Exact knowledge belonging to a certain ethnic group may be needed by a person when he is looking for his relatives, restores family tree or is going to move to another country and acquire citizenship there. And in almost every case, the question arises - how to determine ethnicity with maximum accuracy?
If previously traditionally studied family archives, now the development of modern technologies, the emergence of new types of research have brought DNA analysis for ethnic origin to a new level.
How to determine the ethnicity of a person
A modern, accurate and reliable method of DNA testing allows you to get answers to a number of questions related to the genealogy of a person and his belonging to a particular ethnic group. In the process of evolution, various mutations were concentrated in the human genome, which were passed down from generation to generation. As a result, each nationality has characteristic genetic markers that determine skin color, eye shape and other features of appearance.
A special study of DNA fragments allows you to determine ethnicity specific person and his genetic history. To date, four special population groups are used for this:
- European - includes the countries of Europe and the Middle East.
- East Asian - South and North Korea, Japan, China.
- Southeast - Australia and Oceania, Philippines.
- African - Libya, Egypt, etc.
To determine the percentage of each group in the human genome, 175 SNP markers are used on all chromosomes. The alleles that are determined by these markers correspond to a particular group. As a result, the proportion of human ancestors from a certain corner is established. the globe. For example, the researcher may have 15% of relatives from the southeastern group and 80% from the African group.
How to find out your ethnic origin
Genetic examination is carried out in special laboratories that have the necessary equipment and reagents for this. To find out your ethnicity, you must pass a sample of biological material. In most cases, buccal epithelium is used for research, which is obtained from the inside of the cheek. If it is not possible to take such a smear, then another material is used - spots of biological fluid, hair, skin particles, and much more. Such samples are called non-standard.
DNA testing is carried out according to different methods, depending on the gender of the researched:
- Women. Determination of belonging to an ethnic group along the mother's line is carried out by examining mitochondrial DNA, which is isolated from one's own bioassay. For paternal testing, a male DNA sample is required. It can be any man on the father's side, for example, an uncle, brother, grandfather, etc.
- Men. To establish a relationship to a certain group in the male and female lines, the biomaterial of a man is sufficient. This material is sufficient both for the study of the male line (Y-chromosome) and for the study of the female line (mitochondrial DNA).
When studying a mitochondrial haplogroup, one can find out ethnicity at the continent level. The definition of the haplogroup allows you to establish the nationality of a person by DNA test.
How to determine your ethnicity in the DTL laboratory
The DTL Center offers to undergo a modern genetic examination and find out your ethnic background, genealogy, a certain race. At the service of clients - the most modern technologies, the latest equipment and experienced geneticists.
For testing, you must pass a sample of biomaterial, wait a few days and receive an official conclusion with the result. More detailed information can be obtained from the specialists of the Center by calling the specified phone number.
NATIONALITY NATIONALITY - 1) a person's belonging to a certain ethnic community people, differing in the peculiarities of language, culture, psychology, traditions, customs, way of life. According to Part 1 of Art. 26 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, no one can be forced to determine and indicate his N.; 2) in a number of Romanesque states, the term (Spanish nacionalidad), used to denote citizenship or citizenship (Spain) or belonging to a particular nation state, which do not completely coincide in their content with the relations of citizenship (for example, in Mexico, citizens are recognized as persons possessing Mexican N., who have reached the age of majority and “lead a worthy lifestyle”).
Big legal dictionary. - M.: Infra-M. A. Ya. Sukharev, V. E. Krutskikh, A. Ya. Sukharev. 2003 .
Synonyms:See what "NATIONALITY" is in other dictionaries:
nationality- and, well. nationalite f. 1. State, state affiliation. Note also the unattractive rules of the Historian regarding those reasons that established and glorified Russia, and which, in his opinion, should be in future times ... ... Historical dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language
NATIONALITY, nationality, wives. 1. Same as nation. “...Only subject to the development national cultures it will be possible to involve the truly backward nationalities in the cause of socialist construction. Stalin. " The Supreme Council THE USSR… … Dictionary Ushakov
1) belonging to any nation, people; 2) the people themselves. Dictionary foreign words included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907. NATIONALITY Nationality, totality distinguishing features and properties of the people. Explanation of 25000… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
This is a political and legal category, denoting a set of characteristics formalized by law, the possession of which makes a person a full member of the nation state. The concept of nationality developed in the 19th century, in the process ... ... Political science. Dictionary.
See nation Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011. nationality n., number of synonyms: 5 ... Synonym dictionary
NATIONALITY, and, wives. 1. see national. 2. In some combinations: the same as a nation. 3. Belonging to what n. nations, peoples. Ukrainian by nationality. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
English ethnicity; nationality; German Nationalitat. 1. National and ethnic group, nationality. 2. Belonging of the individual to the CL. nat. or ethnic group, nationality, nation. 3. Citizenship or nationality; legal affiliation to one or another ... Encyclopedia of Sociology
NATIONALITY- NATIONALITY, 1) the designation of modern. nationalities, nations, etc. ethnic. groups inhabiting the country (for example, nationalities of the USSR); Tribes do not usually apply. 2) Belonging of a person or group of people to a certain nationality or nation. ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
nationality- Belonging to a particular nation, nation state ... Geography Dictionary
NATIONALITY- (Spanish nacionalidad) in a number of Romance states, a term used to refer to relations of citizenship or citizenship (Spain) or relations of belonging of a person to a particular national state that do not completely coincide in their own ... ... Legal Encyclopedia
Books
- Nationality and socialism, P.L. Lavrov. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1887 edition (publishing house `Paris`). IN…
- Nationality and socialism, P.L. Lavrov. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1887 edition (publishing house "Paris" ...
With each year of his life, a person expands the choice of communication more and more, getting to know new people. In order for a new acquaintance to make contact with you, you need to make a pleasant impression on him. To avoid uncomfortable situations, it is important to know what nationality the person in front of you is in order to behave in accordance with the moral and ethical standards of his country. Most surnames can be unmistakably identified nationality your friends, neighbors, business partners, etc.
Russians- use surnames with suffixes -an, -yn, -in, -skikh, -ov, -ev, -skoi, -tskoi, -ih, -ih (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moskovskikh, Sedykh);
Belarusians- typical Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko, -onak, -yonak, -uk, -ik, -ski. (Radkevich, Dubrova, Parshonok, Kuharchik, Kastsyushka); many surnames in Soviet years were Russified and Polished (Dubrovsky, Kosciuszko);
Poles- most of the surnames have the suffix -sk, -tsk, and the ending -ij (-th), indicating masculine and feminine gender (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khodetsky, Volnitskaya); also exist double surnames- if a woman, when getting married, wants to leave her last name (Mazur-Komorovskaya); in addition to these surnames, surnames with an unchanged form are also common among the Poles (Nowak, Sienkiewicz, Wuytsik, Wozniak). Ukrainians with surname endings in -y are not Ukrainians, but Ukrainian Poles.;
Ukrainians- the first classification of surnames of a given nationality is formed with the help of suffixes -enko, -ko, -uk, -yuk (Kreschenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); the second series denotes the kind of any craft or occupation (Potter, Koval); the third group of surnames are individual Ukrainian words(Gorobets, Ukrainian, Parubok), as well as a merger of words (Vernigora, Nepiyvoda, Bilous).
Latvians- feature to masculine denotes a surname ending in -s, -is, and to a female - in -a, -e (Verbitskis - Verbitska, Shurins - Shurin)
Lithuanians - male surnames end in -onis, -unas, -utis, -aytis, -enas (Pyatrenas, Norvydaitis), female surnames are formed from the husband's surname using the suffixes -en, -yuven, -uven and the endings -е (Grinius - Grinyuvene), surnames unmarried girls contain the basis of the father's surname with the addition of suffixes -ut, -polut, -ait and endings -e (Orbakas - Orbakaite);
Estonians- male and female sex with the help of surnames does not differ, all foreign surnames(mainly German) were Estonianized at one time (Rozenberg - Roozimäe), this process is still in effect today. for example, in order to be able to play for the Estonian national team, football players Sergei Khokhlov and Konstantin Kolbasenko had to change their names to Simson and Nahk;
French people- many surnames are prefixed with Le or De (Le Pen, Mol Pompadour); mostly dissimilar nicknames and personal names were used to form surnames (Robert, Jolie, Cauchon - a pig);
Romanians: -sku, -u(l), -an.
Serbs:-ich.
English- the following surnames are common: formed from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); designating a profession (Hoggart - a shepherd, Smith - a blacksmith); pointing to appearance character and appearance (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet, Bragg - bragging);
Germans- surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); surnames that characterize a person (Krause - wavy, Klein - small); surnames indicating the type of activity (Müller - miller, Lehmann - geomor);
swedes- most surnames end in -sson, -berg, -steady, -strom (Andersson, Olsson, Forsberg, Bostrom);
Norse- are formed from personal names with the help of the suffix -en (Larsen, Hansen), surnames can occur without suffixes and endings (Per, Morten); Norwegian surnames can repeat the names of animals, trees and natural phenomena(Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan, Furu - pine);
Italians- surnames are characterized by suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -illo, -etti, -etto, -ito (Benedetto, Moretti, Esposito), can end in -o, -a, -i (Conti, Giordano, Costa) ; the prefixes di- and- denote, respectively, the person's belonging to his genus and geographical structure (Di Moretti is the son of Moretti, Da Vinci is from Vinci);
Spaniards and Portuguese - have surnames ending in -ez, -az, -iz, -oz (Gomez, Lopez), surnames that indicate the character of a person are also common (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - brave, Malo - horseless);
Turks- most often, surnames end in -oglu, -ji, -zade (Mustafaoglu, Ekindzhi, Kuindzhi, Mammadzade), Turkish names or everyday words were often used in the formation of surnames (Ali, Abaza - a fool, Kolpakchi - a hat);
Bulgarians - almost all Bulgarian surnames formed from personal names and suffixes -ov, -ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);
Gagauz: -oglo.
Tatars: -in, -ishin.
Greeks- the surnames of the Greeks cannot be confused with any other surnames, only they have the endings -idis, -kos, -pulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis);
Czechs- the main difference from other surnames is the obligatory ending -ova in female surnames, even if where it would seem inappropriate (Valdrova, Ivanovova, Andersonova).
Georgians- Surnames ending in -shvili, -dze, -uri, -ava, -a, -ua, -ia, -ni, -li, -si are common (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gvishiani, Tsereteli);
Armenians- a significant part of the surnames of the inhabitants of Armenia has the suffix -yan (Hakopyan, Galustyan); Also, -yants, -uni.
Moldovans: -sku, -u(l), -an.
Azerbaijanis- formed surnames, taking as a basis Azerbaijani names and attaching to them the Russian suffixes -ov, -ev (Mamedov, Aliyev, Gasanov, Abdullayev). Also, -zade, -li, ly, -oglu, -kyzy.
Jews- the main group consists of surnames with roots Levi and Cohen (Levin, Levitan Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); the second group originated from male and female Jewish names with the addition of various suffixes (Yakobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubinchik, Vigdorchik, Mandelstam); the third classification of surnames reflects the character of a person, the features of his appearance or belonging to a profession (Kaplan is a chaplain, Rabinovich is a rabbi, Melamed is a pestun, Schwarzbard is black-bearded, Stiller is quiet, Shtarkman is strong).
Ossetians: -ti.
Mordva: -yn, -in.
Chinese and Koreans- for the most part, these are surnames consisting of one, less often of two syllables (Tang, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Choi, Kogai);
Japanese- modern Japanese surnames are formed by the merger of two full-valued words (Wada - sweetness and rice field, Igarashi - 50 storms, Katayama - hill, Kitamura - north and village); The most common Japanese surnames are: Takahashi, Kobayashi, Kato, Suzuki, Yamamoto.
As you can see, in order to determine the nationality of a person, it is enough to accurately analyze his last name, highlighting the suffix and ending.
WHAT DO THE SURNAME ON "-IN" MEAN? SURNAMES ENDING IN -IN HAVE RUSSIAN ROOT OR JEWISH?
In the collection of the famous Slavic linguist B. O Unbegaun “Russian Surnames”, one can read that surnames with “in” are mainly the Russian type of surnames.
Why the ending "-in"? Basically, all surnames ending in "in" come from words ending in -а/-я and from feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant.
There are not a few examples of the erroneous addition of -in to the bases with a final solid consonant: Orekhin, Karpin, Markin, where -ov should have been. And in another case -ov turned out to be in place -in: Shishimorov from the basis of shishimora. It is possible to mix formants. After all, among Russians -in and -ov have been semantically indistinguishable for more than a thousand years. The meaning of the difference was lost even in the common Slavic language, the choice of -ov or -in depends only survivingly on the phonetic feature of the stem (Nikonov "Geography of Surnames").
Do you know how the name of the famous leader came about militia 1611-1612 years of Minin? Minin had a personal nickname Sukhoruk, he did not have a last name. And Minin meant "son of Mina". Orthodox name"Mina" was widespread in Rus'.
Another old Russian surname is Semin, also a surname on "-in". According to the main version, the surname Semin goes back to the baptismal male name Semyon. The name Semyon is the Russian form of the ancient Jewish name Simeon, meaning "hearing", "heard by God." On behalf of Semyon in Rus', many derivative forms were formed, one of which - Syoma - formed the basis of this surname.
The famous Slavic linguist B. O. Unbegaun in the collection “Russian Surnames” believes that the surname Semin was formed from the Russian baptismal name after following scheme: "Semyon - Syoma - Semin."
Let us give another example of a surname, which we studied in detail in the family diploma. Rogozhin is an old Russian surname. According to the main version, the surname keeps the memory of the profession of distant ancestors. One of the first representatives of the Rogozhins could be engaged in the manufacture of matting, or trade in fabric.
Rogozhey was called a coarse woven fabric from bast tapes. A bast hut (bast mat, bast mat) in Rus' was called a workshop where bast mats were woven, and a bast mat was called a bast weaver or a bast mat merchant.
In his close circle Rogozhnik's household was known as "Rogozhin's wife", "Rogozhin's son", "Rogozhin's grandchildren". Over time, the terms denoting the degree of kinship disappeared, and the hereditary surname - Rogozhins - was assigned to the descendants of Rogozhin.
Such Russian surnames ending in "-in" include: Pushkin (Pushka), Gagarin (Gagara), Borodin (Beard), Ilyin (Ilya), Ptitsyn (Bird); Fomin (from the personal name of Thomas); Belkin (from the nickname "squirrel"), Borozdin (Furrow), Korovin (Cow), Travin (Grass), Zamin and Zimin (winter) and many others
Please note that the words from which surnames are formed on "in" mostly end in "-a" or "-ya". We will not be able to say “Borodov” or “Ilyinov”, it would be more logical and sonorous to pronounce “Ilyin” or “Borodin”.
Why do some people think that last names ending in "-in" have Jewish roots? Is it really? No, this is not true, one cannot judge the origin of a surname by one ending. The sound of Jewish surnames coincides with Russian endings just by pure chance.
It is always necessary to research the surname itself. The ending "ov", for some reason, does not cause us doubts. We believe that surnames ending in "-ov" are definitely Russian. But there are exceptions. For example, we recently prepared a beautiful family diploma for a wonderful family named Maksyutov.
The surname Maksyutov has the ending "ov", common among Russian surnames. But, if you explore the surname deeper, it turns out that the surname Maksyutov is formed from the Tatar male name“Maqsoud”, which in Arabic means “desire, premeditated intention, aspiration, goal”, “long-awaited, desired”. The name Maksud had several dialect variants: Maksut, Mahsud, Mahsut, Maksut. This name is still widespread among the Tatars and Bashkirs to this day.
“The surname Maksyutov is an old princely surname Tatar origin. ABOUT ancient origin surnames Maksyutov say historical sources. The surname was first documented in the 16th century: Maksutovs (Maksutovs, obsolete Maksutovs, Tat. Maksutovlar) - the Volga-Bulgarian princely Murzin family, descended from the Kasimov prince Maksut (1554), in the genealogical legend, Prince Maksut was called a lancer and a descendant of the prince Kashima." Now there is almost no doubt about the origin of the surname.
How to find out if a surname starts with -in Jewish origin Or is it a native Russian surname? Always analyze the word that underlies your last name.
Here are examples of Jewish surnames ending in “-in” or “-ov”: Edmin (derived from the name of the German city of Emden), Kotin (derived from the Hebrew קטן- in the Ashkenazi pronunciation “kotn”, meaning “small”), Eventov (derived from Hebrew "even tov" - " gem”), Khazin (derived from the Hebrew “khazan”, in the Ashkenazi pronunciation “khazn”, meaning “a person leading worship in the synagogue”), Superfin (translated as “very beautiful”) and many others.
The ending "-in" is just an ending by which one cannot judge the nationality of a surname. You always need to research the surname, analyze the word that underlies it and try to search in various books and archival documents for the first mention of your surname. Only when all the information has been collected will you be able to establish with certainty the origin of your surname and find answers to your questions.
SURNAMES ENDING IN SKIY/-SKAYA, -TSKIY/-TSKAYA
Many Russians have a firm and unfounded conviction that surnames in -sky are necessarily Polish. From history textbooks, the names of several Polish magnates are known, formed from the names of their possessions: Pototsky and Zapototsky, Zablotsky, Krasinsky. But from the same textbooks, the names of many Russians with the same suffixes are known: Konstantin Grigoryevich Zabolotsky, roundabout of Tsar John III, late 15th - early 16th centuries; clerk Semyon Zaborovsky, early 16th century; boyars Shuisky and Belsky, close associates of Ivan the Terrible. Famous Russian artists Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Makovsky, Kramskoy.
An analysis of modern Russian surnames shows that forms in -sky (-tsky) exist in parallel with variants in -ov (-ev, -in), but there are fewer of them. For example, in Moscow in the 70s of the twentieth century, for 330 people with the surname Krasnov / Krasnova, there were only 30 with the surname Krasnovsky / Krasnovskaya. But enough rare surnames Kuchkov and Kuchkovsky, Makov and Makovsky are represented almost equally.
A significant part of the surnames ending in -sky / -skaya, -tsky / -tskaya are formed from geographical and ethnic names. In the letters of our readers who want to know about the origin of their surnames, the following surnames are mentioned in -sky / -sky.
Brynsky. The author of this letter, Evgeny Sergeevich Brynsky, himself sent the story of his last name. We give only a small piece of the letter, since it is not possible to publish it in its entirety. Bryn - river Kaluga region, flows into the tributary of the Oka Zhizdra. In the old days, large dense Bryn forests stretched along it, in which the Old Believers took refuge. According to the epic about Ilya Muromets, it was in the Bryn forests that the Nightingale the Robber lived. We add that there are several settlements Bryn in the Kaluga and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. The surname Brynski / Brynska found in Poland is formed from the name of two settlements Brynsk in different parts country and also, apparently, goes back to the names of the rivers Bryn, Brynica. There is no uniform interpretation of the names of these rivers in science. If the suffix -ets is added to the name of an inhabited place, then such a word denotes a native of this place. In the Crimea in the 60s - 70s of the XX century, the winegrower Maria Bryntseva was well known. Her surname is derived from the word brynets, that is, a native of the city or village of Bryn.
Garbavitsky. This Belarusian surname corresponds to Russian Gorbovitsky (in Belarusian language the letter a is written in place of the unstressed o). The surname is formed from the name of some settlement of Gorbovitsa. In the materials we have, there are only Gorbov, Gorbovo and Gorbovtsy. All these names come from the designations of the terrain: humpback - hillock, sloping hill.
Dubovskaya. The surname is formed from the name of one of the numerous settlements: Dubovka, Dubovo, Dubovoe, Dubovskaya, Dubovsky, Dubovskoye, Dubovtsy, located in all parts of the country. To find out from which one, it is possible only according to the information preserved in the family, where the ancestors who received this surname lived, or where they came from to their place of further residence. Emphasis in the surname on "o": Dubovsky / Dubovskaya.
Steblivsky. The Ukrainian surname, corresponding to the Russian one, is Steblevsky; formed from the names of settlements Steblivka in the Transcarpathian region or Steblev-Cherkasy. In Ukrainian orthography, i is written in place of the second e.
Tersky. The surname comes from the name of the Terek River and indicates that one of the distant ancestors of this person lived there. There were the Terek region and the Terek Cossacks. So the bearers of the surname Tersky may also be descendants of the Cossacks.
Uryansky. The surname, apparently, is formed from the name of the settlement Urya. In our materials, such a name is recorded in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Perhaps there are similar names in other places, since the name of the settlement is associated with the name of the river and with the designation of the Ur ethnic group, as well as with the name of the medieval Turkic people Uryanka. Similar names could be found in different places, since medieval peoples led a nomadic lifestyle and assigned the name of their ethnic group to those places where they lingered on for a long time.
Chiglinsky. The surname comes from the name of the settlement Chigla Voronezh region, which, apparently, is associated with the designation of the union of the medieval Turkic tribes Chigili.
Shabansky. The surname is formed from the names of the settlements Shabanovo, Shabanovskoye, Shabanskoye, located in different parts of the country. These names come from the Turkic name Shaban of Arabic origin. IN Arabic shaban is the name of the eighth month lunar calendar. The name Shaban is also attested in Russian peasant families in the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. In parallel with this, the spelling variant Shiban was noted in the Russian language - obviously, by analogy with the Russian shibat, zashibat. In the records of 1570-1578, Prince Ivan Andreevich Shiban Dolgoruky is mentioned; in 1584, the stirrup grooms of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich Osip Shiban and Danilo Shikhman Ermolaevich Kasatkins. The servant of Prince Kurbsky was called Vasily Shibanov - he was executed by Ivan the Terrible in 1564.
In addition, the name of the ethnic group is known Siberian Tatars Shibans and generic name Crimean Tatars shiban murzas. The Perm Region has locality Shibanovo, and in Ivanovskaya - Shibanikha.
So closely related different types proper names: personal names, geographical and ethnic names, as well as surnames.
We determine the color type of appearance: winter, spring, summer, autumn
How to determine your color type?
Probably, at least once in your life you have heard about the so-called “appearance color type”. And I have already used this term a couple of times in articles on makeup. What kind of thing is this - a color type?
Color type- This is a set of certain signs of a person's appearance, depending on his eye color, hair, skin. And depending on this, you can choose the most suitable colors when choosing clothes or shades of cosmetics. There are 4 types of appearance: winter, spring, summer and autumn. Spring and autumn are warm shades, summer and winter are cold.
To determine which of the 4 types you belong to, you can take an online color type test.
Before that, we wash off all makeup, look at ourselves in the mirror and carefully study the reflection in it. Did everyone remember? And now let's proceed to the test to determine the color type.
What did we see in the mirror?
Appearance color type: winter, spring, summer, autumn
To determine your color type, take this simple test.
1. Which of the following statements suits you best?
The whites of the eyes are pure white
The skin has a bluish tint on the crook of the elbow, on the inside of the wrist and forearm
The joints of the fingers often turn red
In the eyes of golden sparks
2. How do you sunbathe?
I tan quickly, tan color is light or olive
I burn easily, tan shade is light or red
I tan very quickly, the tan color is golden, carrot.
there are no problems with tanning, the tan color is olive-ash.
3. What kind of skin do you have?
transparent, light pink, with a bluish cold tint
light beige, ivory. Warm skin tone
ivory, peach, beige-yellowish, light golden
either light porcelain white or swarthy
4. Shade your blush
bright red or salmon
cold with an olive tint, or not at all
5. What is your hair color? (taken into account natural color hair)
red, golden, with a copper sheen, dark blond. warm colors
light blond, golden, red, chestnut. warm shades
black, dark hair sometimes with a silvery or blue tint
ash, blond hair, light blond, dark blond. Cold tones
6. What is your eye color?
brown, with slight yellowness
black, dark brown, dark green, cold, dark blue
pale, grey, yellowish
light green, amber, light olive, blue
7. What color are your eyebrows and eyelashes?
dark brown, red, with a golden sheen
cold pink, with an olive tint
By the way, it is sometimes difficult to determine the color type. Well, firstly, not everyone can clearly tell if their skin / eyes are warm or cold. Second, there are exceptions to every rule. And they may be you. Thirdly, you may not be “pure”, but a mixed color type. This very often happens due to the mixing of blood of residents of different latitudes and nationalities. As a result, you will be the owner of a unique color type. In this case, you need to decide what type, what tones (cold or warm) prevail in you. And depending on this, choose a makeup palette and clothing colors.
At home, you can also try to determine which color type you belong to. To do this, also wash off all your makeup, choose pieces of fabric (or just plain clothes) of different shades of cold or warm. And gradually apply these tissues to your face. Important! Lighting in the room should be natural, but not direct sunlight. By applying the fabric to the face, you can notice that the face acquires either a certain glow, a fresher look (i.e. this shade suits you) or the face acquires an unhealthy tone, becomes tired, or older (which means this shade does not suit you). Having decided which tones suit you (warm or cold), you can understand that you are approaching one of two color types. Warm - this is autumn and spring. and cold - winter. summer. After reading the descriptions of each of the types of appearance, you can decide which type you are most suited to.
Especially for readers of the site Beauty for all, I found a video “how to determine your color type”. See if it suits you
A few years ago in the Soviet Union, a lot depended on the nationality of a person, for example, getting a job, or entering a higher educational establishments. Now we live in a democratic country where the nationality of a person essentially does not play any role, as well as throughout the world, because, regardless of the place of birth of a person and his “blood”, everyone has equal rights.
However, the question of nationality is quite interesting, because each person is interested in knowing what kind of person this or that person comes from, or he himself, so in this article we will try to figure out how to determine nationality, all the more, it can be useful, for example, for emigration. There are many ways to determine nationality, consider each of them.
How to determine nationality - the first way
Ask your parents if mom and dad are Kazakhs, then you will belong to this nationality, but it often happens that parents are married different nationality, for example, the mother is Tatar, and the father is Ukrainian. Then you must determine your nationality based on general rules of one or another people, for example, in Russia the nationality is determined by the father, while in Israel the nationality is determined by the mother.
How to determine nationality - the second way
It happens that a person does not know his true parents, for example, he was adopted or brought up in an orphanage. Then the nationality of this person will depend on his place of residence, following the traditions of this people and knowing perfectly the language of the country in which this person lives. For example, you live in Germany, but your native language- Hebrew, you also honor the traditions of Israel, observe all Jewish holidays, for example, Hanukkah, which means you are a Jew.
How to determine nationality - the third way
By physiological signs, you can determine your nationality, although, most likely, this method can be subjective, not objective, because, for example, if you had a distant great-grandfather Armenian, and your mom and dad are Russians, then you can still manifest facial features inherited from a distant relative, such as eye color and nose shape. Below are the most common features of certain nationalities.
To begin with, let's remember school courses biology and consider existing classifications races of people that are determined by the place of residence: for example, dark skin contains more melanin, which protects from the debilitating sun.
- Caucasoid race - about half of the world's population belongs to this type. Distinctive features: bright skin, soft or slightly wavy hair, narrow nose, thin lips, eye color may vary. The Caucasian race includes residents of Europe, Armenians, Tajiks, Ukrainians and others.
- Negroid race - most often found in Africa and America. People differ in dark skin, wide lips and nose, brown eyes (there are exceptions) and dark curly hair.
- The Mongoloid race makes up about 40 percent of the world's population. It is distinguished by a yellowish skin color, a straight forehead, a wide nose and narrow eyes. TO Mongoloid race belong to the inhabitants of China, Japan, Koreans and other peoples of Asia.
- Australoid race - inhabits Australia and the island New Guinea. Is different dark color skin, wide nose, brown eyes and well-developed hairline.
But, thanks to the rapid growth of the world's population, now there has been a mixture of different races, which makes a person unique. It is enough to read about one or another nationality so that one can attribute oneself to it.
In general, it’s not only interesting to study your own or someone else’s nationality, it’s also pretty cool to find out the traditions of certain nationalities, for example, what holidays people celebrate different countries. As you can see, nationality is sometimes difficult to determine, because in modern life people have a lot of "mixed" blood.
The nationality of a person can be very difficult to determine in some cases. There are several ways to determine the nationality of a person, this is natural, firstly, appearance, and secondly, the language in which he speaks. It also determines nationality by manners, the accent with which a person speaks, his citizenship, surname and many other factors. I will explain with some examples how to determine nationality by appearance, and which by internal signs of a person.
The Negroid race is considered the easiest type in the world. Determining the nationality of a person if he is from Africa or is African American is very easy. He will naturally have very dark skin or simply very tanned. No one a white man or an Asian will never in his life be able to tan to such an extent, either in a solarium or in the sun, that he looks like a black person. Black people have almost one hundred percent of the case dark brown eyes, or almost completely black. The Negroid race has pronounced large noses with large nostrils. The eyes are also very large and larger than those of other races and nations. Also the structure of the skull is slightly different. What causes big noses and nostrils? The fact that Africa has a very warm climate and historically it so happened that such hot air as for example in the desert is very harmful to a person. Therefore, nature adapted the Negroid race and made them big noses so that they could filter and cool the air. Also, blacks tolerate heat more easily than white people, this is due to their special black skin, which has more pigment, to sunstroke they are better adapted, but still, like whites and Asians, they cannot be in the open sun without drinking and pouring water for more than eight hours. Also, blacks have very large and thick lips for the most part, I don’t know exactly how this is isolated, but this is also due to the hot climate in Africa. They also have a slightly different build from white people, more square shoulders, and are generally taller. Their accent may be different, but for example, a Negroid who grew up in Russia will speak pure Russian, so it’s not always possible to determine by accent.
Asians, that is, the Chinese can be specifically identified by the following factors. The Chinese are very short stature, almost always 160 centimeters. They also have darker skin than white people, but not the same as blacks. Basically, it is with yellowish tints, but not the same as with jaundice. The Chinese have very narrow eyes, a small nose and thin lips. The Chinese, for the most part, also have dark brown eyes, like the Negroids, the Chinese are rare with gray or blue eyes, only if their parents are of a different race, for example, the mother was European.
Many people cannot identify Kazakh or Kyrgyz in front of them. But here, too, there are different factors. All nations of the post-Soviet space are different from each other. The Kirghiz, for example, have smoother and well-proportioned faces than the Kazakhs. Although the eyes of both peoples are narrow. This is due to the steppes, nature made it there so that dust does not get into the eyes and does not blow much with the wind. Also, all the nations of this region, that is to say: Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Mongols, Uzbeks and Turkmens have dark hair and dark eye color. But there are also exceptions, red-haired Kazakhs, for example, with blue eyes.
Now about the Thais and about those who live in Southeast Asia. People from these regions are short like the Chinese, have the same narrow eyes, but their lips are thicker. There is something from the Negroids, because the climate there is similar to some latitudes like in Africa. Thais and Vietnamese have darker skin than the Chinese, some look like Negroids, some are just like two drops of water if it weren’t for their height and narrow eyes. Women from these areas are very similar to children even at the age of twenty-five. Men and women have very sparse body hair and dark hair. Men almost do not wear a beard, and if they do, it grows on them only on their chins, under their noses and on sideburns. Their accent is just awful. The languages of Southeast Asia lack most of the sounds that you and I pronounce in Everyday life. These languages are softer. For example, I heard such a fact that it is difficult for Asians to pronounce the letter L. Strange, but this happens.
Islanders. How is that separate nation. They can be identified by dark skin color and dark eye and hair color. They have everything almost similar to Negroids, the only thing is that their facial features are very regular and in general they mostly have very Beautiful face. Their growth is small and the emphasis will be similar to the inhabitants South-East Asia.
Germans, inhabitants of northern and central Europe, can be identified by their faces. Basically, these are gray eyes and a lightish hair color, but not white, only thirty percent of them are blondes. The Germans are naturally easy to identify by language. Native Germans speak German very terribly, it will not be very pleasant for our person to listen to, because the phonetics there are quite rough and they frankly distort some sounds. The Germans, in contrast to the Russians, for example, have more square faces, more disproportionate facial features. german girl basically do not differ in beauty, unlike our girls. They have a fairly average build, rarely exceeding two meters in height. Just like all Europeans, they have light eyes and small noses and lips. This is due to the fact that the air in Europe is mostly cool and favorable for the human body, it does not need to be cooled down like in Africa, and nature has done everything for this. Also, the sun does not hit hard as in Africa, the skin is light and not tanned by nature.
Scandinavians can be identified by blond hair and eyes. Their skin is the whitest of all nations in the world, because they live in the most northern latitudes, where the sun is never as hot as in Africa. Their accent in Russian will be the same as that of all Europeans, or maybe not at all, since in principle our languages have similar alphabets and phonetics. The physique is the same as that of all Europeans, but growth is also rather tall, unlike our nation.
Define Latins. More specifically, the inhabitants of Latin America. These are Mexicans, Panamanians, residents of Honduras, Colombia. These are the descendants of the Spaniards and the Portuguese. And so I will tell right away about everyone who lives in South America, Latin America, Portugal and Spain. Excluding naturally Negroids who live there in in large numbers. In general, Latinos have smooth facial features, their faces are very pleasant, although sometimes their noses are quite large. They like to wear mustaches, shaving off everything else, it's like national trait and as a stereotype that a Mexican should have a distinctive black mustache. Their eyes and hair color are mostly brown and dark. But there are also burning green eyes and blue and gray. Their language is very beautiful, they will speak Russian without an accent if they have learned it. Basically, they are very temperamental and they are all based on feelings. A few days of communication with such a person can make a very accurate conclusion that he is either from Latin America, or from Spain or Portugal.
It is very difficult to define an American. And all because the Americans are the descendants of Europeans. Their blood is highly mixed. There are French and Italians, Portuguese, Spaniards. IN North America For a long time, Negroids were brought as slaves, so after the abolition of slavery, a mixture of the white population with the black began. Of course, if the husband or wife is a Negroid and the second parent is white, then 90 percent of the child will be born a Negroid, but if he was born white, he will still have some kind of Negroid facial features or have black eyes and black hair. An American can be identified by an accent only if he was not born in a Russian-speaking country. In principle, one can say that they are a universal nation or not a nation at all, because so much is mixed in their blood. The USA is a country of immigrants, there are absolutely all nations there, and everyone who was born there can consider himself an American, it will be very difficult to say. The only way to define it is that Americans are very fond of money and business, but this is most likely useless information for determining a nation.
Of course, the surname of a person also determines his nationality mainly. For example, the surnames of the Chinese are very short, from two to four letters. Their last name is Lee. If a person has the surname Chen, Xian, Li, Huan, then most likely this is a Chinese. But Koreans have such surnames as Pak, Kim, and, in principle, the surname Lee is also very common among them.
The same applies to the inhabitants of Southeast Asia and the inhabitants of some islands where Asians live.
It will be very difficult to confuse the surnames of Americans in the main with others. Only if with other English-speaking nations. Usually in their surname, as in ours, there is the name of a grandfather or great-grandfather. Surnames such as Anderson, Johnson, Thomson. At the end, for the most part, "sleep" is added, which means on English language son, that is, the son of John is Johnson.
In the UK, the surname Smith is very common. There are the same surnames as in the USA, because they have the same language, but the names there are more complicated. Like Gerard for example. It is possible if it can be distinguished by the name of an Englishman and an American. Also, many Americans, when they became, let's say, Americans, sailed from Europe to colonize America, they took whatever surnames they wanted. For example Brown or Snipes. These were both convicts and criminals, they took very elaborate surnames for themselves, the same Gold, which means gold.
Inhabitants Central Asia basically, they also differ in their surname. They sound very rude in Russian. For example Aldarbekov or Nurbekbaev. Everything here is due to the prefix at the end of the surname. Bek or buy can be attached, or maybe both at once. These surnames end in -ov and -ev, as well as -in. But in some countries of the post-Soviet space, they abandoned the Russian heritage and removed the prefixes. We got such surnames as Aryn, Baltabay, Zhanbyrbay. Also, the names can be the same, that is, Nurbai Boltabek. This is a first and last name. And the patronymic is attached -uly or -kyzy. For example, Boranbay Ahmed Saibolatuly. This is the name of some Kazakh or Kyrgyz.
But the Caucasians are generally wonderful. Georgians add -shvili or -dze at the end of the surname. For example, Garadze or Dzhugashvili (by the way, the name of the Georgian Stalin). Armenians add -yan, for example Gasparyan, Harutyunyan. Maybe the name Harutyun and the surname Harutyunyan, that is, the son of Harutyun logically. For Azerbaijanis, the surname cannot be so easily determined, as well as for other Caucasians.
For example, until recently, I thought that the surname Pirov is a Russian surname, derived from the word "feast", that is, a holiday. But no, this is a Dagestan surname. In Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan, the surname basically follows the name of the teip. These are surnames similar to Basaev, Pugoev, Tsechoev. They basically differ from Russians in that their meaning will not be clear to us.
The Ukrainian surname must end with the letter O. These are Glushko, Shmatko, Tymoshenko, Yushchenko. And also, for example, Yanukovych Ukrainian surname, that is, there are also options.
The surnames of the inhabitants of Latin America and Spain, Portugal are easy to distinguish. This is Sanchez, Perez, Luis. All their surnames sound very beautiful, as do their names, as well as their smooth language.
Well, it is simply impossible to confuse the names of Arabs, for example, with some others. There will be very long surname which lists all seven generations that came before this person. Ibn will definitely be present there, which means the son of so-and-so. For example, if we had Arabic surnames, then we would say Alexei Ibn Gavrila. That is, the son of Gabriel. And they don’t have surnames as such, they have a pedigree.
Jewish surnames in the Russian version will end in -vskiy and -vich. These are Abramovich, Zhirinovsky, Khodorkovsky, Yavlinsky. All this Jewish surnames and naturally point these surnames to Jewish roots.
An important criterion of individual freedom is the possibility of self-identification provided and guaranteed by law. In accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 26 of the Constitution Russian Federation, everyone has the right to determine and indicate their nationality, no one can be forced to determine and indicate their nationality. Thus, the Russian Federation recognizes, first of all, the right of everyone to freely determine and, at their own discretion, indicate or not indicate their nationality.
The basis of the national self-identification of a person is not just the desire to be a person of a certain nationality, but the awareness of one's belonging to a certain ethnic community due to the spiritual connection with a common language and culture. The current legislation does not establish the procedure for determining the nationality of a citizen. The presence in the birth certificate of a citizen of an indication of the nationality of his parents is not in itself a determination of the nationality of this citizen.
In Russia, along with citizenship, nationality was indicated in the passport, it was determined by the nationality of the father or mother indicated in the birth certificate. If the parents had different nationalities, then when issuing a passport for the first time upon reaching the age of 16, the person himself determined which of them to write in the passport. In the future, the record of nationality was not subject to change. The column "Nationality" was also an indispensable attribute of all kinds of questionnaires and other accounting documents. Now such a column is excluded from the passport. This column is also not in other official documents, but if it is found somewhere, then the citizen is not required to fill it out. If desired, you can indicate your nationality by making an appropriate statement (link) in your autobiography, resume, Internet, media, any public speech or sociological survey.
Information about nationality in civil status records is entered only at the request of persons (persons) who applied to the registry office with an application for state registration of a civil status act, in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Law of November 15, 1997 No. 143-FZ "On acts of civil status" . If information about nationality is indicated in the entry of a civil status act, then they are also entered in the certificate of state registration of a civil status act.
From a legal point of view, the definition of nationality does not entail any legal consequences, because nationality cannot serve as a basis for granting any special privileges to a person. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 19) guarantees the equality of human and civil rights and freedoms, regardless of race or nationality. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Article 136) provides for criminal liability for violating the equality of rights and freedoms depending on the race and nationality of citizens. The vast majority of foreign countries have the same rules. At the same time, the importance of a person's national identity should not be underestimated. The right to preserve and develop national and cultural characteristics is part of the basic, inalienable rights of peoples and the individual, proclaimed in international legal acts and the national legislation of states.
