Our answer to the false Western propaganda that the Russians "have never created anything, and are not in a position to create anything," and that "the best and most necessary things were created by the Americans and Europeans"...
"Three heroes". Viktor Vasnetsov, 1898
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Pavel Yablochkov - inventor of the first electric light bulb
1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin - the world's first electric light bulb.
2. A.S. Popov is the inventor of the radio.
3. V.K. Zworykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and broadcasting).
4. A.F. Mozhaisky is the inventor of the world's first aircraft.
5. I.I. Sikorsky - a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber.
6. A.M. Ponyatov - the world's first video recorder.
7. S.P. Korolev is the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, the first satellite of the Earth.
8. A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov - the world's first quantum generator - a maser.
9. S.V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first female professor).
10. S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photograph.
11. A.A. Alekseev - the creator of the needle screen.
12. F.A. Pirotsky - the world's first electric tram.
13. F.A. Blinov is the world's first caterpillar tractor.
14. V.A. Starevich is a three-dimensional animated film.
15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, a turning wheel.
16. O.V. Losev is the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device.
17. V.P. Mutilin is the world's first mounted construction harvester.
18. A. R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvester.
19. V.P. Demikhov was the first in the world to perform a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart.
20. A.P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - isotope geochemistry.
21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first heat engine.
22. G.E. Kotelnikov - the first backpack rescue parachute.
Academician Igor Kurchatov under his leadership developed the world's first hydrogen bomb
23. I.V. Kurchatov is the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk), also under his leadership, the world's first hydrogen bomb with a capacity of 400 kt was developed, detonated on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 thermonuclear bomb (Tsar bomb) with a record power of 52,000 kt.
24. M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current.
25. V.P. Vologdin, the world's first high-voltage liquid cathode mercury rectifier, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry.
26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879.
27. V.P. Glushko - the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine.
28. V.V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of an arc discharge.
29. N.G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding.
30. I.F. Alexandrovsky - invented a stereo camera.
31. D.P. Grigorovich - the creator of the seaplane.
32. V.G. Fedorov - the world's first automatic machine.
33. A.K. Nartov - built the world's first lathe with a movable caliper.
34. M.V. Lomonosov - for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world he began to teach a course in physical chemistry, for the first time he discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus.
35. I.P. Kulibin - a mechanic, developed the project of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, the inventor of the searchlight.
36. V.V. Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc.
37. P.I. Prokopovich - for the first time in the world invented a frame hive, in which he used a store with frames.
38. N.I. Lobachevsky - mathematician, creator of "non-Euclidean geometry".
39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar.
40. B.O. Jacobi - invented electroforming and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft.
41. P.P. Anosov, a metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel.
42. D.I. Zhuravsky - for the first time developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used throughout the world.
43. N.I. Pirogov - for the first time in the world compiled an atlas "Topographic Anatomy", which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, gypsum and much more.
44. I.R. Hermann - for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals.
45. A.M. Butlerov - for the first time formulated the main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds.
46. I.M. Sechenov, the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work, Reflexes of the Brain.
47. D.I. Mendeleev - discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, the creator of the table of the same name.
48. M.A. Novinsky - a veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology.
49. G.G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world developed a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable.
50. K.S. Dzhevetsky - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor.
51. N.I. Kibalchich - for the first time in the world developed a scheme of a rocket aircraft.
52. N.N. Benardos - invented electric welding.
53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science.
54. V.I. Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera.
55. A.G. Stoletov - a physicist, for the first time in the world created a photoelectric cell based on an external photoelectric effect.
56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first radial gas turbine.
57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible light-sensitive non-combustible film, formed the basis for the creation of cinema.
58. I.A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera.
59. S. M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M. F. Freidenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange.
60. N.D. Pilchikov, a physicist, created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system for the first time in the world.
61. V.A. Gassiev - engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine.
62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky is the founder of astronautics.
63. P.N. Lebedev - a physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids.
64. I.P. Pavlov is the creator of the science of higher nervous activity.
65. VI Vernadsky - naturalist, founder of many scientific schools.
66. A.N. Scriabin, a composer, was the first in the world to use lighting effects in symphonic poem"Prometheus".
67. N.E. Zhukovsky is the creator of aerodynamics.
68. S.V. Lebedev - for the first time received artificial rubber.
69. G.A. Tikhov, an astronomer, was the first in the world to establish that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as you know, this was confirmed when shooting our planet from space.
70. N.D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first carbon highly effective gas mask.
71. N.P. Dubinin - geneticist, discovered the divisibility of the gene.
72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922.
73. E.K. Zavoisky discovered electric paramagnetic resonance.
74. N.I. Lunin - proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings.
75. N.P. Wagner - discovered the pedogenesis of insects.
76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world to perform an operation to treat glaucoma.
77. S.S. Yudin - for the first time used in the clinic the blood transfusion of suddenly dead people.
78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted existence and created piezoelectric textures for the first time.
79. L.V. Shubnikov - Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors).
80. N.A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes.
81. P.P. Lazarev is the creator of the ion theory of excitation.
82. P.A. Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde.
83. N.A. Umov - a physicist, the equation of energy movement, the concept of energy flow; By the way, he was the first to explain practically and without ether the fallacies of the theory of relativity.
84. E.S. Fedorov is the founder of crystallography.
85. G.S. Petrov is a chemist, the world's first synthetic detergent.
86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a range finder for artillerymen.
87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method for making woven banknotes and a method for single-pass multiple printing (Orlov printing).
88. Mikhail Ostrogradsky - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral).
89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram.
90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, Ch. radiation (new optical effect), Ch. counter (detector of nuclear radiation in nuclear physics).
91. D.K. Chernov - points Ch. (critical points of phase transformations of steel).
92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not the same Kalashnikov, but another, who was the first in the world to equip river vessels with a steam engine with multiple steam expansion.
93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, reaction K. (phosphozoreaction).
94. A.M. Lyapunov, a mathematician, created the theory of stability, equilibrium, and motion of mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.'s theorem (one of the limiting theorems of probability theory).
95. Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov's laws (elasticity of parasolutions).
96. S.N. Reformatsky - organic chemist, Reformatsky reaction.
97. V.A. Semennikov - metallurgist, the first in the world to carry out the semerization of copper matte and obtain blister copper.
98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of non-equilibrium processes).
99. M.M. Protodyakonov - a scientist, developed a scale of rock strength generally accepted in the world.
100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balm Sh. (vinylin).
101. M.S. Color - Color method (chromatography of plant pigments).
102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet passenger aircraft and the first supersonic passenger aircraft.
103. A.S. Famintsyn, a plant physiologist, was the first to develop a method for carrying out photosynthetic processes under artificial lighting.
104. B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - the thermal calculation of aircraft engines and air-breathing engines.
105. A.I. Leipunsky - a physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and molecules to free electrons during collisions.
106. D.D. Maksutov - optician, telescope M. (meniscus system of optical instruments).
107. N.A. Menshutkin - a chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction.
108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology.
109. S.N. Winogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis.
110. V.S. Pyatov - a metallurgist, invented a method for the production of armor plates by rolling.
111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal combine (for coal mining).
112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants.
113. S.S. Bryukhonenko - a physiologist, created the first heart-lung machine in the world (autojector).
114. G.P. Georgiev - biochemist, discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells.
115. E.A. Murzin - invented the world's first optical-electronic synthesizer "ANS".
116. P.M. Golubitsky is a Russian inventor in the field of telephony.
117. VF Mitkevich - for the first time in the world proposed to use a three-phase arc for welding metals.
118. L.N. Gobyato - colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904.
119. V.G. Shukhov, an inventor, was the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers.
120. I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian round-the-world trip, explored the islands Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and Fr. Sakhalin.
121. F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica.
122. The world's first icebreaker of the modern type - the steamer of the Russian fleet "Pilot" (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker - "Ermak", built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarov..
123. V.N. Sukachev is the founder of biogeocenology, one of the founders of the doctrine of phytocenosis, its structure, classification, dynamics, relationships with the environment and its animal population.
124. Alexander Nesmeyanov, Alexander Arbuzov, Grigory Razuvaev - creation of chemistry of organoelement compounds..
125. V.I. Levkov - under his leadership, for the first time in the world, air-cushion vehicles were created.
126. G.N. Babakin - Russian designer, creator of Soviet lunar rovers.
127. P.N. Nesterov - the first in the world to perform a closed curve in a vertical plane on an airplane, a "dead loop", later called the "Nesterov loop".
128. B.B. Golitsyn - became the founder of a new science of seismology.
129. V.M. Bekhterev is a world-renowned scientist and encyclopedist with many discoveries in the field of the structure, pathways and functions of the brain and psyche, a morphologist nervous system and the brain, a psychophysiologist, a neurologist - a neurologist-clinician and a psychiatrist, a psychologist - the founder of a number of branches of psychological science.
And all this is only an insignificant part of the contribution of Russians to world science.
Every day we meet with Russian surnames: these are the surnames of our friends and classmates, the surnames of teachers, the surnames of scientists, writers, researchers that we hear in the lessons, which we read about in books, the surnames of theater and film artists, the surnames of politicians and athletes, about whom we learn from TV shows and social networks. It is always interesting to immerse yourself in the history of your country, your ancestors, your family.
In our research work, we formulated the following problem: what secrets and mysteries do Russian surnames keep in themselves? Based on this, we have identified:
− object of study - Russian surnames,
− the subject of research is the origin of Russian surnames.
The purpose of our work: to find out how Russian surnames originated, and divide them into groups according to the history of their occurrence.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were put forward:
- to study the issue of the origin of Russian surnames and identify their features;
- determine the history of the emergence of Russian common, rare, unusual surnames;
- compare material on the history of the origin of the surnames of the indicated groups;
- to investigate the origin and meaning of the names of classmates (5 A class MBOU "Gymnasium No. 44" in Kursk).
Working hypothesis: we think that Russian surnames are a real encyclopedia of history, ethnography, life, ideals, views of the Russian people. They most often reflect the profession, place of birth, family ties of people.
Research methods: description, classification, comparison, generalization, analysis.
The official assignment of a surname to each person took place less than a century ago, which in the framework of history is a very small period of time.
The history of each individual surname is unique in its own way. Sometimes dozens of people with the same last name live in the same area. Sometimes it also happens that we smile when we hear some unusual last name. In recent times, the history of the origin and distribution of surnames worried only linguists, historians, ethnographers, and, of course, the owners of this value. But today, scientists from the laboratory of popular human genetics of the State Medical Genetic Institute have become interested in this issue. scientific center RAMN. Scientists argue that the entire Russian gene pool is hidden in the origins of the origin of native Russian surnames.
Thus, a group of researchers led by Elena Balanovskaya carried out work on the topic “Family portraits of five Russian regions”. The criterion for inclusion in the list of a surname was as follows: it was included if at least five carriers of this surname lived in the region for three generations. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions: Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. The first 25 surnames from this list of so-called "all-Russian surnames": Smirnov, Ivanov, Kuznetsov, Sokolov, Popov, Lebedev, Kozlov, Novikov, Morozov, Petrov, Volkov, Solovyov, Vasiliev, Zaitsev, Pavlov, Semyonov, Golubev, Vinogradov, Bogdanov , Vorobyov, Fedorov, Mikhailov, Belyaev, Tarasov, Belov. The origin and significance of some of them is curious.
The most common surname in Russia is Ivanov. Initially, this is a middle name from the form Ivan male name John. Ivanov is a primordially Russian surname, since the derivative name has been in use for several centuries. It was typical name men of peasant origin. No less common is the surname Smirnov. According to one version, in ancient times there was an estate of wandering people who led a nomadic lifestyle, moving throughout Rus'. It is believed that, when entering the territory of a settlement for the first time, they uttered the phrase: “Greetings, good people. We go WITH THE NEW WORLD. The surname Kuznetsov is the third most popular. The surname Kuznetsov comes from the naming of his father by occupation. The blacksmith used to be a necessary and famous person in his village, so they called such a surname everywhere.
There are actually a lot of rare surnames that really cut the ear. There are just a relatively small number of carriers of such surnames. Initially, a person was given a nickname that distinguished him from the rest of the mass of the people. If a nickname was assigned to a person, it gradually became the name of a certain genus, family, even if unofficially. So nicknames turned into surnames. Some of them managed to survive, others irretrievably gone into the past and exist for us only on paper. Rare surnames are not always funny and ridiculous. Among them there are many harmonious and beautiful - those that their carriers are rightly proud of.
The origin of the surname Owl is connected with nature, namely with the animal world. Giving the baby such a name, the parents wanted nature to perceive the child as her own, so that he would pass on those useful qualities that the chosen representative of the animal world is endowed with. The surname Pechka originates from the nickname Pechka, which goes back to a similar common noun. In the old days, a stove (stove) was available in every Russian house. The surname Workers is formed from the nickname Worker. Most likely, the founder of the Rabotyagov family was a hardworking, diligent peasant or craftsman.
The topic of the experimental part of our work: "The origin and meaning of the names of students of grade 5A MBOU" Gymnasium No. 44 "". Having studied the works of research scientists, we found that most of them agree on the origin of surnames and distinguish the following groups: surnames formed from the forms of names; surnames formed from the name of the area where one of the ancestors came from; surnames formed from professional nicknames of ancestors; a group of surnames that students of religious institutions received; surnames formed from the names of representatives of the animal world.
Taking into account the above groups identified by scientists, we conducted our own study, the subject of which was the names of students in grade 5 A. To successfully complete this task, we needed existing surname dictionaries and explanatory dictionaries, with the help of which we searched for a surname or a word that formed the basis of a surname.
In total in our cool list 24 surnames. In the class, guys are different national composition. Among them there are Hispanics, Armenians, Russians, so the origin of the surnames reflects the traditions and customs of these peoples.
The analysis of the names of classmates helped to compile tables 1, 2 and analyze the names of the students in our class:
Table 1
Classification of surnames by origin
table 2
Classification by grammatical features
|
|||
|
Baramykin Burmistrova Breeders Gavrilova Gridasov |
Makhovskaya Polyanskaya pushing Prasolov |
Salnikova Simankova Soshnikov |
Omelchenko Sinkevich |
|
|||
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Burmistrova Gavrilova Gridasov Prasolov |
Salnikova Simankova Soshnikov |
Breeders |
Baramykin |
The material of the tables allows us to draw the following conclusion: most of the surnames of the class are formed from names, declined and with the suffix -ov-.
Thus, as a result of our research work we can draw the following conclusions:
- Russian surnames by origin and formation can be divided into the following groups:
− from proper names;
- from nicknames (descendants sometimes received a surname from the everyday name of a person, which displayed a property of character, appearance And. etc.);
- from the area where one of the ancestors came from (the names of cities, villages, villages, rivers, lakes were taken as the basis of the surname);
- from professions or professional nicknames;
− from religious institutions, parishes or church holidays;
- from the names of plants and animals.
- The emergence of Russian common surnames is mainly associated with nicknames. Rare surnames, not all have survived to this day, some have survived only on paper. Rare surnames are not always funny and ridiculous. Among them there are many euphonious and beautiful - such that their carriers are rightfully proud of.
- Most The surnames of the class are formed from names, declined and with the suffix -ov-.
- Surname translated from Latin - family. It is passed down from generation to generation. To find out what the meaning of a surname is, you need to turn to its origins. It is a reflection of the history of the family and the country. It is necessary to treat all surnames with respect, not to allow their distortions.
There are no last names:
Funny, proud, serious,
With a double meaning and with a secret,
Screaming, sullen, funny!
There are a lot of tasty surnames:
There is borschov, Smetanin and Pancake,
There are a lot of sad surnames:
There are Plaksin, Bezzubov, Innocent.
Surnames are also colored:
And Black, and White, and Red.
Surnames are nominal:
Petrov, Ivanov or Grishin.
Surnames roam the world
And they are looking for the taste of the owners ...
Surnames that don't exist:
And good, and evil, and desperate!
Literature:
- Vedina T.F. Encyclopedia of Russian Surnames. Secrets of origin and meaning. Publishing House: Astrel, AST: 2008
- Ganzhina I. M. Dictionary of modern Russian surnames. M.: Astrel, AST, 2001
- Gorbanevsky M.V., Maksimov V.O. Onomastics for everyone. M .: IIC "History of Surnames". 2008
- Dal V.I. Dictionary of the living Russian language vols. 1–4 M.: 1978
- Medvedev Yu. M. 10000 Russian names and surnames. encyclopedic Dictionary. M.. 2009
- Nikonov V. A. Dictionary of Russian surnames / comp. e.L. Krushelnitsky; foreword M.: 1993
- Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Together with N. Yu. Shvedova. - M.: 1992
- Olenin N. B. Why Fedor's children became Fedorovs. Electronic journal"Research in Russia". 2002. 171/021118, pp. 1896–1909
- Superanskaya A.V., Suslova A.V. About Russian surnames. M.: 2008
- Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: popular etymological dictionary. M.: 2006
- Sheiko N. I. Russian names and surnames. M., 2005
- http://famcentre.ru/page96.php research center for the origin of surnames.
- http://historylib.org historical library.
What are the most common surnames in Russia today? Which one is the most common? Probably, you will say that the most common surname is Ivanov. And you can't go wrong. We have prepared a list for you, which includes the most common surnames in Russia. Also, we will give some examples of the origin of the most common surnames in Russia.
List of Balanovskaya
A group of researchers led by Elena Balanovskaya published in 2005 in the journal "Medical Genetics" a work entitled "Family Portraits" of five Russian regions.
The criterion for inclusion in the list of a surname was as follows: it was included if at least five carriers of this surname lived in the region for three generations. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern.
- The first 25 surnames from this list, the so-called "all-Russian surnames":
Smirnov, Ivanov, Kuznetsov, Sokolov, Popov, Lebedev
Kozlov, Novikov, Morozov, Petrov, Volkov, Solovyov
Vasiliev, Zaitsev, Pavlov, Semyonov, Golubev, Vinogradov
Bogdanov, Vorobyov, Fedorov, Mikhailov, Belyaev, Tarasov, Belov
A similar list was compiled by V. A. Nikonov on the basis of the telephone directory of Moscow in the 80s of the XX century. He, on the basis of extensive material (surnames of about 3 million people), identified the most common Russian surnames (according to his data, Smirnov, Ivanov, Popov and Kuznetsov) and compiled a map of the distribution of these and other most common surnames.
At the end of the 20th century, Nazarov A.I. compiled new list 100 most frequent surnames of residents of St. Petersburg, in which there are 17 new surnames compared to the previous list. Also, many surnames in it are not in the same places as at the beginning of the 20th century. The most popular: Ivanov, Vasiliev, Smirnov, Petrov, Mikhailov.
Zhuravlev's list is a modern edition.
Another list of the most popular Russian surnames (500 surnames), but more modern, was compiled at the beginning of the 21st century by a team of employees of the Department of Etymology and Onomastics of the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the leadership of A.F. Zhuravlev.
- The first 25 surnames from this list:
Ivanov, Smirnov, Kuznetsov, Popov, Vasiliev, Petrov, Sokolov, Mikhailov, Novikov, Fedorov, Morozov, Volkov, Alekseev, Lebedev, Semyonov, Egorov, Pavlov, Kozlov, Stepanov, Nikolaev, Orlov, Andreev, Makarov, Nikitin, Zakharov
Curious origin and meaning of some of them
The most common surname in Russia is Ivanov.
Initially, this is a patronymic from the form Ivan from the male name John. Ivanov is a primordially Russian surname, since the derivative name was in use for several centuries, among the peasantry it captured literally all men.
IN Russian capital now there are thousands of Ivanovs, among them there are even Ivan Ivanovichs. And this is despite the fact that the name Ivanov is not very typical for Moscow. But it is common in major centers. However, in some areas its absence, although not complete, is due to the fact that the name Ivan was used in other forms, patronymics from which they became the progenitors of surnames.
There are over a hundred of these forms. For example, the surname Ivin can be attributed here, since almost all Ivins got their surname not from the name of the Iva tree, but from Iva, a diminutive form of the popular male name. Another form of the name is Ivsha. So are the diminutive forms of Ivan - Ishko and Itsko. The latter is more characteristic of Smolensk dialects or Belarusian language. Ishko is a South Russian dialect or Ukrainian language.
Also, the ancient forms of the name Ivan are Ishunya and Ishuta. Former surname Ivanov used with an emphasis on the letter a. Now more often the stress is placed on the last syllable. It is worth noting that some carriers of this surname often insist on the accent on a. This seems to them nobler than the second pronunciation.
In Moscow, the number of Ivanovs is relatively small. Much more of them live in regional centers. It is also necessary to note a huge number of forms of this surname: Ivanchikov, Ivankovy and many others. By the way, other surnames were formed in exactly the same way, which have names at their core: Sidorovs, Egorovs, Sergeevs, Semenovs and many others.
No less common is the surname Smirnov.
- actor Only in Moscow there are about seventy thousand owners of such a surname. Why so much? Everything is simple. Previously, in a large family, peasant parents sighed with relief if quiet, not noisy children were born. This is a rather rare quality and is captured in the name of Smyrna. It, therefore, was often the main name of a person in life, since the church name was immediately forgotten.
The Smirnovs came from the Smirnys. Researchers note that this is the most common surname over a vast territory that covers the entire Northern Volga region, but most often the Smirnovs are found in the Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo and neighboring regions. When moving away from this zone, the surname is less common. The earliest references to this surname refer to the Vladimir tithe, when the following was written on birch bark: “Ivan Smirnov, son of Samarin” or “Stepan, the humble son of the Kuchuks.” Gradually, the noun meek changed the emphasis. In addition to the familiar surname, there are other derivatives that are less common, these are Smirenkin, Smirnitsky, Sminin, Smirensky.
It should also be added that the surname Smirnov is the ninth among the most common in the world. Today it is worn by more than 2.5 million people. In Russia, most people have such a surname in the Volga region and the central regions: Kostroma, Ivanovo and Yaroslavl.
The surname Kuznetsov is the third most popular
It is easy to guess that the surname came from the kind of human activity. In ancient times, the blacksmith was quite respected and wealthy man. Moreover, blacksmiths were often considered almost sorcerers and were a little afraid. Still: this man knew the secrets of fire, he could make a plow, a sword or a horseshoe out of a piece of ore.
The surname Kuznetsov comes from the naming of his father by occupation. The blacksmith used to be a necessary and famous person in his village, so they called such a surname everywhere. By the way, there are thousands of Kuznetsovs in Moscow, however, they are inferior in number to the Ivanovs.
Most often, the surname was found in Penza province. Well, in general, throughout the country, the distribution of the Kuznetsovs is limited due to the use of the Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian dialects, but from the west to the south-west the surname with the basis "blacksmith" still spreads. It is worth noting that other peoples also have very frequent surnames, where the base means "blacksmith". The British have the surname Smith, and the Germans have Schmidt.
Here it is worth noting such a fairly common Russian surname as Kovalev. Although the words "koval" in Russian literary language and no. But in Ukraine and in the south of Russia, a blacksmith was called that.
But Kuznechikhin and Kovalikhin are formed from the name of a woman - the wife of a blacksmith. Kovankov and Kovalkov are Russified Belarusian and Ukrainian surnames. The names of birds and animals are also one of the sources of surnames and nicknames.
The origin of the surname is quite obvious - Popov.
- Russian physicist and electrical engineer, professor, inventor, state councilor Initially, Popov meant "son of a priest", "son of Pop". And here it is worth noting that not all Popovs or Popkovs are descendants of priests. Pop (or Popko) as a personal name was quite common among the laity. Religious parents gladly named their children Popili and Popko. However, sometimes the name Popov was given to an employee of the priest, a farm laborer.
This surname is common especially in the north of Russia. The calculation of the Popovs showed that in the Arkhangelsk province quite often there is a person with such a surname per thousand people.
Thousands of Popovs and in the Russian capital. Researchers suggest that in the north of Russia the surname spread due to the fact that the election of the clergy there, including priests, took place among the inhabitants.
The basis of the surname Vasiliev was the church name Vasily.
Alexander Vasiliev "Spleen" The male baptismal name Vasily goes back to Greek word basileus - "ruler, king." Among the patrons of the name are the holy martyr Basil the Athenian, the holy martyr of the 4th century Basil of Ankiria, the Novgorod saint Basil the Blessed, who performed the feat of foolishness and tirelessly denounced lies and hypocrisy.
It should be noted that surnames formed from full form name, had mainly the social elite, nobility, or families who enjoyed great authority in the area, whose representatives the neighbors respectfully called full name, in contrast to people from other classes, who were called, as a rule, diminutive, derivative, everyday names.
In addition, some Vasilievs have noble origin. In the history of Russia there are several noble families Vasiliev.
No less interesting is the origin of the surname - Petrov.
Alexander Petrov - actor The surname Petrov goes back to the canonical male name Peter (translated from other Greek - “stone, rock”). Peter was one of the apostles of Christ, he founded the Christian church and was considered a very strong patron for man.
The surname Petrov is one of the 10 most frequent in Russia (in some territories up to 6-7 people per thousand).
The name Peter became especially widespread in the 18th century, when this name began to be given in honor of Emperor Peter I. Surnames formed from the full form of the name had mainly the social elite, to know, or families that enjoyed great authority in the area, whose representatives were respectfully neighbors called by the full name, in contrast to other classes, which were called, as a rule, diminutive, derivative, everyday names.
The patron of the name Peter was a Christian saint, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ - Peter. In Catholicism, it is believed that the apostle Peter was the first bishop of Rome, that is, the first pope. He was canonized in both the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
In Rome, the feast of Saints Peter and Paul was introduced, as the two most revered apostles, called the chief holy apostles for their especially zealous service to the Lord and the spread of the faith of Christ.
In Rus', they believed that if you give a child the name of a saint or great martyr, then his life will be bright, good or difficult, because there is invisible connection between the name and destiny of a person. Peter, eventually received the name Petrov.
The surname Mikhailov is no less popular.
Stas Mikhailov - artist The basis of the surname was church name Michael. The male baptismal name Michael, translated from Hebrew, means "equal, like God." The surname Mikhailov was based on his old everyday form - Mikhailo.
Among the patrons of this name is the most revered biblical character. The Revelation of John the Theologian tells of the heavenly battle of the archangel Michael and his angels with the seven-headed and ten-horned dragon, as a result of which the great dragon, the ancient serpent, called the devil and Satan, was cast down to earth.
Also in Russia, surnames have always been popular, which were based on the name of birds and animals. Medvedevs, Volkovs, Skvortsovs, Perepelkins - this list is endless. Among the first hundred most common Russian surnames"Beasts" are very common.
According to researchers, Russian surnames are more often associated with birds than with animals or fish. This is partly justified by the cult of birds among Russians.
However, on the other hand, the main reason is not in the cult of birds, but in the everyday and economic role of birds in the life of a Russian person: this is a wide industrial hunting, and poultry farming, which was noted in every family, and much more.
Among the "bird" the most common surname in Russia is Sokolov.
Andrey Sokolov - actor This patronymic is from the non-church Russian male name Sokol. According to some estimates, in St. Petersburg, the surname ranked 7th in frequency, and of the surnames that were formed from non-canonical names, Sokolov was second only to Smirnov.
However, given surname, as mentioned above, appeared not only thanks to the name of the bird, but also thanks to the old Russian name. In honor of the beautiful and proud bird, parents often gave their sons the name Falcon. It was one of the most common non-church names. In general, it should be noted that the Russians very often used the names of birds to create names. Some scientists even believe that this is due to the cult of birds that our ancestors had.
"Bird" surname Lebedev
Another "bird" surname that made our list. Researchers argue about its origin. most plausible version The appearance of the surname Lebedev is its origin from the non-church name Lebed.
Some scientists associate this surname with the city, which is located in the Sumy region.
There is a version that connects the origin of this surname with a special group of people - "swans". These are serfs who were supposed to deliver swans to the princely table. Such was special kind tribute.
It is possible that this surname arose due to the admiration of a person for this beautiful bird.
There is another theory regarding the surname Lebedev: it is believed that it was given to priests because of the euphony.
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ALL PHOTOS
For three years, participants in the Russian Gene Pool project (in the photo - its leader Elena Balanovskaya) went around with a syringe and a test tube almost the entire European territory of the Russian Federation and made a very representative sample of Russian blood
Kommersant. POWER
Russian scientists have completed and are preparing for publication the first large-scale study gene pool of the Russian people. According to Kommersant-Vlast magazine, the publication of the results could have unpredictable consequences for Russia and the world order.
Anthropologists have been able, over several decades of intense research, to reveal the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to translate into a single scale all the photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with full-face and profile images. typical representatives of the population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them in the pupils of the eyes, put them on top of each other. The final photo portraits turned out, of course, blurry, but they gave an idea of the appearance of the reference Russian people. This was the first truly sensational discovery. Indeed, similar attempts by French scientists led to a result that they had to hide from the citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations with the received photographs of the reference Jacques and Marianne, gray faceless ovals of faces looked. Such a picture, even among the French most distant from anthropology, could cause an unnecessary question: is there a French nation at all?
Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go further than creating photo portraits of typical representatives of the Russian population in different regions of the country and did not superimpose them on top of each other in order to get the appearance of an absolute Russian person, Vlast writes. They explained this to the publication by the supposedly scientific lack of information of such work, but in the end they were forced to admit that they could get into trouble at work for such a photograph. For them, this work was done by the artists of the magazine (see PHOTO). By the way, the "regional" sketches of Russian people were published in the general press only in 2002, and before that they were published in small editions only in scientific publications for specialists.
Unfortunately, mostly black and white old archival photos of the faces of Russian people do not allow us to convey the height, physique, skin color, hair and eyes of a Russian person. However, anthropologists have created a verbal portrait of Russian men and women. These are of medium build and medium height, light brown-haired with light eyes - gray or blue. By the way, in the course of the research, a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The reference Ukrainian differs from the Russian only in the color of his skin, hair and eyes - he is a swarthy brunette with regular features and brown eyes.
The snub nose turned out to be completely uncharacteristic for Eastern Slav(found only in 7% of Russians and Ukrainians), this sign is more typical for Germans (25%).
However, anthropological measurements of proportions human body- not even the last, but the century before last, of science, which has long received the most accurate methods at its disposal molecular biology, which allow you to read all human genes. And the most advanced methods of DNA analysis today are sequencing (spelling genetic code) mitochondrial DNA and human Y-chromosome DNA. Mitochondrial DNA has been passed down the female line from generation to generation, virtually unchanged since Eve, the progenitor of mankind, climbed down from a tree in East Africa. And the Y-chromosome is present only in men and, therefore, is also transmitted almost unchanged to male offspring, while all other chromosomes, when transmitted from father and mother to their children, are shuffled by nature, like a deck of cards before distribution. Thus, unlike indirect signs (appearance, body proportions), sequencing of mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA indisputably and directly indicates the degree of relationship between people, writes Vlast.
In the West, human population geneticists have been successfully using these methods for two decades. In Russia, they were used only once, in the mid-1990s, when identifying the royal remains. The turning point in the situation with the use of the most modern methods for studying the titular nation of Russia occurred only in 2000. Russian fund fundamental research allocated about half a million rubles from the state budget for the study of the gene pool of the Russian people. It is impossible to implement a serious program with such funding. But it was more of a landmark than just a financial decision, indicating a change in the country's scientific priorities. RFBR grant-received scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetic Center Russian Academy medical sciences for the first time in national history were able for three years to fully focus on the study of the gene pool of the Russian people, and not small peoples. And limited funding only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic studies with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.
Unfortunately, the interpretations of family analysis that appeared in the media this summer (after the first publication of the data in a specialized scientific journal), could create a false impression of the goals and results of the huge work of scientists. As the head of the project, Doctor of Science Elena Balanovskaya, explained to Vlast, the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people than Ivanov, but that it was first compiled full list true Russian surnames by regions of the country. At the same time, scientists had to spend a lot of time collecting Russian surnames on their own.
The Central Election Commission and local election commissions flatly refused to cooperate with scientists, arguing that only if the voter lists are secret can they guarantee the objectivity and honesty of elections to federal and local authorities. The criterion for inclusion in the list of a surname was very lenient: it was included if at least five carriers of this surname lived in the region for three generations.
First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, about 15 thousand Russian surnames were accumulated in all regions, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When regional lists were superimposed on each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called "all-Russian surnames".
Interestingly, on final stage research, they decided to add the names of residents to the list of the Southern Region Krasnodar Territory, expecting that the predominance of Ukrainian surnames of the descendants of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, evicted here by Catherine II, will significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. From which the obvious and not pleasant conclusion followed that the Kuban was inhabited mainly by Russian people. And where did the Ukrainians go and were there at all here - the big question.
An analysis of Russian surnames generally provides food for thought. Even the simplest action - searching it for the names of all the leaders of the country - gave an unexpected result. Only one of them was included in the list of top 250 all-Russian surnames - Mikhail Gorbachev (158th place). The surname Brezhnev takes 3767th place in the general list (found only in the Belgorod region of the Southern region). The surname Khrushchev is in 4248th place (found only in the Northern region, Arkhangelsk region). Chernenko took 4749th place (only the Southern region). Andropov - 8939th place (only the Southern region). Putin took 14,250th place (only the Southern region). But Yeltsin did not get into common list. Stalin's surname - Dzhugashvili - for obvious reasons was not considered. But on the other hand, the pseudonym Lenin got into the regional lists under the number 1421, second only to the first president of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev.
The result amazed even the scientists themselves, who believed that the main difference between the bearers of South Russian surnames was not in the ability to lead a huge power, but in the increased sensitivity of the skin of their fingers and palms. Scientific analysis of dermatoglyphics ( papillary patterns on the skin of the palms and fingers) of Russian people showed that the complexity of the pattern (from simple arcs to loops) and the accompanying sensitivity of the skin increases from north to south. "Man with simple patterns on the skin of his hands he can hold a glass of hot tea in his hands without pain,” Dr. Balanovskaya clearly explained the essence of the differences. “And if there are a lot of loops, then unsurpassed pickpockets came out of such people.”
However, cheap indirect methods for studying the genetics of the Russian people (by surnames and dermatoglyphics) were only auxiliary for the first study in Russia of the gene pool of the titular nationality. His main molecular genetic results are now being prepared for publication in the form of the monograph "Russian Gene Pool", which will be published at the end of the year by the Luch publishing house.
Unfortunately, due to the lack of state funding, scientists had to carry out part of the study jointly with foreign colleagues, who imposed a moratorium on many results until joint publications were published in the scientific press.
However, the journal provides some research data. So, according to the Y-chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns is 30 conventional units. And the genetic distance between a Russian person and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Veps, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, genetically they are almost identical. And the harsh statement of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Estonia on September 1 at the EU Council in Brussels (after the Russian side denounced the state border treaty with Estonia) about discrimination against Finno-Ugric peoples allegedly related to Finns in the Russian Federation loses its meaningful meaning. But due to the moratorium of Western scientists, the Russian Foreign Ministry could not reasonably accuse Estonia of interfering in our internal, one might even say closely related, affairs.
The results of mitochondrial DNA analysis also fall under the same moratorium, according to which Russians from Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separate them from Finns, but between Ukrainians from Lvov and Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units. And at the same time, Ukrainians from the left-bank Ukraine are genetically as close to Russians as Komi-Zyryans, Mordvins and Mari. You can react in any way you like to these strictly scientific facts, which show the natural essence of the reference electorates of Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych. But it will not be possible to accuse Russian scientists of falsifying these data: then the accusation will automatically extend to their Western colleagues, who have been delaying the publication of these results for more than a year, each time extending the moratorium.
“Huge megacities are, in fact, black holes that suck in the gene pool of the Russian people and destroy it without a trace,” says Dr. Balanovskaya. there, due to lack of money, mothers give birth to fewer and fewer children.Meanwhile, against the background of huge state spending on other needs target direction financial assistance for children to these women can save the Russian gene pool from further degradation.
| 1 | Smirnov |
| 2 | Ivanov |
| 3 | Kuznetsov |
| 4 | Popov |
| 5 | Sokolov |
| 6 | Lebedev |
| 7 | Kozlov |
| 8 | Novikov |
| 9 | Morozov |
| 10 | Petrov |
| 11 | Volkov |
| 12 | Solovyov |
| 13 | Vasiliev |
| 14 | Zaitsev |
| 15 | Pavlov |
| 16 | Semenov |
| 17 | Golubev |
| 18 | Vinogradov |
| 19 | Bogdanov |
| 20 | Vorobyov |
| 21 | Fedorov |
| 22 | Mikhailov |
| 23 | Belyaev |
| 24 | Tarasov |
| 25 | Belov |
| 26 | Komarov |
| 27 | Orlov |
| 28 | Kiselev |
| 29 | Makarov |
| 30 | Andreev |
| 31 | Kovalev |
| 32 | Ilyin |
| 33 | Gusev |
| 34 | Titov |
| 35 | Kuzmin |
| 36 | Kudryavtsev |
| 37 | Baranov |
| 38 | Kulikov |
| 39 | Alekseev |
| 40 | Stepanov |
| 41 | Yakovlev |
| 42 | Sorokin |
| 43 | Sergeev |
| 44 | Romanov |
| 45 | Zakharov |
| 46 | Borisov |
| 47 | Korolev |
| 48 | Gerasimov |
| 49 | Ponomarev |
| 50 | Grigoriev |
| 51 | Lazarev |
| 52 | Medvedev |
| 53 | Ershov |
| 54 | Nikitin |
| 55 | Sobolev |
| 56 | Ryabov |
| 57 | Polyakov |
| 58 | Tsvetkov |
| 59 | Danilov |
| 60 | Zhukov |
| 61 | Frolov |
| 62 | Zhuravlev |
| 63 | Nikolaev |
| 64 | Krylov |
| 65 | Maksimov |
| 66 | Sidorov |
| 67 | Osipov |
| 68 | Belousov |
| 69 | Fedotov |
| 70 | Dorofeev |
| 71 | Egorov |
| 72 | Matveev |
| 73 | Bobrov |
| 74 | Dmitriev |
| 75 | Kalinin |
| 76 | Anisimov |
| 77 | Petukhov |
| 78 | Antonov |
| 79 | Timofeev |
| 80 | Nikiforov |
| 81 | Veselov |
| 82 | Filippov |
| 83 | Markov |
| 84 | Bolshakov |
| 85 | Sukhanov |
| 86 | Mironov |
| 87 | Shiryaev |
| 88 | Alexandrov |
| 89 | Konovalov |
| 90 | Shestakov |
| 91 | Kazakov |
| 92 | Efimov |
| 93 | Denisov |
| 94 | Gromov |
| 95 | Fomin |
| 96 | Davydov |
| 97 | Melnikov |
| 98 | Shcherbakov |
| 99 | pancakes |
| 100 | Kolesnikov |
| 101 | Karpov |
| 102 | Afanasiev |
| 103 | Vlasov |
| 104 | Maslov |
| 105 | Isakov |
| 106 | Tikhonov |
| 107 | Aksenov |
| 108 | Gavrilov |
| 109 | Rodionov |
| 110 | Kotov |
| 111 | Gorbunov |
| 112 | Kudryashov |
| 113 | Bykov |
| 114 | Zuev |
| 115 | Tretyakov |
| 116 | Saveliev |
| 117 | Panov |
| 118 | Rybakov |
| 119 | Suvorov |
| 120 | Abramov |
| 121 | Ravens |
| 122 | Mukhin |
| 123 | Arkhipov |
| 124 | Trofimov |
| 125 | Martynov |
| 126 | Emelyanov |
| 127 | Gorshkov |
| 128 | Chernov |
| 129 | Ovchinnikov |
| 130 | Seleznev |
| 131 | Panfilov |
| 132 | Kopylov |
| 133 | Mikheev |
| 134 | Galkin |
| 135 | Nazarov |
| 136 | Lobanov |
| 137 | Lukin |
| 138 | Belyakov |
| 139 | Potapov |
| 140 | Nekrasov |
| 141 | Khokhlov |
| 142 | Zhdanov |
| 143 | Naumov |
| 144 | Shilov |
| 145 | Vorontsov |
| 146 | Ermakov |
| 147 | Drozdov |
| 148 | Ignatiev |
| 149 | Savin |
| 150 | logins |
| 151 | Safonov |
| 152 | Kapustin |
| 153 | Kirillov |
| 154 | Moiseev |
| 155 | Eliseev |
| 156 | Koshelev |
| 157 | Kostin |
| 158 | Gorbachev |
| 159 | Orekhov |
| 160 | Efremov |
| 161 | Isaev |
| 162 | Evdokimov |
| 163 | Kalashnikov |
| 164 | Kabanov |
| 165 | Noskov |
| 166 | Yudin |
| 167 | Kulagin |
| 168 | Lapin |
| 169 | Prokhorov |
| 170 | Nesterov |
| 171 | Kharitonov |
| 172 | Agafonov |
| 173 | Ants |
| 174 | Larionov |
| 175 | Fedoseev |
| 176 | Zimin |
| 177 | Pakhomov |
| 178 | Shubin |
| 179 | Ignatov |
| 180 | Filatov |
| 181 | Kryukov |
| 182 | Horns |
| 183 | fists |
| 184 | Terentiev |
| 185 | Molchanov |
| 186 | Vladimirov |
| 187 | Artemiev |
| 188 | Guryev |
| 189 | Zinoviev |
| 190 | Grishin |
| 191 | Kononov |
| 192 | Dementiev |
| 193 | Sitnikov |
| 194 | Simonov |
| 195 | Mishin |
| 196 | Fadeev |
| 197 | Komissarov |
| 198 | Mammoths |
| 199 | Nosov |
| 200 | Gulyaev |
| 201 | balls |
| 202 | Ustinov |
| 203 | Vishnyakov |
| 204 | Evseev |
| 205 | Lavrentiev |
| 206 | Bragin |
| 207 | Konstantinov |
| 208 | Kornilov |
| 209 | Avdeev |
| 210 | Zykov |
| 211 | Biryukov |
| 212 | Sharapov |
| 213 | Nikonov |
| 214 | Schukin |
| 215 | Dyachkov |
| 216 | Odintsov |
| 217 | Sazonov |
| 218 | Yakushev |
| 219 | Krasilnikov |
| 220 | Gordeev |
| 221 | Samoilov |
| 222 | Knyazev |
| 223 | Bespalov |
| 224 | Uvarov |
| 225 | Shashkov |
| 226 | Bobylev |
| 227 | Doronin |
| 228 | Belozerov |
| 229 | Rozhkov |
| 230 | Samsonov |
| 231 | butchers |
| 232 | Likhachev |
| 233 | Burov |
| 234 | Sysoev |
| 235 | Fomichev |
| 236 | Rusakov |
| 237 | Strelkov |
| 238 | Gushchin |
| 239 | Teterin |
| 240 | Kolobov |
| 241 | Subbotin |
| 242 | Fokin |
| 243 | Blokhin |
| 244 | Seliverstov |
| 245 | Pestov |
| 246 | Kondratiev |
| 247 | Silin |
| 248 | Merkushev |
| 249 | Lytkin |
| 250 | Tours |
Until the 19th century, the concept of "biology" did not exist, and those who studied nature were called natural scientists, naturalists. Now these scientists are called the ancestors biological sciences. Let us recall who were the domestic biologists (and we will briefly describe their discoveries), who influenced the development of biology as a science and laid the foundation for its new directions.
Vavilov N.I. (1887-1943)
Our biologists and their discoveries are known all over the world. Among the most famous are Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, a Soviet botanist, geographer, breeder, and geneticist. Born into a merchant family, he was educated at an agricultural institute. For twenty years he led scientific expeditions studying the plant world. He traveled almost all Earth except for Australia and Antarctica. Gathered a unique collection of seeds of various plants.
During his expeditions, the scientist identified the centers of the origin of cultivated plants. He suggested that there are some centers of their origin. He made a huge contribution to the study of plant immunity and revealed what made it possible to establish patterns in evolution flora. In 1940, the botanist was arrested on trumped-up charges of embezzlement. Died in prison, posthumously rehabilitated.
Kovalevsky A.O. (1840-1901)
Among the pioneers, a worthy place is occupied by domestic biologists. And their discoveries influenced the development of world science. Among the world-famous researchers of invertebrates is Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky, an embryologist and biologist. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. He studied marine animals, undertook expeditions to the Red, Caspian, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. Created the Sevastopol Marine Biological Station and for a long time was its director. Made a huge contribution to the aquarium hobby.
Alexander Onufrievich studied embryology and physiology of invertebrates. He was a supporter of Darwinism and studied the mechanisms of evolution. Conducted research in the field of physiology, anatomy and histology of invertebrates. Became one of the founders of evolutionary embryology and histology.
Mechnikov I.I. (1845-1916)
Our scientists biologists and their discoveries were duly appreciated in the world. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Mechnikov was born into the family of an officer, was educated in Kharkov University. Discovered intracellular digestion, cellular immunity, proved using embryology methods common origin vertebrates and invertebrates.
He worked on issues of evolutionary and comparative embryology and, together with Kovalevsky, became the founder of this scientific direction. The works of Mechnikov were of great importance in the fight against infectious diseases, typhus, tuberculosis, and cholera. The scientist was occupied with the processes of aging. He believed that premature death causes poisoning with microbial poisons and promoted hygienic methods of struggle, big role averted the restoration of intestinal microflora with the help of fermented milk products. The scientist created the Russian school of immunology, microbiology, pathology.
Pavlov I.P. (1849-1936)
What contribution to the study of higher nervous activity did domestic biologists and their discoveries make? the first Russian Nobel laureate in the field of medicine was Pavlov Ivan Petrovich for his work on the physiology of digestion. The great Russian biologist and physiologist became the creator of the science of higher nervous activity. He introduced the concept of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
The scientist came from a family of clergymen and himself graduated from the Ryazan Theological Seminary. But in the last year I read a book by I. M. Sechenov about the reflexes of the brain and became interested in biology and medicine. He studied animal physiology at Petersburg University. Pavlov, using surgical methods, studied the physiology of digestion in detail for 10 years and for these studies he received Nobel Prize. The next area of interest was the higher nervous activity to which he devoted 35 years. He introduced the basic concepts of the science of behavior - conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, reinforcement.
Koltsov N.K. (1872-1940)
We continue the topic "Domestic biologists and their discoveries." Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov - biologist, founder of the school of experimental biology. Born in the family of an accountant. Graduated from Moscow University, where he studied comparative anatomy and embryology, collected scientific material in European laboratories. He organized a laboratory of experimental biology at the Shanyavsky People's University.
He studied the biophysics of the cell, the factors that determine its shape. These works entered science under the name "Koltsov's principle". Koltsov is one of those in Russia, the organizer of the first laboratories and the Department of Experimental Biology. The scientist founded three biological stations. He became the first Russian scientist who used the physicochemical method in biological research.
Timiryazev K.A. (1843-1920)
Domestic biologists and their discoveries in the field of plant physiology have contributed to the development scientific foundations agronomy. Timiryazev Kliment Arkadyevich was a naturalist, photosynthesis researcher and propagandist of Darwin's ideas. The scientist came from noble family, graduated from St. Petersburg University.
Timiryazev studied the issues of plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and drought resistance. The scientist was engaged not only in pure science, but also attached great importance to practical application research. He was in charge of an experimental field, where he tested various fertilizers and recorded their effect on the crop. Thanks to this research, agriculture has advanced significantly along the path of intensification.
Michurin I.V. (1855-1935)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have significantly influenced agriculture and horticulture. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin - and breeder. His ancestors were small estate nobles, from them the scientist took over his interest in gardening. Also in early childhood he took care of the garden, many of the trees in which were grafted by his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. Michurin began breeding work in a rented run-down estate. During the period of his activity, he brought out more than 300 varieties of cultivated plants, including those adapted to the conditions of the central zone of Russia.
Tikhomirov A.A. (1850-1931)
Russian biologists and their discoveries helped to develop new directions in agriculture. Alexander Andreevich Tikhomirov - biologist, doctor of zoology and rector of Moscow University. At St. Petersburg University he received a law degree, but became interested in biology and received a second degree from Moscow University in the department of natural sciences. The scientist discovered such a phenomenon as artificial parthenogenesis, one of the most important sections in individual development. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture.
Sechenov I.M. (1829-1905)
The topic "Famous biologists and their discoveries" will be incomplete without mentioning Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. This is a famous Russian evolutionary biologist, physiologist and educator. Born into a landowner's family, he was educated at the Main Engineering School and Moscow University.
The scientist studied the brain and discovered a center that causes inhibition of the central nervous system, proved the influence of the brain on muscle activity. He wrote the classic work "Reflexes of the Brain", where he formulated the idea that conscious and unconscious acts are performed in the form of reflexes. Introduced the brain as a computer that controls all life processes. Substantiated the respiratory function of the blood. The scientist created the national school of physiology.
Ivanovsky D.I. (1864-1920)
The end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century - the time when the great Russian biologists worked. And their discoveries (a table of any size could not contain their list) contributed to the development of medicine and biology. Among them is Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky - a physiologist, microbiologist and founder of virology. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. Even during his studies, he showed an interest in plant diseases.
The scientist suggested that diseases are caused by the smallest bacteria or toxins. The viruses themselves were seen using an electron microscope only after 50 years. It is Ivanovsky who is considered the founder of virology as a science. The scientist studied the process of alcoholic fermentation and the influence of chlorophyll and oxygen on it, soil microbiology.
Chetverikov S.S. (1880-1959)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have made a great contribution to the development of genetics. Chetverikov Sergei Sergeevich was born a scientist in the family of a manufacturer, was educated at Moscow University. This is an outstanding evolutionary geneticist who organized the study of heredity in animal populations. Thanks to these studies, the scientist is considered the founder of evolutionary genetics. He laid the foundation for a new discipline - population genetics.
You have read the article "Famous domestic biologists and their discoveries." A table of their achievements can be compiled on the basis of the proposed material.
