Artistic culture is one of the components in the system of functioning of the “second nature” of a person. This is one of the most stable humanitarian components of culture, in which the ideas of each specific type of culture about the spiritual values of a given cultural era are expressed in a special sign-symbolic form.
Artistic culture is one of the critical components spiritual culture. Together with cognitive, religious, moral, political culture it is designed to form the inner world of a person, to promote the development of a person as a creator cultural property. core artistic culture is art as a form of artistic and figurative interpretation of the real and the imaginary. The types of art - literature, theater, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, through the use of various means of expression, master reality in the form of a uniquely individual artistic image. These forms can be different - from metaphorical to realistic, and they always reflect the fate of people and peoples, ideas and problems of their time.
In the everyday, widespread idea of what culture is, the idea that culture is that which is associated with aesthetic activity in general and with art in particular prevails. It is in the sphere of artistic culture that holistic vision all the features, complexities and patterns of the existence of culture, expressed in a special form of languages of specific types of art. IN archaic cultures ah, this feature of the functioning of artistic culture found its expression in syncretism, i.e. integrity, multifunctionality primitive art(art is included as an integral element in different kinds activities and performs several important functions for archaic cultures - this is an element of magical rituals, and proper aesthetic activity, and a special kind of knowledge of reality).
Artistic culture is mastering the sphere art treasures, which are most directly related to the aesthetic values represented in the culture. The concept of the aesthetic is a broader concept than the artistic one, since the aesthetic, being included in the system of cultural values, does not necessarily have a man-made nature. So, for example, we can talk about different ways of aestheticizing nature (i.e., its inclusion in human value relations) in different types of cultures (nature in Eastern cultures- and the idea of the aesthetic in nature in the Western European tradition).
Aesthetic activity is based on the idea of beauty as a central universal aesthetic category. In addition, it presents the sublime, comic, tragic and other aesthetic categories. Aesthetic activity is realized in extremely diverse spheres of human activity:
- 1) practical activities (landscape architecture, design)
- 2) artistic and practical activities (carnivals, holidays, rituals, ceremonies)
- 3) creation of works of art - creative activity
- 4) perception of works of art, evaluation, artistic taste, aesthetic ideals, etc.
Artistic culture is a complex systemic formation, in the existence of which two most important aspects can be distinguished:
Firstly, this is what is connected with the organizational side of the functioning of artistic culture. In any historical type of culture, there are special social institutions that are responsible for ensuring the conditions for the functioning of artistic culture, for the creation, dissemination and perception of aesthetic values. First of all, it is a system educational institutions, training in which allows you to join the artistic traditions, which provides a certain continuity in relation to aesthetic values; publishing institutions, organizations engaged in concert and exhibition activities, etc. These are research organizations of the widest profile - from art history groups to sociological laboratories that study the patterns of functioning of artistic culture, features artistic perception, the audience. In modern cultural situation special importance in the dissemination, broadcasting of artistic values is acquired by mass media.
Most early form mass communication was printing, the significance of which as a means of mass dissemination of artistic culture manifested itself only in late XIX century after the expansion of the system of educational institutions in Europe. In addition, the invention of cinema, radio, television, and later the Internet system made it possible to speak of truly mass communication. It was thanks to these inventions that an almost unlimited opportunity arose for claiming any cultural information and familiarizing with artistic values and achievements. human culture. For example, this is the possibility of forming humanistic ideas through the appeal mass culture to universal values, and, as a result, the possibility of intracultural and intercultural dialogue.
An important role is played by the educational potential of mass culture, when one or another innovative idea in the field of artistic creativity becomes available to a mass audience, due to which the contradiction between traditional, well-established, familiar art forms and innovative ideas related to the field of form creation, the search for new ones, is overcome. means of expression. This often leads to simplification, primitivization of the true meanings of artistic culture, however, it allows the perceiving subject to master the world in new artistic images, and, consequently, to adapt a point of view that was initially alien to him, to become a "cultural polyglot".
Secondly, this is that part of artistic culture that is directly related to creative activity in the field of art and the results of this activity. These are, first of all, the works of art themselves with their special language inherent in each type of art separately, creative process their creations, a special relationship between the author and the work of art created by him, the relationship between the author - the work - and the recipient (the one who perceives the work of art).
It is thanks to art that it is possible to perceive the world in its entirety, in the inseparable unity of personal experience, the existence of culture and the experience of all mankind.
Art is a complex functioning system, the logic of development of which cannot be reduced to some schemes. It can only be studied as complete system, in which you can find several options for the interaction of art with other areas of human existence. culture choreographic artistic dance
We can talk about a certain dependence of the development of art on the state of society and its main institutions (for example, in Soviet culture the most powerful tool for regulating artistic processes, the logic of the correlation of form and content in a work of art - in any case, at the level of officially approved art - was ideology).
The logic of the development of art cannot be reduced to the idea of a rigid dependence of art on the mode of social production, on the spiritual values that dominate in a given culture. Those. this is a certain independence of the development of art, the possibility of its breakthrough into the sphere of the new, the unknown in its desire to expand creative possibilities man, which ultimately leads to an expanded reproduction of the entire culture.
In addition, art forms very often develop unevenly: for a particular cultural epoch, a situation is possible when some types of art develop absolutely full-blooded and dynamically, while others go into the shadows. Moreover, some works of art can have a radical impact on the spiritual life of society. The range of this influence is unusually wide - starting from the influence on a fashionable suit and type social behavior and ending with influence on political mindsets.
Art is a special kind of creative activity and the results of this activity to transform the world according to the laws of beauty, which results in the creation of an artistic-figurative system. This is, first of all, creativity, i.e. innovative activity, the search for a new art form. Hence - one of the most acute problems of the existence of art - a feeling of the exhaustion of form, fear of epigonism, repetition in the sense of simply doubling what has already been done in art. The existence of art is both a process and a result of creative assimilation of the world. The most important concept in art is the category of "beautiful", which sets the coordinate system, relative to which other aesthetic categories are built, they are subordinated and coordinated in relation to the beautiful. Each cultural epoch forms its own ideal of "beautiful". The most important factors, which, as a rule, influence the formation of the ideal of beauty, are:
- 1) natural conditions characteristic of this particular culture;
- 2) some initial idea of biological expediency, of natural harmony;
- 3) artistic traditions given historical type culture;
- 4) national idea of the ideal of "beautiful";
- 5) the social-class concept of "beautiful".
Art is one of the main components of artistic culture. Accordingly, culture and art (as its subsystem) perform the same functions:
- 1) socially transformative;
- 2) cognitive-heuristic;
- 3) artistic and conceptual;
- 4) foresight;
- 5) information and communication;
- 6) educational;
- 7) suggestions;
- 8) aesthetic;
- 9) hedonistic.
- 1. Socially transformative function (art as an activity). It manifests itself in the fact that a work of art has an ideological and aesthetic impact on people, includes them in a holistically directed activity, and thereby participates in the transformation of society. In addition, the process of creativity itself is a transformation, with the help of imagination, of impressions, facts from real life. Any material with which the artist works is subject to processing, as a result of which a new quality appears. Some scientific schools deny or diminish the possibility of art participating in the transformation existing world. They reduce the significance of art to the fulfillment of a compensatory function - art in the sphere of the Spirit helps to restore the lost harmony. Such an action is inherent in art, but the ideas of a talented artist sooner or later "wake up" the consciousness of the audience, make it perceive a familiar phenomenon in a new way.
- 2. Cognitive-heuristic (art as knowledge and enlightenment). Despite the fact that the greatest philosophers of the world, Plato and Regel, considered art to be the lowest form of knowing the truth, which cannot compete with either philosophy or religion, the cognitive possibilities of art are nevertheless enormous. Art is able to explore those aspects of life that are inaccessible to science. Art masters the richness of the subject-sensory world, discovers something new in already known things, in the ordinary-unusual.
- 3. Artistic and conceptual (art as an analysis of the state of the world). Art strives for global thinking, solving global problems, understanding the state of the world. The artist is also interested in the fate of his heroes, and of humanity as a whole, he thinks on the scale of the universe and history, coordinates his work with them. IN modern science a strong and anti-intellectual current that comes from the intuitionism of Henri Bergson, in psychology - from Sigmund Freud, in art - this is the current surrealism, which recognizes "automatic writing", "epidemic sleep", "switching off the mind".
- 4. Prediction function. In this case we are talking about using intuition. If the scientist draws a conclusion inductively, then the artist is able to figuratively imagine the future. An artist, relying on intuition, can reliably predict the future by extrapolation - a probable continuation of the line of development of an already existing one.
- 5. Informational and communicative (art as communication and communication). The analysis of this particular function of art underlies modern aesthetic theories which are developed by semiotics, etc. Art is considered as a kind of communication channel, as a sign system that carries information. At the same time, information opportunities artistic language are much broader, emotionally stronger than colloquial speech.
- 6. Educational (formation of a holistic personality). educational value philosophy lies in influencing the formation of a worldview, politics - on Political Views, but art has a complex effect on the mind and soul of a person, forms a holistic personality. Art influences the personality through the aesthetic ideal, which manifests itself in both positive and negative images.
- 7. The function of suggestion. Art is able to inspire a way of thinking, feelings, an almost hypnotic influence on the human psyche. This ability is especially evident in difficult periods stories
- 8. Aesthetic (shaping value orientations). Under the influence of art, aesthetic tastes are formed, awakening creativity personality, her desire to create according to the laws of beauty.
- 9. Hedonistic (function of enjoyment). This function is connected with the fact that there is a game aspect of artistic activity. The game as a manifestation of freedom brings aesthetic pleasure, joy, spiritual inspiration.
These are the most important functions of art, although their list is not limited to those mentioned. Despite the absence of a direct pragmatic expediency, the existence of people without art is impossible. Art forms the personality comprehensively, forms moral principles, aesthetic tastes, broadens horizons, knowledge, imagination, fantasy. The universal need for art follows, in the words German philosopher G. Hegel, from the rational desire of a person to spiritually master the inner and outer worlds, presenting them as an object in which he recognizes his own "I".
Summing up, we can conclude that artistic culture is a multilateral process and the result of the aesthetic transformation of the sphere of human life, the "objectification" and "deobjectification" of aesthetic information. Artistic culture is the creation, distribution (through channels and mass media), collective and individual perception, spiritual and material development of aesthetic, artistic values. All links and components of the dynamics of artistic culture mutually presuppose and mediate each other, forming a complex structured system.
The concept of "culture" has hundreds of valid definitions. Most of them interpret culture as a way of human existence in the world.
IN broadest sense culture is often understood as all the achievements of mankind, everything created by man. Culture then appears as a “second nature”, created by man himself, forming a proper human world, in contrast to wild nature. In this case, culture is usually divided into material and spiritual. This division goes back to Cicero, who was the first to note that along with culture, which means the cultivation of the earth, there is also a culture, which means "cultivation of the soul."
Material culture covers primarily the sphere of material production and its products - equipment, technology, means of communication and communication, industrial buildings and structures, roads and transport, dwellings, household items, clothing, etc.
spiritual culture includes the sphere of spiritual production and its results - religion, philosophy, morality, art, science, etc. Within spiritual culture, artistic culture is often specially distinguished, including works of art and literature. Science, in turn, is considered as the basis of intellectual, scientific and technical culture.
There is a deep unity between material and spiritual culture, since both of them are the result of human activity, at the origins of which, ultimately, there is a spiritual principle - ideas, projects and intentions of a person that he embodies in a material form.
Material and spiritual. cultures merging to form an artistic image.
Artistic image- a generalized reflection of reality in the form of a specific individual phenomenon.
For example, in such vivid artistic images of world literature as Don Quixote, Don Juan, Hamlet, Gobsek, Faust, etc., the typical features of a person, his feelings, passions, desires are conveyed in a generalized form.
The artistic image is visual, i.e. comprehensible, and sensual, i.e. directly affecting human feelings. Therefore, we can say that the image acts as a visual-figurative recreation of real life. At the same time, it must be borne in mind that the author of an artistic image - a writer, poet, artist or artist - is not just trying to repeat, "double" life. He complements it, conjectures according to artistic laws.
culture- In Latin, this word meant a living connection between man and nature, relegating the former to the role of a rational being, contributing in every possible way to the development of diverse forms of plant and animal life ("cultivation, processing, care, breeding"). In the interpretation of the Age of Enlightenment, "cultural" came to mean something opposite to "natural". "Culture" as a term- a certain set of socially acquired and transmitted from generation to generation of significant ideas, values, customs, beliefs, traditions, norms and rules of conduct, through which people organize their life. "Culture" as a concept- is used to characterize certain historical eras, specific societies, nations, as well as specific areas of activity or life. Subject of culture- a person (he creates, preserves and distributes the cultural values \u200b\u200bcreated by him.
Culture Functions:
Cognitive (accumulation and transfer of knowledge)
Informational (provides information about a person of that time)
Regulatory (regulation of forms of behavior, mores, custom, traditions)
Estimated (forming value systems)
Culture tasks:
Transfer of knowledge, values through generations.
Humanization of nature as a habitat.
The concept of art
V narrow sense it specific form practical-spiritual development of the world;
V wide - highest level skills, skills, regardless of the sphere in which they manifest themselves (the art of a stove-maker, doctor, baker, etc.).
Art- a special subsystem of the spiritual sphere of society, which is a creative reproduction of reality in artistic images.
Initially, art was called a high degree of skill in any business. This meaning of the word is still present in the language when we talk about the art of a doctor or teacher, about martial art or oratory. Later, the concept of "art" began to be increasingly used to describe a special activity aimed at reflecting and transforming the world in accordance with aesthetic standards, i.e. according to the laws of beauty. At the same time, the original meaning of the word has been preserved, since the highest skill is required to create something beautiful.
Subject The arts are the world and man in the totality of their relations with each other.
Form of Existence art - a work of art (poem, painting, performance, film, etc.).
Art also uses special means for reproduction of reality: for literature this is a word, for music - sound, for fine arts - color, for sculpture - volume.
Target art is dual: for the creator it is artistic self-expression, for the viewer it is the enjoyment of beauty. In general, beauty is as closely connected with art as truth with science and goodness with morality.
Art is important component spiritual culture of mankind, a form of knowledge and reflection of the reality surrounding a person. In terms of the potential for understanding and transforming reality, art is not inferior to science. However, the ways of understanding the world by science and art are different: if science uses strict and unambiguous concepts for this, then art uses artistic images.
Art, as an independent form of social consciousness and as a branch of spiritual production, grew out of the production of the material, was originally woven into it as an aesthetic, but purely utilitarian moment. A person is an artist by nature, and everywhere one way or another he strives to bring beauty. The aesthetic activity of a person is constantly manifested in work, everyday life, public life and not just in art. going on aesthetic exploration of the world a public person.
Art is also understood in three meanings:
in a broad sense - artistic creativity (literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, music, dance, theater, cinema.)
in the narrow sense - only the fine arts.
How high degree skills, mastery in any field of activity.
Art Functions:
aesthetic function allows you to reproduce reality according to the laws of beauty, forms an aesthetic taste;
social function manifested in the fact that art has an ideological impact on society, thereby transforming social reality;
compensatory functions allows you to restore peace of mind, solve psychological problems, “escape” for a while from the gray everyday life, compensate for the lack of beauty and harmony in everyday life;
hedonic function reflects the ability of art to bring pleasure to a person;
cognitive function allows you to know reality and analyze it with the help of artistic images;
predictive function reflects the ability of art to make predictions and predict the future;
educational function manifested in the ability of works of art to shape a person's personality.
Types of art: (these are historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, using special means to build an image - sound, color, body movement, word, etc.)
The primary form of art was a special syncretic(undivided) complex of creative activity. For primitive man, there was no separate music, or literature, or theater. Everything was merged together in a single ritual action. Later, separate types of art began to stand out from this syncretic action.
Each type of art has its own special varieties - genera and genres, which together provide a variety of artistic attitudes to reality. Let us briefly consider the main types of art and some of their varieties.
Literature uses verbal and written means to build images. There are three main types of literature - drama, epic and lyrics, and numerous genres - tragedy, comedy, novel, story, poem, elegy, short story, essay, feuilleton, etc.
Music uses audio. Music is divided into vocal (intended for singing) and instrumental. Genres of music - opera, symphony, overture, suite, romance, sonata, etc.
Dance uses means of plastic movements to build images. Allocate ritual, folk, ballroom,
modern dances, ballet. Directions and styles of dance - waltz, tango, foxtrot, samba, polonaise, etc.
Painting displays reality on a plane by means of color. Genres of painting - portrait, still life, landscape, as well as everyday, animalistic (image of animals), historical genres.
Architecture forms a spatial environment in the form of structures and buildings for human life. It is divided into residential, public, landscape gardening, industrial, etc. There are also architectural styles - Gothic, Baroque, Rococo, Art Nouveau, Classicism, etc.
Sculpture creates works of art that have volume and three-dimensional shape. Sculpture is round (bust, statue) and relief (convex image). The size is divided into easel, decorative and monumental.
Arts and Crafts related to application needs. This includes art objects that can be used in everyday life - dishes, fabrics, tools, furniture, clothes, jewelry, etc.
Theater organizes a special stage action through the play of actors. The theater can be dramatic, opera, puppet, etc.
Circus presents a spectacular and entertaining action with unusual, risky and funny numbers in a special arena. These are acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, horse riding, juggling, magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, animal training and so on.
Movie is a development theatrical action based on modern technical audiovisual means. The types of cinematography include fiction, documentary films, animation. By genre, comedies, dramas, melodramas, adventure films, detectives, thrillers, etc. are distinguished.
Photo captures documentary visual images with the help of technical means- optical and chemical or digital. The genres of photography correspond to the genres of painting.
Stage includes small forms of performing arts - dramaturgy, music, choreography, illusions, circus numbers, original performances, etc.
Graphics, radio art, etc. can be added to the listed types of art.
In order to show common features different types of art and their differences, various grounds for their classification are proposed. So, there are types of art:
by the number of means used - simple (painting, sculpture, poetry, music) and complex, or synthetic (ballet, theater, cinema);
according to the ratio of works of art and reality - pictorial, depicting reality, copying it, ( realistic painting, sculpture, photography), and expressive, where the fantasy and imagination of the artist create new reality(ornament, music);
in relation to space and time - spatial (fine arts, sculpture, architecture), temporal (literature, music) and space-time (theatre, cinema);
by the time of occurrence - traditional (poetry, dance, music) and new (photography, cinema, television, video), usually using rather complex technical means to build an image;
according to the degree of applicability in everyday life - applied (decorative and applied art) and graceful (music, dance).
Each type, genus or genre reflects a particular side or facet of human life, but taken together, these components of art give a comprehensive artistic picture of the world.
Need in artistic creativity or enjoyment of works of art increases with the growth of the cultural level of a person. Art becomes the more necessary, the further a person is separated from the animal state.
Cultural styles:
The style is formed on the basis of the generality of the system, the means of art. expressiveness, creative techniques, due to the unity of the ideological and artistic. content.
You can talk about the style of a particular work or genre. Speaking of individual style, we can talk about the creative manner of the writer.
Style is also used to refer to entire eras. Distinguish
Classicism, etc.
Roman style
Gothic
renaissance
In the 19th century, the development of art was determined by complex relationships, and often interweaving of such complex stylistic thins. directions such as classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism.
Art must meet 2 criteria:
Must have educational value
aesthetic value
Moral value.
Truth, goodness, beauty.
2.Culture in a primitive communal society (material and spiritual culture, rock art, sculpture, etc.).
Primitive society arose about 40 thousand years ago and existed until the 4th millennium BC. It covers several periods of the Stone Age - the late Paleolithic (40-10 thousand BC), the Mesolithic (10-6 thousand BC) and the Neolithic (6-4 thousand BC). Although some elements of culture arise even before the establishment of primitive society (religious ideas, the beginnings of a language, a hand ax), the development of human culture proper begins simultaneously with the completion of the process of human formation, which became homosapiens, or "wise man".
Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3
What is culture? ................................................. ....................................4
Artistic culture………………………………………………….7
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….11
List of used literature………………………………………………………………………………………………………12
Introduction
Culture is a spiritual component of human activity as an integral part and condition of the entire system of activity that provides various aspects of human life. This means that culture is "ubiquitous", but at the same time, in each specific type of activity, it represents only its own spiritual side - in all the variety of socially significant manifestations.
At the same time, culture is also a process and result of spiritual production, which makes it an essential part of total production and social regulation along with the economy, politics and social structure. Spiritual production also ensures the formation, maintenance, distribution and implementation of cultural norms, values, meanings and knowledge embodied in various components of culture (myths, religion, artistic culture, ideology, science, etc.). As an important component of total production, culture is not limited to non-productive consumption or service. It is an indispensable prerequisite for any efficient production.
What is culture?
Culture (lat. cultura - cultivation, upbringing, education) - in the original sense - the processing and care of the land in order to make it suitable for meeting human needs. In a figurative sense, culture is care, improvement, ennoblement of the bodily, spiritual and personal inclinations and abilities of a person: accordingly, there is a culture of the body, a culture of the soul and a spiritual culture of the individual.
In a broad sense, this concept means a set of manifestations of social life, in contrast to the manifestation of life in its biological understanding. Therefore, culture is a way of social life that unites all types of human activity. With all the diversity of definitions of culture, one can single out what unites most of them: an understanding of culture as a system outside of biological mechanisms (norms, techniques, etc.) that program and regulate people's activities in any of its forms.
The phenomena of culture are studied by many specific sciences, and each of them creates a certain idea of culture as the subject of its study. Western researchers count in the world literature at least three hundred definitions of culture. The reason is that there are so many worldview positions (and even different approaches within the framework of one worldview), from which culture is considered.
Culture, like any process that takes place in human society, can only exist in continuous development, which is determined by the presence of two polar sides: traditional and creative. The traditional side lies in the already accumulated by the previous generations of mankind and the established rules, canons, spiritual values that underlie culture and ensure the continuity of generations of people. Along with this, there is also a creative side of culture, which is necessary condition for its development.
A person, using already accumulated cultural values, can analyze them, highlight their essential aspects, generalizing the knowledge and experience gained, can create new values that contain old ones and are filled with new content. On the basis of this process, a person not only develops culture, but together with culture he himself develops, passing through his consciousness the spiritual values of previous generations. It can be seen that in the collision of traditions and creativity, new features of culture are born, and the accumulation of sufficiently large changes leads to the emergence of a new culture and a new ideal of man.
The subject of culture is a person who preserves, creates and distributes cultural values. Creativity as a creative process is possible only in a culture that represents tradition and innovation, the repetition of the old “on a new basis” and the destruction of the obsolete.
Culture, in the broad sense of the word, characterizes the level of development of society, its humanity, the formation of man as a social being. The spiritual and material values accumulated by society represent the richest cultural heritage of mankind. This concept includes all values created by man, in contrast to natural things and phenomena. Cultural heritage is the main basis for a stable life and development of society. Its value determines the degree of development of society: a person, knowing and skillfully using the accumulated experience, spiritual and material values of previous generations, is able to develop himself and his culture better, and thereby strengthen the stability of society, increasing its culture. A society that does not have or has lost its culture is doomed to a hopeless, regressing existence. The accumulated values contribute to a deeper and wider penetration of culture into society, its spread and firm fixation in the human mind. A person must know about the culture of his people, about his traditions, understand them, take from them all the most important things and turn them into his inner consciousness.
At the same time, one should distinguish between material and spiritual culture without opposing them to each other. This separation seems obvious, but at the same time, both are cultures that carry the material and the spiritual in their unity. The material culture contains the spiritual principle that forms it, since it is always the embodiment of ideas, knowledge, human goals, which alone makes it a culture; the products of spiritual culture are always clothed in material form for only in this way can they be objectified and can become a fact of social life. Therefore, there are grounds to talk about culture as such, regardless of its division into material and spiritual.
Art culture.
It is with artistic culture that the idea of a proper cultural sphere of activity is often associated. And although such an understanding is still unacceptable, since it greatly narrows this area, there are serious reasons that contribute to this idea. As a result of lengthy discussions about what exactly is artistic culture, also denoted by the category "art", it turned out that it is impossible to reduce it to any one function. It is clearly broader than the "expression of the beautiful," than "knowledge real world than "a reflection of the ideal world" than "an expression inner world artist" than "a means of communication between people" or "manifestation of creativity and play." All these functions are indeed inherent in artistic culture, which means that it is also distinguished by the quality that we have designated as polyfunctionality applied to culture in general.
In this case, we do not go into the genre diversity that is inherent in each type of art (types of literature, music, choreography, painting, architecture, etc.), into the structural construction of this or that art (source of formation, principles of selection and fixation, training of performers, institutional support, etc.). All these aspects of art are subject to consideration in the humanitarian theory of art or its varieties. The task of social culturology in this topic is to reveal the functions of art or its varieties in social regulation.
As the well-known Russian culturologist M.S. Kagan, to whom we owe fundamental works on the theory of artistic culture, this form of activity combines cognitive, evaluative, denoting, and communicative functions. It reflects reality and at the same time creates a special artificial reality, doubles the life world, serves as an imaginary supplement, continuation, and sometimes even a replacement for real life 1 .
The achievement of such goals is possible due to the fact that art uses a huge complex of figurative means of expression, i.e. signs. In the world of artistic means, a person also "seems to live", but with an additional, artificially - and skillfully - created life. Unlike religion, this creation does not belong to God or the cosmic Law, but to the artist, craftsman, cultural figure, who are otherwise also members of society and with whom other people can have one or another contact.
By creating a world of "secondary reality", art becomes a source of life experience for a person, specially organized, thought out and evaluated from the point of view of true meanings and values. Therefore, in the structure of spiritual relations, it performs important functions of character formation, the introduction of norms and values, meanings and knowledge necessary for the full life of society. As an influential means of spiritual influence, other means of social regulation also turn to art - mythology, religion, politics, and ideology cannot do without those means of expression and persuasion that art has at its disposal. And even in military affairs, as you know, artistic means are needed - symbols, music and military literature - to maintain the "spirit of the army."
Subject "Art and Society" or, otherwise, "Artist and generalstvo" for centuries has been the subject of the most bitter ideological disputes. Can society, through some of its institutions, determine the content of art and the principles of its institutional structure? Does the artist depend on society? Which system is more favorable for the flourishing of culture and for the great masters to have the opportunity to live and create?
A comparison is often made between the artistic culture of democratic England of the 17th-18th centuries. and the artistic achievements of the absolutist monarchies of the rest of Europe - papal Rome or the petty despotic principalities in Germany of the same period. And the comparison is not in favor of the first. The art of the great Eastern civilizations for the most part manifested itself to the fullest extent during the periods of rule of authoritarian rulers who sought the creation of strong states. One cannot but see in this fact evidence of a significant independence of art from the political sphere, its conditionality by the general spiritual dynamics.
The artists themselves, as is known, often proclaimed their unconditional independence from society in any of its manifestations. This can be seen, for example, from the memoirs of the famous Italian master B. Cellini, who insisted that not only creativity, but the artist's life itself is not subject to any law. We find a more proportionate formula in Pushkin, who constantly emphasized the difference between the everyday life of an artist, in which he can be immersed, like the rest of the "insignificant children of the world," and the states of creative inspiration in which he is subject to the call of the "divine nogo verb "and is not subject to the court" mob.
Obeying an inner call, and not a social order, the poet experiences a sense of satisfaction from his work, or he will condemn himself and reject the results of his work. Obeying such an inner impulse, N. Gogol burns the manuscript of the second volume of "Dead Souls" and creates a penitential confession "Selected passages from correspondence with friends." We will find a vivid confirmation of this idea in the work and fate of a large number of prominent cultural figures. Soviet period. Their personal disorder, difficult living conditions, repressions and the threat of death did not stop the creative impulse that made its way "from under the rocks."
IN artistic life Western Europe throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. the emergence of new styles in art and literature was often accompanied by public scandals, violent indignation on the part of part of the public and influential criticism, rejection by already recognized art academies. The "refuseniks" were forced to look for other ways to demonstrate their works. Barriers to new art and new literature were only gradually removed. Only the market opened up complete freedom for creativity, however, at the cost of strict subordination of the entire complex of spiritual production to commercial principles. The place of art academies and curies was taken by dealers and patrons.
Nevertheless, in recent decades, radical shifts have taken place in the structure of the art of other life in the developed countries of the West. Already at the beginning of the century, an “avant-garde” appeared, fundamentally opposed to the very idea of recognition by society, insisting on its challenge to everything socially sanctioned. Many manifestos of this heterogeneous trend openly proclaimed the idea of confronting society. The short-lived resistance was broken by new criticism, which was in the nature of an apology for anti-social art. In the future, especially after the Second World War, the avant-garde becomes an officially recognized direction in art, zealously encouraged by modern big business structures and even conservative governments. Publishers, art exhibitions and museums are changing their positions dramatically.
Conclusion
The 19th century is a special period in the development of Russia. Progress was observed in all spheres of society. Russia created a new policy, diplomacy, army, industry, trade, architecture, science, art. In the 19th century there was a new rise of Russian national culture. Made in the country outstanding discoveries and inventions, works in the field of literature, painting, sculpture, architecture, music and theater have been created, which have become the property of all mankind. It was in the 19th century that Russia made almost its most significant contribution to world culture in the field of literature. The artistic culture of the turn of the century is an important page in cultural heritage Russia. Ideological inconsistency and ambiguity were inherent not only in artistic trends and trends, but also in the work of individual writers, artists, and composers. It was a period of renewal of various types and genres of artistic creativity, rethinking, “general reassessment of values”, in the words of M. V. Nesterov.
One of the most important components of the spiritual culture of mankind is artistic culture, which, together with cognitive, religious, moral, economic, political culture, is called upon to form the inner world of a person, to promote the development of a person as a creator of cultural values. Artistic culture is also a certain type of human activity, specific way realization of human creative potential. Artistic culture can be understood both essentially and functionally in the context of the entire spiritual culture.
Artistic culture is the culture of art production, the culture of its dissemination, propaganda, the culture of its perception, understanding, the culture of enjoying art.
The existence and social functioning of artistic culture are characterized by processes inherent in all types of social production, namely:
- production of artistic values;
- functioning of artistic values.
These processes concern both the institutions of art and art itself.
No social phenomenon can be understood within the framework of only one specific group of phenomena. The concept of artistic culture expresses a fundamentally new attitude to art, focuses on its social functioning and connection with the system of organizations that manage the artistic process, distribute and store its products, and train artistic personnel. That is why the concept of "artistic culture" should work within the framework of understanding the entire social context in which art functions. A work of art is a product not only of artistic activity, but of the entire process of the social functioning of art in society. Considering any work of art, one should take into account the forms of its inclusion in society and cultural life.
The sphere of artistic culture is the sphere of artistic values, representing the highest man-made forms of aesthetic values. Aesthetic values are always involved in culture in one way or another, although they may retain their natural autonomy (beauty in nature). In this case, the involvement of aesthetic values in culture is explained by the fact that social practice, the activities of people put this a natural phenomenon in a certain value relation to humanity.
There are three subsystems in the system of artistic culture, namely:
art production and its subjects (i.e. professional and amateur artists). Artistic production is the creative production of artistic values. For the effective functioning of the subjects of artistic production, an important role is played by the organizational forms of artistic activity ( creative unions and amateur groups. This also includes the system of art education (art universities and other educational establishments who train professional personnel for art), as well as various kinds of encouragement, stimulation of professional and amateur art creators (reviews, competitions, awards, honorary titles and etc.).
Artistic production is both a productive and actively driving principle of artistic culture, the state of which is primarily determined by the level of development of art. At the same time, the potential of artistic culture depends both on people's attitude to art and on the nature of their value systems in relation to works of art. An important role is also played by the factor associated with the "temporary possibilities of artistic life, since the influence of art on people is carried out in a certain time period."
artistic consumption and their subjects (spectators, readers, listeners). The sphere of artistic consumption is a vast world of artistic needs, tastes, assessments, ideals, complex world individual-personal perception of artistic values, due to various determinants ( social position, education, age, material possibilities to satisfy artistic needs, etc.);
reproduction, replication and distribution of already made art values. In other words, this is the industry of replicating works of art. These are art institutions and means of popularizing artistic values, this is the promotion of artistic culture, aesthetic education, etc. In essence, this subsystem performs "intermediary" functions between artistic production and artistic consumption, between subjects of artistic production and subjects of artistic consumption.
The most important component of the existence and functioning of artistic culture in society is the process of creativity.
The American philosopher E. Fromm calls the need for creativity one of the most important human needs. The animal is characterized by a passive adaptation to the world, while people are trying to transform it. The creative act is always a process of release and overcoming. It has an experience of power. That is why creativity is inseparable from freedom. Only the free can create, the philosopher notes.
A person cannot rise above the everyday prose of life without an inner readiness for the sublime, for a romantic impulse. According to Fromm, this requirement is dictated by the presence of creative forces in each individual, among which imagination and emotionality occupy a special place. In the act of creativity, the individual unites himself with the world, breaks the limits of the passivity of his existence, enters the realm of freedom, only in which he can feel himself truly human.
However, the deepest essence of the creative act unfolds in art, in artistic creativity. Art in general is predominantly a creative sphere. Any creative artistic act is a partial transformation of life. In a creative artistic attitude to the world, another world is revealed. However, the process and result of creativity carry a certain element of tragedy, which is expressed in the discrepancy between the idea and its implementation. The enormous creative energy of great artists can never be fully realized in their works.
Artistic works, as a rule, are considered as the result of a specific spiritual perception of reality by the artist and, based on this, his self-expression. At the same time, works of art are a means of spiritual communication between people. Artistic culture, as part of spiritual culture, is a means of preparing and attracting potential viewers, listeners, readers to art, which leads (immediately or indirectly) to a change in their inner world. That is why the process of reproduction of artistic values is a process that allows you to involve more and more people in communication through works of art, allows you to support and reproduce masterpieces of world art.
New phenomena of artistic culture are born in the context of this historical era, national culture, social structure societies, etc. Both by birth and artistic content they are a complex fusion of the temporary and the enduring, the national and the universal. Truly new artistic phenomena in in a certain sense ahead of their time, because they are called to "serve" not only the present, but also the future. They outgrow the level of artistic needs of their time and quite often turn out to be incomprehensible to this era. Therefore, one of the directions and manifestations of artistic development is the gradual overcoming of contradictions between artwork and its perception, understanding, evaluation.
The artistic culture of each era includes phenomena whose social and cultural meaning is different, and sometimes opposite. Some artistic phenomena are cultural relics, residual elements art systems, structures, styles that disappear. At the same time, such deep tendencies of social and artistic progress are also found in artistic culture, which so far have no direct connection with the current tasks of the time.
Plan.
Artistic culture and art.
Functions and types of art.
Directions, trends and styles of art.
Topic 4.1. Artistic culture and art.
Art culture- these are perfect, corresponding to the standards accepted in society, art classes and contributing to its functioning and development.
Artistic culture is the occupation of society, group, individual art, about it And in connection with him. The first activity is subdivided into the creation of art, which together with the performing arts is often called artistic creativity, and the consumption of it. The second activity consists of the creation, knowledge and dissemination of information about art. The third is mainly in the functional use of art, for example, in the artistic arrangement of everyday life and the provision of artistic influence on different areas of life. Consequently, artistic culture is not limited to the pursuit of art, is not limited to artistic activity. Art is just its core, central part. important activity is the assimilation of various information about art, which enlightens people about it, makes them artistically erudite, seriously helps them in the perception of art.
Usually people who only know about art are not considered artistically cultured. But can they refuse it? What’s more, there are actually quite a few of them. I think not. But as far as the fullness of their artistic culture is concerned, it certainly turns out to be limited. This follows from the difference between doing art, including its consumption, and activity about art, which consists in obtaining information about art and exchanging it with other people. The first is carried out in order to experience a special experience - aesthetic pleasure, and the second - in order to replenish knowledge about art and better comprehend it.
The peculiarity of artistic culture, its difference from other cultures, is determined by the specifics of art. The latter is a great simulacrum - an imitation of reality. However, unlike other simulacra, art appears not as an imitation of false models, ersatz, but as the result of such a doubling of reality, which carries about it artistic truth. Therefore, the standards of artistic activity are special, they prescribe for people to stay not in a really existing, but in an artistically depicted world, in which simulative thinking and appropriate actions are necessary.
Artistic culture is not only a professional, but also an amateur artistic activity of people, which they indulge in in their free time. Therefore, the subjects of artistic culture are not only those who are professionally engaged in art, but also all people who amateurly produce and consume it.
The artistic culture of individual people does not happen to be their own, but is the result of their familiarization with some of the artistic cultures existing in society. This is expressed in the presence of public, group artistic views in a person. A person's choice of artistic culture is rarely associated with his social affiliation, it is determined more by the characteristics of his artistic taste. His acceptance of artistic culture leaves room for its individual development. The individual vision of art, often with a claim to its own artistic culture, is of great importance for the creation and performance of works of art. To a certain extent, this also applies to all consumption of art.
It is important to emphasize that in all its manifestations, artistic culture appears as an activity carried out according to the standards existing in society and groups. This primarily applies to artistic creativity. The criterion for the cultural consumption of art is the comprehension by people art criticism, the degree of attachment to it.
Since artistic culture includes V studies about art and in connection with it, its standards are those that prescribe their exemplary implementation.
Art is one of the most important areas of culture, and unlike other areas of activity (occupation, profession, position, etc.), it is universally significant, without it it is impossible to imagine people's lives. The beginnings of artistic activity are noted even in primitive society long before the advent of science and philosophy. And, despite the antiquity of art, its irreplaceable role in human life, the long history of aesthetics, the problem of the essence and specificity of art still remains largely unresolved. What is the secret of art and why is it difficult to give strictly scientific definition his? The thing is, first of all, that art is not amenable to logical formalization, attempts to reveal its abstract essence have always ended either in approximation or in failure.
Three different meanings of this word can be distinguished, closely related to each other, but differing in their scope and content. In the broadest sense, the concept of “art” (and this, apparently, is its most ancient application) means any skill, skillfully, technically performed activity, the result of which is artificial in comparison with natural, natural. It is this meaning that follows from the ancient Greek word "techne" - art, skill.
The second, narrower meaning of the word "art" is creativity according to the laws of beauty. This kind of creativity is a wide range activities: the creation of useful things, machines, this should also include the design and organization of public and personal life, the culture of everyday behavior, communication between people, etc. Nowadays, creativity is successfully functioning according to the laws of beauty in various areas of design. special kind social activity is actually artistic creativity, the products of which are special spiritual aesthetic values - this is the third and narrowest sense of the word "art". It will be the subject of further consideration.
Art- a form of culture associated with the ability of the subject to aesthetic, practical-spiritual exploration of the world; a special side of social consciousness and human activity, which is a reflection of reality in artistic images; one of the most important ways of aesthetic understanding of objective reality, its reproduction in a figurative and symbolic way, relying on the resources of creative imagination; a specific means of holistic self-affirmation by a person of his essence, a way of forming the “human” in a person.
Characteristic features of art:
serves as a strong means of communication between people;
associated with experiences and emotions; presupposes predominantly sensory perception and certainly subjective perception-vision of reality;
it is imaginative and creative.
Modern science has established that art originated in the era of the Upper Paleolithic, i.e. about 30-40 millennium BC The polyphony of art also implies a variety of points of view on the reasons for its origin.
Religious theory. In accordance with it, beauty is one of the names of God, and art is a concrete-sensual expression of the divine idea. The origin of art is associated with the manifestation of the divine principle.
Game theory (G. Spencer, K. Bucher, W. Fritsche, F. Schiller). It lies in the fact that art is considered a game in itself, devoid of any content. Due to the fact that the game is a biological phenomenon inherent in all animals, then art is declared one of the natural phenomena. Since play is older than labor, art is older than the production of useful objects. Its main purpose is pleasure, enjoyment.
Erotic (N. Nardau, K. Lange, 3. Freud, etc.). Supporters of this point of view believed that art arises as a means of luring individuals of the other sex by representatives of one sex. For example, one of the most ancient forms of art - decoration - was created in order to produce the greatest sexual attraction.
Theory of imitation (Democritus, Aristotle, etc.). Here an attempt is expressed to connect the cause of the emergence of art with the social purpose of man. Aristotle saw in art "imitation" of mother nature and one of the means of "purifying" the feelings of a person, educating him beautiful, noble, courageous ("Poetics"). He considered the natural inclinations of man to imitate, imitate nature to be the reasons for the birth of art.
Functions and types of art
Social functions of art.
Cognitive (epistemological) function. Reflecting reality, art is one of the ways of understanding the spiritual world of people, the psychology of classes, nations, individuals and public relations. The specificity of this function of art lies in the desire to penetrate into the sphere of innermost spirituality and moral motives of the individual.
The axiological function of art is to assess its impact on a person in the context of defining ideals (or denying certain paradigms), i.e. generalized ideas of perfection spiritual development, about that normative model, the orientation towards which and the desire for which is set by the artist as a representative of society.
communicative function. Summarizing and concentrating in itself the diverse experience of the life of people from different eras, countries and generations, expressing their feelings, taste, ideal, views of the world, their worldview and worldview, art is one of the universal means of communication, communication between people, enriching the spiritual world of an individual the experience of all mankind. Classical works unite cultures and eras, pushing the horizons of the human worldview. “Art, all art,” wrote L.N. Tolstoy, - in itself has the ability to connect people. Any art does what people who perceive the feeling conveyed by the artist, unite in soul, firstly, with the artist and, secondly, with all people who have received the same impression.
The hedonic function is that genuine art brings people pleasure (and rejection of evil), spiritualizes them.
aesthetic function. By its very nature, art is highest form exploration of the world "according to the laws of beauty". It, in fact, arose as a reflection of reality in its aesthetic originality, expressing aesthetic consciousness and impact on people, forming an aesthetic worldview, and through it the whole spiritual world personality.
heuristic function. The creation of a work of art is an experience of creativity - the concentration of the creative forces of a person, his fantasy and imagination, the culture of feelings and the height of ideals, the depth of thought and skill. The development of artistic values is also a creative activity. Art itself carries an amazing ability to awaken the thoughts and feelings inherent in a work of art, and the very ability to create in its universal manifestation. The impact of art does not disappear with the cessation of direct contact with a work of art: productive emotional and mental energy is protected, as it were, “in reserve”, enters into a stable basis of personality.
educational function. The whole system of human relations to the world is expressed in art - the norms and ideals of freedom, truths, goodness, justice and beauty. A holistic, active perception of a work of art by the viewer is co-creation, it acts as a way of the intellectual and emotional spheres of consciousness in their harmonious interaction. This is the purpose of the educational and praxeological (activity) role of art.
Patterns of functioning of art:
the development of art is not of a progressive nature, it goes on, as it were, in jolts;
works of art always express the subjective vision of the world by the artist and have a subjective assessment on the part of the reader, viewer, listener;
artistic masterpieces are timeless and relatively independent of changing group and national tastes;
art is democratic (it affects people regardless of their education and intellect, does not recognize any social barriers);
genuine art, as a rule, is humanistically oriented; interplay of tradition and innovation.
Thus, art is a specific type of spiritual activity of people, which is characterized by a creative, sensual perception of the surrounding world in artistic and figurative forms.
Art, as the most important part of culture, finds its expression in a limitless variety of specific types of artistic creativity, the number and complexity of which - from rock drawings or primitive dance to the grandiose "show" or film series of our time - is steadily increasing as the aesthetic consciousness of mankind grows.
Principles of classification of art forms.
First of all, among the types of art there are:
fine arts (painting, graphics, sculpture, art photography) And
non-visual (music, architecture, arts and crafts, choreography).
The difference between them lies in the fact that the visual arts reproduce life in a form similar to it (depict it), while the non-pictorial ones directly convey the inner state of the spirit of people, their experiences, feelings, moods through a form that is “dissimilar” directly to the object of display.
The fine arts turn to reality as a source of the formation of the human world, non-fine arts - to the results of the impact of reality on the spiritual world of the individual (the worldview of people, their feelings, experiences, etc.).
The division of the arts into:
static (spatial) and
dynamic (temporary).
The former include painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, arts and crafts, artistic photography; to the second - literature, music, dance. Spatial arts with great power reproduce the visible beauty of reality, the harmony of space, are able to draw attention to certain aspects of the reflected world, to every detail of the work itself, which makes them indispensable in aesthetic education, teaching beauty. At the same time, they are powerless to directly convey the changes in life, its course. This is successfully done by temporary arts that can recreate both the course of events (literature) and the development of human feelings (music, choreography).
Not all types of art can be "ranked" to one or another clearly delimited type. On the basis of the synthesis of simple arts, synthetic arts arise. These include theatre, cinema and television. They, as a rule, combine the features of the fine and non-pictorial, spatial and temporal arts, so that they are sometimes even referred to as a special group of spatio-temporal arts.
According to the method of practical artistic development of the material, art can be divided into types that use natural material - marble, granite, wood, metal, paint, etc. (architecture, painting, graphics, sculpture, arts and crafts), sound (music), the word (primarily fiction), as well as the arts in which the person himself acts as the “material” (theater, cinema, television, stage, circus). A special place here is occupied by the word, the use of which is widely used by various types of art.
We also note the division of the arts into utilitarian (applied) and non-utilitarian (elegant; sometimes they are also called pure). In the works of utilitarian arts (architecture, arts and crafts) in recent decades, there has been an increasing utilitarian use of some types of fine arts (music in production and in medicine, painting in medicine), their purpose for practical material purposes and the proper aesthetic are organically intertwined. purposefulness.
Traditional aesthetics divides works of art, primarily on the basis of their relationship to the categories of space and time, into two large groups: spatial and temporal. In accordance with this criterion, the first group includes such types of artistic creativity in which movement is not detected: architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, etc. To the second - music, ballet, theater, other types of "spectacular" art. However, it is easy to see that far from all types of art are subject to such a “rigid” classification, many of which, if not all, could be called spatio-temporal.
The classification itself distinguishes the types of art - visual, musical, "synthetic", "technical", arts and crafts, etc.
Fine art affects a person visually, i.e. through visual perception. Works of fine arts, as a rule, have an objective (material) form and do not change in time and space (with the exception of cases of damage and destruction). Painting, sculpture, graphics, monumental art, and to a large extent arts and crafts belong to the spatial art.
Synthetic arts are types of artistic creativity, which are an organic fusion or a relatively free combination of different types of arts, forming a qualitatively new and unified aesthetic whole.
The "technical arts" in developed forms arose comparatively recently; it is a kind of symbiosis of art and technology. A typical example is the creation of “light music”, the essence of which is the desire to merge into a kind of organic synthesis the “melody” of changing light and color effects, on the one hand, and the actual melody, on the other.
Decorative and applied art is perhaps one of the most ancient. Its name comes from lat. “desogo” - I decorate, and the definition of “applied” contains the idea that it serves the practical needs of a person, while simultaneously satisfying his individual aesthetic needs.
A special area of decorative and applied art is all its manifestations, using nature itself as a source material, as if “connected” to the process of aestheticization of the human environment. “It is necessary to take under protection not only architectural monuments, but also entire landscapes, as is done, for example, in Scotland, where the entire “view” to the horizon is preserved,” wrote D.S. Likhachev. “Outstanding landscapes should be taken into account and preserved as monuments of culture (human and natural).”
Kinds of art- these are historically established, stable forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize the content of life and differ in the ways of its material embodiment. Art exists and develops as a system of interconnected types, the diversity of which is due to the versatility of the real world itself, displayed in the process of artistic creation.
Each type of art has its own specific arsenal of visual and expressive means and techniques.
Qualitative characteristics of art forms.
Architecture- the formation of reality according to the laws of beauty when creating buildings and structures designed to serve human needs in housing and public spaces. Architecture is a kind of art, the purpose of which is the creation of structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of people. It performs in people's lives not only an aesthetic function, but also a practical one. Architecture as an art form is static, spatial. The artistic image here is created in a non-pictorial way. It reflects certain ideas, moods and desires with the help of the ratio of scales, masses, shapes, colors, connection with the surrounding landscape, that is, with the help of specifically expressive means.
applied arts- these are things that surround and serve us, create our life and comfort, things made not only as useful, but also as beautiful, having a style and artistic image that expresses their purpose and carries generalized information about the type of life, about the era, about worldview of the people. The aesthetic impact of applied art is daily, hourly, every minute. Works of applied art can rise to the heights of art.
decorative arts- aesthetic development of the environment surrounding a person, artistic design of a "second nature" created by a person: buildings, structures, premises, squares, streets, roads. This art invades everyday life, creating beauty and comfort in and around residential and public spaces. Works of decorative art can be a doorknob and a fence, a stained-glass window and a lamp that enter into a synthesis with architecture.
Painting- an image on the plane of pictures of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist; the allocation of the elementary and most popular aesthetic sense - the sense of color in a special sphere and its transformation into one of the means of artistic exploration of the world.
Graphic arts is based on a single-color drawing and uses a contour line as the main visual means: a dot, a stroke, a spot. Depending on the purpose, it is divided into easel and applied printing: engraving, lithography, etching, caricature, etc.
Sculpture- spatial and visual art, mastering the world in plastic, images that are imprinted in materials that can convey the life image of phenomena. Sculpture reproduces reality in volume-spatial forms. The main materials are: stone, bronze, marble, wood. According to its content, it is divided into monumental, easel, sculpture of small forms. According to the shape of the image, they distinguish: three-dimensional three-dimensional sculpture, relief-convex images on the plane. The relief, in turn, is subdivided into bas-relief, high relief, counter-relief. Basically, all genres of sculpture developed in the period of antiquity. In our time, the number of materials suitable for sculpture has expanded: works of steel, concrete, and plastic have arisen.
Literature is a written form of the art of the word. It creates a real living being with the help of the word. Literary works are divided into three types: epic, lyric, drama. The epic literature includes the genres of the novel, story, short story, essay. Lyric works are poetic genres: elegy, sonnet, ode, madrigal, poem. Drama is meant to be staged. Dramatic genres include: drama, tragedy, comedy, farce, tragicomedy, etc. In these works, the plot is revealed through dialogues and monologues. The main expressive and visual means of literature is the word. The word is an expressive means and mental form of literature, the symbolic basis of its figurativeness. Imagery lies at the very foundation of the language, which is created by the people, absorbs all their experience and becomes a form of thinking.
Theater- an art form that artistically masters the world through a dramatic action carried out by actors in front of the audience. Theater is a special kind of collective creativity that unites the efforts of a playwright, director, artist, composer, and actors. Through the actor, the idea of the performance is embodied. The actor turns on the action and gives theatricality to everything that is on the stage. The scenery creates on the stage the interior of the room, the landscape, the view of the city street, but all this will remain a dead props if the actor does not spiritualize things with stage behavior.
Music- an art that consolidates and develops the possibilities of non-verbal sound communication associated with human speech. Music, based on the generalization and processing of the intonations of human speech, develops its own language. The basis of music is intonation. The structure of music is rhythm and harmony, which in their combination give a melody. Loudness, timbre, tempo, rhythm and other elements also play a significant, meaning-forming role in music.
Choreography- the art of dance, the echo of music.
Dance- a melodic and rhythmic sound that has become a melodic and rhythmic movement human body revealing the characters of people, their feelings and thoughts about the world. The emotional state of a person is expressed not only in the voice, but also in gestures, the nature of movements. Even a person's gait can be swift, joyful, sad.
Circus- the art of acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, pantomime, juggling, tricks, clowning, musical eccentricity, horse riding, animal training. The circus is not a record holder, but an image of a person demonstrating his highest capabilities, solving super-tasks, creating in accordance with his super-task, according to the laws of eccentricity.
Photo art- the creation by chemical-technical and optical means of a visual image of a documentary value, artistically expressive and authentically capturing an essential moment of reality in a frozen image. Documentary is the "golden backing" of a photo that captures forever the fact of life.
Movie- the art of visual moving images created on the basis of the achievements of modern chemistry and optics, art that has acquired its own language, widely embracing life in all its aesthetic richness and synthetically absorbing the experience of other art forms.
A television- a means of mass video information capable of transmitting aesthetically processed impressions of being at a distance; the new kind art, providing intimacy, domesticity of perception, the effect of the presence of the viewer (the effect of "momentary"), the chronicle and documentary nature of artistic information.
Art forms are closely related to each other, mutually influence each other. Even such seemingly distant art forms as cinema and architecture, music and painting are interconnected. Art forms have a direct influence on each other. Even in ancient times, architecture interacted with monumental sculpture, painting, mosaics, and icons.
Interacting with each other, different types of art solve a common problem - the task aesthetic education people, the formation and development of their spiritual world.
