It should, first of all, pay attention to the fact that classicism, romanticism of the end of the XΙΙΙ beginning of the XΙX century, become not only artistic styles, but reflect two oppositional worldviews of this era.
Like art style classicism(from lat. - exemplary) began to take shape in European art in the 16th century His most important appeal was to the principles antique arts:
- rationalism
- symmetry, orientation, restraint
- strict compliance of the content of the work with its form
There are two stages in the development of classicism:
Late 18th early 19th century.
The second stage became a pan-European style and was associated with the bourgeois Enlightenment and became the spokesman for the civic ideals of that time. Principles classicism were based on ideas philosophical rationalism, defending the idea of a reasonable regularity of the world and beautiful ennobled nature. According to this concept, a work of art is fruit of reason and logic who triumph and conquer the chaos and fluidity of life perceived by the senses. For the classicists, the only thing that has aesthetic value is that timeless.
Classicism put forward new aesthetic norms, since it attached great importance to social and educational function of art. Representatives of classicism believed that the heroes of works should be only positive, models for others, be resistant to the cruelty of fate. For them general over personal passions are subordinated to the public interest. The protagonist in classicism is an exemplary citizen of the fatherland.
The aesthetics of classicism, based on an orientation towards a reasonable beginning, determined the corresponding requirements, i.e. regulatory rules. A hierarchy of genres was established. So, in painting, historical paintings, mythological, religious ones were recognized as “high” genres. The "low" included landscape, portrait, still life. In literature, tragedy, epic, ode were considered “high”, and comedy, satire, fable were considered “low”.
Classicism was characterized by the features of utopianism, idealization, which intensified during the period of its decline. IN mid-nineteenth century, classicism was reborn in academicism.
A new phenomenon in artistic culture end of the 18th century sentimentalism, which was a reaction to the excessive prudence of classicism. Sentimentalism asserted a sensual personality opposed to the personality of the Enlightenment. The rejection of a "vicious" civilization and the merging of man with nature, the idealization of patriarchy, with its traditionalism and conservatism, and pastorality - these are the characteristic themes of sentimentalism.
But a more serious attempt to overcome the one-sidedness of rationalism was predetermined by romanticism. Romanticism, which originated in Germany, where the foundations of the romantic worldview were laid, became not just an artistic style, but a general cultural movement that embraced the most diverse phenomena of social life. It covered all spheres of spiritual culture: literature, music, theater, humanitarian sciences, plastic arts, but did not affect architecture, influencing mainly landscape gardening art, architecture of small forms. Romantic philosophy also arose: Fichte, Schelling, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard.
The ideological core of romanticism is personality conflict with reality. A romantic is a rebel who rejects reality from the standpoint of a higher ideal. The hero of romanticism is an exceptional person in exceptional circumstances.
Interest in individuality is a hallmark of romanticism.
Unlike classicism, romance is idealized not by antiquity, but by Middle Ages, because they believe that the foundations are laid there national culture. So they turn to:
- folklore (fairy tale, folk music etc.);
- chanting of national nature;
- conveying a religious feeling
In addition, there is a connection between the romantic and the medieval knight. Therefore, like a knight:
Romantic - love to travel;
Romantic - admirer of sublime, not carnal love
Romantic - Knight of Honor (Duels of this era)
Romantic - fatalist (trying fate in the game).
Two sides of personality pathos of freedom and individualism- manifested themselves in a very difficult way in the romantic conception of the world and man.
Classicism or neoclassicism of the beginning of the 20th century is also called the Empire style (from the French empire - empire) or the style of the Empire. He completed the evolution of classicism and demonstrated the triumph of state power. Empire absorbed ancient Egyptian motifs (geometry of Egyptian ornament, stylized sphinxes), motifs of Pompeii paintings, Etruscan vases, which were used in the interiors of palaces. The architecture is distinguished by massive porticos with Doric (sometimes Tuscan) columns, military emblems (eagles, laurel wreaths, military armor, announcer bundles). During this period, memorial structures were erected ( triumphal arches, memorial columns). If we consider the evolution of painting in France from classicism to Empire as a single line, it turns out that if classicism glorified the magnificent splendor palace life French kings, then the Empire - the military exploits of Napoleon and the tastes of the emerging bourgeoisie. The goals of glorifying the successes of the state were served by memorial architecture (triumphal arches, commemorative columns), repeating ancient Roman designs.
At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries in Germany and other European countries a new trend in spiritual and artistic culture arose, called romanticism. Romanticism became a kind of reaction to classicism with its cult of reason and rationalism. Romanticism was the first trend in art that recognized the artist as the subject of creativity and proclaimed the unconditional priority of individual tastes. creative personality. greatest development romanticism reached in France (T. Gericault, E. Delacroix, G. Dore). Its largest representatives in Germany are F.O. Runge, K.D. Friedrich, P. Cornelius, in the UK: - J. Constable, W. Turner. In Russia, the features of romanticism manifested themselves in the work of O.A. Kiprensky, partly - V.A. Tropinina, S.F. Shchedrin, M.I. Lebedeva, K.P. Bryullov, F.A. Bruni, F.P. Tolstoy.
Romanticism contrasted the utilitarianism and materiality of the nascent bourgeois society with a break with everyday reality, leaving for the world of dreams and fantasies, idealization of the past. Romanticism is a world in which melancholy, irrationality, and eccentricity reign. Its traces appeared in the European consciousness as early as the 17th century, but were regarded by doctors as a sign of mental disorder. But romanticism opposes rationalism, not humanism. On the contrary, he creates a new humanism, offering to consider a person in all his manifestations.
The first signs of romanticism appear almost simultaneously in different countries, but each contributed to its development. Germany is considered the birthplace of romanticism; the foundations of romantic aesthetics were laid here. From Germany, a new trend quickly spread throughout Europe. Romanticism embraced literature, music, theatre, the humanities, and the plastic arts.
philosophical aesthetic theory early romanticism developed in Germany by A.V. and F. Schlegel, Novalis, I. Fichte, F.W. Schelling, F. Schleiermacher, L. Tieck, creative association which, which existed in 1798-1801, was called the Jena Romantics. Circle German romantics created an aesthetic concept of a new universal culture and helped form romantic philosophy in the first half of the 19th century, whose representatives include Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling (1775-1854), Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855).
The German philosopher Friedrich Schelling was close to the Jena romantics. Based on the provisions of Kant and Fichte, he created a romantic theory built on the basis of objective idealism. His main method of cognition is intellectual intuition, inherent in philosophical and artistic genius. Art - highest form comprehension of the world, the unity of the conscious and the unconscious ("The System of Transcendental Idealism", 1800). It merges together all kinds of activity - theoretical and practical, spiritual and sensual.
A major historical figure was the German irrationalist philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. In his main work, The World as Will and Representation (1819-1844), the world appears as an elemental "will to live." Schopenhauer called existing world"the worst possible", and his teaching - "pessimism". World history doesn't make sense. Suffering is the punishment for original sin, the guilt of a separate existence. The overcoming of selfishness and suffering takes place in the sphere of art and morality. At the heart of art lies the contemplation of ideas, freeing the subject from the power of space and time. The highest of the arts is music, whose goal is no longer the reproduction of ideas, but the direct reflection of the "will to live." The influence of Schopenhauer was experienced in Germany by R. Wagner, E. Hartmann, F. Nietzsche, T. Mann and others, in Russia by L. Tolstoy, A. Fet and others.
The outstanding Danish philosopher, theologian and writer Søren Kierkegaard created a subjective ("existential") dialectic of personality, passing through three stages on the way to God: aesthetic, ethical and religious. Kierkegaard believed that the purpose of philosophy is to know not some absolute spirit, but the everyday existence (existence) of a person. The external world, whatever its ontological structure and no matter how perfect or imperfect it may be, is not able to help a person solve it. internal problems. The outside world is a "broken" and meaningless being, the answer to it must be fear and despair ("Fear and Trembling", 1843). Earthly existence is "life in the paradoxical". The philosopher recommended that the individual completely surrender himself to the will of God, that is, to lead a "life in the religious." To think “existentially,” that is, on the basis of true existence, means to be infinitely devoted to Christian truth, even if this threatens with martyrdom. Kierkegaard's ideas influenced the whole European culture and even science (the founder of quantum mechanics, N. Bohr, admitted this).
The main representatives of romanticism in literature are Novalis, E.T.A. Hoffman, J. Byron, P.B. Shelley, V. Hugo, E. Poe, M.Yu. Lermontov, F.I. Tyutchev.
The German poet and philosopher Novalis (1772-1801) was a prominent member of the Jena circle of romantics. He tried to substantiate the philosophy of "magical idealism", which affirms the polarity and mutual transition of all things, the idea of the balance of reality, ideas and fantasies in every person.
Most major representative German romanticism Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822) was a versatile personality: he was still a talented composer and a brilliant artist. His works are characterized by subtle philosophical irony and bizarre fantasy, reaching the mystical grotesque. In his work, E.T.A. Hoffmann revealed a deep chasm between the way of life and thinking of the artist and ordinary person. The hero of most of his works is an unmercenary musician who despises wealth who finds the meaning of his life in the love of art (" Worldly views Murr the cat", 1822).
The denial of utilitarianism and the principles of bourgeois practicality, the victim of which was the human person, was expressed in their work not only by German, but also by English romantics. The largest among them was George Noel Gordon Byron (1766-1824). Byron, a member of the House of Lords, sang not the delights of court life, but " world sorrow”, a romantic rebellion of a loner against the whole society. His poem "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" (1812-1818), philosophical poems"Manfred" (1817) and "Cain" (1821), a cycle of poems in biblical motifs, a novel in verse "Don Juan" (1819-1824) and lyrics convey thrill catastrophic human being, the loss of old ideals and values. He created a type of "Byronic" reflective hero: a disappointed rebellious individualist, a lonely sufferer, not understood by people, challenging the entire world order and God. Byron's work, which appeared milestone V spiritual development European society and literature, gave rise to the phenomenon of Byronism at the beginning of the 19th century, including “Russian”.
The great French romantic writer Victor Hugo (1802 - 1885) created the inspired novels The Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris"(1831)," Les Misérables "(1862)," The Man Who Laughs "(1869) and others, where he denounced social ulcers and social injustice. The writer argued that injustice leads to poverty - a breeding ground for crimes, and that only radical changes in society will allow them to be eliminated. In the preface to the drama "Cromwell" (1827), Hugo placed a manifesto of the French romantics, where he opposed classical rule"three unities" and the formal delineation of genres, formulated the principles of a new, romantic dramaturgy. Hugo recognized the possibility of mixing the tragic and the comic.
A pessimistic view of the future, the mood of "world sorrow" was combined in romanticism with the desire for harmony in the world order, with the search for new, absolute and unconditional ideals. Creativity of the outstanding French poet Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) is called "the poetry of decadence and decay". He, an adherent of the theory of "art for art's sake", is considered the founder of symbolism. Disregarding generally accepted conventions, he expressed in his work admiration for evil, ugliness and all sorts of deviations from the norms. everyday life. In his poetry collection Flowers of Evil (1857), a yearning for perfect harmony is expressed.
The sharp discord between ideals and oppressive reality evoked in the minds of many romantics a painfully fatalistic or indignant feeling of “two worlds”, a bitter mockery of the discrepancy between dreams and reality, elevated in literature and art to the principle of “romantic irony”. The great American romantic writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) died at the age of 40. He began writing at 16, but his poetic works did not receive recognition until C. Baudelaire translated them into French. In his later life, he suffered from depression and experienced a deep mental crisis. Edgar Allan Poe remained famous mainly for his masterfully written scary and detective stories.
The historical framework of romanticism is limited to the period from 1770 to 1840. In its development, experts distinguish three stages: pre-romanticism (1770-1800); mature romanticism (1800-1824), caused by the French Revolution of 1789 and the military campaigns of Napoleon (Goya, Géricault, early creativity Delacroix); the heyday of romanticism - from 1824 to 1840 (the mature art of Turner and Delacroix). If pre-romanticism was dominated by the tastes and forms of English sensibility, then mature romanticism is completely French. During this period, a new historical painting appears and modern school landscape. In the third period, called the "romantic movement", the concept of genius occupied a dominant position, embodied in mature creativity Turner and Delacroix.
The main representatives of romanticism in fine arts painters E. Delacroix, T. Gericault, F.O. Runge, C. D. Friedrich, J. Constable, W. Turner.
The head of the Romantic school of painting in France was Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863), recognized the greatest decorator of his time. The masterpiece of his work is the painting "Liberty Leading the People", written in the midst of revolutionary events 1830 and embodied the rebellious pathos characteristic of romanticism. This picture combines the features of a modern Parisian with classical beauty and the mighty power of Nike of Samothrace. Delacroix is considered the creator history painting New time. Delacroix was not only the greatest French Romantic painter, but a remarkable writer.
Spain gave the world one of the greatest Romantic painters, Francisco José de Goya (1746-1828). He gained fame in the field of creating portraits of the Spanish nobility and representatives of the royal court. Goya becomes the most fashion artist, is elected a member of the Madrid Academy of Arts, becomes the court painter of King Charles IV. Goya's art is filled with passionate emotionality, fantasy, social grotesque. Introduced in the late 80s fantasy elements in the 90s, they form a holistic concept artistic vision peace. It is based on phantasmagoria, religious insight and social grotesque. In 1799 Goya completes the most famous series of his engravings - the album "Caprichos" (80 sheets with artist's comments), dedicated to human madness and stupidity, is a satire on human existence.
Classicism from a literary point of view
Classicism originated in Western Europe in the first half of the 17th century, when there was a period of strengthening the so-called "absolutism", that is, the supreme power of monarchs. The ideas of absolute monarchy and the order generated by it served as the basis for classicism. This literary direction demanded from the authors strict observance of the prescribed rules, schemes, deviation from which was considered unacceptable.
Classical works were clearly divided into higher and lower genres. The highest genres were epic, epic poem, tragedy and ode. To the lowest - satire, comedy, fable. The main characters of the works higher genre there could only be representatives of the noble classes, as well as gods or heroes ancient myths. Common, colloquial speech was forbidden. Especially solemn, pathos language was required when creating an ode. In works of lower genres describing everyday life ordinary people, colloquial speech, and even slang expressions were allowed.
The composition of any work, regardless of genre, had to be simple, understandable and concise. Each character was subject to a detailed explanation by the author. In addition, the author of the work was obliged to observe the rule of "three unities" - time, place and action.
Of the Russian writers, the most prominent representatives classicism were A.P. Sumarokov, D.I. Fonvizin, M.V. Lomonosov, I.A. Krylov.
What is literary romanticism
At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. after the changes and upheavals caused by the Great French Revolution, a new literary trend appeared in Western Europe - romanticism. Its adherents did not want to reckon with the strict rules established by classicism. They paid the main attention in their works to the image of the inner world of a person, his experiences, feelings.
The main genres of romanticism were: elegy, idyll, short story, ballad, novel, story. A counterweight typical hero classicism, which had to behave in strict accordance with the requirements of the society to which it belonged, the heroes of romantic works could perform unexpected, unpredictable acts, come into conflict with society. Most famous representatives Russian literary romanticism: V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, F.I. Tyutchev.
(Symbol - from the Greek. Symbolon - a conventional sign)- The central place is given to the symbol *
- The striving for the highest ideal prevails
- The poetic image is intended to express the essence of any phenomenon.
- Characteristic reflection of the world in two plans: real and mystical
- Elegance and musicality of the verse
Acmeism
(From the Greek "acme" - a point, the highest point). The literary current of acmeism arose in the early 1910s and was genetically associated with symbolism. (N. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatova, S. Gorodetsky, O. Mandelstam, M. Zenkevich and V. Narbut.) M. Kuzmin's article "On Fine Clarity", published in 1910, had an influence on the formation. In the program article of 1913 "The Legacy of Acmeism and Symbolism" N. Gumilyov called symbolism " worthy father", but emphasized at the same time that the new generation had developed a "courageously firm and clear outlook on life"- Orientation towards classical poetry of the 19th century
- Acceptance of the earthly world in its diversity, visible concreteness
- Objectivity and clarity of images, sharpness of details
- In rhythm, acmeists used dolnik (Dolnik is a violation of the traditional regular alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables. The lines coincide in the number of stresses, but the stressed and unstressed syllables are freely located in the line.), which brought the poem closer to the living colloquial speech
Futurism
Futurism - from lat. futurum, the future. Genetically, literary futurism is closely associated with the avant-garde groupings of artists of the 1910s - primarily with the groups " Jack of Diamonds», « donkey tail”, “Union of Youth”. In 1909, in Italy, the poet F. Marinetti published the article "Manifesto of Futurism." In 1912, the manifesto “Slapping the Face of Public Taste” was created by Russian futurists: V. Mayakovsky, A. Kruchenykh, V. Khlebnikov: “Pushkin is more incomprehensible than hieroglyphs.” Futurism began to disintegrate already in 1915-1916.- Rebelliousness, anarchic worldview
- Rejection of cultural traditions
- Experiments in the field of rhythm and rhyme, figured arrangement of stanzas and lines
- Active word creation
Imagism
From lat. imago - image A literary trend in Russian poetry of the 20th century, whose representatives stated that the purpose of creativity was to create an image. Main means of expression Imagists - a metaphor, often metaphorical chains, comparing the various elements of two images - direct and figurative. Imagism arose in 1918, when the "Order of Imagists" was founded in Moscow. The creators of the "Order" were Anatoly Mariengof, Vadim Shershenevich and Sergei Yesenin, who was previously a member of the group of new peasant poetsClassicism, sentimentalism and romanticism in Russian literature. Formation and development of realism
Goals: to acquaint students with the main features of classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism as actively fighting literary trends; to show the formation of realism in Russian and world literature, as well as the origin and development of Russian and professional literary criticism.
Course of lessons
I. Checking homework.
2-3 questions are analyzed (at the choice of students) from homework.
II. Teacher's lecture (summary).
Students in notebooks write down the main features of classicism, sentimentalism and emerging romanticism as literary movements. Literary origins of Russian realism.
The last third of the 18th - early 19th centuries. - important period development of Russian fiction. Among the writers and the highest nobility, headed by Catherine II, and representatives of the middle and petty nobility, and the townspeople. The works of N. M. Karamzin and D. I. Fonvizin, G. R. Derzhavin and M. V. Lomonosov, V. A. Zhukovsky and K. F. Ryleev occupy “the minds and hearts of readers”* .
On the pages of newspapers and magazines, literary salons there is an irreconcilable struggle of supporters of different literary trends.
Classicism(from lat. classicus - exemplary listen)) - an artistic direction in literature and art XVIII-early XIX century, which is characterized by a high civic theme, strict observance of certain creative norms and rules.
The founders and followers of classicism considered the highest example of artistic creativity (perfection, classics) to be the works of antiquity.
Classicism arose (during the era of absolutism), first in France in the 17th century, then spread to other European countries.
In the poem "Poetic Art" N. Boileau created a detailed aesthetic theory of classicism. He argued that literary works are created without inspiration, but "in a rational way, after strict deliberation." Everything in them should be precise, clear and harmonious.
Classicist writers considered the goal of literature to be the education of people in loyalty to the absolutist state, and the fulfillment of duties to the state and the monarch as the main task of a citizen.
According to the rules of the aesthetics of classicism, strictly adhering to the so-called "hierarchy of genres", tragedy, ode, epic belonged to the "high genres" and had to develop especially significant public problems. "High genres" were opposed by "low" ones: comedy, satire, fable, "designed to reflect modern reality".
Dramatic works in the literature of classicism obeyed the rules of the "three unities" - time, place and action.
1. Features of Russian classicism
Russian classicism was not a simple imitation of Western.
In it, more than in the West, there was criticism of the shortcomings of society. The presence of a satirical stream gave the works of the classicists a truthful character.
From the very beginning, in Russian classicism, the connection with modernity, Russian reality, which was illuminated in the works from the point of view of advanced ideas, was strongly affected.
Classical writers "created images goodies, unable to come to terms with social injustice, developed the patriotic idea of serving the motherland, promoted high moral principles civic duty and humane treatment of people** .
Sentimentalism(from fr. sentiment - feeling, sensitive) - an artistic direction in literature and art that arose in Western Europe in the 20s of the 18th century. In Russia, sentimentalism spread in the 70s of the XVIII century, and in the first third of XIX occupied a leading position.
While the heroes of classicism were commanders, leaders, kings, nobles, sentimentalist writers showed a sincere interest in the personality, character of a person (ignorant and not rich), his inner world. The ability to feel was considered by sentimentalists as a decisive feature and high dignity of the human personality. The words of N. M. Karamzin from the story "Poor Liza" "and peasant women know how to love" pointed to the relatively democratic orientation of sentimentalism. Perceiving human life as fleeting, the writers praised Eternal values- love, friendship and nature.
Sentimentalists enriched Russian literature with such genres as travel, diary, essay, story, household novel, elegy, correspondence, and “tearful comedy”.
The events in the works took place in small towns or villages. Lots of descriptions of nature. But the landscape is not just a background, but wildlife, as if rediscovered by the author, felt by him, perceived by the heart. Progressive sentimentalist writers saw their calling in comforting people in their suffering and sorrows, turning them to virtue, harmony and beauty.
The brightest representative of Russian sentimentalists - N. M. Karamzin.
From sentimentalism "threads spread" not only to romanticism, but also to psychological realism.
2. The originality of Russian sentimentalism
Russian sentimentalism is gentry-conservative.
Noble writers in their works depicted a man from the people, his inner world, feelings. For sentimentalists, the cult of feeling became a means of escaping from reality, from those sharp contradictions that existed between the landlords and the serfs, into the narrow world of personal interests, intimate experiences.
Russian sentimentalists developed the idea that all people, regardless of their social status, are capable of the highest feelings. So, according to N. M. Karamzin, “in any state a person can find roses of pleasure.” If the joys of life are also available to ordinary people, then “not through a change in the state and social system, but through moral education of people lies the path to the happiness of the whole society.
Karamzin idealizes the relationship between landowners and serfs. The peasants are satisfied with their lives and glorify their landlords.
Romanticism(from fr. romantique - something mysterious, strange, unreal) - artistic direction in literature and art, which replaced sentimentalism in late XVIII- the beginning of the 19th century and fiercely opposed classicism with its strict rules that hampered the freedom of creativity of writers.
Romanticism is a literary trend brought to life by important historical events and social change. For Russian romantics, such events were the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Decembrist uprising. The views of romantic writers on historical events, on society, on their positions in society were sharply dissimilar - from rebellious to reactionary, therefore, in romanticism, two main directions or currents should be distinguished - conservative and progressive.
Conservative romantics took plots for their works from the past, indulged in dreams of the afterlife, poeticized the life of the peasants, their humility, patience and superstition. They "led" readers away from social struggles into the world of imagination. V. G. Belinsky wrote about conservative romanticism that “this is desire, aspiration, impulse, feelings, sigh, groan, complaint about imperfect hopes that had no name, sadness for lost happiness .., this is a world .. inhabited by shadows and ghosts, charming and sweet, of course, but elusive nonetheless; it is a dull, slow-flowing, never-ending present that mourns the past and sees no future ahead of it; finally, it is love that feeds on sadness ... "
Progressive romantics sharply criticized their contemporary reality. Heroes of romantic poems lyric poems, ballads had a strong character, did not put up with social evil, called for the struggle for the freedom and happiness of people. (Poets-Decembrists, young Pushkin.)
The struggle for complete freedom of creativity united both progressive and conservative romantics. In romanticism, the basis of the conflict is the discrepancy between dream and reality. Poets and writers sought to express their dream. They created poetic images that corresponded to their ideas about the ideal.
The basic principle of building images in romantic works became the identity of the poet. The romantic poet, according to V. A. Zhukovsky, looked at reality "through the prism of the heart." So, civil poetry was for him deeply personal poetry.
Romantics were interested in everything bright, unusual and unique. romantic heroes- exceptional personalities, embraced by generosity and violent passion. The setting in which they were depicted is also exceptional and mysterious.
Romantic poets discovered for literature a wealth of oral folk art, as well as literary monuments of the past, which had not received a correct assessment before.
The rich and complex spiritual world of the romantic hero required broader and more flexible artistic and speech means. “In the romantic style, the emotional coloring of the word, its secondary meanings, begin to play the main role, while the objective, primary meaning recedes into the background.” Various figurative and expressive means of artistic language are subject to the same stylistic principle. Romantics prefer emotional epithets, vivid comparisons, unusual metaphors.
Realism(from lat. realis - real) - an artistic direction in literature and art XIX century, which is characterized by the desire to true image reality.
Only from the second half of the XVIII century. we can talk about the formation of Russian realism. Literary criticism defined the realism of this period as enlightenment realism with its citizenship, interest in man, a tendency towards democratization, with tangible features of a satirical attitude to reality.
In the formation of Russian realism big role played by D. I. Fonvizin, N. I. Novikov, A. N. Radishchev, I. A. Krylov and other writers. In satirical magazines I. Novikova, in comedies by D. I. Fonvizin, in "Journey from Petersburg to Moscow" by A. N. Radishchev, in the fables of I. A. Krylov, the focus is "not just facts, people and things, but those patterns that acted in life."
The main feature of realism is the writer's ability to give "typical characters in typical circumstances." Typical characters (images) are those in which the most important features characteristic of a particular historical period for a particular social group or phenomenon.
A new type of realism emerged in the 19th century critical realism, in a new way depicting the relationship of man and environment. Writers "rushed" to life, discovering in its ordinary, habitual course the laws of the existence of man and society. The subject of deep social analysis was the inner world of man.
Thus, realism (its various forms) has become a broad and powerful literary movement. The true "ancestor of the Russian realistic literature who gave perfect examples of realistic creativity, "was Pushkin, the great people's poet. (For the first third of the 19th century, the organic coexistence of different styles in the work of one writer is especially characteristic. Pushkin was both a romantic and a realist, just like other outstanding Russian writers.) The great realists wereL. Tolstoy and F. Dostoevsky, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin and A. Chekhov.
Homework.
Answer the questions :
How is romanticism different from classicism and sentimentalism? What are the moods of romantic characters? Tell us about the formation and literary origins of Russian realism. What is the nature of realism? Tell us about its different forms.
