VC. Zheleznikov

Biography of Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev

Born October 28 (November 9 n.s.) in Orel in a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a retired hussar officer, came from an old noble family; mother, Varvara Petrovna, is from a wealthy landowning family of the Lutovinovs. Turgenev's childhood passed in family estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. He grew up in the care of "tutors and teachers, Swiss and Germans, homegrown uncles and serf nannies."

With the family moving to Moscow in 1827 future writer was sent to a boarding school, spent about two and a half years there. Further education continued under the guidance of private teachers. Since childhood, he knew French, German, English.

In the autumn of 1833, before reaching the age of fifteen, he entered Moscow University, and the following year he transferred to St. Petersburg University, from which he graduated in 1936 in the verbal department of the philosophical faculty.

In May 1838 he went to Berlin to listen to lectures on classical philology and philosophy. He spent more than two academic years abroad, combining studies with long trips: he traveled around Germany, visited Holland and France, and lived in Italy for several months.

Returning to his homeland in 1841, he settled in Moscow.

In 1842, he successfully passed the master's exams, hoping to get a professorship at Moscow University, but since philosophy was taken under suspicion by the Nikolaev government, the departments of philosophy were abolished at Russian universities, and it was not possible to become a professor.

In 1843 Turgenev entered the service of an official in the "special office" of the Minister of the Interior.

In 1847 Turgenev went abroad for a long time: love for the famous French singer Pauline Viardot, whom he met in 1843 during her tour of St. Petersburg, took him away from Russia. He lived for three years in Germany, then in Paris and on the estate of the Viardot family. Even before leaving, he submitted an essay "Khor and Kalinich" to Sovremennik, which was a resounding success. The following essays from folk life published in the same journal for five years. In 1852 they came out as a separate book called Notes of a Hunter.

Impressed by Gogol's death in 1852, he published an obituary banned by the censors. For this he was arrested for a month, and then sent to his estate under the supervision of the police without the right to travel outside the Oryol province.

In 1853 it was allowed to come to St. Petersburg, but the right to travel abroad was returned only in 1856.

Along with the "hunting" stories, Turgenev wrote several plays: "The Freeloader" (1848), "The Bachelor" (1849), "A Month in the Country" (1850), "Provincial Girl" (1850). During his arrest and exile, he created the stories "Mumu" (1852) and "Inn" (1852) on a "peasant" theme. However, he was increasingly occupied with the life of the Russian intelligentsia, to whom the story "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" (1850) is dedicated; "Yakov Pasynkov" (1855); "Correspondence" (1856). Work on stories facilitated the transition to the novel.

In the summer of 1855, the novel "Rudin" was written in Spassky, and in subsequent years, novels: in 1859 - "The Noble Nest"; in 1860 - "On the Eve", in 1862 - "Fathers and Sons".

Since 1863, the writer settled with the Viardot family in Baden-Baden. At the same time, he began to collaborate with the liberal-bourgeois Vestnik Evropy, in which all his subsequent major works were published, including last novel"New" (1876).

Following the Viardot family, Turgenev moved to Paris. During the days of the Paris Commune, he lived in London, after its defeat he returned to France, where he remained until the end of his life, spending the winters in Paris, and the summer months outside the city, in Bougival, and making short trips to Russia every spring. In the spring of 1882, the first signs of a serious illness appeared, which deprived the writer of the opportunity to move (cancer of the spine).

On August 22 (September 3, n.s.), 1883, Turgenev died in Bougival. According to the writer's will, his body was transported to Russia and buried in St. Petersburg.

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Biography

Born on August 28 (September 9, n.s.) in the estate of Yasnaya Polyana, Tula province. By origin, he belonged to the most ancient aristocratic families of Russia. Received home education and upbringing.

After the death of his parents (mother died in 1830, father in 1837), the future writer with three brothers and a sister moved to Kazan, to the guardian P. Yushkova. At the age of sixteen, he entered Kazan University, first at the Faculty of Philosophy in the category of Arabic-Turkish literature, then studied at the Faculty of Law (1844 - 47). In 1847, without completing the course, he left the university and settled in Yasnaya Polyana, which he received as his father's inheritance.

The future writer spent the next four years in search: he tried to reorganize the life of the peasants of Yasnaya Polyana (1847), lived social life in Moscow (1848), at St. Petersburg University he took exams for the degree of candidate of law (spring 1849), decided to serve as a clerical employee in the Tula noble deputy assembly (autumn 1849).

In 1851 he left Yasnaya Polyana for the Caucasus, the place of service of his older brother Nikolai, and volunteered to take part in hostilities against the Chechens.

In the Caucasus, Tolstoy began to seriously study literary creativity, writes the story "Childhood", which is "Adolescence" (1852 - 54).

Shortly after the start Crimean War Tolstoy, at his personal request, was transferred to Sevastopol, where he participated in the defense of the besieged city, showing rare fearlessness. Awarded the Order of St. Anna with the inscription "For Courage" and medals "For the Defense of Sevastopol". In "Sevastopol Tales" he created a mercilessly reliable picture of the war, which made a huge impression on Russian society. In 1855, having arrived in St. Petersburg, Tolstoy became close to the staff of the Sovremennik magazine, met Turgenev, Goncharov, Ostrovsky, Chernyshevsky.

In the autumn of 1856 he retired Military career- not mine ... "- he writes in his diary) and in 1857 went on a six-month trip abroad to France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany.

In 1859 he opened a school for peasant children in Yasnaya Polyana, where he taught classes himself. He helped open more than 20 schools in the surrounding villages.

In May 1861 (the year of the abolition of serfdom) he returned to Yasnaya Polyana, assumed the position of a conciliator and actively defended the interests of the peasants, resolving their disputes with the landlords about the land, for which the Tula nobility, dissatisfied with his actions, In 1862 Tolstoy's life, his life was streamlined on long years: he married the daughter of a Moscow doctor Sofya Andreevna Bers and began a patriarchal life on his estate as the head of an ever-increasing family. The Tolstoys raised nine children.

The 1860s - 1870s were marked by the appearance of two works by Tolstoy, which immortalized his name: "War and Peace" (1863 - 69), "Anna Karenina" (1873 - 77).

In the early 1880s, the Tolstoy family moved to Moscow to educate their growing children.

In the 1890s he changed his negative attitude towards art. During these years he created the drama "The Power of Darkness" (1886), the play "The Fruits of Enlightenment" (1886 - 90), the novel "Resurrection" (1889 - 99).

In 1891, 1893, 1898 he participated in helping the peasants of the starving provinces, organized free canteens.

IN last decade engaged, as always, in intense creative work. The story "Hadji Murad" (1896 - 1904), the drama "The Living Corpse" (1900), the story "After the Ball" (1903) were written.

In 1901 Tolstoy lived in the Crimea, was treated after a serious illness, often met with Chekhov and M. Gorky.

On November 10, 1910, Tolstoy secretly left Yasnaya Polyana. The health of the 82-year-old writer could not stand the trip. He caught a cold and, falling ill, died on November 20 on the way at the Astapovo station of the Ryazan-Ural Railway.

Buried at Yasnaya Polyana.

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Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was born on July 19, 1893 in the city of Baghdadi, in the then Kutaisi province. He became famous as a playwright, poet, film director and screenwriter, journalist and artist. Mayakovsky became one of the most famous Soviet artists and a symbol of the era.

Vladimir Mayakovsky was born into the family of Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovsky, who worked as a forester in the Erivan province. Mother, Alexandra Alekseevna Pavlenko, was from a Cossack Kuban family and moved to the Kutaisi province after her husband.

In 1902, Mayakovsky was sent to study at the city gymnasium in Kutaisi. He studied here for only four years. In 1906, Father Mayakovsky Sr. dies, after which the whole family moved to Moscow.

In Moscow, Mayakovsky entered the classical gymnasium. And here he did not have a chance to unlearn completely: in 1908, the future poet was expelled from the gymnasium due to non-payment of tuition fees.

It was during this period that the formation of Mayakovsky the revolutionary begins. After leaving the gymnasium, he meets students who spread revolutionary ideas.

Active participation in the work of the Marxists could not but bring trouble: in 1908-1909, Mayakovsky went to jail three times. As a result of the investigation in all three cases, Mayakovsky was released - as a minor and for lack of evidence.

A stay in prison is a period of beginning creative development Mayakovsky. Here he writes his first poems, which subsequently caused him not too much

In 1910, Mayakovsky was released from prison, and a year later he began to take an active interest in painting. Soon the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture gets Vladimir as a student. And in 1912, his poems began to be published in futuristic almanacs. And again, the rebellious nature did not allow Mayakovsky to complete his education: for participation in public speaking Vladimir is also expelled from the Moscow School of Painting.

Soon after, Mayakovsky sent to promote futuristic art to the masses in the cities of the country. He travels with a group of like-minded people, but in his work he is already quite independent.

The First World War provoked Mayakovsky's active protest. He creates a number of works in which he stigmatizes the cruelty and senselessness of war.

Mayakovsky's futurism, despite its communist orientation, was far from always pleasing to Lenin.

In the same period, Makovsky also manifests himself as an artist. In 1919, having moved to Moscow, he began to create a series of propaganda posters. In three years their number reached 1,100.

In the early 1920s, Mayakovsky created a number of works aimed at promoting the world revolution. where he collaborates withB. Pasternak , S. Tretyakov, N. Aseev and others.

In the 1920s, Mayakovsky worked in several directions at once: he worked as a correspondent for a number of newspapers in the Soviet Union, wrote poetry (created propaganda posters. He often traveled abroad, where he drew ideas for his “anti-bourgeois” poems. The poet traveled a lot throughout the country while reading his poems from the stage.

By the end of the 1920s, Mayakovsky decided to pay more attention to dramaturgy. At this time, some of his best plays were written: Bedbug and Bathhouse. The ridicule of bureaucracy and other problems in The Bedbug brought serious criticism to Mayakovsky. Harsh articles in the newspapers rained down, slogans "Down with Mayakovism."

At this time, it was as if all the misfortunes fell on Mayakovsky at once: he is defeated in his personal life, he is constantly and very harshly criticized, he is threatened with losing his voice, and the performance "Banya" fails. Most likely, this was the reason for Mayakovsky's suicide on April 14, 1930.

Soon after the death of the poet, they tried to quickly disown his work: his work falls under an unspoken ban. Only in 1936, at the request of Lily Brik to Stalin, the ban was lifted. Immediately, collections of Mayakovsky's works began to be published, he was called the best poet of the era, and his museum was created. He is given all kinds of honors, but - already posthumously.

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Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich (1870-1938), writer.

At the age of one, he lost his father, who died of cholera. Mother in 1874 came to Moscow and because of the difficult financial situation was forced to send her son to an orphanage.

In 1880, Kuprin entered the 2nd Moscow Military Gymnasium (since 1882, the Cadet Corps), and in 1888, the Moscow and Alexander Military School.

First literary experiments he undertook while studying at cadet corps, and in 1889 his story “The Last Debut” was published, for which the author received a disciplinary sanction at the school).

In 1890-1894. Kuprin, with the rank of second lieutenant, served in the Podolsk province.

After retiring, he settled in Kyiv, in 1901 he moved to St. Petersburg, and then to Sevastopol. For a decade, the retired officer lived in constant poverty, surviving on odd jobs. However, it was during these years that Kuprin became a writer, which was largely facilitated by his friendship with I. A. Bunin, A. P. Chekhov and M. Gorky. Then the stories "Moloch" (1896), "Duel" (1905), "Pit" (1909 - 1915), the story " Garnet bracelet"(1911).

In 1909, Kuprin's talent was noted Pushkin Prize. The writer actively participated in public life: in 1905, he helped a group of sailors from the rebel cruiser Ochakov escape from police pursuit.

At the beginning of the First World War, Kuprin went to the front as a volunteer, and after demobilization for health reasons in 1915, he organized own house hospital for the wounded.

The writer met the February Revolution of 1917 with joy, becoming close to the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, but the events of October 1917 and the ensuing Civil War disappointed him.

Kuprin joined the army of N. N. Yudenich, and in 1920 he left for France. The most significant work created in exile was the autobiographical novel "Junker" (1928-1932).

Homesickness forced Kuprin to return to the USSR in 1937, where famous writer received quite favorably. But he did not live long in Soviet Russia.

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Prishvin Mikhail Mikhailovich (1873-1954), writer.

He was born on February 4, 1873 in the village of Khrushchev, Oryol province, into an impoverished merchant family.

From 1883 he studied at the Yelets Gymnasium, from which he was expelled in the fourth grade for impudence to the teacher. Education was completed in the Tyumen real school.

In 1893, Prishvin entered the chemical and agronomic department of the Riga Polytechnic Institute. Passion for Marxist ideas led in 1897 to his arrest and deportation to the city of Yelets.

In 1900, Prishvin went to Germany, where he graduated from the agronomic department of the University of Leipzig. Upon returning to Russia, he worked as an agronomist.

In 1906, there was a sharp turning point in Prishvin's life - he made a trip to Karelia, which resulted in an appeal to literature. In the future, the writer visited many parts of the vast country - on Far East and in Kazakhstan, in the Volga region and on Far North. Each trip contributed its share (story, story) to the creation of a many-sided picture of nature.

During the First World War, Prishvin worked as a war correspondent. After 1917, he again left for the countryside and returned to the profession of an agronomist. At the same time he taught in rural schools and was engaged in local history research.

Prishvin's first story "Sashok" appeared in 1906. A year later, the book "In the Land of Fearless Birds" was published, combining travel essays on nature, life and speech of the northerners.

All the writer's works, including "Behind the Magic Kolobok" (1908), "Black Arab" (1910), "Shoes" (1923), are imbued with a passionate love for native nature, ordinary people, understanding the peculiar poetics of their coexistence.

In more later works The author interweaves fabulous and folklore motifs: "Springs of Berendey" (1925), "Ginseng" ("The Root of Life", 1933), "Ship Thicket" (1954), "The Tsar's Road" (1957). Prishvin's children's stories and novels, published in the collections "The Chipmunk Beast", "Fox Bread" (both 1939), "The Pantry of the Sun" (1945), were widely known.

Of particular value are the writer's diaries, which he kept throughout his life. They are constantly arguing with oneself, searching for one's place in the world, contain thoughts about society, country, time.

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Presentation on the topic: Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin. Prepared by a 7th grade student: Olga Smirnova. Teacher: Khirnaya Maria Alexandrovna.

Born on January 23, 1873 in the Yelets district of the Oryol province (now the Yelets district of the Lipetsk region), in the family estate of Khrushchevo-Levshino, which at one time was bought by his grandfather, the prosperous Yelets merchant Dmitry Ivanovich Prishvin. There were five children in the family (Alexander, Nikolai, Sergey, Lydia and Mikhail). Mother - Maria Ivanovna (1842-1914, nee Ignatova). The father of the future writer Mikhail Dmitrievich Prishvin, after the family division, received the Konstandylovo estate and a lot of money. He lived like a lord, led Oryol trotters, won prizes at horse races, was engaged in gardening and flowers, and was a passionate hunter.

One day, my father lost at cards, so I had to sell the stud farm and mortgage the estate. He did not survive the shock and died, paralyzed. In the novel Kashcheev's Chain, Prishvin tells how, with his healthy hand, his father drew "blue beavers" for him - a symbol of a dream that he could not achieve. Nevertheless, the mother of the future writer, Maria Ivanovna, who came from the Old Believer family of the Ignatovs and remained after the death of her husband with five children in her arms and with an estate mortgaged under a double mortgage, managed to rectify the situation and give the children a decent education. In 1882, Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin was sent to study at an elementary village school, in 1883 he was transferred to the first class of the Yelets classical gymnasium. In the gymnasium, he did not shine with success - for 6 years of study he reached only the fourth grade and in this class he had to Once again be left for the second year, due to a conflict with the geography teacher V. V. Rozanov - the future famous philosopher- was expelled from the gymnasium "for impudence to the teacher." He had to finish his studies at the Tyumen Alexander Real School, where the future writer moved under the wing of his uncle, merchant I. I. Ignatov. Not succumbing to the persuasion of a childless uncle to inherit his business, he went to continue his education at the Riga Polytechnic, in 1900-1902 at the agronomic department of the University of Leipzig, after which he received a diploma in land surveying. Until 1905, he worked as an agronomist, wrote several books and articles on agronomy - "Potatoes in garden and field culture", etc.

Prishvin's first story "Sashok" was published in 1906. Leaving his profession as an agronomist, he became a correspondent for various newspapers. Passion for ethnography and folklore led to the decision to travel to the European North. Prishvin spent several months in the Vygovsky region. Thirty eight folk tales, recorded by him then, were included in the collection of the ethnographer N. E. Onchukov "Northern Tales". Based on impressions from a trip to Karelia, Prishvin created in 1907 a book of essays “In the land of fearless birds (Essays on the Vygovsky region)”, for which he was awarded the silver medal of the Russian geographical society. In May 1907, Prishvin traveled along the Sukhona and the Northern Dvina to Arkhangelsk. Then he traveled around the coast of the White Sea to Kandalaksha, crossed the Kola Peninsula, visited the Solovetsky Islands and returned to Arkhangelsk by sea in July. After that, the writer on a fishing boat set off on a journey through the Arctic Ocean and, after visiting Kanin Nos, arrived at Murman, where he stopped at one of the fishing camps. Then he left for Norway on a steamboat and, rounding the Scandinavian Peninsula, returned to St. Petersburg. While traveling in the North, Prishvin got acquainted with the life and speech of the northerners, wrote down tales, transmitting them in a peculiar form of travel essays (“Behind the Magic Kolobok”, 1908). Became famous in literary circles, draws close to Remizov and Merezhkovsky, as well as to M. Gorky and A. Tolstoy.

In 1908, the result of a trip to the Volga region was the book "At the Walls of the Invisible City". The essays "Adam and Eve" and "Black Arab" were written after a trip to the Crimea and Kazakhstan. Maxim Gorky contributed to the appearance of the first collected works of Prishvin in 1912-1914.

During the First World War, he was a war correspondent, publishing his essays in various newspapers. After October revolution for some time he taught in the Smolensk region. Passion for hunting and local history (he lived in Yelets, Smolensk region, Moscow region) was reflected in a series of hunting and children's stories written in the 1920s, which were later included in the book "Calendar of Nature" (1935), which glorified him as a narrator about the life of nature, singer of Central Russia. During these years he continued to work on autobiographical novel"Kashcheev chain", begun by him in 1923, on which he worked until his last days.

In the early 1930s, Prishvin visited the Far East, as a result, the book "Dear Animals" appeared, which served as the basis for the story "Ginseng" ("The Root of Life", 1933). About the journey through the Kostroma and Yaroslavl lands is written in the story "Undressed Spring". In 1933, the writer again visited the Vygovsky region, where the White Sea-Baltic Canal was being built. Based on the impressions of this trip, he created a fairy tale novel "The Tsar's Road". In May-June 1935, M. M. Prishvin made another trip to the Russian North with his son Peter. By train, the writer got from Moscow to Vologda and sail on steamboats along Vologda, Sukhona and the Northern Dvina to Upper Toima. From the Upper Toima on horseback, M. Prishvin reached the Upper Pinega villages of Kerga and Sogra, then reached the mouth of the Ilesha on a rowing boat, and on an aspen boat up the Ilesha and its tributary Koda. From the upper reaches of the Koda, on foot through the dense forest, together with the guides, the writer went to look for the "Berendeev thicket" - a forest untouched by an ax, and found it. Returning to Ust-Ilesha, Prishvin went down the Pinega to the village of Karpogory, and then reached Arkhangelsk by steamer. After this trip, a book of essays “Berendeeva Thicket” (“Northern Forest”) and a fairy tale story “Ship Thicket”, on which M. Prishvin worked in the last years of his life, appeared. The writer wrote about the fairy forest: “The forest there is a pine tree for three hundred years, tree to tree, you can’t cut down a banner there! And such smooth trees, and such clean! One tree cannot be cut down, it will lean against another, but will not fall.”

Almost all Prishvin's works published during his lifetime are devoted to descriptions of his own impressions of encounters with nature, these descriptions are distinguished by the extraordinary beauty of the language. Konstantin Paustovsky called him "a singer of Russian nature", Maxim Gorky said that Prishvin had "a perfect ability to give a flexible combination simple words almost physical tangibility to everything. Prishvin himself considered his main book to be the Diaries, which he kept for almost half a century (1905-1954) and the volume of which is several times larger than the most complete, 8-volume collection of his works. Published after the abolition of censorship in the 1980s, they allowed a different look at M. M. Prishvin and his work. Constant spiritual work, the writer's path to inner freedom is traced in detail and vividly in his diaries rich in observations ("Eyes of the Earth", 1957; fully published in the 1990s), where, in particular, a true picture of the process of "depeasantization" of Russia and Stalinist repressions, expresses the humanistic desire of the writer to affirm the "sanctity of life" as the highest value.

Family: First marriage was married to a simple Smolensk peasant woman Efrosinya Pavlovna (1883-1953, nee Badykina, in her first marriage - Smogaleva). In his diaries, M. M. often called her Frosya or Pavlovna). In addition to her son from her first marriage, Yakov (died at the front in 1919 in the Civil War), they had three more children: son Mikhail died as an infant in 1918, Lev Mikhailovich (1906-1957) - a popular fiction writer of his time, writing under a pseudonym Alpatov (street name of the Prishvins in Yelets), participant literary group"Pass", and Pyotr Mikhailovich (1909-1987) - hunter, author of memoirs (published on the 100th anniversary of his birth - in 2009). In 1940, M. M. Prishvin married for the second time. His wife was Valeria Dmitrievna Liorko, in his first marriage - Lebedeva (1899-1979). The writer will later write about his marriage in his diary: “Today, everything significant in that struggle was completed, L. received a divorce, we“ signed ”with her. We returned home: she was without a heel, and my watch was stolen.

Artworks: Fox's bread Zhorka Golden Meadow Floors of the forest Talking rook Khromka Inventor Guys and ducklings blue bast shoes Bear Moose Hedgehog A sip of milk How Romka crossed the stream Our garden The island of salvation The forest master By Maimakse Where, when and what? How I taught my dogs to eat peas Vasya Veselkin Gadgets Chicken on poles Forest doctor Old mushroom Dead tree Hawk and lark Queen of spades My homeland (From childhood memories)

Thank you for your attention.

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Shmelev Ivan Sergeevich (1873-1950), writer.

My father was a well-known contractor, and construction workers from all over Russia flocked to the Shmelevs' yard. The boy was soaking folk culture, customs, language, songs, jokes, sayings - everything that will later change and play in the unique Shmelev prose.

The future writer graduated from the gymnasium, then the law faculty of Moscow University (1898).

After a year military service for eight years he worked as an official in the remote districts of the Moscow and Vladimir provinces, where he met the prototypes of the heroes of his works. Shmelev's first story "At the Mill" was published in 1895 in the Russian Review magazine.

In 1897, a book of his essays "On the Rocks of Valaam" was published in Moscow, which was subjected to too much censorship and was not successful. The prose writer was silent for a whole decade.

The return to creativity was influenced by revolutionary events 1905 The most significant work of this period is the story "Citizen Ukleykin" (1908).

Shmeleva became famous for the story "The Man from the Restaurant" (1911), which was published in one of the collections of the "Knowledge" partnership, published by M. Gorky.

In the 10s. the writer worked closely with the Moscow Book Publishing House of Writers, which published his stories and novels. During the period of the October Revolution of 1917, which he did not accept, and the Civil War, Shmelev condemned the war "in general" as a mass psychosis of healthy people.

In 1922, the writer, after the execution in Feodosia without trial of his only son, a former white officer, left for Berlin, then for Paris. He never forgave the new government for the death of his son, although he dreamed of returning to Russia, even after death.

Images and paintings in emigration old Russia, vivid impressions of childhood, memories of beloved Moscow took shape in books that became the pinnacle of Shmelev's work. “Native” (1931), “Praying Man”, “Summer of the Lord” (both 1948) are works that are amazing in their poetry, spiritual light, beautiful living folk language, the like of which Russian literature did not know before Shmelev.

Soviet-era Nikolai Nosov, who invented famous hero Dunno, in life he was an unsociable and silent person with a complex and adamant character, but this did not stop him from creating very funny and funny works. The biography of Nikolai Nosov did not differ much from the biographies of millions of his other compatriots who were born in the dashing years of wars and revolutions, but who found the strength to live and create. Nosov was awarded many awards and medals, among them - the Order of the Red Star (1943), the Stalin Prize of the III degree (1952), State Prize RSFSR them. Krupskaya N.K. (1969).

Nikolai Nosov: biography

The writer was born in Kyiv on November 23, 1908. His father was an artist, and at the same time worked as a railway worker. Nikolay spent all his childhood in the small town of Irpen near Kiev, where he went to study at the gymnasium.

The biography of Nikolai Nosov tells that the future writer did not have his parents only child He had two more brothers and a sister. Little Kolya loved to go to concerts and performances of his father. And the parents began to seriously think about the fact that perhaps their boy would become an artist. Kolya wanted to play the violin, but it turned out to be beyond his power, and he abandoned this activity.

Hobbies

The biography of Nosov Nikolai Nikolaevich further tells that the childhood and youth of the writer fell on hard years World War I and Civil Wars. Hunger and cold were the companions of his family. As a result, all its members were ill with typhus, but God had mercy, none of them died. Nikolai himself later recalled that he had been ill longer and harder than anyone else, there was almost no hope of recovery. But, against all odds, he survived, and his mom just cried with joy when he recovered. So he realized that tears are not only from grief.

In addition to music and theater, Nosov was attracted to photography, chess, and electrical engineering. Times were hard, so from the age of 14 he had to earn extra money selling newspapers, a mower, and a digger. After the revolution, their gymnasium became a seven-year school. After graduating in 1924, Nosov first went as a laborer to the Irpin concrete plant, and then to a brick factory in Bucha.

Search for a profession

Expanding further on the topic “Nosov Nikolai Nikolaevich: biography”, I would like to note that from his youth the future writer became very interested in chemistry, he even had his own laboratory in the attic, where he and his friends conducted their experiments. It was then that he began to dream of the profession of a chemist and wanted to enter the Kiev Polytechnic Institute. To do this, he went to study at an evening vocational school, after which his plans changed dramatically. At the age of 19, he decided that he would study at the Kiev Art Institute.

Then, after two years of study, in 1929, Nikolai Nosov was transferred to the Moscow Institute of Cinematography. The biography contains information that in 1932 he successfully completed it and went to work as a director and director of animated, educational and scientific films.

Nikolai Nikolaevich partially reflected his autobiography in the book “The Secret at the Bottom of the Well”. During the Great Patriotic War, he worked as a director of educational military-technical films for the country's armed forces.

Creation

Further, Nikolai Nosov tries himself as a children's writer in 1938. His first story was published under the title "Entertainers", then "Live Hat", "Wonderful Trousers", "Dreamers", "Mishkin's Porridge" and others appeared. All these stories were published in the Murzilka magazine. In 1945, the first collection of short stories "Knock-knock-knock" was published, and a year later his other collection, "Steps", was published.

Nikolai Nosov himself admitted that he became a children's writer quite by accident. It all started with the fact that he began to invent and tell funny stories to my son, and then I realized - this is for him the best activity which he could do. Nosov began to thoroughly study not only children's literature, but also child psychology. The writer believed that kids should be treated with love, warmth and great respect, which is why his books became popular with a children's audience.

Other works for children

In 1947, another adventure collection by Nikolai Nosov, Funny Stories, was released. And the most famous were his stories “A Merry Family”, “The Diary of Kolya Sinitsyn”.

In 1952, Nikolai Nosov was awarded the Stalin Prize of the III degree for the story "Vitya Maleev at school and at home." A little later, in 1954, it was filmed A film for children"Two friends".

He showed the children, using the examples of his heroes, what friendship, responsiveness, mutual assistance are, and how difficult it is to live without all this. Such bad qualities as envy, vanity and lies were very condemned by Nikolai Nosov. The biography (for children it is also accessible and understandable) indicates that a moral educational theme can be traced in all his works.

Dunno

by the most famous works Nosov became adventure stories about Dunno. It all started with his first work "Cog, Shpuntik and a vacuum cleaner", and after them appeared the trilogy "The Adventures of Dunno and his friends", "Dunno in Sunny city and Dunno on the Moon.

The very first illustrator of his works about Dunno was Laptev A.M., who gave the children's audience the image of a restless boy in a hat. Then G.O. took up illustrations of Nosov's books. Valk, and then - artists I. Semenov, A. Kanevsky, E. Afanasyeva and others.

Ironic humoresques

Nikolai Nosov is not only a children's writer, in 1969 he released a collection of satire called "Ironic Humoresques", which raised questions modern literature. He also wrote about teacher-student relationships, parent-child relationships, bad habits etc.

The topic “Nosov Nikolai Nikolaevich: biography” is very well revealed by his autobiographical work “The Tale of My Friend Igor”, which consists of three parts, which was written in 1972. The third part of this work, "The Secret at the Bottom of the Well", was published in 1977, when the writer was no longer alive.

Nosov had two wives. The first wife died and left her son, fifteen-year-old Peter. The second wife had no children. The writer's son Pyotr Nosov was a photojournalist.

On July 26, 1976, in Moscow, at the age of 68, the beloved writer Nikolai Nosov died. His biography mentions that he was buried in the capital's Kuntsevo cemetery.

5th grade

Lesson number 24.

Subject. N.V. Gogol. Brief information about the writer. Little Russia in the life and fate of N.V. Gogol.

Target:

to acquaint the children with some facts of the biography of N.V. Gogol, which influenced the formation of the personality of the writer; recreate the atmosphere of the era early XIX century, to introduce the history of the creation of the collection "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka";

to form the ability to highlight the main thing in the message of the teacher and students, work with the textbook and illustrations;

to cultivate interest in the personality and work of N.V. Gogol.

Equipment: multimedia presentation.

DURING THE CLASSES.

2. Introductory speech of the teacher.

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is one of the most original Russian writers. His books are read all his life, each time in a new way. His word is perceived today as prophetic. Gogol is an exceptional person, tragic fate, a thinker who sought to unravel the historical fate of Russia.

It is impossible to overestimate the impact that Gogol had on Russian, and indeed on world literature. Dostoevsky, speaking of himself and his literary contemporaries, said that they all came from Gogol's "Overcoat".

Russian and foreign theater and cinema, finding new content in it.

3. The story of the teacher and trained students about N.V. Gogol.

Theses of the story (they can be written in a notebook):

Years of life: 1809-1852.

Born in Ukraine on March 20 (April 1), 1809 in the town of Bolshiye Sorochintsy, Mirgorodsky district, Poltava province.

Father, Vasily Afanasyevich Gogol-Yanovsky, belonged to the newly-minted nobility, was interested in literature and even wrote several comedies in Ukrainian.

Mother Maria Ivanovna is the daughter of a wealthy landowner.

Ukraine is the cradle of the great writer. Little Russian legends and songs - the world of Gogol's childhood.

He was educated at the Nizhyn Gymnasium, where he showed his interest in literature and painting, as well as acting talent.

After graduating from high school - Petersburg, public service. Acquaintance with Pushkin (1831).

The name of the young writer became widely known after the publication of Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka.

3.1. Childhood of N.V. Gogol, his parents.

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was born on March 20 (April 1), 1809 in the town of Bolshie Sorochintsy on the border of the Mirgorod district of the Poltava province. Nicholas was named after miraculous icon Saint Nicholas. According to family tradition he came from an old Ukrainian Cossack family and was a descendant of the famous Cossack Ostap Gogol, who was in late XVII century hetman of Right-Bank Ukraine.

Great-great-grandfather Yan Yakovlevich, a graduate of the Kyiv Theological Academy, "went out to the Russian side", settled in the Poltava region, and the nickname "Yanovsky" came from him.

Gogol's father, Vasily Afanasyevich Gogol-Yanovsky, died when his son was 15 years old. Vasily Afanasyevich was educated at the Poltava Theological Seminary, retired early. He had the gift of a cheerful storyteller, and guests often came to him.

Not far from Vasilievka lived a wealthy relative - the nobleman Troshchinsky. Vasily Afanasyevich had to perform the duties of a manager, director, artist. He staged performances, wrote plays himself and acted them out. His plays have not come down to us.

Gogol's mother Maria Ivanovna, nee Kosyarovskaya, was married off at the age of fourteen. According to contemporaries, she was exceptionally pretty. The groom was twice her age. In addition to Nicholas, the family had eleven more children. There were six boys and six girls in total. The first two boys were born dead. Gogol was the third child. The fourth son was Ivan, who died early. Then a daughter, Maria, was born. All middle children also died in infancy. The last daughters Anna, Elizabeth and Olga were born.

Life in the village before school and after, during the holidays, went on in the fullest atmosphere of Ukrainian life, both pan and peasant.

3.2. Years of study of N.V. Gogol.

At the age of ten, Gogol was taken to Poltava to one of the local teachers, to prepare for the gymnasium; then he entered the Gymnasium of Higher Sciences in Nizhyn. Gogol was not a diligent student, but he had an excellent memory, he prepared for exams in a few days and moved from class to class; he was very weak in languages ​​and made progress only in drawing and Russian literature.

The Gymnasium of Higher Sciences itself, which in the first years of its existence was not very well organized, was apparently partly to blame for the poor teaching.

The shortcomings of the school were made up for by self-education in the circle of comrades, where there were people who shared literary interests with Gogol.

The comrades subscribed to magazines; started their own handwritten journal, where Gogol wrote a lot in verse. At that time he wrote poems, tragedies, historical poem and the story, as well as the satire "Something about Nizhyn, or the law is not written for fools." Along with literary interests, a love for the theater also developed, in which Gogol, already distinguished by unusual comedy, was the most active participant.

The death of his father was a heavy blow to the entire family. Worries about affairs also fall on Gogol; he gives advice, reassures the mother, must think about the future organization of his own affairs. The mother idolizes her son Nikolai, considers him a genius, she gives him the last of her meager means to ensure his life in Nizhyn, and later in St. Petersburg. Nikolai also paid her all his life with ardent filial love. Later, he will give up his share in the common family inheritance in favor of the sisters in order to devote himself entirely to literature.

By the end of his stay at the gymnasium, he dreams of a wide social activity, which, however, he does not see at all in the literary field; no doubt under the influence of everything around him, he thinks to come forward and benefit society in the service. Thus plans for the future were unclear; but Gogol was sure that a wide field lay ahead of him.

3.3. N.V. Gogol in St. Petersburg.

In December 1828 Gogol moved to St. Petersburg. Here, for the first time, a cruel disappointment awaited him: modest means ended up in big city very insignificant, and brilliant hopes were not realized as soon as he expected. His letters home from that time are a mixture of this disappointment and a hazy hope for a better future. In reserve he had a lot of character and practical enterprise: he tried to enter the stage, become an official, surrender to literature.

He was not accepted as an actor; the service was so empty of content that he became weary of it; the more attracted his literary field. In Petersburg, for the first time, he kept to the society of fellow countrymen, which consisted partly of former comrades. He realized that Little Russia aroused keen interest not only among Ukrainians, but also among Russians. The failures experienced turned his poetic dreams to his native Ukraine, and from here the first plans for work arose, which was supposed to satisfy Gogol's artistic needs, as well as bring practical benefit: these were the plans for Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka.

3.4. Artistic portrait of N.V. Gogol.

In 1832, Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka were published. In the same year, the artist A.G. Venetsianov asks his friends to get him this book, and in 1833 the writer and artist met, and in 1834 Gogol ordered him his portrait

The artist accurately conveyed the appearance of a romantic writer. Portrait taken from life young Gogol unique.

The portrait of Gogol was also painted by A.S. Pushkin. His drawing is a phenomenon of special value. But Gogol in it looks a little older than Venetsianov's. This is no longer a dandy romantic and not a merry fellow. Pushkin, as a subtle portrait painter, conveyed the features of a thinker.

In 1841, in Italy, Gogol commissioned his portrait for his mother from the Russian artist F. Moller. S.T. Aksakov in his “Memoirs” describes the appearance of Gogol, who returned from Italy: “Gogol returned not at all the dandy that he went abroad in 1836 and how he is depicted in the portrait painted by Venetsianov. Gogol's appearance changed so much that it was possible not to recognize him. His beautiful blond hair lay almost to his shoulders, a beautiful mustache, a goatee completed the change. Facial features have taken on a completely different meaning. The portrait of Moller expresses a certain balance of thought and spirit, the harmony of his state, and an elegant suit and hairstyle give a noble secularity. Gogol wanted to look just like that. That is how they know him. This is his most famous portrait.

In 1838, in Italy, fate brought Gogol together with the artist A. Ivanov, when he painted the painting "The Appearance of Christ to the People."

The idea of ​​introducing Gogol into the painting "The Appearance of Christ to the People" is captured in the sketch of the same year in the figure of a penitent. Its resemblance is absolute, but not only in external salient features- this is a portrait of spiritual confusion, contrition, repentance and fear of the sinner, his humiliation. Subsequently, in the painting, the artist rethought the image of Gogol in a different psychological key, but this unique portrait remained as evidence of a spiritual drama.

At the end of 1840, in the fate of Gogol, as he himself said, looms " Right way drawn from above, strengthened by thought and spirit. Gogol of this time we see through the eyes of the brilliant A. Ivanov.

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Gogol in 1909, a monument was erected to him in Moscow by the sculptor N.A. Andreev. The image of Gogol also reflected the dramatic time when the monument was created.

Gogol's iconography is small, and in all the portraits he is different. Only in all together - this is Gogol.

III. The history of the creation of "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka".

1. Introductory speech of the teacher.

Gogol turned out to be the only one of the Russian classics who was able to organically combine in his work two fraternal Slavic cultures - Russian and Ukrainian. "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" was a fresh, perky look of a writer who belonged to all-Russian culture, citizen great country.

2. The history of the creation of the book.

We cannot say exactly when the idea to write these stories in the Little Russian spirit was born. Probably soon after arriving in St. Petersburg in the winter of 1829, when Gogol, in letters to his mother and sisters, asked to be sent everything that had anything to do with Ukrainian folk customs, costumes and legends: “You have a subtle, observant mind, you know a lot about the customs of our Little Russians ... In the next letter, I expect you to describe the complete outfit of a rural deacon, from the top dress to the very boots with the name, as it was called by the most hardened, the most ancient, least changed Little Russians... Another detailed description of the wedding, without missing the smallest details... A few more words about carols, about Ivan Kupala, about mermaids. If there are, in addition, any spirits or brownies, then more about them with names and deeds ... ”He himself did not know then what he was using the information received from his homeland for. The career of an official has not yet taken shape, so maybe at least writing could generate income? After all, he remembered from childhood the unforgettable stories of his grandmother Tatyana Semyonovna, with which she spoiled him every time he came to her rooms in Vasilyevka: about the Cossacks and the glorious ataman Ostap Gogol, about scary witches, sorcerers and mermaids, lying in wait for a traveler on dark paths.

For the first time, Gogol tried to present his writings on Little Russian topics to the world in February 1830. His story in Ukrainian "Bisavryuk, or Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala" was published in Otechestvennye Zapiski.

The first part of "Evenings ..." was ready in the summer of 1831, when Gogol lived in Pavlovsk in the house of Princess Vasilchikova. Society that summer was fleeing outside the city from a cholera epidemic in St. Petersburg, Pushkin rented a dacha in Tsarskoye Selo, and for Gogol a place was secured for a home teacher for the son of the princess, who was born mentally underdeveloped. It is believed that Gogol visited Pushkin, at Kitaeva's dacha, where he read to him excerpts from "Evenings ..."

And the book is already being printed in St. Petersburg at the printing house on Bolshaya Morskaya Street. Returning to the city in August, the young author hurries to pay a visit there to make sure for himself that everything is going well. The typesetters of the printing house, seeing him, turn away and spit into their fists - this is how the book given to them to work made them laugh.

Finally, in early September 1831, the book goes out of print and goes to bookstores. Laudatory reviews, "Evenings ..." are in great demand. Who said about this work: “Here is real gaiety, sincere, laid-back, without affectation, without stiffness”? Of course, Pushkin!

Gogol sends a copy of the book to his mother and immediately asks his sister Maria to keep sending him notes. Ukrainian fairy tales and songs. Now, after such success, the second volume can be prepared for publication. This time, in his requests, Gogol is not limited to notes and observations: “I remember very well that once in our church we all saw one girl in an old dress. She will surely sell it. If you meet somewhere with a peasant an old hat or dress that is distinguished by something unusual, even if it was torn - get it! .. Put all this in one chest or suitcase, and in case you meet an opportunity, you can send ".

The second volume comes out in March 1832 - the author is in seventh heaven with happiness, about which he himself writes in a letter to Danilevsky. A little earlier, in February 1832, another significant event took place - N.V. Gogol was invited to a dinner given by the publisher and bookseller A.F. Smirdin to celebrate the opening of a new store on Nevsky Prospekt. Among the guests A.S. Pushkin, K.N. Batyushkov, F.V. Bulgarin, N.I. Grech. A year ago, something like this would have been unthinkable.

For the sake of objectivity, it should be noted that there were critical reviews book, but that's the way it should be! The higher clergy did not approve of "Evenings .." - still, who would approve flights on the line!

Retell wonderful gogol stories- a thankless task. Let's just say that the fun in "Evenings ..." is adjacent to the creepy, chilling. One sorcerer from "Terrible Revenge" is worth something! The evil in these stories can be funny, like the devil in "The Night Before Christmas" or " Sorochinskaya Fair”, or it can be disgusting and insidious, like a witch forcing a young man in love to kill a baby in order to get the desired bride in “Evening on the eve of Ivan Kupala”. This neighborhood is not surprising for folk tales.

“Evenings…”, despite all its fabulousness, turned out to be surprisingly realistic - not only information sent by relatives, but also works on ethnography, linguistic articles and even treatises on witchcraft went into action. Gogol himself admitted that he could not invent plots from nothing, he needed some kind of canvas, which he unfolded with amazing accuracy and skill into a bewitching narrative.

3. The composition of the book.

"Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" consists of two parts, each of which begins with a preface and contains four stories

Part one

There is a narrator in Gogol's book, the author points out that the stories were published by the beekeeper Rudy Pank. In the preface to the first part there are these words: “What kind of unseen is this: “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”? What is "Evenings"? And threw some beekeeper into the light! God bless! a little more they stripped the geese for feathers and exhausted the rags on paper! There are still few people, of every rank and rabble, who have smeared their fingers in ink! The hunt also pulled the beekeeper to drag himself after the others! Indeed, there is so much printed paper that you can’t think of something to wrap in it.”

Heard, heard my prophetic all these speeches for another month! That is, I say that our brother, a farmer, stick his nose out of his outback into big light- my fathers! It's just like sometimes you go into the chambers of a great pan: everyone will surround you and go fool around. Still nothing, even the highest lackey, no, some ragged boy, look - rubbish that digs in the backyard, and he will stick; and begin to stamp their feet on all sides. “Where, where, why? go, man, go!..” I'll tell you... But what can I say! It’s easier for me to go twice a year to Mirgorod, where for five years now neither the district court nor the venerable priest has seen me, than to appear in this great world. And it seemed - do not cry, give the answer.

With us, my dear readers, don’t be told in anger (you may be angry that the beekeeper speaks to you easily, as if to some kind of matchmaker or godfather), - we, on farms, have long been: as soon as when the work in the field is over, the peasant will climb on the stove to rest all winter, and our brother will hide his bees in a dark cellar, when you will no longer see cranes in the sky, or pears on a tree - then, only evening, probably already somewhere at the end a light glimmers on the street, laughter and songs are heard from afar, a balalaika strums, and sometimes a violin, talk, noise ... This is our evening party! They, if you please, they look like your balls; just can not say that at all. If you go to balls, it is precisely in order to turn your legs and yawn in your hand; and we will gather in one hut a crowd of girls not at all for the ball, with a spindle, with combs; and at first they seem to get down to business: the spindles rustle, songs flow, and each does not raise an eye to the side; but as soon as the lads with the violinist rush into the hut - a cry will rise, a shawl will be started, dances will go and such things will start up that it’s impossible to tell.

But it’s best when everyone gets together in a tight bunch and starts to guess riddles or just chatter. My God! What will they not tell you! Where do they not dig up the old ones! What fears will not inflict! But nowhere, perhaps, so many wonders were told as at the evenings at the beekeeper Rudy Panka. Why the laity called me Rudy Pank - by God, I can’t say. And my hair seems to be more gray than red now. But among us, if you please do not be angry, there is such a custom: as people give someone a nickname, then it will remain forever and ever.

IV. Summing up the lesson.

V. Homework.

2. Find fragments of the story that talk about the beauty of Oksana, give the details of her portrait. Prepare a story about her.

3.Record keywords, which help to tell about the character of the blacksmith Vakula. Write a story about a character.

4. Group task: prepare an expressive reading of an excerpt by roles from the words “Heaps of girls with bags broke into Chub’s hut, surrounded Oksana” to the words “The girls took the capricious beauty with them.”