result of the cyclization of legends, songs and legends, great poems were created about outstanding events or heroes (Homer's Iliad, Odyssey). Later, similar processes took place in poetry. European nations(French "Song of Roland", German "Song of the Nibelungs", etc.). In the latest literature, epic began to be called large prose works, using the term epic novel (“War and Peace” by L. Tolstoy. “Quiet Flows the Don” by M. Sholokhov, etc.).
Novel- (from French roman at the beginning of works written in one of the Romance languages) - a great epic work that depicts a person's life in close connection with the life of society. According to the content, these types are distinguished modern novel: socio-psychological, family-household, historical, philosophical, detective, adventure, satirical, etc.
Tale- an epic narrative work in which the picture of life is drawn more fully than in the story, but not as widely as in the novel. The story usually has one storyline. In addition to the main character, it has a number of secondary characters. Its genre varieties are the same as those of the novel.
poem -(from Gr. poiema - work) - a poetic work with a clearly defined plot. The epic element - a story about events is often combined with a lyrical expression of the author's feelings. In this regard, epic, lyrical-epic and lyrical poems are distinguished.
Story- a short narrative work that depicts the life of a character in a short period of time. This genre requires a special skill from the writer, the ability to vividly and concisely recreate typical characters and circumstances.
Novella(from it. novello - news) - a short narrative work about an unusual event and with an unexpected end.
Feature article- a short narrative work about real events and real people depicted by the author based on his own observations. Varieties: essay-portrait, travel essay, journalistic, etc.
Feuilleton- a short artistic and journalistic article, sharply exposing a certain person or a negative social phenomenon. The term originated in 1800 in France, when one of the newspapers replaced a satirical leaflet (feuilleton), published as an appendix, with an article at the bottom of the newspaper page.
Pamphlet(from gr. pan - everything and phlego - burn) a small artistic and journalistic work of a sharp satirical) nature, in which certain social phenomena, ideological opponents, etc.
Essay(from French attempt, essay) - a small prose work, reflection, distinguished by the emphasized subjectivity of the author's thought, figurativeness and aphorism of judgments.
