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Architectural monuments are an invaluable heritage of world culture. Being witnesses of bygone eras, they represent examples of works of art. This is what distinguishes them from monuments. cultural heritage. The latter include, for example, the house in which Vasily Shukshin was born and lived, or, for example, Rasul Gamzatov. These houses are historical and cultural heritage. This is undeniable. But they are by no means architectural monuments.
At the same time, architectural monuments are not only majestic buildings, on the construction of which masters of architecture worked. It can be streets, squares and even entire blocks. Architectural monuments include buildings in which at least partially preserved fragments decoration, a unique layout characteristic of a particular era.
Architectural monuments are whole ensembles of buildings, complexes of structures that embody achievements in the field visual arts, architecture of the time when they were built. These can be buildings that convey elements of religious architecture, as well as monumental, arts and crafts. Moreover, these structures can be civil, religious, military, industrial. They can perform completely different functions. Belonging to the category of monuments makes the uniqueness and artistry that manifested itself during the construction and their further maintenance.
Palmyra was considered the richest city of late antiquity. It is located in Syria between the Euphrates and Damascus. King Tukrish is considered the founder of the city. At that time, Palmyra was called none other than the bride of the desert. The city amazed with its beauty, the grandeur of buildings, which were considered examples of ancient Roman architecture.
Not good most of cities can be considered monuments of architecture. by the most a prime example this is the city of Palmyra in the Syrian Arab Republic. The age of the city is approaching 4,000 years. Throughout its centuries, the city has experienced many invasions, accompanied by destruction. In the 7th century, Palmyra was captured by the Arabs. They destroyed all the temples and turned the city into a fortress.
In 1089, this powerful fortress for those times was destroyed as a result of a strong earthquake. The city, known until this sad date for its greatness, turned into a small village near the temple of the god Bel. A new revival of Palmyra began. Although the city was constantly robbed, it was reborn again and again.
Only in the 18th century did Palmyra begin to be of interest to the scientific community. And in the 20th century, constant protection of the city territory was organized. Archaeologists, who came here from many countries, began the restoration of Palmyra. As a result of extensive restoration work, many relics were revived. UNESCO recognized all the buildings and structures of Palmyra as monuments. World Heritage.
After the liberation of Palmyra from terrorists in the spring of 2016, experts testified that only 20 percent of the structures, which are considered unique, were completely destroyed. Terrorists destroyed mainly temples. The rest of the buildings and structures, which are of value, primarily as architectural monuments, remained untouched or partially destroyed.
The next capture of Palmyra became more dramatic. militants criminal group ISIS, which is considered illegal in Russia, began destroying the famous ancient amphitheater, where an orchestra gave a concert in May last year Mariinsky Theater conducted by Valery Gergiev. Terrorists destroy other architectural monuments, execute people.
The capital is rich in architectural monuments Russian state. Originating in 1147, Moscow has always attracted the attention of architects, artists, artists from different countries peace. They built, decorated buildings, made entire complexes unique.
Many of them are lost forever due to numerous fires, aggressive wars, political reforms when unique structures were demolished, bulky buildings were built in their place, distinguished by bad taste, unsightly appearance. Some of the architectural monuments of Moscow have been preserved only in chronicles.
By a happy coincidence, in the capital of Russia they are alive and continue to amaze with their beauty, incredible mixture style directions many old buildings. Most of them are examples of Russian architecture. One of unique monuments architecture - Cathedral of Christ the Savior.
This monument has a dramatic fate. Its erection was the gratitude of the Russian people to the Almighty for help in the war against Napoleon. First, the building was laid according to the winner approved by Alexander I big competition project of the famous architect A.L. Witberg. This happened in the October days of 1817. Soon it is discovered that the soil under the future building is weak due to small rivers flowing under it.
Alexander I dies. Nicholas I, who replaced him, stops construction. This takes place in 1826. After 6 years, the autocrat approves the project proposed by the architect K.A. Ton. In the first half of April 1839, the second solemn ceremony for the laying of the Temple takes place. And only after 43 and a half years was the celebration of its opening. The construction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was under the patronage of four autocrats: Alexander I, Nicholas I, Alexander II and Alexander III. The gates were made according to the samples presented by Count F. Tolstoy.
If measured by historical standards, the Temple lived a very short life. First, in 1918, he was completely deprived state support according to the decree, which spoke of the separation of the state from the church and the church from the school. This is how the persecution of the church began, which later assumed a gigantic scale. And came black date Cathedral of Christ the Savior - December 5, 1931.
The temple, personifying, first of all, the memory of the glory of Russian soldiers, was destroyed in a barbaric way. But in the hearts ordinary people this memory lived on, just as the dream to revive the Temple did not die over time. The movement for its revival arose on the eve of the 90s. And this movement echoed in the hearts of the people of the whole country.
The origins of this movement were composers V.P. Mokrousov and G.V. Sviridov, writers V.G. Rasputin, V.P. Krupin and V.A. Soloukhin. The Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church blessed the restoration of the structure and addressed the country's leadership with a corresponding message. In the request, a proposal was made to restore the building of the future cathedral in the place where it originally stood. In August 1996, Patriarch Alexy II consecrated the main altar. It happened in the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior. Soon the services began here. Russian Academy arts in an incredibly short time revived the design of the Temple. Many masters of painting, sculptors, showed their skills. It is believed that this work has no analogues.
Shortly before the onset of 2000, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was consecrated by Patriarch Alexy II, who served a prayer service on this occasion. Today it is the highest Orthodox churches Cathedral. He is outstanding monument architecture, embodying the spirit of the times of two centuries.
A miracle of architecture is called the Temple of the Sun God, which is located in the state of Orissa (India), on the shores of the Bay of Bengal. Although the bay receded over time, and the coast is 3 kilometers away from the temple. Here everything is under the exaltation of the Sun. Even the place was not chosen by chance. After all, Konarak, translated into Russian, means the territory of sunlight.
Archaeologists, together with historians, managed to establish that the beginning of the construction of the Temple dates back to 1243. It was built by order of Raja Narasimhadeva, who ruled Orissa at that time. It took the builders and architects of that time only 18 years to build such a wonderful structure. During this time, walls were erected, a 60-meter tower was carved, decorating the halls from the inside.
The temple is mysterious. For example, it is still not known why this religious institution great place are occupied by drawings depicting carnal pleasures. Some researchers see in these drawings religious motives. According to the drawings, scientists are trying to understand the basis of the religious cult of the people.
Although the chronicles say that there were no special difficulties during the construction of the Temple, they, of course, were. Only the transportation of building materials from the quarries by sea was worth something. Every detail in the design of the halls was thought out and executed with special grace.
Three types of stones were used to build the sanctuary. The color of the stones was supposed to shimmer under the rays, glowing in various shades. "Black Pagoda" - this is sometimes called this architectural monument. It really looks like a pagoda from the outside. And if you look before sunrise, standing between the first rays and the Temple, it is seen as black.
The heyday of the Temple of Surya in Konark, researchers associate with recent decades XIII century. Ceremonies were held in it for two centuries. Then, for some reason not yet understood, there was a decline. Perhaps it was partially devastated and caused some destruction by the conquerors, others rely on natural disasters. Although the monument has survived to this day. He, according to historians, is one big mystery. Surya Temple in Konark is on the UNESCO list. It's true greatest monument architecture and history.
According to myths, merchants from Venice in 828 stole the relics of the Apostle Mark from the Egyptian city of Alexandria. The Muslim guards did not suspect that the merchants were carrying the stolen remains of the apostle in a container with pork meat. First, the relics were placed in the chapel of the Doge's Palace. This building was built on hastily and was considered temporary. Subsequently, solely for the purpose of preserving the relics of St. Mark, a cathedral was built. It was erected in three years - from 829 to 832. Soon it burned down. In 976, the building was restored. But even later, for centuries, its arrangement did not stop.
Merchants from the East brought capitals, columns, friezes, and other works of art to Venice specifically to decorate the basilica. The brickwork gradually disappeared under the marble cladding. Above it appeared drawings made by masters of painting long before the appearance of the cathedral itself.
"Golden Altar", what is the Pala d altar called? Oro, on the creation of which jewelers from Byzantium worked from the 10th to the 12th century, was decorated precious stones, total which reached two thousand. In 1797, Napoleon stole some of the stones. But most of the jewelry is now under reliable protection.
All this gradually transformed the cathedral. But outwardly, the unique structure remained as it was. No add-ons or additions were made. long time the building was the doge's chapel. Only in early XIX century, it received the status of the Cathedral of the city. A museum was opened here.
Currently, St. Mark's Cathedral is recognized as a model of Byzantine architecture. It is located next to the Grand Canal. The treasury contains relics, masterpieces of world art, rare icons, and various relics. Since 1987, the basilica has been under the protection of UNESCO.
There are many architectural monuments in the world. Among them, the most significant ancient theater d? Orange in the French Republic, the Bolshoi Theater in the capital of Russia, the Acropolis of Athens in Greece and many, many others. Humanity is faced with the task of preserving architectural monuments, making sure that, having stood for centuries and millennia, they continue their lives and help solve the mysteries of the past, teach new generations to see beauty, enjoy it, in order to multiply it in their later life.
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"Moscow. Architectural monuments". The scheme was compiled, designed and prepared for printing by the Scientific and Editorial Mapping Department of the GUGK in 1973. Editor: Smigelskaya S.V. Paper size 100x72. Circulation 47000. Price 30 kopecks.
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Scheme architectural monuments center of Moscow
Accompanying text for the scheme
Among Russian cities, Moscow occupies a special place, both in terms of the significance of its historical path, and in terms of the unique originality of its architectural appearance. Having inherited a high artistic culture Ancient Rus', it became the focus of the best creative forces of the people. Monuments of Moscow architecture reflected various stages of the city's history and entered the golden fund of world architecture.
In Moscow, the foundations were laid not only for all-Russian statehood, but also for an all-Russian artistic culture, which absorbed all the best that had been achieved in other cities in the era of feudal fragmentation. Expressing the leading ideas of their time by means of architecture, Moscow architects introduced an amazing variety into the main types of structures characteristic of a particular era.
The core of the Kremlin ensemble - historical and composition center cities - took shape at a time when Moscow became the capital of the Russian centralized state(in the XV-XVII centuries). Cathedral Square and the fortifications of the Kremlin, created by the Russians and by Italian masters and reflecting the idea of the greatness and power of the young state, amazed contemporaries with their scale and monumentality.
In the XVI century. was created new type constructions-triumphal pillar-shaped compositions, the so-called memorial churches, and among them a masterpiece of Russian architecture - the Pokrovsky Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral).
In the settlements and settlements surrounding the Kremlin, stone church and residential buildings appeared at that time, small in size, but interesting in their architectural forms. Widely deployed in the XVI century. and fortress construction: in the 30s, walls were built around the settlement (Kitai-gorod), in the 80-90s - around the White City, and at the beginning of the 17th century. Moscow received its last defensive belt - the Earthen Wall with oak walls and towers (Earth City). In addition, for centuries powerful fortresses - monasteries - were built around Moscow.
The Polish-Swedish intervention caused a temporary decline in construction in Moscow, but from the middle of the 17th century. starts new stage in the development of Moscow architecture.
Numerous popular uprisings shook the foundations of the official ideology and contributed to the penetration into architecture folk motives. Hence - the wealth of decorative decoration, colorful, picturesque composition in the buildings of that time. TO late XVII V. the desire for symmetry and balance is growing, a new type of tiered church buildings appears ("an octagon on a quadrangle"). This new period in architecture was called "Moscow" or "Naryshkin baroque".
Peter's reforms, victory in northern war put Russia among the leading European powers. Without breaking with national traditions, Russian masters creatively accepted the artistic culture of Western Europe. In the XVIII century. Two main stylistic trends were created - Russian Baroque and Russian Classicism.
Few baroque monuments were created in Moscow, since the development of the style coincided with the building of St. Petersburg, moreover, some of them died during the fire of 1812, but Moscow classicism brilliantly manifested itself in numerous buildings for various purposes. After Patriotic War 1812 Classicism acquires features of great simplicity and rigor. WITH mid-nineteenth V. its decline begins and various stylistic trends come to replace it - the era of "all styles" is coming. Originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. style "modern" further increases the diversity of buildings. Capitalism puts forward the need to create new types of structures - tenement houses, hotels, railway stations, etc.
Construction technology is booming at this time, but artistic value buildings, with some exceptions, does not reach a high level.
Great October opened up unlimited opportunities for the development of all kinds of arts. Already in 1918, V.I. Lenin signs a decree on the protection and restoration of historical and cultural monuments. Restoration work has received a huge scale in our days.
The party and the government pay great attention aesthetic education Soviet people, and the works of Russian architects play in this big role, causing admiration for the talent of the Russian people, fostering a sense of patriotism and pride in their country. Architectural monuments brought back to life by Soviet restorers occupy a place of honor in the ensembles of the new Moscow.
Soviet architecture in its development went through a number of stages. The twenties and early thirties are characterized by the search for new means of architectural expression, free from the eclecticism of the previous period. At that time great attention is given to the rational construction of building plans, the widespread use of new materials and structures, which made it possible to create a number of interesting and artistically valuable structures. However real opportunities construction of that time did not allow many architectural ideas to be realized.
The development of the country's economy gave rise to a desire for majestic forms and splendor of decoration. The appeal to various styles began again, which subsequently led to excesses and unjustified embellishment. This direction was justly condemned by the government decree of 1955, which stated that "simplicity, rigor of forms and cost-effectiveness of solutions should be characteristic of Soviet architecture." At present, Soviet architects are persistently working on the creation of full-fledged works of art capable of reflecting the spirit of our time and the pathos of building communism. The huge scale of construction in our country poses Soviet architecture the need to build complexes and ensembles capable of creating a holistic image of the city. L.I. Brezhnev pointed out that "it is a matter of honor for each of us to turn Moscow into an exemplary communist city."
It is clear that it is impossible to present all the architectural wealth of Moscow in a booklet. Only the monuments that are the most valuable in artistic terms or the most characteristic of their time are indicated here.
7 chose
The Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, the historical center of St. Petersburg, the white-stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, the Kremlin of Rostov the Great, the Kizhi Churchyard, Peterhof, Solovki, the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, the Nizhny Novgorod, Kolomna and Pskov Kremlin are famous historical monuments Russia, the list of which can go on and on. Russia is a country with a huge cultural past, its history still keeps many secrets and mysteries, every stone of ancient Russian cities and monasteries breathes history, behind every human fates. In these autumn days the multimedia project-competition "Russia 10" is coming to an end, giving us the opportunity to learn about the most famous and the most beautiful places of our country and in the first place - the main historical monuments of Russia, the wonders of architecture and architecture, the magical creations of the hands of Russian masters.
Kizhi
On one of the islands of Lake Onega in Karelia, the famous Kizhi churchyard is located: two wooden churches of the 18th century. and an octagonal wooden bell tower (1862). The architectural ensemble of Kizhi is an ode to Russian craftsmen, the pinnacle of carpentry, "wooden lace". According to legend, the Church of the Transfiguration was built with one ax, which the master threw into Lake Onega, finishing his work without a single nail. Kizhi is the real Eighth wonder of the world.
home historical value Rus' - the hands of its masters ...
Tsar Bell and Tsar Cannon
The Moscow Kremlin is a real treasury of monuments of Russian history and culture. Some of them are the Tsar Bell and the Tsar Cannon. They are famous not only for their size, but also for their amazing history…
The Tsar Bell was ordered to be cast by Empress Anna Ioannovna. At her request, foreign craftsmen were supposed to do this, but when they heard the required dimensions of the bell, they considered the desire of the empress ... a joke! Well, who cares, and who cares. The father and son of Motorina, the bell-maker, set to work. It was not so long that they created a project, as the approval of the Moscow Senate office that followed it, which lasted as much as 3 years! The first attempt to cast the bell was unsuccessful and ended in an explosion and the destruction of the furnace structure, and after that one of the craftsmen, Father Ivan Motorin, died. The second casting of the bell happened to be carried out by the master's son Mikhail Motorin, and three months later, on November 25, 1735, the birth of the famous bell took place. The bell weighed about 202 tons, its height was 6 meters 14 centimeters, and its diameter was 6 meters 60 centimeters.
They took a piss, but they did not raise it! During a fire in 1737, a piece of the bell, which was still in the smelting pit, broke off - weighing more than 11 tons. The Tsar Bell was raised from the casting pit only in 1836, thanks to Montferrand, who knew a lot about lifting heavy structures. However, Rus' did not hear the voice of the Tsar Bell ...
Tsar Cannon on Ivanovskaya Square is considered a monument to Russian artillery. The length of the bronze gun is 5 meters 34 centimeters, the barrel diameter is 120 centimeters, the caliber is 890 millimeters, and the weight is almost 40 tons. The formidable weapon was supposed to protect the Moscow Kremlin from the side of the Execution Ground, but, according to weapons specialists, in its power it was suitable for destroying the fortress walls, but not for defense. Cast by the famous foundry master Andrei Chokhov in 1586 under Fyodor Ioannovich, she never took part in the hostilities. According to legend, it was shot only once - with the ashes of False Dmitry.
Mother Rus', everything is special for her - and the tsar cannon does not shoot and the tsar bell does not sound the gospel ...
Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God
On the day of the Protection Mother of God In 1552, Russian troops stormed Kazan, the capital of the Kazan Khanate. Ivan the Terrible, in honor of this event, ordered the construction of the Church of the Intercession in Moscow. How many legends and legends are associated with him ...
Previously, another church stood on this site - the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity, where Basil the Blessed, the most revered fool in Rus', who collected alms for the construction of this temple, rested. Later, others began to build around the Trinity Church - in honor of the most significant victories of Russian weapons. When there were already about ten of them, the Moscow Metropolitan Macarius came to Ivan the Terrible with a request to build one large church on this site.
The central tent of the Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God was the first to be consecrated, then a small church was completed on the grave of the holy fool, and the temple began to be called St. Basil's Cathedral. The cathedral symbolizes Heavenly Jerusalem - its 8 chapters create an eight-pointed Star of Bethlehem. According to legend, at the end of construction, which lasted 6 years, the king, delighted unprecedented beauty temple, asked the builders if they could do something similar. The retribution for an affirmative answer was the blinding of the masters by order of the sovereign, so that there was nothing more beautiful on earth ....
Several times they tried to destroy the Temple, services in it were forbidden and allowed again, but it withstood for centuries, as the Russian land withstood all troubles.
The Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God is a beautiful and many-sided Holy Rus'.
Peter-Pavel's Fortress
The Peter and Paul Fortress is the core of the city on the Neva, a historical, architectural and military engineering monument, one of the main symbols of Russian history. It was from Petropavlovka on May 16, 1703 that the construction of the city of Peter began. All of it is history, the history of wars and revolutions, faith and love. Its bastions bear the names of the associates of Peter the Great: Menshikov, Golovkin, Zotov, Trubetskoy, Naryshkin and Sovereign bastions.
Located in the center of the fortress Peter and Paul Cathedral- a symbol of the formation of a new city in Russia. It contains the history of the Imperial House of the Romanovs, the cathedral became the necropolis of Russian emperors, where their ashes from Peter I to Nicholas II are buried. Near the walls of the Cathedral is the Commandant's Cemetery, where 19 commandants are buried. Peter and Paul Fortress(out of 32 who served her).
The fortress was both the defense of the Northern capital and its state prison: the prisoners of the Trubetskoy bastion were Tsarevich Alexei, the Decembrists, Chernyshevsky, Kostsyushko and Dostoevsky, Narodnaya Volya, ministers Russian Empire, Socialist-Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks.
Petropavlovka, like Russia itself, is both an intercessor and a prison, but, nevertheless, the Motherland ...
Monument "Millennium of Russia"
The Millennium of Russia monument was erected in Veliky Novgorod opposite Sophia Cathedral and the former building of the Offices in 1862 in honor of the millennial anniversary of the legendary calling of the Varangians to Rus'. The anniversary of its opening is celebrated in these September days.
Authors of the monument project: sculptors Mikhail Mikeshin, Ivan Shroeder and architect Viktor Hartman. To create a monument-symbol of the history of Russia, a competition was announced, for which several dozen works were submitted. The project of young sculptors - M. O. Mikeshin, who graduated from the Academy just a year ago, and I. N. Schroeder, a volunteer student of the sculptural class of the Academy of Arts, won.
The architectural monuments of Russia, ranging from majestic palaces and cathedrals with a thousand-year history to modern buildings, amaze tourists with their originality and brightness. A rare city in the Russian Federation cannot boast of a rich castle, a fancy house or an unusual bridge. However, there are masterpieces that you simply cannot help but admire!
Intercession Cathedral
The ancient architectural monuments of Russia are, first of all, luxurious temples. The Intercession Cathedral has managed to become famous all over the world due to its uniqueness and unusualness. The building looks like an ensemble formed by nine pillar-shaped churches (independent). All of them are located on the same basement (base), united by internal and external galleries.
The cathedral, included in the list of the largest Russian historical and architectural museums, is located in the "heart" of the capital - on the territory of Red Square. The majestic church was erected by order of Ivan the Terrible in the middle of the 16th century, today it is known as St. Basil's Cathedral. The richness of the appearance was the result of the game of the creators with two materials: white stone and brick. The variety of decor that distinguishes many famous monuments architecture of Russia, achieved thanks to several types of brick processing profiles used in different combinations.
Saint Isaac's Cathedral
Even guests of St. Petersburg who find themselves on the territory of the "second capital" on their way should definitely visit St. Isaac's Cathedral. The grand building in its current form was erected in 1818-1858, based on the project developed by the architect Auguste Montferrand. However, like many other Russian architectural monuments of the 19th century, the cathedral has a longer history, which begins with a small church founded in the early 18th century. The temple is one of the largest domed buildings on the planet, the diameter of the dome is 21.8 meters, over 100 kg of gold was spent on its creation.
Tourists are attracted not only by the intricate dome painting depicting biblical scenes, rich interior decoration Cathedral - valuable marbles, malachite, lapis lazuli, gilding. The high colonnade is one of the main reasons for the popularity of the temple. Using the narrow one, you can find yourself at a height of 43 meters and enjoy the unique views of St. Petersburg.
Unusual bridges
The architectural monuments of Russia include original bridges built not only in past centuries, but also today. The whole world knows about the existence in Volgograd. The building earned its nickname in 2010, when swaying occurred as a result of a wind load. Despite the significant (about a meter) road surface and supports, they retained their integrity. The safety of the bridge was achieved with the help of special shock absorbers.
You can admire the Krasnoyarsk communal bridge, which is one of the symbols of Siberia, not only when visiting the city, but also looking at banknote(10 rubles). The building was erected during the reign of Khrushchev, for a long period it was considered the longest Asian bridge, the length is 2300 meters. The unique technology that the builders have resorted to is interesting: the rejection of safety supports.
Manezhnaya Square
Manezhnaya Square, which cannot be ignored when listing the architectural monuments of Russia, is considered the first bright masterpiece of the famous Tsereteli in Moscow, is located near the Historical Museum and the Manege, built in 1817, until the 30s of the last century was “framed” by urban dense buildings. The square was liberated in 1932 in connection with the construction of the subway.
Grandiose construction on the square began only in the early 90s. Was created " Okhotny Ryad”, which became the first Moscow shopping complex located underground. Also, under the leadership of Tsereteli, a dazzling cascade of fountains with huge horses, lighting and cozy benches saw the light. Since then, Manezhnaya Square has been perceived as a continuation of the Alexander Garden.
Winter Palace
The Hermitage is rightly considered one of the most magnificent colorful examples of the dawn of the magnificent baroque; many noteworthy architectural monuments of Russia of those times belong to this direction. palace building leaving far behind other buildings northern capital due to its beauty and size, it was created by the architect Rastrelli and was planned as the residence of the Russian tsars.
The building, which overshadowed other architectural monuments of Russia of the 18th century, occupies a huge area, in currently includes the Hermitage Theatre, Old, New, Small Hermitage. In fact, construction continued from 1764 to 1852. Each facade is unlike the others, as the creators took into account the peculiarities of the area. Winter Palace has the shape of a rectangle, has an inner (front) courtyard, corner ledges.
Kolomna Palace
Many architectural monuments of Russia of the 17th century not only survived the reconstruction, but were also restored almost from scratch. This list also includes the Kolomna Palace, which looked like an intricate system of wooden cages (rooms), united by passages. Its creators were Russian architects Petrov and Mikhailov, who attracted the most outstanding masters of the capital of that time to work.
The building, thanks to its luxurious exotic decor (gilded leather, biblical ceiling and wall paintings, wood carvings) delighted foreign guests, stood for a century and was destroyed in 1767. The surviving layout made it possible to restore a chic building in Moscow.
Novodvinsk fortress
In the era of Peter the Great, many interesting monuments Russian architecture. The list includes the pride of Russian soldiers, which instilled fear in foreigners. Having survived many bloody battles, the building was partially preserved.
In the northern zone of Russia, this is the first building to become a bastion-type fortress. Architectural style- Dutch, examples of such structures are found in Europe and America. The fortress has the appearance of a square structure, includes four bastions, the distance between which is approximately 120 meters.
Annunciation Cathedral
One of the most interesting buildings in Voronezh is the Annunciation Cathedral, designed by the architect Shevelev. The temple belongs to the Russian-Byzantine direction, its history is connected with the year the city was founded - 1586. Initially, the building was wooden, it was rebuilt many times. The destruction of the cathedral happened during the Great Patriotic War.
Like other architectural monuments of Russia, photos of which are given above, the church was restored (in 1998). Now the cathedral is located in a different place, belongs to a slightly different style, the interior decoration has been modified. As before, the temple fascinates with its dimensions, not getting lost even against the backdrop of gigantic modern skyscrapers. Its height is 85 meters.
Of course, these are far from all the bright architectural monuments of Russia that are worth visiting at least once.
It is remarkable not only because it is the capital of our Motherland. It has preserved many monuments of the country's cultural heritage. Since the 15th century, Moscow architecture has become an expression of the national culture. Architecture is considered the "mother of all arts", as it not only reflects the stages of their development, but also is the basis for the preservation of frescoes, wood carvings, paintings and sculptures. The monuments have absorbed many features of ancient Russian architecture and the work of foreign architects. The most famous of them are of world importance, as they are historical objects and the result of the work of great architects. Architectural monuments of the world reflect the features cultural development different countries and major historical events. Therefore, they are protected and restored in order to preserve a unique heritage for future generations.
Architectural monuments of Moscow
The list of cultural heritage sites preserved in the capital is very long. The historical center of the city is especially rich in them, but many palace and park ensembles, monasteries and entire streets in different parts of Moscow are also its sights. What objects can be classified as architectural monuments:
Separate buildings and structures, something remarkable. For example, the mansion of Arseny Pashkov, the Bolshoi Theater or the city hall building.
Palace and park ensembles and architectural complexes, for example, the estate "Kuskovo", the Kremlin in Izmailovo, Poklonnaya Gora or Tsaritsyno park.
Historic city centers. In the capital, this is the world-famous ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin.
Squares, blocks and streets. These are Red and Manezhnaya Square, Arbat and Garden Ring, Sparrow Hills and Chistoprudny Boulevard.
Monasteries and temples, many of which have been preserved in Moscow. The most famous of them are St. Basil's Cathedral, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Novodevichy Convent.
Architectural objects of civil, industrial or military significance, such as the Moscow Metro, VDNKh or the GUM building.
Features of building in Moscow
The oldest building in the city - the Moscow Kremlin - was founded in the 12th century on Borovitsky Hill, at the mouth of the Neglinnaya River.
And therefore its shape repeated the outlines of this peninsula. The turbulent situation of that time required the construction of high walls and ramparts. Therefore, in the course of expanding the territory of the city, new fortifications were created. This is how such architectural monuments of Moscow as the Kitay-Gorod Wall arose, and the Boulevard and Garden Rings appeared on the site of other walls. Until the 18th century, most of the capital's buildings were wooden, and in recent centuries almost all of them were replaced with stone ones. In addition, intersecting radial highways were a feature of the city's development. The appearance of the capital has changed dramatically with the advent of Soviet power. Plans to modernize the city and create broadband highways required the destruction of many architectural monuments. Only a few of them were subsequently restored. And many high-rise buildings were built, modern quarters of monotonous buildings appeared.
Styles in the ancient architecture of Moscow
1. Wooden architecture.
All buildings in the first centuries of the city's existence were made of logs. The most famous of them were the Church of St. Nicholas, the temple of Danila the Stylite and the Moscow Kremlin itself. But not a single ancient wooden building in the city has now been preserved.
2. Stone architecture of the 14th - 18th centuries.
The first stone building was the Assumption Cathedral on the territory of the Kremlin, which has not survived to this day. During the reign of Ivan Kalita, they begin to rebuild the walls of the Kremlin. And by the 16th century, the main architectural ensemble of Moscow takes on an almost modern look: white stone walls, the Annunciation and Archangel Cathedrals, as well as the Faceted Chamber were created.
3. Classicism in the architecture of Moscow in the 18th-19th centuries.
After the fire, most of the city's buildings were rebuilt. Many Italian architects took part in this, and classicism began to prevail in construction. The most famous architectural monuments of the city of Moscow of that time are the Pashkov house, the Ostankino estate and the building of the Bolshoi Theater.
Architectural styles of Moscow in the 19th and 20th centuries
1. Moscow modern. Constructions in this style began to be created from the end of the 19th century. These include the Medyntsev mansion, the Pavlovs' estate, the Yaroslavsky railway station, the Metropol hotel and many others.
2. Architecture of Moscow during the years of Soviet power varied in scope. New areas grew at a rapid pace. The most famous buildings of that time are the seven Stalin skyscrapers.
3. Modern architecture of Moscow represented by office buildings, business and cultural centers built in the style of postmodernism and eclecticism. This, for example, is the shopping center "Nautilus" or the restaurant "White Swan".
Ancient architectural monuments of Moscow
1. Kremlin- this is the most famous and ancient object of the cultural heritage of the capital. He experienced a lot, witnessed the rise and fall, revolutions and wars. On its territory there are many cathedrals and buildings that are also architectural monuments: the Assumption Cathedral, the building of the Arsenal and the Senate, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower and the famous Spasskaya Tower with chimes. This ensemble refers to and is mentioned in any source where architectural monuments of the world are considered.
2. Gostiny Dvor was also created back in the 15th century and rebuilt many times. Now it bears little resemblance to an architectural monument, but is still a well-known landmark of Moscow.
3. Red Square all over the world is a symbol of Russia.
This architectural ensemble is the most visited place in Moscow. Of the surviving ancient buildings, the Kazan and Intercession Cathedrals, as well as the Resurrection Gate, are known.
The most famous monasteries and temples of Moscow
The whole cultural and spiritual life of the country is connected with the capital. Many of its monasteries and temples are known throughout Russia, some of them have been preserved since the first centuries of the city's existence. We can say that these are monuments of Russian architecture, dear to the heart of every inhabitant of the country.
Which of them are the most famous?
The Novodevichy Convent, which, in addition to being active, has the status of the State Historical Museum.
Donskoy Monastery is notable for its many beautiful churches and picturesque towers.
Danilov Monastery is one of the oldest not only in Moscow, but also in Russia.
Very picturesque with a bright orange bell tower and tiled inserts.
The Cathedral of Christ the Savior is known for being restored in the 90s of the 20th century after complete destruction.
St. Basil's Cathedral is one of the most famous sights of Moscow. This is the name of the Pokrovsky Cathedral, located on Red Square. With its bright painted domes and rich decoration, it attracts many tourists.
The accelerated development of the city and the expansion of highways in the 30-70s of the 20th century led to the fact that more than 400 monuments of world importance were destroyed. Among them are such famous buildings as the Church of the Assumption on Pokrovka and the Armory. The Cathedral of Christ the Savior was blown up, which, however, was later restored. But many unique buildings were lost, for example, the house of the poet Khomyakov or the house of the Lopukhins. The historical center of the capital has changed a lot, in particular, many buildings on Manezhnaya and Bolshaya Yakimanka streets have been demolished.
What is remarkable about modern Moscow
Many call the modern building of the city tasteless. But along with faceless high-rise buildings, you can also find quite original buildings:
An interesting house is an "egg" on Mashkov Street;
The Pullman business center on Myasnitskaya strikes with an interesting combination of glass and concrete;
The residential complex "Ambassador's House" is interesting for its semicircular shape and diagonal windows;
Business center "Kitezh" in the form of a multi-deck liner.
Modern Moscow strikes with a mixture of styles in architecture. Now it is mostly high-tech, constructivism and modern. It is these buildings made of glass and concrete that stand out on the streets of the city. But the ancient architectural monuments of Moscow are not forgotten and attract tourists from all over the world.
