Korolenko biography for children. Brief biography of Korolenko

, THE USSR

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (July 15 (27), 1853, Zhytomyr - December 25, 1921, Poltava) - Russian writer of Ukrainian origin, journalist, publicist, public figure, who earned recognition for his human rights activities both during the years of the tsarist regime, and during the civil war and Soviet authorities.

For their critical views Korolenko was subjected to repression by the tsarist government. A significant part of the writer's literary works is inspired by impressions of childhood spent in Ukraine and exile to Siberia.

Verse is the same music, only combined with the word, and it also needs a natural ear, a sense of harmony and rhythm.

Korolenko was born in Zhytomyr, Ukraine, the son of a county judge. The writer's father came from a Cossack family. Severe and withdrawn, but at the same time incorruptible and fair, Galaktion Afanasyevich Korolenko (1810–1868) had a huge impact on the formation of his son's worldview. Subsequently, the image of the father was captured by the writer in his famous story "In Bad Society".

Korolenko began to study at the Zhytomyr gymnasium, and after the death of his father completed his secondary education at the Rivne gymnasium. In 1871 he entered the Petersburg Institute of Technology, but due to financial difficulties he was forced to leave it and go in 1874 to a scholarship at the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy in Moscow.

WITH early years Korolenko joined the revolutionary populist movement. In 1876, for participating in populist student circles, he was expelled from the academy and exiled to Kronstadt under police supervision.

People are not angels, woven from one light, but not cattle, which should be driven into a stall.

Korolenko Vladimir Galaktionovich

In Kronstadt young man I had to earn my living by doing my own work. He was engaged in tutoring, was a proofreader in a printing house, tried a number of working professions.

At the beginning of 1879, the writer's first short story, From the Life of a Seeker, was published in the St. Petersburg magazine Slovo. But already in the spring of 1879, on suspicion of revolutionary activity Korolenko was again expelled from the institute and exiled to Glazov in the Vyatka province.

Man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight.

Korolenko Vladimir Galaktionovich

After refusing to sign a penitent, loyal petition to the new Tsar Alexander III in 1881, Korolenko was transferred into exile in Siberia (he was serving deadline references in Yakutia in the Amginskaya Sloboda).

However, the harsh living conditions did not break the will of the writer. The difficult six years of exile became a time of formation mature writer provided rich material for his future writings.

In 1885, Korolenko was allowed to settle in Nizhny Novgorod. The Nizhny Novgorod decade (1885–1895) is the period of the most fruitful work of Korolenko the writer, a surge of his talent, after which the reading public of the whole Russian Empire. In 1886, his first book, Essays and Stories, was published, which included the Siberian short stories of the writer.

The real triumph of Korolenko was the release in 1886-1887 of his the best works- "In Bad Society" (1885) and "The Blind Musician" (1886). In these stories Korolenko with profound knowledge human psychology takes a philosophical approach to solving the problem of the relationship between man and society.

The material for the writer was memories of childhood spent in Ukraine, enriched with philosophical and social implications a mature master who went through the difficult years of exile and repression. According to the writer, the fullness and harmony of life, happiness can be felt only by overcoming one's own egoism, embarking on the path of serving the people.

In the 90s, Korolenko traveled a lot. He visits various regions of the Russian Empire (Crimea, Caucasus). In 1893, the writer is present at world exhibition in Chicago (USA). The result of this trip was the philosophical and allegorical story "Without a language" (1895).

Korolenko is recognized not only in Russia, but also abroad. His works are published in foreign languages.

In 1895-1900 Korolenko lives in St. Petersburg. He edits a magazine Russian wealth". During this period, the remarkable short stories "Marusina Zaimka" (1899), "Instant" (1900) were published.

In 1900, the writer moved to Ukraine, where he always wanted to return. He settled in Poltava, where he lived until his death.

IN last years life (1906–1921) Korolenko worked on a large autobiographical novel"History of my contemporary", which was supposed to summarize everything that he experienced, to systematize philosophical views writer. The novel was left unfinished.

The writer died while working on the fourth volume of his work. Died of pneumonia.

Korolenko's popularity was enormous, and the tsarist government was forced to reckon with his publicistic speeches. The writer drew public attention to the most pressing topical issues of our time.

He exposed the famine of 1891-1892 (series of essays “In the year of famine”), denounced the tsarist punishers who brutally cracked down on Ukrainian peasants fighting for their rights (“The Sorochinskaya tragedy”, 1906), the reactionary policy of the tsarist government after the suppression of the 1905 revolution ( "Everyday phenomenon", 1910).

In 1911-1913, Korolenko actively opposed the reactionaries and chauvinists who fanned the falsified "Beilis case", he published more than ten articles in which he exposed the lies and falsifications of the Black Hundreds. This activity characterizes Korolenko as one of the outstanding humanists of his time.

In 1900, Korolenko was elected an honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, but in 1902 he left it in protest against the exclusion of Maxim Gorky.

After the 1917 revolution, Korolenko openly condemned the methods by which the Bolsheviks carried out the construction of socialism. The position of Korolenko as a humanist, who condemned the atrocities of the civil war, who stood up to protect the individual from Bolshevik arbitrariness, is reflected in his Letters to Lunacharsky (1920) and Letters from Poltava (1921).

Before last day Korolenko fought for truth and justice. Contemporaries called Korolenko "the conscience of Russia."

He was married to Evdokia Semyonovna Ivanovskaya. Two children: Natalia and Sophia.

Major works
* History of my contemporary. 1906–1921
* In bad company. From childhood memories of my friend. 1885.
* Blind musician. 1886.

Other works
* Wonderful (essay from the 80s). 1880.
* Yashka. 1880.
* Killer. 1882.
* Makar's dream. 1883.
* Adjutant of His Excellency. Commentary on a recent event. 1884.
* Falconer. From stories about vagabonds. 1885.
* Fedor Homeless. 1886.
* The forest is noisy. Polish legend. 1886.
* The legend of Flora, Agrippa and Menahem, the son of Yehuda. 1886.
* Omollon. 1886.
* Symbol. 1886.
* Behind the icon. 1887.
* At the eclipse. Essay from nature. 1887.
* Prokhor and students. A story from student life in the 70s. 1887.
* At the factory. Two chapters from an unfinished story. 1887.
* Machine operators. 1887.
* At night. Feature article. 1888.
* Circassian. 1888.
* Birds of heaven. 1889.
* Judgment Day (Yom Kippur). Little Russian fairy tale. 1890.
* Shadows. Fantasy. 1890.
* In desert places. From a trip to Vetluga and Kerzhents. 1890.
* Talents. 1890.
* The river is playing. Sketches from the road album. 1891.
* Temptation. Page from the past. 1891.
* At-Davan. 1892.
* Paradox. Feature article. 1894.
* Without language. 1895.
* Factory of death. Sketch. 1896.
*On a cloudy day. Feature article. 1896.
* Artist Alymov. From stories about people you meet. 1896.
* Ring. From archives. 1896.
* Necessity. Eastern fairy tale. 1898.
* Stop, sun, and don't move, moon! 1898.
* Humble. rural landscape. 1899.
* Marusina Zaimka. Essay on life in the far side. 1899.
* The twentieth number. From an old notebook. 1899.
* Lights. 1900.
* The last beam. 1900.
* Instant. Feature article. 1900.
* Freezing. 1901.
* "Sovereign coachmen". 1901.
* Pugachev legend in the Urals. 1901.
* Gone! A story about an old friend. 1902.
* Sofron Ivanovich. From stories about people you meet. 1902.
* Not terrible. From a reporter's notes. 1903.
* Feudal lords. 1904.
* Fragment. Etude. 1904.
* In Crimea. 1907.
* Ours on the Danube. 1909.
* Legend of the Tsar and the Decembrist. A page from the history of liberation. 1911.
* Nirvana. From a trip to the ashes of the Danube Sich. 1913.
* On both sides. The story of my friend. 1914.
* Brothers Mendel. The story of my friend. 1915.

* In 1886, Korolenko's story "In Bad Society" was shortened without his participation and released "for children's reading titled "Children of the Underground". The writer himself was dissatisfied with this option.

Publication of works
* Collected works in 6 bindings. St. Petersburg, 1907–1912.
* complete collection works in 9 volumes. Petrograd, 1914.
* Collected works in 10 volumes. M., 1953–1956.
* Collected works in 5 volumes. M., 1960–1961.
* Collected works in 6 volumes. M., 1971.
* Collected works in 5 volumes. M., 1989–1991.
* History of my contemporary in 4 volumes. M., 1976.
* Russia would be alive. Unknown journalism 1917-1921 - M., 2002.

Screen versions of works
* Blind Musician (USSR, 1960, director Tatiana Lukashevich).
* Among the Gray Stones (USSR, 1983, directed by Kira Muratova).

The house-museum "Dacha Korolenko" is located in the village of Dzhankhot, 20 kilometers southeast of Gelendzhik. The main building was built in 1902 according to the drawings of the writer, and utility rooms and buildings were completed over several years. The writer lived in this residence in 1904, 1908, 1912 and 1915.

* IN Nizhny Novgorod on the basis of school number 14 there is a museum, which contains materials on the Nizhny Novgorod period of the writer's life.
* Museum in the city of Rovno on the site of the Rivne Men's Gymnasium.
* In the homeland of the writer, in the city of Zhytomyr, in 1973 his house-museum was opened.
* In the city of Poltava, there is the Museum-estate of V. G. Korolenko, in which he lived for the last 18 years of his life.

In 1977, the minor planet 3835 was named Korolenko.
In 1973, a monument was erected in the homeland of the writer in Zhytomyr (sculptor V. Vinaykin, architect N. Ivanchuk).

The name of Korolenko was given to the Poltava Pedagogical Institute, the Kharkiv State Scientific Library, the Chernihiv Regional Library, schools in Poltava and Zhytomyr, and the Glazov State Pedagogical Institute.

In 1990, the Writers' Union of Ukraine established the Korolenko Literary Prize for the best Russian-language literary work in Ukraine.

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko photo

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko - quotes

Verse is the same music, only combined with the word, and it also needs a natural ear, a sense of harmony and rhythm.

People are not angels, woven from one light, but not cattle, which should be driven into a stall.

Man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight.

In the end, the duck still died, and we threw it on the road, and we ourselves drove on. - "Freezing"

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko - Russian prose writer, publicist, Honorary Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences ( 1900-1902 ) and RAS ( 1918 ) - was born July 15 (27), 1853 in Zhitomir. Father - Ukrainian, from an old Cossack family, mother - Polish, Catholic. His father was an official of the judicial department and was distinguished by incorruptible honesty, which sharply distinguished him from among the officials of that time. The writer's mother was the daughter of a middle class landowner. In 1868 Korolenko's father died, leaving the family without any means. At this time, the future writer was a 6th grade gymnasium student.

V.G. Korolenko studied at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology ( since 1871.), Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy in Moscow ( since 1874), St. Petersburg Mining Institute ( since 1877); none of these educational institutions did not finish due to arrests for political reasons and long-term exile in the Vyatka province and Yakutia, which provided rich material for his further work. In 1885-1896. Korolenko lived in Nizhny Novgorod; in 1893 made a trip to the USA (impressions from this trip were reflected, in particular, in the story “Without a language”, 1895 ) And Western Europe. In 1896 moved to St. Petersburg, where, together with N.K. Mikhailovsky published the magazine "Russian wealth". Since 1900 V.G. Korolenko lives in Poltava.

A convinced humanist, who for many contemporaries became the personification of civic conscience (M. Gorky called him "the most honest Russian writer"), Korolenko did not accept the October Revolution of 1917; opposed the Bolshevik terror ("Letters to Lunacharsky", published in Paris in 1922 . , in the USSR in 1988.). Korolenko was treated with defiant respect, but his repeated calls for humanity were ignored.

Korolenko made his debut in print as a correspondent for the Novosti newspaper ( 1878 ). The first story "Episodes from the life of a" seeker "" ( 1879 ) about a young raznochinets reflected Korolenko's passion for the ideas of populism. Fame brought the story "Son of Makar" ( 1885 ) is a story imbued with deep sympathy about the life of a man from the people, whose sufferings outweigh his sins on the scales of the Lord.

Murder and bloodshed are themes that worried many writers of the 19th century and considered by them in different aspects. Korolenko, on the other hand, thinks about “a harmonious order in the world”, but the idea of ​​interconnectedness, interdependence of nature, man, and society was vague.

Korolenko, wandering through the exiles, was afraid to fall into embitterment - it shakes his convictions. Struggle and dissatisfaction, constant movement, even if the goal is not fully formulated - this is what Korolenko appreciates in people. Stopping is tantamount to death.

Almost all of Korolenko's stories are created on the basis of what he himself experienced or saw, and in their center is a man who is not broken.

Among the best works of Korolenko: the story "Wonderful" ( 1880 , publ. V 1905 ) about the inflexible character of the exiled revolutionary girl; "The Tale of Flora, Agrippa and Menachim, son of Yehuda" ( 1886 ) about the uprising of the Jews against their Roman enslavers, which is allegorical in nature; "Polesskaya legend" "The forest is noisy" ( 1886 ), depicting the times of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks; story: "In a bad society" ( 1885 ) is a narrative about the inhabitants of the social “bottom” not devoid of romanticization and partly built on autobiographical material; "Blind Musician" ( 1886 ) - a "study" about the triumph of the spirit over the flesh, which includes elements of natural science research; symbolic "sketch" "The river plays" ( 1892 ).

Korolenko worked a lot in the documentary and journalistic genres. In 1895-1896. Korolenko successfully acted as a public defender in court in the case of Udmurt peasants from the village of. Old Multan, falsely accused of ritual murder; his essays on this case made up the cycle "Multan Sacrifice" ( 1895-1898 ). A series of essays "Sorochinsky tragedy" ( 1907 ) - about the massacre of the peasants of the town of Sorochintsy. In the essays "Everyday Phenomenon", "Features of Military Justice" (both 1910), "In a tranquil village" ( 1911 ) and others. Korolenko denounces the authorities for the mass executions of participants in the first Russian revolution. The pathos of the fight against nationalism permeated Korolenko's articles and correspondence related to the "Beilis case" ( 1913 ).

Most major work Korolenko - a multi-volume autobiography "The History of My Contemporary" (published in 1922-1929.), combining artistic and journalistic principles, lyricism and essayism; the narrative in it is brought up to 1884. Korolenko is the author of literary critical articles and memoirs about N.G. Chernyshevsky ( 1890 ), V.G. Belinsky ( 1898 ), G.I. Uspensky ( 1902 ), A.P. Chekhov ( 1904 ), L.N. Tolstoy ( 1908 ), N.V. Gogol ( 1909 ).

Denying naturalism, generated by a rationalistic positivist worldview, Korolenko in his work gravitated towards a synthesis of realistic and romantic principles; reliability, and sometimes even ethnographic accuracy in the reconstruction of everyday life, are combined in his works with an interest in hidden forces human soul, understood by Korolenko as a global "endless creation". An optimistic attitude to life, a heightened sense of justice and faith in the triumph of good found expression in the famous formula: “man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight” (the story “Paradox”, 1894 ).

Vladimir Korolenko

Ukrainian and Russian writer, journalist, publicist, public figure

short biography

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko(July 15, 1853, Zhytomyr - December 25, 1921, Poltava) - Ukrainian and Russian writer, journalist, publicist, public figure, who deserved recognition for his human rights activities both during the years of tsarist power and during the Civil War and Soviet power. For his critical views, Korolenko was subjected to repression by the tsarist government. A significant part of the writer's literary works is inspired by impressions of childhood spent in Ukraine and exile to Siberia.

Honorary Academician Imperial Academy Sciences in the category of fine literature (1900-1902, since 1918).

Childhood and youth

Korolenko was born in Zhytomyr in the family of a county judge. According to family tradition, the writer's grandfather Afanasy Yakovlevich (1781-1860) came from a Cossack family, descended from the Mirgorod Cossack colonel Ivan Korol; grandfather's sister Ekaterina Korolenko - grandmother of academician Vernadsky.

Zhytomyr house, where children's and early youth V. Korolenko, since 1972 - a museum

The writer's father, stern and withdrawn, and at the same time incorruptible and fair, Galaktion Afanasyevich Korolenko (1810-1868), who had the rank of collegiate assessor in 1858 and served as a Zhitomir district judge, had a huge influence on the formation of his son's worldview. Subsequently, the image of the father was captured by the writer in his famous story « In a bad society". The writer's mother, Evelina Iosifovna, was Polish, and the Polish language was native to Vladimir in childhood.

The grave of the father and younger sister of the writer V. G. Korolenko. Rivne, Ukraine

Korolenko had an older brother, Julian, a younger brother, Illarion, and two younger sisters- Maria and Evelina. The third sister, Alexandra Galaktionovna Korolenko, died on May 7, 1867 at the age of 1 year and 10 months. Buried in Rivne.

Vladimir Korolenko began his studies at the Rykhlinsky Polish boarding school, then studied at the Zhytomyr gymnasium, and after his father was transferred to Rivne, he continued his secondary education at the Rivne real school, graduating after his father's death. In 1871 he entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, but due to financial difficulties he was forced to leave it and in 1874 go on a scholarship to the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy in Moscow.

Revolutionary activity and exile

From an early age, Korolenko joined the revolutionary populist movement. In 1876, for participating in populist student circles, he was expelled from the academy and exiled to Kronstadt under police supervision. In Kronstadt, a young man earned his living as a draftsman.

At the end of his exile, Korolenko returned to St. Petersburg and in 1877 entered the Mining Institute. The beginning of literary activity of Korolenko belongs to this period. In July 1879, the first short story by the writer, Episodes from the Life of a Seeker, was published in the St. Petersburg magazine Slovo. This story Korolenko originally intended for the magazine " Domestic notes”, However, the first attempt at writing was unsuccessful - the editor of the journal M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin returned the manuscript to the young author with the words: “It would be nothing ... but green ... very green.” But back in the spring of 1879, on suspicion of revolutionary activity, Korolenko was again expelled from the institute and exiled to Glazov in the Vyatka province.

Literary debut in the Slovo magazine, 1879, No. 7

On June 3, 1879, together with his brother Hilarion, the writer, accompanied by gendarmes, was taken to this county town. The writer remained in Glazov until October, when, as a result of two complaints from Korolenko about the actions of the Vyatka administration, his punishment was toughened. On October 25, 1879, Korolenko was sent to the Biserovsky volost with the appointment of residence in Berezovsky repairs, where he stayed until the end of January 1880. From there, for unauthorized absence to the village of Afanasievskoye, the writer was sent first to the Vyatka prison, and then to the Vyshnevolotsk transit prison.

From Vyshny Volochyok sent to Siberia, but returned from the road. On August 9, 1880, together with another batch of exiles, he arrived in Tomsk for further travel to the east. Located at present st. Pushkin, 48.

“In Tomsk, we were placed in a transit prison, a large stone one-story building,” Korolenko later recalled. - But the next day, a governor's official came to the prison with a message that the supreme commission of Loris-Melikov, having considered our cases, decided to release several people, and to announce to six that they were returning to the borders. European Russia under police supervision. I was one of them…”

From September 1880 to August 1881 he lived in Perm as a political exile, served as a timekeeper and clerk at railway. He gave private lessons to Perm students, including the daughter of a local photographer, Maria Moritsovna Geinrikh, who later became the wife of D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak.

In March 1881, Korolenko renounced his individual oath to the new Tsar Alexander III and on August 11, 1881 was exiled from Perm to Siberia. He arrived in Tomsk for the second time, accompanied by two gendarmes on September 4, 1881, and was taken to the so-called prison castle, or, as the prisoners called it, the "Containing" prison (now rebuilt 9 building TPU on Arkady Ivanov Street, 4).

He served his term of exile in Siberia in Yakutia in the Amginskaya Sloboda. The harsh living conditions did not break the will of the writer. The difficult six years of exile became the time of the formation of a mature writer, they provided rich material for his future writings.

Literary career

In 1885, Korolenko was allowed to settle in Nizhny Novgorod. The Nizhny Novgorod decade (1885-1895) was the period of the most fruitful work of the writer Korolenko, a surge of his talent, after which the reading public of the entire Russian Empire started talking about him.

In January 1886, in Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir Galaktionovich married Evdokia Semyonovna Ivanovskaya, whom he had known for a long time; he will live with her for the rest of his life.

V. G. Korolenko. Nizhny Novgorod, 1890s.

In 1886, his first book, Essays and short stories”, which included the Siberian short stories of the writer. In the same years, Korolenko published his "Pavlovsk Essays", which were the result of repeated visits to the village of Pavlova in the Gorbatovsky district. Nizhny Novgorod province. The work describes the plight of the metalworkers of the village, crushed by poverty.

The real triumph of Korolenko was the release of his best works - “ Dream Makara"(1885)," In a bad society" (1885) and " blind musician» (1886). In them, Korolenko, with a deep knowledge of human psychology, takes a philosophical approach to resolving the problem of the relationship between man and society. The material for the writer was memories of childhood spent in Ukraine, enriched with observations, philosophical and social conclusions of a mature master who hard years exile and repression. According to the writer, the fullness and harmony of life, happiness can be felt only by overcoming one's own egoism, taking the path of serving the people.

In the 1890s, Korolenko traveled a lot. He visits various parts of the Russian Empire (Crimea, Caucasus). In 1893, the writer is present at the World Exhibition in Chicago (USA). The result of this trip was the story " No tongue» (1895). Korolenko is recognized not only in Russia, but also abroad. His works are published in foreign languages.

In 1895-1900 Korolenko lives in St. Petersburg. He edits a magazine Russian wealth» ( Chief Editor since 1904). During this period, novels are published Marusina Zaimka"(1899)," Instant» (1900).

In 1900, the writer settled in Poltava, where he lived until his death.

In 1905 he built a dacha on the Khatki farm, and until 1919 he spent every summer here with his family.

In the last years of his life (1906-1921) Korolenko worked on a large autobiographical work « History of my contemporary”, which was supposed to summarize everything that he experienced, to systematize the philosophical views of the writer. The work was left unfinished. The writer died while working on his fourth volume from pneumonia.

He was buried in Poltava at the Old Cemetery. In connection with the closure of this necropolis on August 29, 1936, the grave of V. G. Korolenko was transferred to the territory of the Poltava City Garden (now it is the Pobeda Park). tombstone completed Soviet sculptor Nadezhda Krandievskaya.

Journalism and social activities

Korolenko's popularity was enormous, and the tsarist government was forced to reckon with his publicistic speeches. The writer drew public attention to the most acute, topical issues of our time. He exposed the famine of 1891-1892 (series of essays " In a hungry year”), drew attention to the “Multan case”, denounced the tsarist punishers who brutally cracked down on Little Russian peasants fighting for their rights (“ Sorochinskaya tragedy”, 1906), the reactionary policy of the tsarist government after the suppression of the revolution of 1905 (“ household phenomenon", 1910).

Vladimir Korolenko. Portrait of I. E. Repin.

In his literary social activities drew attention to the oppressed position of the Jews in Russia, was their consistent and active defender.

In 1911-1913, Korolenko spoke out against the reactionaries and chauvinists who fanned the falsified "Beilis case", he published more than ten articles in which he exposed the lies and falsifications of the Black Hundreds. It was V. G. Korolenko who was the author of the appeal “To the Russian Society. Regarding the blood libel against the Jews", which was published on November 30, 1911 in the newspaper "Rech", and reprinted by other publications and came out as a separate edition in 1912.

In 1900, Korolenko, along with Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Vladimir Solovyov and Pyotr Boborykin, was elected an honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature, but in 1902 he resigned the title of academician in protest against the expulsion of Maxim Gorky from the ranks of academicians. After the overthrow of the monarchy Russian Academy Sciences in 1918, Korolenko was re-elected an honorary academician.

Relation to the revolution and civil war

In 1917, A. V. Lunacharsky said that Korolenko was suitable for the post of the first president of the Russian Republic. After the October Revolution, Korolenko openly condemned the methods by which the Bolsheviks carried out the construction of socialism. The position of Korolenko, a humanist who condemned the atrocities of the civil war, who stood up to protect the individual from Bolshevik arbitrariness, is reflected in his " Letters to Lunacharsky" (1920) and " Letters from Poltava"(1921).

Korolenko and Lenin

V. I. Lenin first mentioned Korolenko in his work “The Development of Capitalism in Russia” (1899). Lenin wrote: “The preservation of the mass of small establishments and small proprietors, the preservation of ties with the land and the extremely wide development of work at home - all this leads to the fact that quite a lot of“ handicraftsmen ”in the manufacture gravitate towards the peasantry, towards turning into a small proprietor, to the past, and not to the future, they still deceive themselves with all sorts of illusions about the possibility (through extreme strain of work, through frugality and resourcefulness) to become an independent master”; “for individual heroes of amateur performance (like Duzhkin in Korolenko’s Pavlovsk Essays), such a transformation into a manufacturing period is still possible, but, of course, not for the mass of poor detailed workers.” Lenin, thus, recognized the truthfulness of one of the artistic images Korolenko.

Lenin mentioned Korolenko for the second time in 1907. Since 1906, articles and notes by Korolenko about the torture of Little Russian peasants in Sorochintsy by the real state councilor Filonov began to appear in the press. Soon after the publication of Korolenko's open letter with Filonov's revelations in the Poltavshchina newspaper, Filonov was killed. Korolenko was persecuted for "incitement to murder." March 12, 1907 in State Duma the monarchist V. Shulgin called Korolenko a "killer writer." In April of the same year, Aleksinsky, a representative of the Social Democrats, was to speak in the Duma. For this speech, Lenin wrote "Draft Speech on the Agrarian Question in the Second State Duma." Mentioning in it a collection of statistical materials from the department of agriculture, processed by a certain S. A. Korolenko, Lenin warned against confusing this person with the famous namesake, whose name had recently been mentioned at a meeting of the Duma. Lenin noted: “Mr. S. A. Korolenko processed this information - do not confuse it with V. G. Korolenko; not a progressive writer, but a reactionary official, that's who this Mr. S. A. Korolenko is.”

There is an opinion that the pseudonym "Lenin" was chosen under the impression of the Siberian stories of V. G. Korolenko. Researcher P. I. Negretov writes about this with reference to the memoirs of D. I. Ulyanov.

In 1919, Lenin, in a letter to Maxim Gorky, sharply criticized Korolenko's journalistic work on the war. Lenin wrote:

It is wrong to confuse the "intellectual forces" of the people with the "forces" of the bourgeois intellectuals. I will take Korolenko as a model: I recently read his pamphlet War, Fatherland and Mankind, written in August 1917. After all, Korolenko is the best of the "near-Cadet" ones, almost a Menshevik. And what a vile, vile, vile defense of the imperialist war, covered up with sugary phrases! Pitiful tradesman, captivated by bourgeois prejudices! For such gentlemen, 10,000,000 killed in the imperialist war is a cause worthy of support (acts, with sugary phrases "against" the war), and the death of hundreds of thousands in a just civil war against the landowners and capitalists, it provokes gasps, groans, sighs, hysterics. No. It’s not a sin for such “talents” to spend weeks in prison if this must be done to prevent conspiracies (like Krasnaya Gorka) and the death of tens of thousands ...

In 1920, Korolenko wrote six letters to Lunacharsky, criticizing the extrajudicial powers of the Cheka to impose death sentences, and also calling for the abandonment of the idealistic policy of war communism, which destroys National economy, and restore natural economic relations. According to reports, the initiative for Lunacharsky's contact with Korolenko came from Lenin. According to the memoirs of V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Lenin hoped that Lunacharsky would be able to change Korolenko’s negative attitude towards the Soviet system. Having met Korolenko in Poltava, Lunacharsky suggested that he write letters to him outlining his views on what was happening; at the same time, Lunacharsky inadvertently promised to publish these letters along with his answers. However, Lunacharsky did not answer the letters. Korolenko sent copies of the letters abroad, and in 1922 they were published in Paris. This edition soon appeared with Lenin. The fact that Lenin read Korolenko's letters to Lunacharsky was reported on September 24, 1922 in Pravda.

Aliases

• Archivist;
• VC.;
• Vl. TO.;
• Hm-hm;
• Journalist;
• Viewer;
• Zyryanov, Parfyon;
• I. S.;
• K-enko, V.;
• K-ko, Vl .;
• Cor., V.;
• Kor., Vl.;
• Cor-o;
• Cor-o, Vl.;
• King, Vl.;
• Korsky, V. N.;
• King, Vl.;
• Chronicler;
• Small man;
• ON THE.;
• BUT.;
• Uninvited, Andrew;
• Non-statistician;
• Nizhny Novgorod;
• Nizhny Novgorod employee of the Volzhsky Vestnik;
• O. B. A. (with N. F. Annensky);
• Common man;
• Passenger;
• Poltavets;
• Provincial observer;
• Provincial Observer;
• Innocent reader;
• Passerby;
• old-timer;
• Old reader;
• Tentetnikov;
• P. L.;

Family

• He was married to Evdokia Semyonovna Ivanovskaya, a revolutionary populist.
• Two children: Natalia and Sophia. Two more died in infancy.
• The wife's sisters P. S. Ivanovskaya, A. S. Ivanovskaya and the wife's brother V. S. Ivanovsky were populist revolutionaries.

VG Korolenko with his family. From left to right: Evdokia Semyonovna - the wife of V. G. Korolenko, Vladimir Galaktionovich and his daughters - Natalya and Sophia.

Ratings

Contemporaries highly valued Korolenko not only as a writer, but also as a person and as public figure. The usually restrained I. Bunin said about him: “You rejoice that he lives and is well among us, like some kind of titan who cannot be touched by all those negative phenomena that our current literature and life are so rich in. When L. N. Tolstoy lived, I personally was not afraid for everything that was going on in Russian literature. Now I, too, am not afraid of anyone or anything: after all, the beautiful, immaculate Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko is alive. A. Lunacharsky after the February Revolution expressed the opinion that it was Korolenko who should have become president Russian republic. M. Gorky Korolenko evoked a feeling of "unshakable trust." Gorky wrote: “I was friends with many writers, but not one of them could inspire me with the feeling of respect that V[ladimir] G[alaktionovich] inspired from my first meeting with him. He was my teacher for a short time, but he was, and that is my pride to this day.” A. Chekhov spoke of Korolenko as follows: “I am ready to swear that Korolenko is very good man. Going not only next to, but even behind this guy is fun.”

Bibliography

Publication of works

• Collected works in 6 bindings. - St. Petersburg, 1907-1912.
• Complete works in 9 volumes. - Pg.: Ed. t-va A. F. Marx, 1914.
• Complete Works, vols. 1-5, 7-8, 13, 15-22, 24, 50-51; Posthumous edition, GIZ of Ukraine, Kharkov - Poltava, 1922-1928.
• Siberian essays and stories, part 1-2. M., Goslitizdat, 1946.
• Collected works in 10 volumes. - M., 1953-1956.
• VG Korolenko about literature. M., Goslitizdat, 1957.
• Collected works in 5 volumes. - M., 1960-1961.
• Collected works in 6 volumes. - M., 1971.
• Collected works in 5 volumes. - L., Fiction, 1989-1991.
• History of my contemporary in 4 volumes. - L., 1976.
• Vladimir Korolenko. Diary. Letters. 1917-1921. - M., Soviet writer, 2001.
• Russia would be alive. Unknown journalism 1917-1921 - M., 2002.
• Unpublished by V. G. Korolenko. Publicism. 1914-1916. - 2011. - 352 p. - 1000 copies. ;
• Unpublished by V. G. Korolenko. Publicism. T. 2. 1917-1918. - 2012. - 448 p. - 1000 copies. ;
• Unpublished by V. G. Korolenko. Publicism. T. 3. 1919-1921. - 2013. - 464 p. - 1000 copies. ;
• Unpublished V. G. Korolenko (1914-1921): diaries and notebooks. - M.: Pashkov house, 2013. - T. 1. 1914-1918. - 352 p.
• Unpublished VG Korolenko (1914-1921): diaries and notebooks. - M.: Pashkov house, 2013. - T. 2. 1919-1921. - 400 s.

Screen versions of works

• Long way (USSR, 1956, directed by Leonid Gaidai).
• Polissya legend (USSR, 1957, directors: Petr Vasilevsky, Nikolai Figurovsky).
• Blind Musician (USSR, 1960, director Tatyana Lukashevich).
• Among the Gray Stones (USSR, 1983, directed by Kira Muratova).

Museums

View of the cottage from the entrance to the museum.
The village of Dzhanhot (Krasnodar Territory)

• The house-museum "Dacha Korolenko" is located in the village of Dzhankhot, 20 kilometers southeast of Gelendzhik. The main building was built in 1902 according to the drawings of the writer, and utility rooms and buildings were completed over several years. The writer lived in this residence in 1904, 1908, 1912 and 1915.
• In Nizhny Novgorod, on the basis of school No. 14, there is a museum that contains materials on the Nizhny Novgorod period of the writer's life.
• Museum in the city of Rivne on the site of the Rivne Men's Gymnasium.
• In the homeland of the writer, in the city of Zhitomir, in 1973 the house-museum of the writer was opened.
• In Poltava there is a Museum-estate of V. G. Korolenko - the house in which the writer lived for the last 18 years of his life.
• Landscape reserve of national importance "Dacha Korolenko". Poltava region, Shishaksky district, the village of Maly Perevoz (the former farm of Khatki). Here the writer rested and worked in the summer from 1905.
• Virtual Museum of V. G. Korolenko

Memory

Libraries named after V. G. Korolenko

• Kharkov State science Library named after V. G. Korolenko
• Chernihiv Regional Universal Scientific Library named after V. G. Korolenko
• Glazov Public Scientific Library named after V. G. Korolenko
• Library No. 44 named after V. G. Korolenko in Moscow
• Library in Izhevsk
• Voronezh regional library for the blind named after V. G. Korolenko
• Kurgan regional special library named after V. G. Korolenko
• District Library No. 13 in Perm
• Central Library in Gelendzhik
• Children's Library No. 6 in St. Petersburg
• Library number 26 in Yekaterinburg
• Branch Library No. 11, Zaporozhye
• Children's library in Novosibirsk
• Central Library in Mariupol
• Central Regional Library. V. G. Korolenko of the Nizhny Novgorod region in Nizhny Novgorod
• Pavlovskaya central Library them. V. G. Korolenko. Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod Region
• Poltava Pedagogical University them. V. G. Korolenko.
• Poltava school №10 1-3 levels named after. V. G. Korolenko

Korolenko street

Other institutions

• In 1961 the State Russian drama theater Udmurtia in Izhevsk was named after V. G. Korolenko, who acted as a defender of the Udmurt peasants in the Multan case. The play “Russian Friend” was staged about the events of the case.
• In 1973, a monument was erected in the homeland of the writer in Zhytomyr (sculptor V. Vinaykin, architect N. Ivanchuk).
• The name Korolenko was given to the Poltava State Pedagogical Institute, schools in Poltava and Zhytomyr, Glazov State Pedagogical Institute.
• Middle general education school No. 14 in Nizhny Novgorod
• Educational and educational complex. V. G. Korolenko in Kharkov
• School number 3 in Kerch
• School No. 2 in Noginsk (Moscow region)
• The name was given to the passenger ship of the USSR.
• In 1977, the minor planet 3835 was named Korolenko.
• In 1978, on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of the writer, a monument was erected near the dacha in the village of Khatki, Shishaksky district, Poltava region.
• In 1990, the Union of Writers of Ukraine established literary prize named after Korolenko for the best Russian-language literary work of Ukraine.

In philately

Postage stamp of the USSR, 1953

Postage stamp of Ukraine, 2003

Scholarship to them. V. G. Korolenko

The scholarship was established in Glazovsky pedagogical institute named after V. G. Korolenko. Not currently awarded.

Literature

• Byaly G. A. V. G. Korolenko. - M., 1949.
• VG Korolenko in the memoirs of contemporaries. - M., 1962.
• Glazov in the life and work of VG Korolenko / Glazov. state ped. in-t; comp. and scientific ed. A. G. Tatarintsev. - Izhevsk, 1988.
• Life and literary creativity V. G. Korolenko. Collection of articles and speeches for the 65th anniversary. Petrograd. "Culture and Freedom". Educational Society in memory of February 27, 1917. - 1919.
• Korolenko S.V. A book about a father. - M., 1968.
• Mironov G. Korolenko. - M., 1962.
• Negretov P.I. VG Korolenko: Chronicle of life and work. 1917-1921. - M.: Book, 1990. - 288 p. - 50,000 copies.
• Shakhovskaya N. D. VG Korolenko: The experience of biographical characterization. - M .: book publishing house of K. F. Nekrasov, 1912.
• Shakhovskaya N. D. Young years Korolenko. M., 1931.
• "Korolenko V. G. "... What is written is irrefutable" - "... What is written is not casual" / Volodymyr Korolenko. (Library of Ukrainian Studies; issue 18). - Ros., Ukrainian.
• V. G. Korolenko in Udmurtia / Bunya Mikhail Ivanovich. - Izhevsk: Udmurtia, 1995.
• Zakirova N. N. V. G. Korolenko and Russian literature: seminary. - Glazov, 2010. - 183 p.
• Gushchina-Zakirova N. N., Trukhanenko A. V. Sketches about the life and work of VG Korolenko. - Lviv. 2009. - 268 p.
• Mikhailova M.V. Poetics of the story by V. G. Korolenko “Not terrible”
• Balagurov Ya. A. V. G. Korolenko in Karelia // "North". - 1969. - No. 7. - S. 102-104.
• Bachinskaya A. A. Nizhny Novgorod legend about V. G. Korolenko: polyphony of myth and context. - 2013. - No. 87. - S. 361-373.
• Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko // Illustrated Supplement to No. 151 of the Siberian Life newspaper. July 13, 1903. Tomsk.

Prose writer, publicist

Born July 15, 1853 in Zhytomyr in the family of a county judge. Mother is the daughter of a Polish landowner. He spent his childhood in Zhytomyr, then in Rovno, where in 1871 he graduated from the gymnasium.

1871 - 74 - study at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology.

1874 - 76 - study at the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy.

1876 ​​- expelled from the academy for participation in student unrest, exiled to the Vologda province, but returned on the way and settled under police supervision in Kronstadt.

1877 - admission to the St. Petersburg Mining Institute.

1879 - Korolenko was arrested on suspicion of having connections with revolutionary leaders. Until 1881 he was in prison and exile.

Korolenko begins his literary activity back in the late 70s, but he was not noticed by a large public. His first story, Episodes from the Life of a Seeker, was published in 1879. After 5 years of silence, interrupted only by short essays and correspondence, Korolenko makes her second debut in Russian Thought in 1885 with the story Makar's Dream.

1881-1884 - for the refusal of the oath Alexander III exiled to the Yakutsk region.

1885-96 - lives under police supervision in Nizhny Novgorod, where he actively participates in the liberal opposition, collaborates in the liberal periodicals "Russian Vedomosti", "Severny Vestnik", "Nizhny Novgorod Vedomosti". At the same time Korolenko writes works of art: "The Blind Musician" (1887), "At Night" (1888), "In Bad Society", "The River Plays" (1891), etc.

1886 - Korolenko's 1st book "Essays and Stories" is published.

1893 - Korolenko's 2nd book is published.

1894 - Korolenko visits England and America. He expressed part of his impressions in the story "Without a language"

1896 - moves to St. Petersburg.

1895-1904 - Korolenko - one of the official publishers of the populist magazine "Russian Wealth".

1900 - The Academy of Sciences elects Korolenko an honorary academician in the category of fine literature. In 1902, together with A.P. Chekhov, Korolenko renounced his title in protest against the illegal cancellation of the election of M. Gorky to the Academy.

Since 1900 Korolenko has been living in Poltava.

1903 - Korolenko's 3rd book is published.

1904-1917 - Korolenko headed the magazine "Russian wealth". Here are published his essays "In the year of famine" (1892), "Pavlovian essays" (1890), articles "Sorochinsky tragedy" (1907), "Everyday phenomenon" (1910) and many others. others in total Korolenko is the author of about 700 articles, correspondence, essays, notes.

1906 - Korolenko begins to print in separate chapters the most extensive of his works: the autobiographical History of My Contemporary.

1914 - First World War finds Korolenko in France. Attitude towards her is reflected in the story "Prisoners" (1917). In the article "War, Fatherland and Humanity" (1917), Korolenko speaks in favor of continuing the war.

On February Revolution 1917, Korolenko responds with the article "The Fall of Tsarist Power. (Speech ordinary people about events in Russia)". In it, Korolenko points out that "there is no place for tsarist power" in future Russia, And Constituent Assembly like never before Zemsky Sobor, "will establish the future form of government of the Russian state", emphasizes that "a lot of wisdom is needed to stop disagreements within the country, dangerous disputes about power and internecine strife", "while the homeland is threatened by invasion and the death of its young freedom"

Calling himself a non-party socialist, Korolenko does not share the ideas of the Bolsheviks and the principles of the proletarian dictatorship. He calls "to put the interests of the entire population above the party struggle." In the article "The Triumph of the Winners", Korolenko, referring to A.V. Lunacharsky, writes: "You are celebrating a victory, but this victory is disastrous for the part of the people that won with you, disastrous, perhaps, for the entire Russian people as a whole," because " power based on a false idea is doomed to perish from its own arbitrariness" ("Russian Vedomosti", 1917, December 3).

1917 - deputies from the People's Socialist Party at the Congress of Peasants held in Poltava on April 17 offer Korolenko to nominate him as a deputy to the Constituent Assembly, he refuses, citing ill health. On November 22, Korolenko was elected honorary chairman of the Poltava Committee of the Political Red Cross.

During the occupation of Poltava by the troops of the Ukrainian Central Rada and A.I. Denikin, Korolenko opposes terror and revenge.

In 1919-21, unable to appear in the press, Korolenko addressed a series of letters to Lunacharsky, Kh.G. Rakovsky, the main content of which was a protest against the extrajudicial reprisals of the Cheka.

Main works:

Stories from the "Siberian" cycle:

"Wonderful" (1880, distributed in lists, publ. 1905)

"Killer", "Son Makar", "Falconer" (all - 1885), "On the way" (1888, 2nd edition 1914)

"At-Davan" (1885, 2nd edition 1892)

"Marusina Zaimka" (1889, published 1899)

"Lights" (1901)

Stories:

"In Bad Society" (1885)

"The Forest Noises" (1886)

"The River Plays" (1892)

"No Tongue" (1894)

"Not terrible" (1903), etc.

The story "The Blind Musician" (1886, 2nd edition 1898).

Essays, including:

"In Desert Places" (1890, 2nd ed. 1914)

"Pavlovian Essays" (1890)

"In a hungry year" (1892-93)

"At the Cossacks" (1901)

"Ours on the Danube" (1909)

Journalism, including:

"Multan Sacrifice" (a series of essays, articles and notes, 1895-98)

"Celebrity of the End of the Century" (1898, Dreyfus Affair)