- this is a written reflection on the specified topic, which every 11th grader must pass without fail for admission to the Unified State Examinations (USE). In December 2018-2019, schoolchildren will write this species work for the 5th time already, because it has been approved in Russia since 2014.
A prerequisite for a well-written final essay is the presence of arguments - justifications for the chosen position, which are based on the works of Russian or foreign classical. So what arguments will help schoolchildren cope with the task this year?
General Facts
The minimum amount of the final essay is 250 words, while experts recommend writing more - an average of about 300-350 words in order to cover the topic fully and comprehensively. The structure of the work is not regulated, but practice shows that the most a large number of points are given to such written reflections that contain 3 key blocks: introduction, main part and conclusion with conclusions. You have 3 hours and 55 minutes to write your essay. The guys have the opportunity to refer to spelling dictionaries, which should be available in the office in sufficient quantities.
The highest score for the final essay is 10 points. Even if the student allows 1 non-rough spelling mistake, the expert commission will give him the maximum possible number of points. The final assessment depends on how the teenager takes into account the fundamental criteria. These include:
- Subject fit. It is important to write the final essay only in the context of a given topic/question, not to spread your thoughts along the tree and not move on to consideration of third-party problems.
- Argumentation and attraction literary material. It is not enough just to express a certain position - in your arguments you also need to rely on at least one work of a Russian or foreign classic. It is important to demonstrate not only knowledge of the material, but also the ability to analyze it. When writing the final essay of 2018-2019, a simple retelling or superficial mention of the works will not be enough.
- Composition and logic of reasoning. Here the structure of the work and the sequence of presentation are evaluated. It is recommended that each new thought begin with a new paragraph. At the same time, the main part should be larger in volume than the introduction and conclusion (in total, the last blocks should be about 1/3 of the entire text).
- The quality of writing. In his argument to the student high school you will need to use synonyms and various speech turns, and, conversely, avoid clichés and lexical repetitions.
- Literacy. It checks for the presence / absence of spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors.
Information:
This year, the dates for writing the final essay are determined as follows:
- December 19, 2018 (main date)
- February 6, 2019 (additional dates)
- May 8, 2019 (additional dates)
As in previous years, the final essay is the admission of graduates to the state final certification. At the same time, students with disabilities have the right to choose the writing of the presentation. As part of open destinations topics of the final essay, specific topics of the final essay are developed (texts of presentations are selected) for each time zone separately. Specific topics of the final essay (texts of presentations) are delivered to the local education authorities on the day of the final essay (statement).
Final essay (statement) as admission to the exam graduates educational organizations implementing programs of secondary general education, first introduced in 2014-2015 academic year pursuant to the instructions of the President Russian Federation in order to identify students' ability to think, analyze and prove their position based on independently selected works of domestic and world literature.
The following categories of persons may write the statement:
- students with disabilities or disabled and handicapped children;
- students of educational programs secondary general education in special educational institutions closed type, as well as in institutions executing punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty;
- students studying at home, in educational organizations, including sanatorium-and-spa, where the necessary medical, rehabilitation and recreational activities for those in need of long-term treatment based on the conclusion of a medical organization.
The final essay, if desired, can also be written by graduates of previous years to present its results when entering universities.
Writing time - 3 hours 55 minutes.
The examination set includes 5 essay topics from a closed list (one topic from each open thematic area).
The topics of essays themselves will be known to graduates 15 minutes before the start of the exam. The result of the final essay (statement) will be “pass” or “fail”, however, only graduates who have received a “pass” will be allowed to pass the unified state exam and the state final exam.
Topics, as in the past year, will be formed by time zones.
The essay is evaluated according to five criteria: relevance to the topic; argumentation, attraction of literary material; composition; speech quality; literacy.
They check the essays (statements) of the Commission of educational organizations or expert commissions created at the municipal / regional level.
Directions and topics
Each final essay must be written in accordance with a specific topic. However, they are only opened 15 minutes before the start of the test. Despite this, there is an opportunity to prepare in advance for writing the final essay in 2018-2019, because both teachers and their wards are aware of the so-called. "global directions". The final topics that the students will receive will necessarily fit within the framework of these particular areas.
In other words, the topics will simply turn out to be more detailed, fractional, concretized. But knowledge of the directions allows you to orient yourself and even pick up suitable arguments from literary works domestic school curriculum already in currently. There will be 5 directions in total.
Fathers and Sons
Arguments for the final essay of 2018-2019 on the global direction "Fathers and Sons" can be found in work of the same name I.S. Turgenev. The novel "Fathers and Sons" is one of the most suitable for substantiating theses related to the problem of "generational conflict". Representatives of the "generation of children" are Evgeny Bazarov ( main character) and Arkady Kirsanov, and the representatives of the “generation of fathers” are Pavel Petrovich and Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov.
The book shows how young people who position themselves as nihilists (deniers of generally accepted norms) devalue the experience of adults who are considered non-progressive traditionalists. In its turn, older generation also does not seek to understand the youth. In conclusion, the author debunks the teachings of nihilism and proclaims the only way through which it is possible to end the eternal conflict is the reunion of relatives who have learned to love each other after knowing suffering.
Other works to bring arguments to the topics in the direction of "Fathers and Sons" in the December 2018-2019 essay:
- DI. Fonvizin, play "Undergrowth";
- M.Yu. Lermontov, poem "Mtsyri";
- N.V. Gogol, story "Taras Bulba";
- A.S. Pushkin, story Captain's daughter».
Dream or reality
The direction "Dream or Reality" is deeply philosophical, because. makes you think about the interweaving of the most cherished human desires and reality. Example positive heroine, who remains true to her dream and does everything possible to realize it, is Marya Mironova from the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Everything Masha wants, the commandant's daughter Belogorsk fortress, - to live calmly and happily together with your loved one, who becomes officer Pyotr Grinev. However, the girl has to overcome many trials on her way before she finally reunites with her love, because both Peter and Masha fall into the thick of the Pugachev uprising. Despite this, the girl does not give up on her dream and does not lose her fortitude. Even when hope is almost lost, she takes fate into her own hands and goes to Empress Catherine II with a request to contribute to the release of Peter. Thanks to fearlessness, Masha achieves a dream come true, namely, she becomes the wife of her beloved man.
Also the arguments for December essay 2018-2019 in the direction of "Dream and Reality" can be found in the following works:
- F.M. Dostoevsky, the novel "Crime and Punishment" (Rodion Raskolnikov as an example of a dangerous dreamer who should be afraid of his desires);
- A.N. Ostrovsky, play "Thunderstorm".
Revenge and generosity
Here the student will have the opportunity to compare the most different sides and qualities of human nature: kindness and malice, mercy and cruelty, peacefulness and aggressiveness...
Inconsistency, negativity, pettiness, stupidity and the all-destroying beginning of revenge were vividly shown by A.S. Pushkin in his novel "Eugene Onegin". The destructive feeling with which the protagonist lights up leads to the fact that he kills his former friend in a duel. good friend- good little Vladimir Lensky. At the same time, an example of a deeply generous person is found in the work - we are talking about Tatyana Larina, who throughout the novel puts the feelings of the people around her above her own (for example, at the end of the book she rejects Onegin who fell in love with her because she cannot betray her husband).
Additionally, arguments in the direction of "Revenge and generosity" for the final essay of 2018-2019 can be found in the following books:
- A.S. Pushkin, the story "The Captain's Daughter" (Emelyan Pugachev as a person who knows how to be generous and noble in relation to those who deserve it);
- M.Yu. Lermontov, the novel "A Hero of Our Time" (part of "Princess Mary" and, in particular, the vindictiveness of Grushnitsky's nature).
Art and craft
Destiny Theme creative person(writer, artist, musician, etc.) is one of the fundamental in literature. It is possible to analyze the phenomenon of creativity and reflect the importance of creative work thanks to the work of A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". The poem shows how music uplifts the spirit and warms the soul of those who hear it, even when the hardest times of war are raging around. However, the music that allows people to forget about sorrows does not exist on its own - it is carried into this world by a musician, who here is the harmonist Vasily Terkin.
Also, arguments for topics in the direction of "Art and Craft" are found in the following authors:
- V. Korolenko, story "The Blind Musician";
- A.P. Chekhov, story "Rothschild's Violin";
- K.G. Paustovsky, story "Basket with fir cones".
Kindness and cruelty
This direction partially echoes the direction "Revenge and generosity". Here the emphasis is on the importance of a humanistic attitude to life in general, to any life, regardless of who owns it.
In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" the main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, decides to kill the old money-lender. Rodion thinks that he is better than a worthless old woman, and, therefore, has the right to rid the world of her existence. However, when the hero commits murder, he realizes that in reality he is worse, many times worse than the most useless and vicious of the old women. To finally understand this, he is helped by the one he met on the life path Sonya Marmeladova is an example of kindness, virtue and forgiveness. Thanks to her, Raskolnikov abandons inhuman ideas and changes his worldview.
Other examples in the direction of "Kindness and cruelty":
- N.V. Gogol, the story "The Overcoat" (the cruelty of a hypocritical and evil society is opposed by the kindness, simplicity and harmlessness of Akaky Akakievich);
- M.A. Sholokhov, novel Quiet Don”(Calllessness and cruelty can arise in a person’s soul under the influence of external circumstances, as happened with the Cossack peasant Grigory, who was forced to go to war and start killing so as not to die himself).
We are preparing arguments for the final essay 2018.
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
In the novel "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin raises the problem of revenge and generosity on the example of the actions of the protagonist. Eugene Onegin decided to take revenge on his friend Lensky, who persuaded him to come to the ball in honor of the birth of Tatyana. Onegin did not like the gatherings of his village neighbors and yielded to the persuasion of his friend only because Lensky assured: there would be only his own. Onegin decided to take revenge on his comrade through the frivolous Olga. The enamored Lensky was furious when he saw his bride dancing with Onegin. He challenged a recent friend to a duel. Here Onegin could have shown generosity: to talk with Lensky, to explain the reason for his behavior, but the fear of being the subject of ridicule did not allow him to do this. Onegin accepted the challenge and killed his friend.
A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky"
In the work "Dubrovsky" A.S. Pushkin thinks about the problem of revenge and generosity on the example of two families: the Troekurovs and the Dubrovskys. The conflict between the fathers began because of a stupid joke of one of the kennel Troekurov and ended with the estate being taken away from Dubrovsky in revenge for pride. Dubrovsky's son decided to take revenge on his rich neighbor after the death of his father. Having lost his home, Vladimir, along with his people, becomes a robber and a robber. Only love for Masha Troekurova made him give up revenge. He generously disappears from his native places, leaving everything as it is.
M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov"
In the "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov" M.Yu. Lermontov spoke about cruel morals the times of Ivan the Terrible, when the power of the tsar's guardsmen was unlimited, so the excesses of the tsar's servants were common. The merchant Kalashnikov in the work of Lermontov decided to take revenge on Kiribeevich for the insult inflicted on his wife. This revenge is justified, as it is closely connected with the manifestation of generosity, which is based on the desire to protect one's family from shame and reproach. Only the tsar does not show the same generosity, and the execution of Kalashnikov becomes revenge for the merchant's victory in a fair fight with the guardsman Kiribeevich. The people consider Kalashnikov their hero.
N.V. Gogol "Terrible revenge"
In Gogol's story, we are talking about the nature of human revenge - the plot of the entire work is connected with this phenomenon. The sorcerer, the last descendant of Peter, who killed his brother and nephew, was born terribly ugly, it always seemed to him that they were laughing at him, in revenge he killed people, and he had a lot of atrocities on his conscience. Peter killed two people, and his descendant - countless. Evil grows and multiplies. Peter himself suffers underground, grows along with the evil that his descendant creates, and experiences terrible suffering. Ivan, who avenged his brother so terribly, is also tormented, as he is forced to observe the consequences of his punishment. But it all started with the envy of brother to brother: if Petro had not killed Ivan, nothing would have happened. Everyone would live and enjoy life, a sorcerer would be born a normal person and would not call the dead from their graves, causing them terrible suffering. But there was no generosity in the souls of the brothers, which alone is capable of forgiving others and rejoicing in their happiness and success.
V.A.Zakrutkin "The Mother of Man"
A hymn to the generosity of a Russian woman can be called the story of V.A. Zakrutkin “The Mother of Man”. This work tells about a woman from whom the war took away the most precious thing - her beloved people: her husband and son. The atrocities of the Nazis are so inhuman that Maria, seeing the German, grabbed a pitchfork and was ready to kill the enemy in order to avenge all the evil that the Nazis had done to her. But the word "Mom" stopped her. The generosity of this woman is so boundless that she finds the strength in herself to treat this warrior like a mother.
The author reminds us that in a fit of passion, when emotions overwhelm, the only thing you want to do is take revenge on the offender. Make him feel the same so he realizes his mistake. But V.A. Soloukhin believes that there is no need to take revenge on a person who offended something. Artificial kindling of an already forgotten insult can deprive a person of joy, become a heavy burden. I agree with the author, but not in everything. Resentments come in different sizes. For some minor, you can close your eyes. But it also happens that a very strong offense does not give rest and nothing can pacify it except revenge.
Suffice it to recall the work of M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov". The husband of Alena Dmitrievna took revenge on Kiribeevich for disgracing his wife.
Thus, he also defended the honor of his family. Although this whole story ended in tears, revenge was necessary. My position can be confirmed by N.V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba". The father took revenge on his son by killing him, for betraying not only his homeland, but also his family.
And in conclusion, I would like to say that revenge, of course, is not a positive way to solve a problem, but sometimes it is difficult to do without it.
Effective preparation for the exam (all subjects) -
Revenge or refuse revenge? V. Zakrutkin thinks about such a question.
The problem considered by the author is relevant, because it concerns each of us, because we all have ever encountered this low human feeling, a sense of revenge. The author reveals the problem on the example of a case from the life of a Russian peasant woman Maria and a young German soldier. The girl shows mercy to the wounded fighter and leaves him life, which testifies to her good disposition and ability to compassion. The author sympathizes with his characters. His sympathy is clearly on the side of the main character.
V. Zakrutkin believes that one should not thoughtlessly and recklessly take revenge on a person only because he belongs to any social group. After all, he may be completely innocent of the bad deeds that his associates commit.
I agree with the position of the author and also believe that revenge is not always appropriate and necessary individual approach when deciding the question: "To take revenge or not to take revenge?".
In the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Russian soldiers warm and feed Rambal and Morel, and they, embracing them, sing a song. And it seems that the stars are happily whispering to each other. Perhaps they admire the nobility of the Russian soldiers, who chose instead of revenge sympathy for defeated enemy.
This is also the position of the writer Grossman in the work "Life and Fate". Yes, war brings death. But even during the war, a person can overcome the desire to take revenge former enemy who is unarmed and suffering.
Thus, revenge or non-revenge is a choice that each of us can face. You should not succumb to momentary emotions, but try to think over all the consequences and make an informed decision.
The text on which the essay is based:
(1) Clutching the pitchfork in her hand, Mary threw back the cover of the manhole and recoiled. (2) On the earthen floor of the cellar, leaning against a low tub, sat a living German soldier. (3) At some elusive moment, Maria noticed that the German was afraid of her, and realized that he was unarmed.
(4) Hatred and hot, blind anger swept over Mary, squeezed her heart, rushed to her throat with nausea. (5) A scarlet mist covered her eyes, and in this thin mist she saw a silent crowd of farmers, and Ivan swaying on a poplar branch, and bare feet Fenya hanging on a poplar, and a black noose around Vasyatka's baby neck, and them, the fascist executioners, dressed in gray uniforms with a black ribbon on their sleeves. (6) Now here, in her, Mary's, cellar, lay one of them, a half-crushed, unfinished bastard, dressed in the same gray uniform, with the same black ribbon on his sleeve, on which the same foreign, incomprehensible, hooked letters were silver ...
(7) Here is the last step. (8) Mary stopped. (9) She took another step forward, the German boy moved.
(10) Maria raised her pitchfork high, turned slightly away so as not to see the terrible thing she had to do, and at that moment she heard a quiet, stifled cry, which seemed to her like thunder:
Mother! Ma-a-ma!
(11) A faint cry of many red-hot knives dug into Mary's chest, pierced her heart, and short word"Mom" made her shudder from unbearable pain. (12) Maria dropped her pitchfork, her legs buckled. (13) She fell to her knees and, before losing consciousness, she saw close, close, light blue, boyish eyes wet with tears ...
(14) She woke up from the touch of the wet hands of the wounded. (15) Choking with sobs, he stroked her hand and said something in his own language, which Mary did not know. (16) But by the expression of his face, by the movement of his fingers, she understood that the German was talking about himself: that he had not killed anyone, that his mother was the same as Maria, a peasant woman, and his father had recently died near the city of Smolensk, that he himself, having barely finished school, was mobilized and sent to the front, that he had never been in a single battle, he only brought food to the soldiers.
(17) Mary silently wept. (18) The death of her husband and son, the theft of the farmers and the death of the farm, martyr days and nights in the cornfield - everything that she experienced in her heavy loneliness broke her, and she wanted to cry out her grief, tell a living person about it, the first, whom she met for everything last days. (19) And although this man was dressed in a gray, hated form of the enemy, he was seriously wounded, moreover, he turned out to be just a boy and - apparently - could not be a murderer. (20) And Mary was horrified that a few minutes ago, holding a sharp pitchfork in her hands and blindly obeying the feeling of anger and revenge that had seized her, she herself could kill him. (21) After all, only holy word“mother”, that prayer that this unfortunate boy put into his quiet, choking cry, saved him.
(22) With a careful touch of her fingers, Maria unbuttoned the German's bloody shirt, tore it slightly, and exposed her narrow chest. (23) There was only one wound on her back, and Maria realized that the second fragment of the bomb did not come out, sat somewhere in her chest.
(24) She squatted next to the German and, supporting his hot back of the head with her hand, gave him milk to drink. (25) Without releasing her hand, the wounded man sobbed.
(26) And Mary understood, could not help but understand that she is the last person whom the German doomed to death sees in his life, that in these bitter and solemn hours of his farewell to life in her, in Mary, everything that is still connects him with people - mother, father, sky, sun, native German land, trees, flowers, all huge and beautiful world, which slowly leaves the consciousness of the dying. (27) And his thin, dirty hands outstretched to her, and the fading look full of prayer and despair - Mary understood this too - express the hope that she is able to defend his passing life, drive away death ...
(According to V. Zakrutkin)
Arguments from Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child"
1. The problem of education.
The parents of little Stella Nudolskaya from Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Baby" worked hard and were very busy people, but they always had time to organize for the child Mind games, teach the girl languages, drawing and singing. For the rest of her life she remembered important rules a “good person” who is not afraid of difficulties, “unties all the knots himself” and knows how to endure. All this helped Stella to become truly strong, courageous and free.
2. The problem of the role of literature in human life.
The main character of Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Baby" Stella remembers that books were an important part of their family's life. They had beautiful library and the tradition of evening reading aloud. This is how the child developed ideas that the book is a friend, adviser and support in any situation. Later in exile, in a Kyrgyz village, these readings will be resumed for people united by a common misfortune. They will listen to both poems and poems by A.S. Pushkin, and Kyrgyz epic Manas. So literature will unite people different nationalities and ages with different life experiences and education.
3. The problem of overcoming life difficulties, perseverance and patience.
The main character of Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child" Stella Nudolskaya, together with her mother, were subjected to repression: they were sent into exile as members of the family of an enemy of the people. It was difficult for a woman who had suffered from bone tuberculosis to cope with severe physical work, scared for the fate of her daughter, but she never complained of pain or fatigue. It was the stamina, courage and perseverance of the mother that helped her and Stella survive in inhuman conditions and at the same time remain proud, internally free people.
4. Mercy problem.
The main character of Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Baby" Stella remembers how the Yuzhakovs, risking their freedom, unselfishly helped the exiles survive, simply because they saw how hard it was for a woman and her daughter to cope with poverty and illness. The Yuzhakovs took care of Stella and her mother: they treated, fed, helped with the move, brought food. This is an example of compassion.
5. The role of parental love.
Recall the biography of Stella Nudolskaya from Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child". A woman who has endured many troubles, injustice and cruelty in her life, remembers with gratitude her parents, who treated her with love and always supported her. In childhood, they always devoted a lot of time to their daughter: they played with her, read books to her, taught her languages. From childhood, Stella learned many truths that helped to educate her character, the main one being “Slavery is a state of mind. A free man cannot be made a slave."
6. The problem of industriousness.
An example of a hardworking person is Savely Yuzhakov from Olga Gromova's book Sugar Child. This man devoted his whole life to the difficult peasant labor and from childhood he attached children to work: the boys, along with their father, plowed, sowed, mowed, the girls helped their mothers around the house in everything. In addition, Savely beautifully carved wood, made shoes, and his wife and daughters spun and sewed. The efforts of the whole family were bearing fruit: the economy of the "Southerners" was strong, despite the difficulties, collectivization, and the difficult climate.
7. The problem of finding the meaning of life.
Let us recall Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child", which tells about the fate of a repressed family. Stella, main character works, thinks more than once what is the meaning of life, what are the guidelines that should be followed on the path of life. Raised, despite all the difficulties, a free man, Stella considers the main life purpose multiplication of good. Having endured many hardships, even in old age she does not refuse active life position and participates in the collection of funds for humanitarian assistance to people affected by the earthquake.
8. The problem of the struggle for truth, justice
Let us turn to Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child", which focuses on the fate of the repressed girl Stella Nudolskaya. The girl, even under the threat of being expelled from the pioneers, which was considered a shame in those years, refuses to paint over with ink the portraits of Blucher and Tukhachevsky in the textbook, as she considers them worthy people who have contributed to the history of our country. This is a worthy deed, showing the strength of the character of the heroine of the work.
9. The problem of patriotism
Recall the book by Olga Gromova "Sugar Child". Stella Nudolskaya, the main character of this work, despite the difficulties of the fate of a person who was repressed in childhood and declared a family member as a traitor to the homeland of a person, remains true to her Fatherland. She does not even think about emigration, because she understands that the country is not only the leaders, the government, but also the people, so leave native land in a difficult time for the Fatherland, it is impossible, you need to serve people and do good.
10. The problem of responsibility moral choice.
Olga Gromova in the book "Sugar Child" reflects on how to make the right moral choice so as not to lose self-respect and not to lose human dignity. Stella Nudolskaya, the main character of the work, talks with her mother about why honest and hardworking people who served the people are declared enemies of the people and kulaks. At the end of the conversation, the girl understands that when evaluating people, you need to “listen to your heart” and think for yourself, and not blindly believe in big words, slogans, accusations and glorifications. Stella comes to the conclusion that everyone must choose which side he takes and be responsible for his own decision.
11. friendship problem
Let's turn to Olga Gromova's book "Sugar Child", in the center of which is the fate of Stella Nudolskaya. Being repressed and finding herself with her mother in distant Kyrgyzstan, the main character of the work understands the value of friendship. When a girl is expelled from the pioneers because she refuses to cross out the portraits of Blucher and Tukhachevsky in a textbook, her comrades do not leave her in trouble. Sapkos and Frida support Stella and stay true friends, despite the fact that they could also be condemned by communicating with her.
Arguments from the story of Boris Lvovich Vasiliev "My horses are flying ..."
The problem of love small homeland.
The problem of love for a small homeland was raised in their works by many writers. Let's remember autobiographical story B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author admits that he was “fabulously lucky” to be born in Smolensk. With a sense of pride, the prose writer tells about the history of the city, about the people who live in it, about the oak that has preserved the “eternally living warmth” of the past. The narrator understands that there are more beautiful cities on earth, but it was Smolensk that became dear, because it is the "cradle of childhood."
The problem of patriotism
The problem of patriotism was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author admits that his love for the Fatherland began with respect for history hometown, with the ability to appreciate the traditions of his family and his people. It is for Smolensk, where he spent his childhood, that the young lieutenant Vasiliev goes to fight, realizing that the “cradle of childhood” cannot be given to the enemy.
Problem good relations to the people around
Many writers raised the problem of a good attitude towards other people in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author, talking about his childhood, recalls that it was "saturated with Good." Helping neighbors who were having a hard time was the norm, and there was no expectation of praise or reward for this. This " simplest form good" helped the narrator to form moral values, preserve humanity until the elderly.
The problem of education
The problem of education was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author, talking about his childhood, demonstrates how his parents raised him, instilling in him "a great sense of everyday domestic internationalism", diligence, a reverent attitude to the book, the ability to sacrifice what is necessary for the sake of people. Parents by their example showed the boy how to live in order to be a “quite good” person. For example, my father never once allowed himself to use a company car for personal purposes, because he considered such an act dishonorable.
The influence of nature on man
The problem of education was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author talks about a huge old oak, "the most ancient inhabitant" of Smolensk. The beauty and grandeur of this tree, which keeps the history of centuries, the boy remembered for the rest of his life. It was this oak that made him think about the role of history in the life of every person.
The problem of the role of childhood, childhood memories in human life
The problem of the role of childhood, childhood memories in a person's life was raised by many writers in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author, a person who has experienced a lot, recalls with a tremulous feeling those who “gave him childhood and warmed him with their own hearts”, because it was in childhood that those traits were laid that helped to survive in the difficult years of the war, which made him a creator and a person who values spirituality above all else.
The problem of self-sacrifice, love for people
The problem of self-sacrifice, love for people was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author tells about the fate of Dr. Jansen, "the holy city of Smolensk." This man devoted his life to selfless service to people. A doctor in the area where the poor lived, he worked seven days a week and holidays, was always polite and patient. Dr. Jansen sacrificed himself to save two boys who, while playing, fell into a sewer shaft and could suffocate. For this funeral worthy person the whole of Smolensk came.
The problem of the role of art in human life
The problem of the role of art in human life was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In this work, the author sees the function of art in saturating human life with meaning, teaching people to doubt, feel and suffer. All this, according to the writer, prolongs physical and spiritual life.
The problem of finding the meaning of life
The problem of the meaning of life was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about how, trying to comprehend the purpose of his own existence, he turns to his father with the question: “Why has a person been released so much?” And he gets a short but capacious answer: "For work." It was this conversation that helped the young man to believe in "the need for hard, daily, frantic work." In this he saw lofty goal multiplying goodness in the world.
The problem of the role of labor in human life
Many writers raised the problem of the role of labor in human life in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his family, in which everyone worked. WITH early childhood the narrator remembers his hands burned with weeded grass, his father, who repaired and restored something in his spare time, his mother and aunt, who always darned and altered something. For them, a person who did not want to work was “obviously perceived with negative sign if he is healthy.
11/ The problem of spirituality, moral values
The role of literature and reading in the formation of personality
The problem of literature and reading in the formation of personality was raised by many writers in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his family, main value which had books. For the rest of his life, the boy remembered how in the evenings they read aloud the classics, literature, which "they read, figuratively speaking, taking off their hats." So he discovered Turgenev, Goncharov, Gogol, Lermontov ... The works of great writers formed best features character of the future writer, while he "remained on his knees before Literature."
Problem with animals
The problem of attitudes towards animals was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author encourages readers to see in the animal not fun, not a whim, but helpers needed by people and therefore respected. It is then that animals ennoble a person, make him kinder, more demanding of himself. The main thing is not to forget about the responsibility to our smaller brothers and to be merciful to them. This is exactly what you can call the father of the narrator, who fed the dogs abandoned by people, and they responded to him with devotional service.
The problem of perseverance in overcoming difficulties
The problem of perseverance in overcoming difficulties was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his father, who never quit what he started, because he believed: "it's all about desire and work." This man always had the strength to overcome obstacles. For example, he took on the responsibility of repairing decommissioned cars in order to teach newbies how to drive. Sparing no time, the officer worked, and he managed to "breathe life into these car corpses."
The problem of courage and heroism
The problem of courage and heroism was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his father, a modest and taciturn man who, in extreme situation showed fortitude and courage. When, due to the boy's negligence, a fire broke out in the garage, threatening to spread to residential buildings, his father, risking his life, pulled out an already ignited barrel of gasoline, which saved people from the fire.
The problem of conscience
The problem of conscience was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his father, a modest and laconic man who, despite the fact that he had the right to a personal car and had three cars at his disposal, never used them for personal purposes, because he was ashamed in front of people, because the technique and gasoline were state property.
The problem of mercy, the ability to live not for oneself
The problem of mercy, the ability to live not for oneself, was raised by many writers in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his grandmother, who knew how to sympathize with someone else's misfortune. For example, when she finds out that one of her friends has been living without electricity and a stove for a month, she gives her kerosene along with a can and does not regret it at all.
Problem maternal love
The problem of maternal love was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author talks about his mother, who gave him life, risking her own, because she was "burned by consumption." The narrator carried this feat of maternal love, self-denial and sacrifice through his entire life. The writer recalls with gratitude that his mother taught him not to complain about life, to be friends with people, not paying attention to their nationality, to read classical literature.
Problem historical memory
Many writers raised the problem of historical memory in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author shares his views on the role of the memory of ancestors in the life of each of us. The prose writer believes that the words of A.S. Pushkin that one should be proud of the glory of one's ancestors, and not respect it - shameful cowardice. It is history that links generations, preserves traditions and “does not allow a person to remain a barbarian.”
The problem of the teacher's role in human life
Many writers raised the problem of the role of a teacher in human life in their works. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". In it, the author gratefully talks about his first teacher, who saw her duty not in “stuffing” children with knowledge, making future “robot-specialists” out of them, but in “educating Citizens of the Fatherland”. It was she who allowed the children to touch the past of the Motherland, instilled in them a love for history.
21. The problem of the influence of war on the fate of man
The problem of the influence of war on the fate of a person was raised in their works by many writers. Let us recall the autobiographical story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ...". Being participants in the Second World War, Boris Vasilyev says that it is still impossible to take off the weight of it. He calls this time a charred piece of biography and considers it his duty to write about that wartime. That is why the story “I was not on the lists” appears. This is a wreath of memory for the grave itself close friend Nikolay Pluzhnikov. The military generation was devoid of youth: early responsibility made them young adults.
Arguments from the book of Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev "Letters about kindness"
Finding purpose and meaning in life
Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that "increasing goodness in the world around us" is the highest and most worthy goal human life. The one who considers career as the main value or material wealth, because all this can be lost in one moment. And the man who rejoiced in each of his good deed, does not lose, but gains the respect and gratitude of others.
The problem of honor and dignity
Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that every person should follow the wise folk proverb and keep honor from a young age. After all, our actions live in the memory of people. The worthy ones will warm their hearts in old age, while the bad ones will not let them sleep peacefully at night.
The problem of love
Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that love is necessary, since it is love that makes a person better, helps him gain wisdom. However, this feeling should not be unconscious, blind. You need to see the shortcomings of a loved one and help him deal with them.
The problem of truth, honesty
Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that lies, cunning are always directed against the deceiver. The academician considers fidelity to truth and justice to be the highest feeling. a wise man will not dodge, the truth gives him the most valuable thing in life - a clear conscience.
The problem of patriotism and nationalism
Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that you need to be patriots, not nationalists. There is no need to hate other nations if you love yours. A true patriot should know and appreciate the history of his country, strive to do everything possible for the prosperity of the Fatherland.
The problem of being kind to people
Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that it is necessary to be open, tolerant of other people's shortcomings. You have to look for the good in people. This ability to see in a person the "obscured" beauty enriches spiritually.
The problem of resentment and revenge
Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that one should not stoop to resentment, because excessive touchiness is a sign of complexes, so it is necessary to learn to forgive and never take revenge, as this allows a person to pay more attention to good feelings.
The problem of greed
Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that greed is "oblivion dignity”, a disgusting feeling, humiliating for a person, hostile to him and others. Greed, in contrast to reasonable thrift, is a disease that takes possession of the mind.
The problem of preserving the purity of the Russian language
Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that language is an indicator human culture, the degree of psychological balance, spiritual strength. “Spitting words” people injure others, a self-confident person will not swear, use jargon: he knows that his word is already weighty.
The problem of manifestation of conscience
Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that conscience always comes from the depths of the soul, it "is cleansed to some extent." It is this feeling that “gnaws” a person for his bad deeds. Besides, conscience is never false. Truly fair man considers it his life guide.
The problem of intelligence
Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that a person must be intelligent under any circumstances. What is intelligence? It is not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to understand others, to be tolerant of other people's opinions, and to honor all the best traditions of the past.
The problem of envy
Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that envy is a terrible, destructive feeling that is characteristic of people who have not found their way in life, insecure and notorious. To get rid of envy, it is necessary to develop unique traits in yourself, to strive to be yourself.
The problem of education
Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that well-mannered person- this is the one "who wants and knows how to reckon with others." It is not enough to read and study books about the rules of etiquette, you need to learn to take care of the world and people, respect the past of your country.
The Problem of Happiness
Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that happy man makes "spiritual culture", because it is she who fills people's lives with meaning. The happiest can be considered those who follow the "roads of good."
The problem of education, enlightenment
Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that one should always study, but a particularly favorable time for obtaining good education- youth. Knowledge grows and multiplies, so self-education is necessary, which contributes to intellectual growth and expanding horizons.
The problem of historical memory
Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that young people should strive to better know the past of their family, city, country and the whole world. However, this is not enough: it is also necessary to carefully preserve cultural monuments, objects left from the ancestors in order to convey history to the descendants. After all, a people that forgets about the past has no right to the future.
The problem of the influence of works of art on a person
Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that art ennobles a person, opens his soul for the perception of beauty, and teaches humanity. It is only necessary when dealing with great works to be "armed with knowledge", information. After all, knowledge is power, and art is "inaccessible to the powerless."
The problem of nature conservation
Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that the laws of ecology must be observed, because their violation will lead to the physical death of people. In addition, the landscape of each country is an important element national culture because nature is “the expression of the soul of the people”. Do not protect it - destroy the culture of your country.
Vandalism, destruction of cultural monuments
Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that the "stock of monuments" of culture is extremely limited and is depleted at a progressive rate. Therefore, in order not to be “not remembering kinship”, we must carefully treat the cultural environment, otherwise we will have nothing to leave to our descendants.
The problem of mercy and compassion
Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist convinces young readers that a person should be caring, merciful. Compassion is a manifestation of morality, it unites people, makes them fight for humanity, justice, the preservation of nature and the past of their country. This feeling helps people not to harden their souls, since it has been forgotten, it needs to be revived.
The problem of the scientist's responsibility for the discovery
Let us recall the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The academician convinces young readers that a man of science bears moral responsibility for his discoveries. In the age of machines and robots, atomic energy and biological weapons, scientists must be especially careful and try not to harm environment and people.
Memory problem
Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that memory is the overcoming of time and death, therefore “the memoryless one is ungrateful, irresponsible and incapable of noble deeds Human". To the younger generation it is necessary to treat memory with care and know that it is “our wealth”.
The role of youth, youth in the fate of a person
Another example is the collection of journalistic articles by D.S. Likhachev "Letters about kindness". The scientist is convinced that youth is a time when a person makes real friends, develops habits that will help or hinder him in the future. For example, it is important to instill diligence in youth, since there is no more unfortunate "man who is lazy and avoids effort." It must be remembered that deeds committed in youth will warm the heart in old age, and bad deeds "will not let you sleep."
