Plan.
2. artistic method.
Literary trends and currents. literary schools.
4. Principles artistic image in literature.
The concept of the literary process. Periodization concepts literary process.
The literary process is the process of changing literature over time.
In Soviet literary criticism, the leading concept literary development there was an idea of change creative methods. The method was described as a way for the artist to reflect non-literary reality. The history of literature has been described as a gradual development of the realistic method. The main emphasis was placed on overcoming romanticism, on education higher form realism - socialist realism.
More consistent development concept world literature was built by Academician N.F. Konrad, who also defended the progressive movement of literature. At the heart of such a movement was not a change in literary methods, but the idea of discovering a person as highest value(humanistic idea). In his work “West and East”, Conrad came to the conclusion that the concepts of “Middle Ages” and “Renaissance” are universal for all literatures. The period of antiquity is replaced by the Middle Ages, then the Renaissance, followed by the New Age. In each subsequent period, literature focuses more and more on the image of a person as such, more and more aware of the intrinsic value of the human person.
The concept of academician D.S. Likhachev is similar, according to which the literature of the Russian Middle Ages developed towards strengthening the personal principle. Large styles of the era (Romanesque, Gothic style) were to be gradually replaced by the author's individual styles (Pushkin's style).
The most objective concept of Academician S.S. Averintsev, it gives a wide coverage of literary life, including modernity. At the heart of this concept is the idea of reflexivity and traditional culture. The scientist identifies three major periods in the history of literature:
1. Culture can be non-reflexive and traditional (the culture of antiquity, in Greece - before the 5th century BC). Non-reflexivity means that literary phenomena are not comprehended, there is no literary theory, the authors do not reflect (they do not analyze their work).
2. culture can be reflective, but traditional (from the 5th century BC to new era). During this period, rhetoric, grammar, and poetics arise (reflection on language, style, creativity). Literature was traditional, existed stable system genres.
3. Last period which is still going on. Reflection is preserved, tradition is broken. Writers reflect, but create new forms. The beginning was laid by the genre of the novel.
Changes in the history of literature can be progressive, evolutionary, regressive, involutionary.
artistic method
The artistic method is a way of mastering and displaying the world, a set of basic creative principles of figurative reflection of life. You can talk about a method as a structure artistic thinking the writer, which determines his approach to reality and its reconstruction in the light of a certain aesthetic ideal. The method is embodied in the content literary work. Through the method, we comprehend those creative principles, thanks to which the writer reproduces reality: selection, evaluation, typification (generalization), artistic expression characters, phenomena of life in historical refraction. The method is manifested in the structure of thoughts and feelings of the heroes of a literary work, in the motivations for their behavior, actions, in the correlation of characters and events, in accordance with life path, the fate of the characters in the socio-historical circumstances of the era.
The concept of “method” (from the Greek “path of research”) denotes the “general principle creative attitude artist to knowable reality, that is, its re-creation. These are a kind of ways of knowing life, which have changed in different historical and literary epochs. According to some scholars, the method lies at the basis of currents and directions, represents the way of aesthetic exploration of reality, which is inherent in the works of a certain direction. Method is an aesthetic and deeply meaningful category.
The problem of the method of depicting reality was first recognized in antiquity and was fully embodied in the work of Aristotle "Poetics" under the name of "theory of imitation". Imitation, according to Aristotle, is the basis of poetry and its goal is to recreate the world like the real one, or, more precisely, what it could be. The authority of this theory remained until late XVIII century, when the Romantics proposed a different approach (also having its roots in antiquity, more precisely in Hellenism) - the re-creation of reality in accordance with the will of the author, and not with the laws of the "universe". These two concepts, according to Soviet literary criticism the middle of the 20th century, underlie two “types of creativity” - “realistic” and “romantic”, within which the “methods” of classicism, romanticism, different types realism, modernism.
Concerning the problem of the relationship between method and direction, it must be taken into account that the method as a general principle of figurative reflection of life differs from the direction as a historically specific phenomenon. Consequently, if this or that direction is historically unique, then the same method, as a broad category of the literary process, can be repeated in the work of writers of different times and peoples, and therefore, different directions and trends.
Literary trends and currents. Literary schools
X.A. Polevoi was the first in Russian criticism to use the word "direction" to refer to certain stages in the development of literature. In the article “On Directions and Parties in Literature,” he called the direction “that inner striving of literature, often invisible to contemporaries, which gives character to all, or at least very many, works of literature in a certain given time... the foundation of it, in general sense, there is an idea modern era". For " real criticism» - N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov - the direction was correlated with the ideological position of the writer or a group of writers. In general, the direction was understood as a variety of literary communities. But the main feature that unites them is that the unity of the most general principles incarnations artistic content, the commonality of the deep foundations of the artistic worldview. No set list literary trends, since the development of literature is associated with the specifics of historical, cultural, social life society, national and regional characteristics of a particular literature. However, traditionally there are such areas as classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, symbolism, each of which is characterized by its own set of formal and meaningful features.
Gradually, along with “direction”, the term “flow” comes into circulation, often used synonymously with “direction”. So, D.S. Merezhkovsky in an extensive article “On the Causes of the Decline and New Trends in Modern Russian Literature” (1893) writes that “between writers with different, sometimes opposite temperaments, special mental currents, a special air, are established, as between opposite poles, brimming with creativity." Often "direction" is recognized as a generic concept in relation to "flow".
The term " literary movement» usually denote a group of writers connected by a common ideological position and artistic principles, within the same direction or artistic movement. Yes, modernism common name different groupings in the art and literature of the 20th century, which distinguishes a departure from classical traditions, the search for new aesthetic principles, a new approach to the depiction of being, - includes such movements as impressionism, expressionism, surrealism, existentialism, acmeism, futurism, imagism, etc.
The belonging of artists to one direction or trend does not exclude deep differences between them. creative individuals. In turn, in the individual work of writers, features of various literary trends and trends can manifest themselves.
Flow - a smaller unit of the literary process, often within the framework of a direction, characterized by existence in a certain historical period and, as a rule, localization in certain literature. Quite often, the commonality of artistic principles forms an “artistic system” in a current. Yes, within the framework French classicism distinguish two currents. One is based on the tradition of rationalistic philosophy of R. Descartes (“Cartesian rationalism”), which includes the work of P. Corneille, J. Racine, N. Boileau. Another trend, based mainly on the sensationalist philosophy of P. Gassendi, expressed itself in ideological principles such writers as J. La Fontaine, J. B. Molière. In addition, both currents differ in the system used artistic means. In romanticism, two main currents are often distinguished - "progressive" and "conservative", but there are other classifications.
Directions and currents should be distinguished from literary schools (and literary groupings). Literary school - a small association of writers on the basis of common artistic principles formulated theoretically - in articles, manifestos, scientific and journalistic statements, designed as "charters" and "rules". Often such an association of writers has a leader, the "head of the school" ("the Shchedrin school", the poets of the "Nekrasov school").
As a rule, writers who have created a number of literary phenomena with a high degree of generality - up to a common theme, style, language.
Unlike the movement, which is far from always formalized by manifestos, declarations and other documents that reflect its main principles, the school is almost necessarily characterized by such performances. It is important not only the presence of common artistic principles shared by the writers, but also their theoretical awareness of their belonging to the school.
Many associations of writers, called schools, are named after the place of their existence, although the similarity of the artistic principles of the writers of such associations may not be so obvious. For example, the "lake school", named after the place where it developed (the north-west of England, the Lake District), consisted of romantic poets, who did not agree with each other in everything.
The concept of " literary school» is predominantly historical, not typological. In addition to the criteria for the unity of time and place of existence of the school, the presence of manifestos, declarations and similar artistic practice, literary circles often represent literary groups, united by a "leader" who has followers who successively develop or copy him artistic principles. Group of English religious poets early XVII century formed the Spencer School.
It should be noted that the literary process is not limited to the coexistence and struggle of literary groups, schools, trends and trends. To view it in this way is to schematize literary life era, impoverish the history of literature. Directions, currents, schools are, in the words of V.M. Zhirmunsky, “not shelves or boxes”, “on which we“ lay out ”poets”. “If a poet, for example, is a representative of the era of romanticism, this does not mean that there cannot be realistic tendencies in his work.”
The literary process is a complex and diverse phenomenon, so one should be extremely careful when using such categories as “flow” and “direction”. In addition to them, scientists use other terms when studying the literary process, such as style.
Style is traditionally included in the Literary Theories section. The term "style" as applied to literature has a number of meanings: the style of the work; writer's style, or individual style(say, the style of poetry by N.A. Nekrasov); the style of the literary direction, current, method (for example, the style of symbolism); style as a whole sustainable elements art form defined common features outlook, content, national traditions, inherent in literature and art in a certain historical era(style of Russian realism second half of XIX century).
In a narrow sense, style is understood as the manner of writing, the features of the poetic structure of the language (lexicon, phraseology, figurative and expressive means, syntactic constructions, etc.). In a broad sense, style is a concept used in many sciences: literary criticism, art criticism, linguistics, cultural studies, and aesthetics. They talk about work style, behavior style, thinking style, leadership style, etc.
Style-forming factors in literature are ideological content, form components that specifically express the content; this also includes the vision of the world, which is connected with the worldview of the writer, with his understanding of the essence of phenomena and man. Stylistic unity also includes the structure of the work (composition), analysis of conflicts, their development in the plot, the system of images and ways of revealing characters, the pathos of the work. Style, as a unifying and artistically organizing principle of the whole work, even absorbs the way landscape sketches. All this is style in the broadest sense of the word. In the originality of the method and style, the features of the literary direction and trend are expressed.
According to the features of the style expression, they judge literary hero(attributes are taken into account appearance and form of behavior), about the belonging of the building to a particular era in the development of architecture (Empire style, Gothic style, Art Nouveau style, etc.), about the specifics of the image of reality in the literature of a particular historical formation (in ancient Russian literature- the style of monumental medieval historicism, the epic style of the 11th-13th centuries, the expressive-emotional style of the 14th-15th centuries, the second baroque style half of XVII century, etc.). Today, no one will be surprised by the expressions “game style”, “life style”, “leadership style”, “work style”, “building style”, “furniture style”, etc., and every time, along with a generalizing cultural meaning, a specific evaluative meaning is embedded in these stable formulas (for example, “I prefer this style of clothing” - unlike others, etc.).
Style in literature is the result of knowledge general laws in reality, a functionally applied set of means of expression, implemented by the ratio of all elements of the poetics of the work in order to create a unique artistic impression.
As noted earlier, among literary critics there is no consensus on how to distinguish between the concepts of " art system”, “literary direction” and “literary trend”. Most often, scientists call "systems" "international literary communities" (baroque, classicism, etc.), and the terms "direction" and "flow" are used in a narrower sense.
The point of view of G.N. Pospelov, who believed that literary movement - this is the refraction in the work of writers and poets of certain social views (worldview, ideologies), and directions - These are writers' groupings that arise on the basis of a common aesthetic views and certain programs artistic activity(expressed in treatises, manifestos, slogans, etc.). Currents and directions in this meaning of the words is facts of individual national literatures(Theory of literature - M., 1978, pp. 134 - 140).
In other words, direction represents literary concept, denoting a set of fundamental spiritually meaningful and aesthetic principles characteristic of the work of many writers, a number of groupings, as well as due to these most important principles of coincidence and correspondence of programmatic creative settings, themes, heats and style.
According to Pospelov, literary direction appears when a group of writers of a particular country and era unites on the basis of some specific creative program and creates their own works, focusing on its provisions. This contributes to greater creative organization and completeness of their works. But it is not the program principles proclaimed by some group of writers that determine the features of their work, but, on the contrary, the ideological and artistic commonality creativity unites writers and inspires them to realize and proclaim the corresponding program principles.
In European literatures directions appear only in modern times when artistic creativity acquires relative independence and the quality of the "art of the word", separating itself from other non-artistic genres. Literature imperiously enters the personal beginning, it becomes possible to express the point of view of the author, the choice of one or another life and creative position. Directions in the history of European literature are considered to be Renaissance realism, baroque, classicism, enlightenment realism sentimentalism, romanticism, critical realism, naturalism, symbolism, socialist realism. The existence of these major trends in a number of national literatures is more or less generally recognized. The legitimacy of singling out others - rococo, pre-romanticism, neoclassicism, neo-romanticism, etc. - causes controversy.
Directions are not closed, but open character; the transition from one to another usually involves intermediate forms (pre-romanticism in European literature XVIII centuries). A new direction, replacing the old one, does not immediately eliminate it, but coexists with it for some time - a creative and theoretical debate takes place between them.
Alternation and the same sequence of directions in European literature allow us to consider them as an international phenomenon; however, this or that direction in each literature acts from this point of view as a national variant of the corresponding pan-European model. The national-historical originality of trends in individual countries is sometimes so significant that it is problematic to attribute them to a single type, and the typological commonality of classicism, romanticism, etc. – very conditional and relative. Thus, when creating a general model of a literary movement, one has to take into account the measure typological commonality of its national forms is the fact that under the flag of one direction there are often directions that are qualitatively different.
Appearance in national literatures literary movements does not mean that all writers necessarily belonged to one or another of them. There were also such writers who did not rise to the level of programming their creativity, did not create literary theories, and their creativity, therefore, cannot be assigned designations arising from any program provisions. Such writers do not belong to any movement. They also have, of course, a certain commonality of ideological worldview, created by certain circumstances. public life their country and era, which determined the corresponding commonality the ideological content of their works, and hence the form of its expression. This means that the work of these writers also had some kind of socio-historical regularity. A similar group of writers was, for example, in Russian literature - in the era of the dominance of the classicist trend in it. It was formed by M. Chulkov, A. Ablesimov, A. Izmailov and others. To such groups of writers, whose work is connected only ideological and artistic, but not a program community, the science of literature does not give any "proper names" like "classicism", "sentimentalism", etc.
According to Pospelov, the work of those groups of writers who have only ideological and artistic community, follows call literary trend.
This does not mean that the difference between literary trends and currents is only that the representatives of the former, having an ideological and artistic community of creativity, created creative program, and representatives of the latter could not create it. The literary process is a more complex phenomenon. It often happens that the work of a group of writers, the definition of a country and an era that created and proclaimed a single creative program, has, however, only relative And unilateral creative community, that these writers, in essence, belong not to one, but to two (sometimes more) literary movements.
Therefore, while recognizing one creative program, they understand its provisions in different ways and apply them in different ways. There are, in other words, literary trends that combine the work of writers different currents. Sometimes writers of different, but somehow ideologically close to each other currents programmatically unite in the process of their common ideological and artistic polemics with writers of other currents that are sharply hostile to them.
Thus, the direction captures the commonality of the deep spiritual and aesthetic foundations of artistic content, due to the unity of the cultural and artistic tradition, the uniformity of the worldview of writers and those facing them. life problems and, ultimately, the similarity of the epochal socio-cultural-historical situation. But the world outlook itself, that is, the attitude to the problems posed, the idea of ways and means of resolving them, ideological and artistic concepts, the ideals of writers belonging to the same direction may be different.
Proceeding from such positions to the concepts of a literary trend and trend, Pospelov raises the question of their existence in national literatures at various stages of their development. historical development. According to the researcher, at all stages of development fiction(starting from literature Ancient Greece) its source has always been the ideological worldview of writers representing various social forces and hence often creating their works on the principle of antithesis. Therefore, if in national literatures before XVII century there were no clearly defined directions, then there were always different trends in them.
Currents existed, for example, in ancient Greek literature classical era its development. Attic democracy created in the 5th century BC. brilliant dramaturgy, anti-aristocratic in ideological orientation, authoritarian-mythological in ideals. It was one of the main currents of ancient literature of that era. But even earlier, from the VI century BC. in those ancient Greek policies where the slave-owning aristocracy dominated, lyric poetry was actively developing - both civic in content (the works of Theognis from Megara, the odic choral lyrics of Tirteus in Sparta, Pindar in Thebes), and purely personal, in particular love (Alcaeus and Sappho in Lesbos, Anacreon). It was a different mainstream or even currents in ancient literature of that era. The appeal of the writers of the militant Attic democracy to drama, and the aristocratic poets of other policies to the lyrics, followed from the peculiarities of the work of both.
Roman classical literature, created in completely different conditions of public life - in early period the existence of imperial power, in the "age of Augustus", was characterized by some duality of its tendencies. The poets of this time responded to the ideological and political demands of the new government and created literature to some extent semi-official, referring to the genre of civil or philosophical poems (Virgil's Aeneid, Ovid's Metamorphoses). Mythological-authoritarian mindsets completely dominated them. But along with this, the same poets, as well as others, gravitated in their worldview towards an ideological “withdrawal” from the hustle and bustle of the life of Imperial Rome. They contrasted the heavy atmosphere of the capital with the imaginary joys of shepherd life (Virgil’s Bucolics), the simplicity of rural labor (his Georgics), the solitary enjoyment of the blessings of being (Horace’s Satires), the worries love experiences(“Love poems” by Ovid) or they idealized the good old morals (“Odes” by Horace, “Elegies” by Tibullus). Here, despite the mythological authoritarian worldview, the spontaneous humanistic aspirations of these poets were manifested.
Different currents can also be identified throughout the subsequent development of the literature. So, for example, in English romanticism, researchers distinguish three currents: revolutionary (Byron, Shelley), conservative (Wordsworth, Coleridge. Southey) and London (Keats, Lee Hunt) romantics. In relation to Russian romanticism, they speak of "philosophical", "psychological", "civil" currents. In Russian realism, some researchers distinguish between "psychological" and "sociological" trends.
Thus, if literary currents existed in national literatures from the very beginning of their historical life, then literary trends took shape in them only at relatively late stages of development and always at basis ideological and artistic content literature of one kind or another. Therefore, it is not literary trends that give life to literary movements and contain them, as some researchers believe, but vice versa - currents can form a single direction at some stage of their development, and before that or later exist outside of its limits. Thus, the literary trend of Russian noble revolutionism began with the work of A.N. Radishchev, who was not a romantic. Later, motives of civil romance arose in it (Pushkin, Ryleev and others), and it entered the direction of romanticism, along with poets and another, religious-romantic movement (Zhukovsky, Kozlov and others) (Pospelov G.N. Theory of Literature - M., 1987, pp. 140 - 160).
Along with the terms "direction" and "flow" to characterize the associations of writers, the concept " school' and 'grouping'. Literary groupings and schools presuppose a direct ideological and artistic affinity and programmatic and aesthetic unity of its participants (“lake school” in English romanticism, the “Parnassus” group in France, “ natural school» in Russia, etc.).
Literary direction - often identified with the artistic method. Denotes a set of fundamental spiritual and aesthetic principles of many writers, as well as a number of groups and schools, their programmatic aesthetic attitudes, and the means used. In the struggle and change of direction, the laws of the literary process are most clearly expressed. It is customary to single out the following literary directions:
Classicism
Romanticism
Sentimentalism
Naturalism
Realism
Symbolism (fr.) is one of the largest trends in art (in literature, music and painting), which arose in France in the 1870s and 80s. and reached greatest development on turn of XIX and XX centuries, primarily in France itself, Belgium and Russia. The Symbolists radically changed not only different kinds art, but also the attitude towards it. Their experimental nature, desire for innovation, cosmopolitanism and wide range of influences have become a model for most modern trends art.
Acmeism (from Greek - “ highest degree, top, flowering, blooming time") - a literary movement that opposes symbolism and arose at the beginning of the 20th century in Russia. Acmeists proclaimed materiality, objectivity of themes and images, the accuracy of the word.
The formation of acmeism is closely connected with the activities of the "Workshop of poets", central figure which was the organizer of acmeism N. S. Gumilyov.
The term "acmeism" was proposed in 1912 by N. Gumilyov and S. M. Gorodetsky: in their opinion, the symbolism in crisis is being replaced by a direction that generalizes the experience of predecessors and takes the poet to new heights creative achievements.
Futurism. The author of the word and the founder of the direction is the Italian poet Filippo Marinetti (the poem "Red Sugar"). The name itself implies a cult of the future and discrimination of the past along with the present. Futurism can be viewed as a kind of fusion of Nietzscheanism and the manifesto of the communist party. The dynamics of movement should replace the static of posing sculptures, paintings and portraits. The camera and the movie camera will replace the imperfection of painting and the eye.
Imagism
Literary current- often identified with literary group and school. Denotes a collection creative people, which are characterized ideological and artistic proximity and program-aesthetic unity. Otherwise, a literary movement is a kind of literary movement.
Postmodernism(French postmodernisme - after modernism) - a term denoting structurally similar phenomena in world public life and culture of the second half of the 20th century. The origin of postmodernism is the 60s - 70s, connected and logically follows from the processes of Modernism as a reaction to the crisis of its ideas, as well as to the so-called death of foundations: God (Nietzsche), author (Bart), man (humanities). The term appears during the First World War in the work of R. Panwitz “Crisis European culture» (1914). In 1934, in his book An Anthology of Spanish and Latin American Poetry, the literary critic F. de Onis uses it to denote a reaction to modernism.
Expressionism(from lat. expressio, "expression") - avant-garde movement V European art, developed at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, characterized by a tendency to express the emotional characteristics of the image (s) (usually a person or group of people) or emotional state the artist himself. Expressionism is represented in many art forms including painting, literature, theatre, cinematography, architecture and music.
Decadence (decadence)
Decadence (from late Latin - decline) is the general name for the crisis phenomena of European culture of the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, marked by moods of hopelessness, rejection of life, and tendencies of individualism. A complex and contradictory phenomenon, has a source of crisis public consciousness, the confusion of many artists before the sharp social antagonisms of reality. Art's rejection of political and civic themes was considered by decadent artists to be a manifestation and an indispensable condition for freedom of creativity. Constant themes are the motives of non-existence and death, longing for spiritual values and ideals.
Avant-garde (fr. Avant-garde, “advanced detachment”) is a generalized name for the trends in European art that arose at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, expressed in a polemical-combat form (hence the name itself, taken from the military-political vocabulary). Its time frame is considered to be the period from 1870 to 1938 [source not specified 167 days]. The avant-garde is characterized by an experimental approach to artistic creation that goes beyond classical aesthetics, using original, innovative means of expression, emphasized by symbolism. artistic images.
The concept of avant-garde is largely eclectical in its essence. This term refers to a number of schools and trends in art, sometimes having a diametrically opposed ideological basis.
Modernism (Italian modernismo - “modern trend”; from Latin modernus - “modern, recent”) is a trend in art and literature of the 20th century, characterized by a break with the previous historical experience artistic creativity, the desire to establish new non-traditional beginnings in art, the continuous renewal of artistic forms, as well as the conventionality (schematization, abstraction) of style. The modernist paradigm was one of the leading Western civilization the first half of the 20th century; in the second half of the century, it was subjected to extensive criticism. The term "modernism" is inherent only in the domestic art history school, in Western sources it is the term "modern". Since in Russian aesthetics "modern" means art style, preceding modernism, it is necessary to distinguish between these two concepts in order to avoid confusion.
The literary direction is an artistic method that forms the general ideological and aesthetic principles in the work of many writers at a certain stage in the development of literature. The grounds necessary to attribute the work of various authors to one literary movement:
- Following the same cultural and aesthetic traditions.
- Uniform worldview attitudes (i.e. uniformity of world outlook).
- General or related principles of creativity.
- The conditionality of creativity by the unity of the social and cultural-historical situation.
The literary movements most significant for literature include: classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, symbolism, acmeism, futurism.
FLOW (ARTISTIC AND LITERARY), - a poetic grouping marked by greater or lesser unity of techniques decoration the writers included in it. characteristic feature artistic and literary trend is its chronological limitation.
School in Literature- this is a kind of established community of writers that has realized itself, theoretically outlined its boundaries and stood out from the literary process into an independent education that has its own theoretical platform, principles, program, and publications. Schools can be formed and named after the leader - the Gogol school, the Nekrasov school, and so on.
41. Stages of literary development. emergence artistic methods and literary movements: Renaissance realism, classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, symbolism, impressionism, modernism and postmodernism.
In literary criticism, the notion of the presence of moments of commonality (recurrence) in the development of the literatures of different countries and peoples, of its single “progressive” movement in great historical time, is rooted and no one disputes. The stages of the literary process are habitually conceived as corresponding to those stages in the history of mankind, which manifested themselves most distinctly and fully in the countries of Western Europe and especially brightly in the Romanesque. In this regard, ancient, medieval and - literature of the New Age with their own stages stand out (following the Renaissance - baroque, classicism, the Enlightenment with its sentimentalist branch, romanticism, and finally, realism, with which modernism coexists and successfully competes in the 20th century) . Scholars have best understood the stage differences between the literatures of the New Age and the literature that preceded them. method is, first of all, an ideological concept. Therefore, the above-mentioned artistic directions(baroque, classicism, romanticism) is at the same time methods of art
