Philosophy: lecture notes Shevchuk Denis Alexandrovich
4. Ethnic communities of people
4. Ethnic communities of people
In historical terms, social communities of people were preceded by ethnic ones, on the basis of which they appeared in the process of development and complication of human relations. In social philosophy, the study of ethnic communities of people began to be carried out much later than many other things, but in terms of its importance and significance, it occupies leading place. To date, among scientists there is no single point of view on this issue. We will consider two of them - Marxist and Weberian.
Along with Marx and Engels, a major role in the development of the theory of ethnic, national communities, their emergence and development belongs to V. I. Lenin. Their ideas on this issue are basically historical and economic in nature. According to the founders of Marxism, the first known forms of community of people in the pre-class period were clan and tribe. Before the appearance of the tribal organization of people, a herd form of existence was characteristic of a person. The appearance of the genus was facilitated by the emergence primitive community, the economic basis of which was communal property. Joint management of the economy on the basis of communal property, the natural-equal distribution of things, primarily food, joint life and entertainment contributed to the formation of such a community as a clan. It can be said that genus acts as the very first industrial, social and ethnic group people, united into one whole joint labor activity, consanguineous origin, common language, common religious and mythological beliefs, customs and features of life. As it changes and develops economic activity generic forms of human community evolved and became more complex.
next more large form ethnic community of people is tribe. Its appearance is explained by the need, first of all, to preserve and protect the habitat (territory of residence, places of hunting and fishing) from encroachments by other human associations. A more numerous composition of the population greatly facilitated the task of resettlement and arrangement of life in new territories. Of no small importance was also the protection against the degeneration of the genus, which threatened it because of sexual relations between consanguineous homo sapiens. The tribal form of social life is becoming much more complicated, there are leaders-leaders, military leaders, priests, new governing bodies, without which the clan used to do without. This is explained by the fact that along with tribal property and tribal organization of social life, tribal property appears, and all this required new forms of management. We can say that a tribe is a larger community of people than a clan, usually consisting of several hundred or even thousands of people. Each tribe included at least two genera. For your time tribal form of existence of people was the most optimal social community that corresponded to and stimulated production activity. This, apparently, can explain the existence of such a form of community among almost all peoples of the world and its preservation in some regions of the world up to the present day.
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the tribal community in the formation of cultural humanity as a whole and each individual individually. First of all, it contributed to the improvement of labor tools, the development of norms and rules of social behavior, the development of primitive culture and the language of communication. In essence, society for the first time got the opportunity to preserve production experience, forms of social management, the rudiments of culture, achievements in the field of language development, beliefs, traditions and pass it on to future generations in a more perfect form.
From the moment of its appearance, the tribal community acted as a social production and at the same time an ethnic community. With the formation of the social division of labor and, in particular, the separation of cattle breeding from agriculture, the emergence of various crafts, the emergence of exchange relations and property inequality, there is an increasing need to create a more perfect community of people, held together not only by blood ties, but also by other relations that open up new opportunities for development of mankind. Nationality became such a form of community of people. The new moments that determined its essence were closer territorial ties between people who belonged to different clans and tribes and were united with each other not by consanguineous ties, but by joint industrial economic and cultural activities. At this stage of development, the political and legal aspect in human relations is noticeably enhanced, further social and class differentiation between people takes place. With that said nationality can be defined as a community of people living in the same territory, united by a common language, features of the mental warehouse, culture and lifestyle, enshrined in customs, mores, and traditions. At this stage, the production and economic activities of people noticeably improve, culture receives new development, social class differentiation between people increases, prerequisites are created for the political isolation of peoples from each other, that is, the formation of independent states.
next more high form community of people, in which the ethnic moment begins to differentiate from the socio-productive and acquire to a certain extent independent meaning is a nation. The formation of a nation is facilitated primarily by the need to expand and consolidate the territory, the complication of economic and industrial relations, the unification of peoples close in language, mental makeup and culture. The determining factor in uniting people into a nation is the development of production and economic relations. In socio-political terms, this leads to a booming education nation states. To date, the most common ethnic community of people is the nation. And this is not surprising, since it is the unification of people according to nationality creates the best conditions for people to live, the organization of production, economic, socio-political and cultural life. community of economic life, common language, general territory, some features of the mental make-up of people, manifested in specific features cultures are the main features of a nation. It can be said that a nation is a stable association of people connected by a common language, a common territory, a common economic life and some features of the mental make-up of people, expressed in the specific features of the culture of a given people.
As we can see, ethnic communities of people have a historically transient character, and this indicates that under certain conditions associated with changes in economic conditions and the need to establish new relations between people, new ethnic communities of people may arise.
Like many of his associates, who consider capitalism to be the most perfect form of socio-economic order, Weber does not consider economic conditions as a fundamental prerequisite for the formation of nations. He is silent about the previous ethnic communities of people. A nation, according to Weber, cannot be defined in terms of the empirical properties that characterize it. Those who try to do this come to the conclusion that certain groups of people have a specific sense of solidarity with each other. In this case, we are talking about an emotional assessment rather than a conceptual approach. Meanwhile, there are no agreements in society, no single opinion on how to limit the number of such groups of people, or on the nature of public actions that could be considered a manifestation of solidarity. In addition, according to Weber, a nation cannot be identified with the people of a separate state belonging to a certain political community. Numerous political communities, for example, in Austria until 1918 (the year of the collapse of the Austrian empire) included social groups that strongly separated their “nation” from the “nations” of other groups (here the concept of nation is identified with the concept of nationality, which is illegal because, although These concepts are very similar, but there are significant differences between them). A nation cannot also be defined by the linguistic affiliation of people, since the same language can be spoken by people living in different countries(for example, North Americans and British). On the other hand, such a community of people does not seem absolutely necessary, since in official documents used in interstate relations, along with the concept, for example, the Swiss nation, the concept of the Swiss people is used.
Some researchers, as a sign that determines belonging to a nation, consider the cultural characteristics inherent in a particular community speaking the same language. But this is not typical for everyone. This is acceptable in Austria, Russia, and to a lesser extent in the US and Canada. Moreover, even those who speak the same language, even within the same country, may reject national homogeneity and claim to belong to a different culture. And for this they have certain reasons - different religions, differences in habits, customs, social structure, lifestyle. In addition, the manifestation of the national different peoples shown in different ways. All this, according to Weber, gives reason to believe that in addition to emotional feelings, elements of prestige, there are no other convincing arguments that would justify the existence of nations. Judging by the works of Weber, he prefers to analyze the life of society without taking into account the existence of ethnic communities, but only through the analysis of its socio-economic communities.
In general, Weber's views on the ethnic communities of people and, in particular, on the nation reflect the situation that has developed in Western sociology on the issue of the essence and role of the nation in modern public life. In fact, even among those who recognize the existence of this problem, there is no consensus on how it should be interpreted, and, besides them, there are those who deny the need to deal with this issue at all, since it is allegedly created artificially.
Control questions
1. What is social stratification And social mobility in society?
2. The doctrine of Marxism about classes, social groups and the causes of class confrontation.
3. M. Weber on the social structure of society.
4. Genus, tribe, family, community - the initial forms of community of people.
5. Nationality and nation, ways of their formation.
6. Shapes public relations and their essence (economic, legal, political, religious, etc.).
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Historical communities of people are large, stable associations that reveal common features life, material and spiritual culture, language, etc.
Genus. Its basis is blood relations. Economic relations appear here in the shell of family ties. This can also be attributed to the tribe as an association of several clans. The first I.F.O. people is a kind - an organization primitive society, based on consanguinity, collective ownership of the means of production, commonality of elements of primitive culture, language, traditions, etc. The need for a stable team of people capable of concerted action and continuous management of the economy was generated by the need to develop the productive forces and maintain the existence of the clan. The primitive mode of production best answered tribal organization of people. At this stage in the development of society, the production collective could be formed only on the basis of natural kinship, and the clan, in contrast to the primitive herd, became such a stable collective.
The form of a wider ethnic community, characteristic of the primitive communal system, is tribe, which, as a rule, consisted of several genera. Tribes were also based on tribal relations, blood relations of people. A person's belonging to a tribe made him a co-owner of common property and ensured participation in public life. Therefore, the tribe had the same characteristics as the clan. Each tribe had its own name, territory, community of economic life, language, customs, mores, religious rites. It should be noted that tribal relations were widespread not only during the development of the primitive communal system. Many features inherent in such relationships have been preserved in one form or another and in modern era among the many peoples of Asia, Latin America and Africa.
The historical process of development of productive forces and production relations led to the destruction of tribal relations. The decomposition of the primitive and the emergence of a class society contributed to the emergence of a new historical community of the people. Nationality as a community of people is formed with the emergence of private property relations. The development of private property, exchange, trade destroyed the former tribal ties, gave rise to a new division of labor and class stratification. The blood-kindred principle of uniting people gave way to the territorial one. The nationality consists of tribes close in origin and language. It is known, for example, that the German nationality was formed from various Germanic tribes, the Polish one from the Slavic ones, and so on.
Nationality. Occurs in slave and feudal societies. The economic basis for the formation of a nationality is private labor and private property. Nationality develops as a result of the merger of different tribes, their loss of economic, territorial, linguistic independence and the formation on their basis of a common material and spiritual culture, a single territory, language, and later the state. Nationality as a historically established community of people is characterized by such features as a common territory , economic ties, a common language and culture, etc. Having arisen in a slave-owning and feudal society, nationalities are preserved and even formed up to the present day.
But the history of society develops further, the development of material production leads to the fact that natural economy is replaced by commodity production, economic fragmentation is eliminated, and economic and cultural ties between nationalities are strengthened. All this contributed to the fact that during the period of development of capitalist relations a new historical community of people appeared, a nation for which, along with other features (a common territory, language, customs, traditions, etc.), the main thing is a common economic space, a developed economy and culture. Nations are formed from many or several nationalities. Thus, it is well known that the Russian nation was formed from several Slavic peoples. The same can be said about many nations inhabiting various continents and continents of the globe.
Nation - it is such a historical community of people that has a common territory, language, culture and, most importantly, a common economy. Such historical communities of people as nationalities and nations play a big role in the life of society when they acquire self-consciousness and unite in the name of a specific goal. At the same time, it is important to keep in mind that although the national liberation movement is one of the powerful factors social progress but not only does it not relegate the class struggle to the background, but often acts in alliance with it. Nations are formed from people of various tribes and nationalities as a result of the socialization of production, the creation of a single market. The nation is characterized by a common economic life, territory, language, mental warehouse, manifested in national character and culture. Its characteristic economic community has a deeper and more universal character due to the dominance of capitalist commodity production with its inherent division and cooperation of labor and commodity-money relations. The nation is a product of the bourgeois era.
It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of nation and nationality. Nationality is identified with ethnos, ethnic origin.
Ethnos- a set of people with genetically determined and more or less pronounced common typical external features, common culture, language, ethnic identity, a common territory that this ethnic group perceives as its own country.
There are different concepts in the understanding of the nation:
Semenov: civil concept nation. A nation is the totality of people living in a country.
· Tishkov: instrumental concept. Nation is a concept invented by politicians to solve their political problems. The nation is a means for the political mobilization of the population.
A nation is a historically stable community of people that has developed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, culture and mental makeup.
Previously, nation and nationality coincided, but with the development of economic relations, migration, these concepts were separated. The main feature of a nation is a common economic structure.
3 periods in the formation of nations.
1. The era of the formation of capitalism. At this time, the nationality turns into a nation.
2. The spread of capitalism from developed countries. This is due to the colonial policy, when the colonies were deprived of the opportunity to form their own nation.
3. The collapse of the colonial system. Former colonies gained independence, this completed the formation of nations.
2 trends in the development of nations under capitalism:
the folding of nations, the awakening of national life
· the strengthening of ties between states breaks down national borders, makes them transparent. There is such a thing as globalization.
In the social structure of society, an important role also belongs to family as one of the small social groups of people. A family is a small social group whose members are connected by marriage or kinship, common life and mutual moral responsibility, certain legal norms. The social necessity of the family is determined by the needs of society. Being a necessary component of the social structure of any society and performing various social functions, the family plays important role in social development, fulfilling a number of important social functions.
The family, as a certain community, is formed under the influence of many factors. Here, first of all, the factors of the natural order have an impact: the satisfaction of the needs for procreation. The material and production life of society, the state of the economy, and the possibilities for the development of the material sphere of the family have a great influence on the family as a social community. Equally important in this regard are the ability to satisfy spiritual needs, the manifestation of feelings mutual love, respect, care between family members.
The family as a social institution arose with the formation of society. In the early stages of its development, the relationship between man and woman, elder and younger generation regulated by tribal and tribal customs. With the emergence of morality, religion, and then the state, the regulation of sexual life acquired a moral and legal character. This allowed for even greater social control over marriage. With the development of society, there were certain changes in marriage and family relations.
Family life and its social functions are multifaceted. They are associated with intimate life spouses, procreation, raising children. All this is based on the observance of certain moral and legal norms: love, respect, duty, fidelity, etc.
The family is such a foundation of society and such a microenvironment, the climate of which contributes or hinders the development of the moral and physical forces of a person, his formation as a social being. It is in the family that the moral foundations are laid that contribute to the development of the individual.
The family has the greatest influence on a child's personality. In the sphere of influence of the family, the intellect and emotions of the child, his views and tastes, skills and habits are simultaneously affected. Family education has a practically comprehensive character, because it is not limited to suggestion, but includes all forms of influence on a developing personality: through communication and direct observation, work and personal example of others. In other words, the development of the child is organically inscribed in the life of the family. The educational function of the family cannot be overestimated.
Society is vitally interested in a strong, spiritually and morally healthy family. It requires attention and assistance from the state in the performance of social functions, the upbringing of children, and the improvement of material, housing and living conditions.
Horizontally:
3. The community of people, which develops in the process of forming a community of their territory
torii, economic relations, language, culture and character (Nation)
5. The path of experimental study of phenomena, in the course of which a transition is made from individual facts to general provisions(The science).
6. Income related to entrepreneurial activity (Profit)
8. A thought that affirms or denies something about an object, process, phenomenon (Sub-
10. A single representative of the human race (Individual).
11. A security that entitles its owner to receive part of the profits of the public
va (Share).
Vertically:
1. Voluntary association of independent countries to achieve specific goals, in which the united countries, while fully maintaining sovereignty and significant independence
Dependency (Confederation)
2. A special tool that plays the role of a universal equivalent in the exchange of goods and services (Money).
4. Adaptation of a person to the surrounding world (Adaptation).
7. The science of the most general patterns of development of nature, society, knowledge (Fi-
losophy).
8. A social group that has rights and obligations enshrined in custom or law and inherited (estate).
9. A person who is outside his social group (Mariginal).
Evaluation for work
(To be completed by the jury)
Jury members: | |||||||||
5.5. Grade 10 (1 hour 20 min.)
1. Select all correct answers. Write them down in a table. 1.1. What type of social control does not exist
a) Formal and informal b) Ego and superego control c) Internal and external d) Affective
1.2. Marginality is
a) The state of an individual in which he belongs to two or more groups, but at the same time does not fully share the norms and values of any of them b) The desire to comply with the norms and values of the group c) Complete or partial violation of the norms and values of the group
d) The tension that arises in the individual in case of non-compliance with the expectations of the group.
1.3. Visual-sensory image of objects and phenomena, received through the senses, but stored in the mind without their direct impact,
called:
a) feeling
b) perception
c) presentation
d) imagination
1.4. Only the presidential republic is characterized by the following statements
a) the presidential republic has the clearest separation of powers b) the president has a suspensive veto c) the president is the chief executive
d) the president is elected by popular vote
1.5. What ideology denied the principle of separation of powers?
a) liberal
b) communist
c) neoliberal
d) Christian Democratic
1.6. The tenth candy is not as satisfying as the first. That's an example:
a) general utility
b) the law of diminishing utility
c) deficit
d) opportunity cost
1.7. Interchangeable goods:
a) have the same price b) complement each other in the sale
c) compete with each other in the market d) stimulate each other's sales
1.8. Which body oversees the implementation of laws in the Russian Federation?
b) prosecutor's office
c) Federation Council
d) investigative department
2. What unites the concepts that form each of the presented series? Give
short answer.
1. The ability to work, the ability to reflect objective reality in images,
possibility of cultural heritage.
2. Satisfaction of the most important needs of society, the presence of sustainable forms of organization of people, the presence of a complex of statuses, traditions, rituals, norms and values
_____________________________________________________________.
3. Territory, sovereignty, public authority, the right to make laws, to levy
logs, symbols.
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1. differences between man and animal, 2. social institutions, 3. signs of the state
3. Insert into the text instead of gaps the corresponding words and combinations of words from
the list in the table. Enter in the text the serial numbers of the selected
you words and combinations. Please note: in the list of words and word combinations there are more
than gaps in the text!
The first source of religious and philosophical wisdom and thought was the so-called
1_______________, in which manifestations of mythological consciousness are strong.
More understandable and at the same time philosophical is another group of texts that appeared later - 2 _____________________ (this word itself denotes the process of learning wisdom
the teacher of his students). It was in these texts that the idea was first expressed
3____________ - transmigration of the souls of living beings after their death. According to the law
4____________, the one who performed good deeds lived in accordance with moral norms-
mi, will be born in the future as a representative of one of the highest 5 _______ of society.
In other words, everyone gets what they deserve. To be worthy of a better share in the future, a person must good deeds and a righteous life to atone for their karmic debt of previous existences. The most reliable way is life
Another way to liberate the soul is a set of practical exercises,
self-control, strict discipline, namely, the 7_________________ system. This goal-
pov training - achieving a state that helps release
8_________________.
1. Vedic | 5. Reincar- | |||||
lithuanian | hermit | |||||
8. Confucian- | ||||||
Answer: 1 3 5 2 6 4 7 11
4. Using all of the terms below, complete the chart.
Public consciousness, individual consciousness, consciousness, morality, religion, law
consciousness, levels of consciousness, ordinary consciousness, theoretical consciousness, components,
ideology.
Consciousness | |||||||||||||||||||
public consciousness | |||||||||||||||||||
individual consciousness |
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Components | |||||||||||||||||||
theoretical | sense of justice | ||||||||||||||||||
ideology | |||||||||||||||||||
ordinary consciousness | |||||||||||||||||||
5. Solve a legal problem
5.1. The minor Andrei is 15 years old. He and his friends decided to celebrate his birthday. The guys bought and drank hard liquor in the park. As a result of strong alcohol intoxication Andrei and his friends began to pester citizens in the park,
accompanying their actions with foul language. They broke several ceiling lamps on the back-
ryahs installed in the park. These actions were noticed by police and public security officers and stopped the actions of juvenile delinquents. One of the collaborators
Nikov promised the whole group long terms of arrest to the fullest extent of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
How should the actions of minors be classified? What punishment will they receive?
if Andrei was 15 years old at the time of the act, and his friends are one year older? Is the police officer right?
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5.2. Turner Ermakov was reprimanded for a marriage at work. In addition, it is partially
sewed awards. Considering that there could not be two punishments for one act, Yermakov appealed to the Commission on Labor Disputes with a request to cancel the order to deprive him of the bonus.
____________________________________________________________________
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5.1. The action of minors should be qualified as an administrative
collapse. Andrey cannot be held criminally liable, since it comes in the Russian Federation with
16 years in general cases. In severe cases, it comes earlier. Since the behavior of young men is in the nature of administrative violations, then sanctions will be applied to them according to the Administrative Code. The police officer is wrong.
5.2.According to Labor Code Russian Federation for committing a disciplinary offense, that is, not
performance or improper performance by the employee due to his fault of the labor duties assigned to him, the employer has the right to apply the following disciplinary sanctions:
1) remark;
2) reprimand;
3) dismissal for appropriate reasons.
At the same time, only one disciplinary offense can be applied for each disciplinary offense.
plinary recovery. A disciplinary sanction may be appealed by an employee in the state
state labor inspectorate and (or) bodies for the consideration of individual labor disputes.
6. Solve a logical problem.
The heads of three states - A, B and C - met at the economic summit. One of them was a legally elected president, the second was a hereditary monarch, and the third was a military dictator.
torus. When they were asked who is who, the answers were as follows:
A: "A monarch, and C a dictator" B: "A is a legitimately elected president" C: "Me or A is a dictator"
As it turned out later, only the one who was the monarch told the truth. Define-
those who are. Justify your answer.
Answer: A dictator, B president, C monarch
7. An Indian proverb says:
Once Akbar drew a straight line and, turning to the ministers, said: "How to make this line shorter without touching it?" Birbal was considered the most wise man in the state. He came over and...What do you think Birbal did? What did he want to show by this action?
Justify your answer.
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Answer: He drew next to this line another straight line, but longer, the more
my detracting from the dignity of the first.
Approximate justification: perhaps he wanted to show the relativity of our concepts - the assessment of things (their length, significance, dignity, size) depends on our perception and our expectations.
Other answers are acceptable, provided they are well-grounded and original.
8. Solve the crossword.
Horizontally:
1. social behavior deviating from the socially acceptable in society (Devi-
2. A group that has power or influence over other groups (Elite).
4. Uncritical acceptance by the individual of the existing order of things, adaptation to it (Conformism).
7. Correspondence of our knowledge or what is said to the existing one (Truth). 9. moral principle prescribing compassion and mercy to other people,
selfless service to them and readiness for self-denial in the name of their good (Altruism). 11. A closed, isolated social group with a strictly defined occupation,
a peculiar way of life, customs, traditions, norms (Caste).
13. Political minority opposing the political majority, the course of pro-
policies, goals and methods of implementation state power(Opposition).
Vertically:
3. One of the forms of contradictions, characterized by an acute irreconcilable struggle of hostile
blowing forces, tendencies (Antagonism).
5. Any type of activity that generates profit or cash income (Business).
6. A way of activity and thinking that ensures the exit of the individual beyond the traditional
rational, habitual, given being (Creativity).
8. Tolerance for other people's opinions, beliefs, behavior, consent to accept them even if they contradict the worldview of the observer himself
(Tolerance).
10. Section economic theory studying the functioning of the economy as a whole,
economic system as a whole, a set of economic phenomena (Mac-
roeconomics).
12. The process in which groups of people are hierarchically aligned according to some scale of inequality (stratification).
Evaluation for work
(To be completed by the jury)
Jury members: | |||||||||
5.6. Grade 11 (1 hour 20 min.)
1. Select all correct answers. Write them down in a table.
1.1. Indicate the reasons that determine the specifics of social cognition, its
difference from knowledge of the natural sciences.
a) In social cognition, the possibilities of experiment are limited.
b) Social cognition deals with constantly changing events and phenomena and therefore is aimed at discovering relative truths c) Social cognition cannot be absolutely impartial due to
whether scientists have an interested attitude to the object of study d) In social cognition, the subject and object of cognition are combined
1.2. The criterion of truth according to the sensualists is:
b) practice
d) feeling
e) agreement of scientists
a) the level of division of labor in society b) the level of development of science
c) the degree of freedom of the individual and the system for ensuring and protecting human rights d) the level of development of the productive forces
1.4. The main stratification variables in modern society it could be considered
a) marital status
b) access to political power
c) income level
d) belonging to a confession
e) nationality
1.5. Totalitarian regime characterized
a) Complete control of all spheres of society
b) Censorship of the media
c) The presence of opposition
d) Territorial expansion
1.6. The federal structure of the state involves
a) the presence of two levels of government b) the relative legal independence of administrative units
c) control of the state only from the center, which delegates powers to the subjects and controls their full sovereignty d) administrative units that delegate to the authorized by them price
only questions of a cultural nature
a set of people united by historically established stable social connections and relationships and possessing a number common features(damn), giving it a unique identity.
Unlike other organizations and institutions, consciously created by people Societies arise naturally and historically, that is, independently of the will and consciousness of people under the influence of objective necessity in the process of societies. production The way of production ultimately determines the nature of O. In the early stages of history, poor development produces. forces determined the existence of numerically small O., which, however, were very stable and ensured the functioning and development of the production of means of subsistence, reproduction of the person himself, joint opposition to the hostile forces of nature, etc. Such O. were the genus, tribe, family, community. They allowed humanity not only to survive, but also to lay the foundations for further progress, the development of civilization. A more developed state produces. forces in pre-capitalist conditions. antagonistic social economy, formations brought to life a new historical. O. - nationality. As a rule, nationalities are more numerous than previous O., and provide more opportunities for development as a producer. forces and societies. life in general. Societies develop within the framework of nationalities. division of labor, including the separation of minds. labor from the physical, there is a political. sphere as a consequence of the split of society into classes. The formation of nationalities is associated with the decomposition of tribal O., the remains of which are sometimes preserved as a relic. There is also a decomposition and modification of the community, but in many ways. cases, it continues to exist within the nationality. Changes and receives further development family.
Capitalist the way of production gives rise to modern. form of historical O. people - a nation. All former forms of clothing, with the exception of the family, are being decomposed and destroyed under the influence of capitalism. commodity-den. relations. But these forms of O. continue to exist on the periphery of capitalism, where remnants of the former structures remain.
Socialism creates a qualitatively new economic system. And social basis for human development. O. Receives further development nat. O.'s form by overcoming social antagonisms within the nation, asserting their actual. equality and relations of friendship and cooperation among nations. Conditions are being created for the transformation of large nationalities into independent ones. nation, for the development of small nationalities, introducing them to a full-fledged socio-economic. and cultural life of the socialist. society. Established democratic and truly humanistic. basics family relations. Together with so goes struggle against outdated traditions and mores, views and attitudes alien to the nature of the new society, which are remnants of the past. Economical and the social development of socialism gives rise to a need and will create conditions for the emergence of new, broader than the nation, historical. O. The first such new historical. O. is the Soviet people, which is an international O., welded together by a single socialist. x-va system, socio-political. and the ideological unity of society, the unity of culture, having mutual language international communication - Russian language.
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social communities.
Social community - it is a real-life, empirically fixed set of individuals, characterized by relative integrity and acting as an independent subject historical process. Social communities are relatively stable aggregates of people that differ in more or less the same features (in all or some aspects of life) of the conditions and way of life, mass consciousness, in one way or another by the commonality of social norms, value systems and interests. Communities of different kinds and types are forms of joint life activity of people, forms of human coexistence.
Social communities are not created by people consciously, but are formed solely under the influence of an objective course. community development, the joint nature of human life. Different types of communities are formed on different objective basis. Some types of communities are directly social production, for example, a production team, a social class, a socio-professional group. Others arise on an ethnic basis: nationalities, nations (ethnic communities), and along with the economy, their nature and character are determined by a number of other factors. The objective basis of the third communities - socio-demographic - are natural demographic factors: gender, age, etc.
Any community is formed on the basis of the same living conditions of the people from which it is formed. But the totality of people becomes a community only when they are able to realize this similarity of conditions, to show their attitude towards them. In this regard, they develop a clear understanding of who is “ours” and who is “strangers”. Accordingly, there is an understanding of the unity of their interests in comparison with other communities. Awareness of this manifested itself in the tribal societies of the primitive communal system. This awareness is inherent in any nationality and nation.
Nationality is a term denoting belonging to a people or the presence of some of its qualities. The people are large group people connected mainly by their place of residence. In the ethnic sense, this term refers to all historically established types of ethnic communities: tribes, nationalities, nations. In Greek, ethnos means people. Since the beginning of the 50s of our century, various types of ethnic groups have been called nationality, which are at the stage of development between the tribe and the nation. Thus, nationality - it is an ethnic and social community that historically follows the tribe and precedes the nation.
Another ethnic community is the nation. Nation(from Latin natio - people) - a type of ethnic group, historically formed and reproduced on the basis of a common territory, economic ties, language, cultural characteristics, mental make-up and consciousness of unity and difference from similar formations (self-consciousness). This definition is dominant in modern literature. However, at present, when defining a nation, emphasis is often placed not on ethnic features, but on stage and ethno-social features that distinguish a nation from the nationality that preceded it historically. These features include: the unification of the language, mainly in the process of spreading it literary form through the education system, literature and the media; development professional culture and arts; the formation of a class and social composition corresponding to the level of industrial development, etc.
Nationality - it is belonging to one or another nation. However, in Western European languages this concept is used mainly to denote the nationality of people (citizenship), and to denote ethnic background often used the expression "ethnic nationality" (ethnic nationality).
The problem of ethnic communities is dealt with by ethnosociology, which has its own categorical apparatus. Her focus is on interethnic relations related to the problem of ethnic minorities, assimilation, and so on. Ethnic minority - it is a collection of people who are treated differently from other members of society because of their physical and cultural characteristics. Under assimilation is understood as the complete destruction of ethnic minorities by force or by their gradual mixing with the main (titular) ethnic group.
It should be noted that despite the presence of different points of view, race is not a kind of ethnic community. Race - this is a historically formed group of mankind, characterized by common hereditary characteristics, due to the unity of origin and the area of \u200b\u200bsettlement. These features include: skin color, eyes, hair, skull shape, height, etc. Modern humanity is divided into three main races: Negroid, Caucasoid and Mongoloid.
Features races are of secondary importance. All races are absolutely equal in biological and psychological respects, are at the same level of evolutionary development. However, throughout human history attempts were made to elevate one race and belittle another. They are most clearly manifested in the theory and practice of racism. Racism - it is discrimination, exploitation or cruel oppression of a community belonging to another race.
