What does the word lubok mean. Wooden splint

Lubok is a folk picture, a type of graphics, an image with a caption, characterized by simplicity and accessibility of images. Original view folk art. It was carried out in the technique of woodcuts, copper engravings, lithographs and was complemented by freehand coloring.

From the middle of the 17th century, printed pictures for the first time appeared in Rus', called "Fryazhsky" (foreign). Then these pictures were called "amusing sheets", in the second half of the 19th century they began to be called popular prints.

The drawing was made on paper, then it was transferred to a smooth board and the places that should remain white were deepened with special cutters. The whole image consisted of walls. The work was difficult, one small mistake - and I had to start all over again. Then the board was clamped in a printing press, similar to a press, black paint was applied to the walls with a special roller. Carefully put a sheet of paper on top and pressed it. The print was ready. It remains to dry and paint. Lubki were made in different sizes. What colors were loved in Rus'? (Red, crimson, blue, green, yellow, sometimes black). Painted so that the combination was sharp. High quality drawing said that at first they painted luboks professional artists who, under Peter I, were left without work. And only then the gingerbread cutters and other city artisans joined. The engraver made the basis for the picture - a board and gave it to the breeder. He bought boards ready for prints, and sent the prints for coloring (for example, near Moscow in the village of Izmailovo lived luboks who made engravings on wood and copper. Women and children were engaged in coloring luboks.

How paints were made: Sandalwood was boiled with the addition of alum, crimson paint was obtained. The emphasis was on bright red or cherry color. Used lapis lazuli for blue paint. Paints were made from leaves and tree bark. Each craftswoman painted in her own way. But everyone learned from each other, and used the best techniques in their work.

Luboks are very fond of in Russia. Firstly, they retold history, geography, published literary works, alphabets, textbooks on arithmetic, and scripture. Any topic was covered in a popular print with the utmost depth and breadth. For example, on four full sheets it was told about our Earth. Where, what peoples live. Lots of text and lots of pictures. Luboks were about individual cities, about different events. caught For example, a whale in the White Sea, and a whale is drawn on a large sheet. Or how a man chooses a bride, or fashionable outfits, or ABCs. And all this was done with pictures. Sometimes many pictures were arranged in tiers. Sometimes there were texts on popular prints. Secondly, luboks served as decoration. Russian craftsmen gave the lubok a joyful character.

Lubok is the name comes from the word "bast" - bast, i.e. wood(inner part of tree bark). The drawings were carved on wooden boards. They sold these pictures and carried them all over the land of the Russian ofen (peddlers), who kept their goods in bast boxes. They valued the popular prints very much. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” tells how a peasant’s hut was on fire, and the first thing he brought out was pictures. There was never grief or crying in the lubok. He only rejoiced and amused, and sometimes denounced, but he did it with great humor and dignity. Lubok instilled in people faith in themselves, in their strength. Peddlers of popular prints - ofeny were expected everywhere. They brought pictures with letters to the kids, pictures with fashionable clothes about love to the girls, and something political to the men. Ofenya will show such a picture, and tell what's new in the country.

Lubok pictures, accompanied by a brief explanatory text. It was distinguished by simplicity and accessibility of images, it was written in a lively and figurative way. spoken language and often reproduced in poetic form. Drawn lubok (hand-drawn wall sheets) are also classified as popular prints, however, the main property of lubok - mass character, breadth of distribution - is achieved only with the help of printing.

The subject matter of popular books was diverse. "Here you will find personified dogma, prayer, getya (legend), moralizing, parable, fairy tale, proverb, song, in a word, everything that was in the spirit, disposition and taste of our commoner, which was assimilated by his concept, which is the subject of knowledge, edification, denunciation, consolation and curiosity of millions...", - wrote I.M. Snegirev, one of the first researchers of the lubok.

Initially, Russian lubok was predominantly religious in nature. Russian engravers borrowed scenes from domestic miniatures, as well as church icons. So, from the early printed icons, the sheet "Archangel Michael - Governor of the Heavenly Forces" (1668), luboks of the 17th century depicting scenes from the icons of Suzdal, the Chudov Monastery, the Simonov Monastery in Moscow, etc. have been preserved. Often these pictures replaced expensive church pictorial images.

In the 18th century, secular subjects were the most numerous. The source for the grotesque of many of them was foreign engravings. So, for example, the famous popular print "Jester Farnos with his wife" - with German sample; "The Shepherd and the Shepherdess" - a pastoral scene in the Rococo style, from a drawing by F. Boucher, and the grotesque, fancifully fantastic figures of the popular print "Jesters and Buffoons" are beaten from etchings by J. Callot, etc.

Folklore-themed luboks were widely used among the people, as well as "amusing and funny pictures" - images of all kinds of amusements and spectacles, among which lubok pictures "Petrushka's wedding", "Bear with a goat" and especially "Baba Yaga's battle with a crocodile" were most often published. ". The well-known lubok "How mice bury a cat" also goes back to national folklore. for a long time considered a parody of the funeral procession of Peter I, allegedly created in early XVIII century by schismatics who fiercely fought against the reforms of Peter the Great. Today, scientists tend to think that the plot of this lubok appeared in pre-Petrine times, although the earliest print of this engraving that has come down to us dates back to 1731. Known in several versions, including "seasonal" ones (winter burial on a sleigh and summer - on a cart), this lubok was repeatedly reprinted with slight deviations in the title ("How mice buried a cat", "Drag a cat to a graveyard", etc. ), V various techniques(engraving on wood, on metal, chromolithography) not only throughout the 18th century, but almost up to the October Revolution.

Many popular prints were created on the theme of the teachings and life of various social strata of the Russian population: a peasant, a city dweller, an official, a merchant, etc. (“The husband weaves bast shoes, and the wife spins threads”, “Know yourself, point in your house”); popular prints reflected the events of domestic and international life ("The Eruption of Vesuvius in 1766", "The Capture of Ochakov", "The Victory of Field Marshal Count Saltykov at Frankfurt in 1759"), the military life of Russian soldiers, their political moods, etc. During the period of hostilities, the lubok often served as a newspaper, poster, leaflet-proclamation. So, in 1812-1815, a series of popular prints-caricatures of Napoleon and French army, created by N.I. Terebnev, a famous Russian sculptor and artist. The patriotic lubok called "The Fighting Song of the Donets" is widely known, which became widespread during Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905, the text to which ("Hey, Mikado, it will be bad, we'll break your dishes") was written by V.L. Gilyarovsky.

Lubok pictures with portraits of tsars were very popular among the Russian people. In 1723, Peter I introduced strict censorship of images of the royal family, which, however, did not prevent the appearance on the book market popular print with a portrait of the imaginary Peter III - Emelyan Pugachev and the emperor Konstantin Pavlovich who never reigned.

Beginning in the middle of the 18th century, lubok pictures were often sewn together or issued in the form of a book with a large number of illustrations, subsequently preserved only on the cover. One of the first Russian lubok books is considered to be the "Biography of the glorious fabulist Aesop", published in 1712 and first printed in civil type. Epics, fairy tales, dream books, alterations of the so-called chivalric novels, etc. were published in the form of popular prints. The most frequently published popular books were fairy tale content: "About Yeruslan Lazarevich", "Bova Korolevich". in great demand used popular publications historical subjects: "Jester Balakirev", "Ermak, who conquered Siberia", "How a soldier saved the life of Peter the Great", etc., as well as popular print calendars.

Lubok pictures and books were, as a rule, anonymous, had no output information, and were engraved by self-taught craftsmen, but there were also professional writers of lubok books. Most famous Of these, Matvey Komarov, the author of the famous "Tale of the Adventures of the English Milord George and the Brandenburg Mark-Countess Frederica-Louise" (1782), did not disappear from the book market for 150 years. Over time, a whole literature appeared, called popular print, with its own authors, publishers, traditions, etc.

Over time, the technique of making popular prints improved: in the second half of the 18th century, copper engraving began to be used, and with early XIX century - lithography, which significantly reduced the cost of popular prints. There were also changes in the color of the lubok. So, if in XVII-XVIII centuries popular prints were painted by hand by individual craftsmen in eight or ten colors, then in the 19th century - usually only in three or four (crimson, red, yellow and green). The coloring itself mid-nineteenth century takes on the character of factory production and becomes more rude, careless ("on the noses"). The readership of lubok publications has changed: if in the 17th century lubok served all strata of Russian society with equal success, then in the first quarter XVIII century, the main area of ​​its distribution is the growing urban population: merchants, merchants, medium and small church employees, artisans. Peasant, truly massive, lubok becomes already in the 19th century.

IN XVIII-XIX centuries Moscow has traditionally been the main center for the production of popular prints, where the first factories of the Akhmetyevs and M. Artemyev arose. Gradually, the production of popular prints passed into the hands of small merchants who had their own printing houses. In Moscow in the first half - the middle of the 19th century, the main producers of lubok were the dynasties of Loginov, Lavrentiev, A. Akhmetiev, G. Chuksin, A. Abramov, A. Streltsov and others, in St. Petersburg - publishers A. V. Kholmushin, A. A. Kasatkin and others. In the village of Mstera, Vladimir Region, the archaeologist I.A. Golyshev, who did a lot to educate the people, printed popular prints. Lubok editions educational character issued numerous committees of literacy, the publishing houses "Public benefit" (founded in 1859), "Posrednik" (established in 1884), etc. -Pechersky, Solovetsky and others.

In the 80s XIX years century, I.D. Sytin became the lubok monopolist in the Russian book market, who first began to produce lubok publications by machine, significantly improved the content and quality of lubok publications (chromolithography in five to seven colors), increased their circulation and reduced retail prices. Through his efforts, the so-called new lubok was created, which, in its design, the nature of the design, color scheme differed from traditional sheet editions. I.D. Sytin for the first time released a series of portraits of Russian writers (A.S. Pushkin, I.S. Nikitin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.A. Nekrasov, A.V. Koltsov and others) and collections of alterations of their works , published luboks of military-patriotic and historical themes, on fabulous, everyday, satirical stories, popular primers, calendars, dream books, fortune-telling books, calendars, lithographed icons, etc., which were bought in thousands of offens directly from factories and transported throughout Russia And

On turn of XIX-XX For centuries, lubok continued to be the main type of book product intended for the broad masses of the people, and primarily for peasants and residents of the outskirts of Russia.

The role of the popular print, but already as a means of mass propaganda and agitation, especially increased during the years of the revolution. In this capacity, he continued to exist until the early 30s. In the conditions when most of The population of the country was illiterate, the bright, figurative and expressive art of the popular print, understandable and close to millions, perfectly met the challenges of the time. In 1915, F.G. Shilov, a well-known antiquarian of pre-revolutionary Russia, published a small edition of an album of popular prints called "Pictures - the war of Russians with Germans", created by the artist N.P. Shakhovsky in imitation of a popular print of the 18th century. All pictures of the edition were reproduced by lithographic method and hand-colored; the text to them was written by V.I. Uspensky, a well-known collector and publisher of numerous monuments of ancient Russian literature.

Many luboks on the theme of the revolution were created by the artist A.E. Kulikov, including Baptism by the Revolution, Listening to the Horrors of War, Woman in the Old Life, Who Has Forgotten the Duty to the Motherland? and others. His works in this genre were published in 1917 by the Fine Arts section of the Moscow Council of Soldiers' Deputies, and in 1928 State Museum Revolution of the USSR, with a circulation of 25 thousand copies, issued a series of postcards of six titles with popular prints and ditties by A.E. Kulikov.

Thus, lubok editions are a kind of antiquarian book. Among them there are original works folk art, reflecting the life, customs and aspirations of the Russian people. Every popular print today is most interesting monument and a document of its era, bears the signs and features of its time - it is this approach that should underlie the study of Russian popular prints. At the same time, the censorship of popular publications that existed in Russia since late XVII century and initially applied only to the "spiritual" lubok, and since the 19th century - to the whole, without exception, did not have a serious impact on its evolution.

The main reference book on the Russian popular print is D.A. Rovinsky’s capital five-volume work “Russian Folk Pictures” (St. Petersburg, 1881). The owner of the best collection of popular prints in Russia, a tireless researcher of all state and known to him private collections, D.A. Rovinsky put together, carefully described and commented, indicating the sources, 1800 popular prints.

Russian lubok is the creation of nameless folk craftsmen. Lubok view visual arts, which is characterized by intelligibility and capacity of the image. Luboks are very fond of in Russia. Lubok - (folk picture) - a type of graphics, an image with a caption, distinguished by its simplicity and accessibility of images. Lubok is also called a folk (folklore) picture and is associated with a colored graphic image, replicated in print.

Lubok - originally a sheet art edition with a primitive picture and a caption designed for an undemanding taste. Lubok - This term has other meanings, see Lubok (meanings). This is the so-called. a folklore picture with a caption, a very special kind of graphic art, characterized by simplicity of execution and conciseness.

Then the so-called. “Fryazh sheets”, and later small paper pictures were simply called lubok (popular folk picture). Lubok, along with other goals, was called upon to perform an educational function, introducing the illiterate segments of the population to reading. Russian lubok differs from the rest in the consistency of the composition, and, for example, Chinese or Indian popular prints- for its brilliance.

Foreigners brought luboks to give as gifts. And all this was done with pictures. Secondly, luboks served as decoration. Russian craftsmen gave the lubok a joyful character. With such bast baskets, merchants went around the fairs, selling funny pictures. The first prints were in the form of paper icons, biblical pictures, they described the lives of the saints. Luboks were also used for serious purposes. For example, in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, a lubok about Ilya Muromets served as a call to fight enemies.

If in the 18th century the boards from which luboks were printed were wooden, then in the 19th century they became metal, and therefore it became possible to make a linear drawing more subtle and elegant. The technique of execution of the drawn lubok is peculiar. Often the splint had a decorative purpose. Lubok often contains explanatory inscriptions and additional (explanatory, complementary) images to the main one.

Oriental lubok (China, India) is distinguished by its bright colors. The splint was made as follows: the artist applied pencil drawing on a linden board (bast), then according to this drawing, with a knife, he made a deepening of those places that should remain white. Lubok (not to be confused with pubis) is a form of art that was very popular in pre-revolutionary, that is, imperial Russia.

Black-and-white prints were painted with hare feet by women near Moscow and Vladimir. If possible, please send variants of the Russian popular print, preferably on the topic of drinking with the maximum resolution for the design of an article on the history of mead making in Rus'. Thanks in advance, editors. In the 18th century the bast was replaced by copper boards, in the 19-20 centuries. these pictures were already produced in a typographical way, but their name "lubok" was retained for them. This kind of unpretentious and crude art for mass consumption became widespread in Russia in the 17th and early 20th centuries, even giving rise to popular popular literature.

At the beginning of the XX century. Russian lubok, which came to the attention of young avant-garde artists M. F. Larionov, N. S. Goncharova and others, influenced the formation of their individual style to varying degrees.

Luboks were always affordable even for the most insolvent buyers, they were distinguished by the intelligibility of texts and pictorial series, the brightness of colors and the complementarity of images and explanations. As a genre that combines graphics and literary elements, luboks were not a purely Russian phenomenon. Thematically, all the luboks created by them were of religious content, however, biblical heroes were often depicted on them in Russian. folk clothes(like Cain plowing the land on Vasily Koren's lubok).

Immediately remembered bright pictures"Cat of Kazan", "Goat with a Bear" and, well, maybe "Farnos-Red Nose". Nothing else in particular comes to mind. The question of the origin of the name "lubok" remains open.

Mostly popular prints were made in the suburbs of Moscow. Well, that's what the sources say. Alas, as I said, in the 19th century, a decline in interest in these pictures began, which had previously served to decorate the homes of both the nobility and commoners. Books and oil paintings came into fashion. Short-lived paper pictures left the stage. No matter how sad they remained, mostly in private collections of true connoisseurs of folk art, on the other hand, and for that, thank you very much.

Who and why called them "bast" - is not known. We can see confirmation that luboks were popular in Moscow even now. By the end of the century, lubok creativity had exhausted itself - new pictures made in factories appeared. Such luboks were often distributed among the people for free. From the 17th century Luboks were ubiquitous in Europe. Sometimes there were texts on popular prints. Obviously, it was so, it is only unclear why the pictures would stubbornly continue to be called luboks.

And the Russian word "letter", and English word"book" and the German "das Buch" are related to the name of the beech tree. Solid wood. This property was used by the first printers. Engraved on solid beech boards (in mirror image) page of the book, from which numerous prints were later made. Solid wood successfully resisted the pressure of the printing press (the word "press" just comes from "presso", "to press") and allowed to print many copies of the book, primarily the Bible. It was difficult to cut whole pages, and besides, with this method of production of books, typographical errors could occur in many. Therefore, quite soon, printers came up with the idea of ​​​​assembling the printed text from individual letters. In Europe, the pioneer is considered Johannes Gutenberg. It was written about in an article dated 05/08/2013.

But there was another printing technology. A drawing was drawn on a board made of soft wood, most often made of linden. Where the picture should have been White color, the tree was cut out by making indentations. The black parts of the pattern remained convex. Then the resulting board was smeared with thick black paint (so that it did not flow into the recesses), a sheet of paper was placed on top and rolled over the sheet with a roller. There was an imprint on the paper. After that, the paper was removed from the board and the paint was allowed to dry. During this printing process, the roller did not put much pressure on the linden board, it did not collapse, and many prints could be made from one board. Since a linden board, which was called “bast”, participated in the process, the drawings printed from it were called “lubok”.

Linden is a tree that grows throughout Europe and is known to all the peoples living here. Therefore, the names of this tree in many Central European languages ​​are similar: linden in Ukrainian and Belarusian, liepa in Lithuanian and Latvian, linden in German. By the way, linden is called pärn in Estonian. So the Estonian city of Pärnu is the Linden City. Just like the Latvian port of Liepaja. Well, the main, front, street of Berlin is called "Unter den Linden" - "Under the lime trees." The word "bast" comes from the Indo-European root "lip" or "lib", which was called both the tree and what is obtained from this tree. "Bast" was called not only linden boards, but also soft linden bark, from which matting and bast shoes were woven. So for their own benefit, people peeled the linden tree so much that "peeling like sticky" became a proverb. Yes, and the word "deck" is also a relative of the popular print. After all, it was laid out of lime boards, bast.

But back to the lubok. Linden is a soft material, unlike beech. It was easier to make a lime board, so in the end, a lubok cost less than a book. It was mass reading, like today's leaflets. Or maybe even newspapers.

The themes of the luboks were quite diverse. First popular presentation biblical tales and sermons, secondly, simply fairy tales and funny stories, thirdly, informational articles (in the current language) on the topics of geography, politics, and all kinds of useful advice .. By the way, why not try it?

However, the idea is not new. In this style, for example, works contemporary artist Andrey Kuznetsov.

Among the topics of luboks were also translated luboks, briefly retelling popular European novels. And there was also a fair amount of drawings, as they used to say in Rus' at that time, “shameful”. That is simply pornographic content. Such luboks were imported from France or Holland and redrawn, adding Russian signatures. Although, do pornography need signatures? And so everything is clear.

And in Western Europe, and in Russia, luboks were also an ideological weapon. Like today's posters. So, the famous Russian lubok “Mice bury a cat” is a popular reaction to the death of Peter I. Peter’s small mustache was exactly like that of a cat. He loved the people of his emperor, to be sure!

The manufacturing technology of the popular print determined the technique of its drawing. A soft board made it possible to make curved curly contours. sharp corners turned out badly, so the drawing of the popular print consisted of smooth lines. Explanatory text sometimes served as a pattern and background for the picture.

Lubok printing was a mass production. Mass production involves division of labor. There were artists who drew a drawing on a wooden board with a pencil. They were called flagmen. The drawing was engraved on the board by engravers. The resulting black and white luboks were called prostoviki. They were taken to special artels, where colorists worked, mostly women and children. There were many such artels in the suburban and Vladimir villages and villages. One colorist in a week painted a thousand popular prints and received a ruble for this work. At the old prices - not bad. And the merchants sold thousands of painted luboks at fairs and in city shops.

Until the 19th century in Moscow, a large trade in bast products was on the square, which was called Lubyanka. In addition to firewood, sledges, wagons, as well as boxes and bast shoes, popular prints were also sold here. Nearby, on the corner of Rozhdestvensky Boulevard, there was a district called Pechatniki. Craftsmen who made popular prints lived in this area. The famous Church of the Assumption in Pechatniki is still located here. And nearby is another church with the "bast" name "Trinity in the Sheets." Popular prints were sold near the fence of this church on holidays.

Luboks were inexpensive, an order of magnitude cheaper than books. Therefore, they were willing to buy. In addition, such a colorful picture hung on the wall and adorned the hut. Do you remember the film "Operation Y", where G. Vitsin sells tapestries on the market? “Citizens of new settlers, introduce culture. Hang rugs on dry plaster. No impressionism, no abstractionism!” So this art was loved by the people right up to the revolutionary year of 1917. And after the role of popular prints took over the posters. Moreover, many post-revolutionary posters did not even hide their kinship with the popular popular print. Give the people folk art!

How often does such a word as lubok come up now? No, quite rarely. This is understandable, because the word is considered obsolete and not everyone even knows its meaning. So what are luboks? We'll tell you below.

They were popular in Germany, in France. Factories for their production were located in many countries and cities. The arrival of a peddler or a visit to a fair was very joyful events for the whole family. After all, everyone could find an interesting product for themselves. For children - fairy tales, for women - useful tips, for men - popular prints with images of history and battles. Thanks to such boards, people began to learn more about the world and their country. After all, before they were even more limited in this.

Lubok: the meaning of the word, meaning

So, lubok (in the most common sense of the word) is a type of folk graphics, a picture, a drawing with the addition of inscriptions. hallmark is the simplicity of the depicted images. This type of folk art is first done in the technique of engraving on copper or woodcuts, and then painted by hand. They depicted mostly heroes of fairy tales and epics.

This name is derived from boards of special sawing. They were called bast (hence the word "deck"). Before pictures were made on boards, they were still used for similar purposes. For example, drawings were made on them, plans were written. At first, the pictures were called "fryazh sheets", and then just popular prints.
The meaning of the word lubok in explanatory dictionary ambiguously. For example, splint is also a plate of a fresh layer of tree bark. That is, the inner part of the bark, mainly of young deciduous trees. Small wooden boxes and boxes are often made from it.

Another purpose of splints (the meaning of the word in the dictionary confirms this information) is to help with a fracture. This name was worn by a tire for speedy splicing bone tissue. So called baskets, boxes made of this material.

Often, splint also means a lime board, on which an engraving of the image necessary for printing was subsequently made. But much less often the word has such a meaning as “literature” (lubok literature). Such works were distinguished by extreme simplicity, one might say - primitiveness. Such they were not only in content, but also in design.

Meaning obsolete word splint was not always used for images or making boxes. Dry lubok also covered the upper part of the roof in the villages. But in order for it to be suitable for this, the lubok had to undergo certain training. First, it was dried all summer in the forest, then it was cleaned of the outer thick crust, steamed, and then dried again under oppression. And only then they were taken out of the forest. Definitely in an upright position.

Synonyms for lubok

So, having studied the meaning of the word lubok, the 4th grade of the school involves familiarization with the synonyms of the word. One of the main ones is bast. Bast is also the inner part of the bark of a young tree. Still a weak undercoat. How the material is used in many products.

The next common (but less well-known) synonym is agitlubok. Agitlubok is the same popular print, but with an agitational inclination. His images are more intelligible and capacious, and they call for something.

Another little-known synonym is a joker. A joker is not just a picture, but a popular print with a funny image, with some kind of satire or caricature.

In more scientific terms, lubok is simply called bast. If we take the meaning not as a bark, but as an image, then it is often called in the usual way - a picture.

The history of lubok as graphics

Luboks originated in China. Until the eighth century, they were completely made by hand, and only starting from it they began to be made in the technique of engraving. Further, the splint appeared in Europe. Here he initially began to be performed in the technique of woodcuts. A woodcut is an engraving on wood. Later, copper engravings and lithography began to be added. Lithography is the imprint of an image from something flat onto paper. Immediately, luboks began to be used not only as regular image, but also as campaigning or This was facilitated by their simplicity and intelligibility.

There were also luboks and obscene content. They were popular mainly in Europe, but also got to Russia. Mostly from France and Germany.

ubiquity

Consider what luboks are in the understanding of the inhabitants of the East. His colors were much brighter. And at the end of the 19th century, he began to be drawn in the form of comics.

In the 16th-17th centuries, certain “Fryazh sheets” or “German amusing sheets” appeared in Russia as well. Here, the images were made on special boards, which were called bast. Not only boards with images began to appear, but also boxes and caskets painted in this technique. There were also paper prints.

Luboks in Russia were quite widespread, as they were inexpensive and looked beautiful. Such sheets served both social and entertainment roles. It was from them that all modern and known posters, comics, calendars came from.

Plots

At first, the plots for popular prints were handwritten legends, some oral stories, fairy tales or epics. After the plots began to be taken from foreign works and almanacs. They were taken from the plots of such writers as Goethe or Radcliffe.

By the end of the 19th century, images on the theme of Holy Scripture or portraits of famous and statesmen. More was invested in images deep meaning. Even if this was not agitation, it still had some kind of instructive character. Often these were simple illustrations to fairy tales or images of cities.

Lubok types

The meaning of the word lubok is multifaceted and varied, and its types can be listed for a very long time:

• Spiritual (religious) - images similar to icons. They could also depict parables or some kind of moralizing.
• Fabulous - ordinary illustrations for a variety of fairy tales. Images of heroes, wizards.
• Holidays - oddly enough, but on the luboks of this type saints were depicted, and not various festivities.
• Philosophical - similar to spiritual, but without a religious character.
• Historical - plots taken from chronicles. Battles were also depicted, simply historical events, cities. Sometimes even topographic maps.
• Legal - images of the court.
• Cavalry - horsemen on horseback were depicted on such luboks.
• Balagurnik - caricatures, satire images.

Production and production of popular prints

Engravers were engaged in the production of popular prints. They were also called "fryazh carving masters". Among such people there was a term "sign". So called the process of applying and painting pictures. Therefore, responsibilities were usually divided. That is, at first the denominator applied the drawing itself, and then the engraver already cut it out on necessary material. There was also such a term as "translation". That was the name of copying popular prints.

The manufacturing process was as follows: first, the drawing itself was applied to the board with a pencil, then those places that should have been white were deepened with a knife. The board was lubricated and then pressed down with a press to the paper. As a result, the black contours of this image remained on it.

Next, the luboks were painted. Very often this was done by women with children. The price of a lubok depended, of course, on the paper on which it was made. What are luboks on the cheapest and grayest paper? It was they who were called "prostoviki".

Over time, production technology has improved and improved. Not just engravers, but artists-engravers began to appear. They began to work on copper plates using a variety of cutters. It helped to add a lot to the images small parts and details.

Production in Russia

In Russia, the first factory was born in Moscow. Many machines worked on it, and popular prints were produced in huge quantities. The price was different (from half a kopeck to twenty-five kopecks).

Thanks to the production of popular prints, new professions also appeared. For example, "flowerers". Such people painted very a large number of Lubok for short time while earning pretty good money. Industrialization was not long in coming, and the profession did not live long, as lithographic machines began to appear.

The popularity of luboks

The first important reason for such universal love is that popular prints carried the functions of books and textbooks that were not available. ordinary person and were very expensive. They not only taught, but also served a certain fiction, since epics, fairy tales, oral stories were often retold on them.

In addition, luboks also served as sources of information, like newspapers or leaflets. On such boards one could often find useful advice on medicine, or simply have fun with a joke depicted on them.

Many popular prints were made really skillfully and very beautifully. Therefore, they were often used as decor in their homes.

Censorship

Of course, we should not forget that censorship in our country has always been closely connected with creativity and literature. Before making a splint, the image itself had to be checked by the censor. If the image did not pass it, then the reason was always indicated so that the manufacturer could correct it and try his luck again. Only after complete approval (not only of the drawing, but also of the finished lubok) did the manufacturer receive required document, allowing the release of circulation. And even then, it should not exceed the specified amount. The release of bast images was necessarily accompanied by documents that were kept by the publisher. For each new issue circulation and new documents were issued.

Most often censors corrected spelling mistakes. But it also happened that the images did not correspond to the Russian mentality or traditions. They broke the rules of the faith.

In the modern age

We can say with confidence that the style of the popular print has not been forgotten to this day. Many people know what luboks are. They are used in illustration, design. Many posters and calendars are made in this style even now. There are many master classes on this topic. You can also learn the lubok technique in art schools, craft workshops.

The traditions of antiquity are never forgotten, including the lexical meaning of the word lubok. Although they have been modernized.

What is "Lubok"? How to spell correctly given word. Concept and interpretation.

Splint Lubok is a folk picture, a work of graphics (mainly printed), distinguished by the intelligibility of the image and intended for mass distribution. Lubok is characterized by simplicity of technique, conciseness visual means(a rough touch, usually bright coloring), often designed for a decorative effect, a tendency to a detailed narrative (a series of popular prints, popular print books), often complementary images and explanatory inscriptions. Lubok, performed, as a rule, by craftsmen, is a type of folk art, but professional graphic works, borrowing certain popular prints and folklore techniques, are usually also referred to as lubok. The oldest popular prints appeared in China and were originally performed by hand, and from the 8th century. - woodcut. The European lubok, made in the technique of wood engraving, has been known since the 15th century. Since the 17th century splint spread in the technique of engraving on copper, and from the 19th century. - lithographs. The formation of the European popular print is associated with such types of late medieval mass pictorial products as paper icons distributed at fairs and places of pilgrimage. Religious images in the popular print acquired a shade of visual and moralizing entertainment. During the years of social revolutionary movements, the popular print was used as a journalistic weapon - "flying sheets" of the times of the Reformation and Peasants' War in Germany 1524-26, lubok of the era of the Great french revolution 1789-94 and others; narrating about historical events, battles, rare natural phenomena, the lubok served as a means of mass media. The Russian lubok of the 18th century is peculiar, distinguished by the decorative unity of composition and coloring, independence from the techniques of professional graphics. In the 19th century masters increasingly turned to the images of lubok professional art or those who directly imitated it (in Russia, for example, A. G. Venetsianov, I. I. Terebenev, I. A. Ivanov - the authors of colored etchings dedicated to the Patriotic War of 1812), or inspired by some of his techniques and themes (F. Goya, O. Daumier, G. Courbet). Oriental lubok (Chinese, Indian), which initially often had a magical meaning, is distinguished by its bright colors. A deliberate appeal to the forms of the popular print (see Primitivism) manifested itself in late XIX-XX centuries in the work of many artists; A. Derain, R. Dufy, P. Picasso, masters of the association "Bridge" in Germany and so on. In Soviet art, lubok techniques were creatively used by V. V. Mayakovsky and others to create posters and propaganda pictures, as well as by T. A. Mavrina to illustrate children's books. "Jung-hoi, cutting the demon." Woodcut, coloring. China. 19th century "The bear hunter pricks, and the dogs gnaw." Woodcut, coloring. Russia. 1st floor 18th century Literature: D. A. Rovinsky, Russian folk pictures, vol. 1-5 (text), vol. 1-4 (atlas), St. Petersburg, 1881; V. M. Alekseev, Chinese folk picture, M., 1966; (Yu. Ovsyannikov), Lubok. (Album), M., 1968; O. Baldina, Russian folk pictures, M., 1972; Duchartre P.-L., Saulnier R., L "imagerie populaire, P., 1926. (Source: Popular art encyclopedia." Ed. Field V.M.; M.: Publishing house " Soviet Encyclopedia", 1986.) a popular folk picture, a work of graphics (mainly printed), characterized by simplicity and intelligibility of the image and intended for mass distribution. The term appeared in the early 19th century. Russian word"Lubok" comes, perhaps, from "bast" - the top layer of wood; large boxes were made from it, in which folk pictures were carried. Bast was also called linden, which served as material for printed boards. The oldest luboks appeared in China. In Europe folk pictures have been known since the 15th century, in Russia since the 18th century. The first European and Russian luboks were paper icons sold at fairs and places of pilgrimage. "Yaga-baba is going to fight with a corcodile." Splint. Woodcut, watercolor. Beginning 18th century "Jester Farnos, Red Nose". Splint. Woodcut, watercolor. 18th century Kazan cat. Splint. Woodcut, watercolor. 18th century The heyday of the Russian popular print - 18 - early. 19th century Luboks were created mainly in Moscow and, possibly, in the North and the Volga region. At first, folk pictures were engraved using the xylography technique, from the end of the 18th century. more often made engravings on copper. The first copper prints were made by professional engravers from St. Petersburg - A. F. and I. F. Zubov, as well as Moscow silversmiths from the royal village of Izmailovo. Black and white prints were painted by hand with bright, "sunny" colors - red, orange, yellow, which "flashed" even more strongly against the background of dark purple and deep green. Folk pictures brought a sense of celebration into the house, at the same time they taught and amused. Favorite popular plots - hunting, feasts, fist fights, walks with beauties, fun of jesters and buffoons, fabulous adventures Bovs of Korolevich and Yeruslan Lazarevich and various "diva" (a sea monster-whale found in the White Sea, a comet, a "strong elephant beast"). Luboks often use the language of allegory, the grotesque, they can serve as a tool for sharp political satire: so, Peter I turns into them either into a cat (“Cat of Kazan”), which can be buried (“Mice bury a cat”, late 17th-early 18th century), then into a funny monster - a crocodile, and his wife Ekaterina I - to Baba Yaga (“Yaga Baba goes to fight with a corcodile”, early 18th century). The biting pictorial language of folk pictures was used by professional artists who created patriotic leaflets during the Patriotic War of 1812 (A. G. Venetsianov, I. I. Terebenev and others). The image in luboks is complemented by text, which is often a dialogue of characters in the spirit of the mischievous jokes of buffoons or performances of the folk square theater. The images of folk art, captured in popular prints, enriched the work of P. A. Fedotov, L. I. Solomatkin, and partly V. G. Perov. At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. many artists, especially participants artistic association « Jack of Diamonds”, sought to revive the naive charm of the popular print. In the 20th century visual techniques folk pictures were creatively used by V. V. Mayakovsky and D. S. Moor to create posters and propaganda pictures, as well as by T. A. Mavrina and other illustrators of children's books. (