The development of the culture of Moldova is closely connected with history. It was influenced by Romanesque roots dating back to the 2nd century AD, to the period of the Roman colonization of Dacia. As a result, most of the population of modern Moldavia, the Moldavians, being the descendants of immigrants to this region because of the Prut (starting from the 14th century), have a common ethnicity with the Romanians. Formation Moldovan culture happened in the Middle Ages with the emergence of the Moldavian principality. It was formed in the conditions of contacts with the East Slavic (Old Russian) population, and then under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1812, the territory of modern Moldova was liberated from Ottoman domination and included in the Bessarabian province of the Russian Empire, which had a great influence on the development of the culture of the region. After October revolution in 1918, Bessarabia went to Romania for 22 years, and the Moldavian ASSR was formed on the left bank of the Dniester, as a result of which, for some time, the development of culture in them developed differently.
During the years of the existence of the MSSR, the rapid development of culture began, the film studio "Moldova-Film" was created, education developed, etc. The collapse of the USSR and gaining independence led to the strengthening of the national Moldovan component in contemporary culture Moldova.
Middle Ages
The local population began to identify themselves broadly under the name "Moldovans" by the fourteenth century. One of the oldest sources certifying the appearance of the ethnonym "Moldovan" is the pastoral ballad "Mioritsa". Another example of Moldovan medieval creativity is a legend about the founding of the Moldavian principality. Doins, colindas, ureturs, snoaves were common, many of which have survived to this day. The majority of the population of medieval Moldova professed Orthodoxy, which led to cultural ties with others. Orthodox peoples who lived on the territory of modern Romania and Ukraine. Byzantine-South Slavic writing influenced the Moldavian-Slavic chronicles, while Polish historiography influenced the official chronicle, carried out under the patronage of the Moldavian rulers.
Since the development of culture took place in the Moldavian principality in the conditions of a feudal society, it is possible to single out the culture of the ruling class, represented by written monuments and folk culture, which is reflected in folklore and the way of life. Formation ideological orientation Medieval culture of Moldova took place in two stages. In the first, pre-Ottoman period (XIV - first half of the XVI centuries), the ideological necessity of creating a strong centralized and independent state was manifested in culture. The Ottoman period is characterized by the development of the idea of struggle for the overthrow of the Turkish yoke and gaining independence.
Music
More: Music of the Moldavian SSR
In 1940, a state conservatory, a philharmonic society, a music and drama theater, and a secondary music school were opened in Chisinau. The Philharmonic included Symphony Orchestra, the choir chapel "Doina", and, in addition, a group of pop artists. The war years saw a fruitful period in the work of the Moldavian composer Stefan Neaga. David Grigorievich Gershfeld, S. B. Shapiro and others worked in the genre of patriotic song.
After the war, musical groups resumed their activities, and the rapid development of music began. Composers such as L. S. Gurov, S. M. Lobel, V. G. Zagorsky, S. V. Zlatov, V. L. Polyakov, G. S. Nyaga, P. B. Rivilis, N. I. Makovei, A. P. Luxembourg, T. V. Kiriyak. D. G. Gershfeld, D. G. Fedov, A. B. Mulyar, Z. M. Tkach, E. D. Doga work in the instrumental concerto genre. Moldavian composers of the Soviet period create numerous rhapsodies, suites, ballads, arrangements of Moldavian folk songs, music for children, romances. Much attention is paid to the development of choral art.
The operas Grozovan by David Gershfeld, The Heart of Dominica by A. G. Styrcha, The Bedbug, Called by the Revolution, and The Dragon by E. L. Lazarev gained fame. The ballets "Dawn" by V. G. Zagorsky (1959), "The Broken Sword" (1959), "Ghosts" (1959), "Antony and Cleopatra" (1965), "Arabesques" (1970) by E. L. Lazarev, "Radd" by D. G. Gershfeld (1975), "Crossroads" by V. G. Zagorsky (1974).
During the Soviet period great attention devoted to the development music education. In 1963, the State Institute of Arts named after G. V. Muzichesku was established, three music schools, more than 50 children's music schools, a secondary special music boarding school.
The academic ensemble of folk dance "Zhok", the orchestra of Moldovan folk instruments "Fluerash", the ensembles "Codru", "Leutarii", the groups "Noroc", "Contemporanul", "Orizont", "Play" enjoyed great popularity.
Culture and traditions of Moldavians from Syrkovo village MD, Rezina.
Culture and traditions of Moldavians from Syrkovo village MD, Rezina. On the culture and temperament of the Moldovan communities in the...
6:52 min.
A group of Belarusian peasants in the hayfield. Dnieper. Photo 1904
to displace a plow with an iron plowshare, which was pulled by oxen or horses. After plowing, the soil was loosened, cleaned of grass, roots, and the surface was leveled with harrows. Cereal jalisers. Now the land is cultivated with modern technology.
The most important crops on the territory of Belarus remained cereals - winter rye (zhito), oats, barley. Small areas were sown with millet, buckwheat, peas, corn, which began to expand only in the 20th century.
From industrial crops in Belarus, flax and hemp have been cultivated since ancient times, which provided material for the production of clothes, bags, ropes, as well as for vegetable oil. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. significantly increased the production of potatoes, sunflowers, beets.
Fishing, hunting, gathering, beekeeping, gardening, gardening served good help in the economy. As well as home crafts and crafts: blacksmithing, pottery, joinery and carpentry, cooperage, leather and shoemaking, spinning, weaving, tailoring. All of them provided the peasants with tools, household items, clothes, shoes. And skillfully woven by Belarusian weavers embroidered towels(handbrake) and tablecloths (abrus) were and remain an important part of the interior of Belarusian housing.
Settlements. The most common type of rural settlement among Belarusians to this day remains a village, or village, with a predominant street type of building. Houses with windows on the streets and an entrance from the yard were built along the roads, and vegetable gardens and orchards were located behind them. Village status was given to rural administrative centers with volost administration, schools and churches. Relatively small settlements, geographically gravitating towards the village,
called villages. They were widespread in the northern and northeastern regions. At the beginning of the XX century. farms appeared in the western regions of Belarus.
Cities on the territory of Belarus arose in the 9th-10th centuries. Among such ancient centers are Polotsk, Brest, Grodno, Vitebsk, Pinsk, Orsha, Minsk. The appearance of Belarusian cities combined features of different historical eras. The old Belarusian cities had narrow, crooked streets with cobblestone (broken) paving. In their centers there was a market square, a town hall, a church (or church), brick houses - stone houses, and the outskirts had wooden buildings surrounded by extensive front gardens.
The forerunners of many cities in Belarus were small towns - centers of handicrafts, home crafts, and trade. The name comes from the Polish misto and Ukrainian misto, which means "small town".
IN 20th century many towns became large villages, regional centers, cities.
IN during the twentieth century. in Belarus, old cities and towns and urban-type settlements have grown and new ones have appeared. During the Great Patriotic War, almost all Belarusian cities were heavily destroyed. Newly rebuilt, they largely changed their appearance and layout. After the Second World War, there were noticeable changes in the settlement of Belarusians, expressed in their movement from rural settlements to the cities. Now specific gravity city dwellers in the population of the republic is about 80%. The population of large cities is characterized by a motley ethnic composition- with the predominance of Belarusians (70% on average in the country).
The tendency towards unification characteristic of urban processes is especially noticeable in material culture, the change of which is influenced by scientific and technological progress, the spread of factory-made products.
IN the urban environment as a whole is less than in the rural one, elements of traditional culture are preserved.
material culture. The traditional Belarusian dwelling - a hut - was built from logs, inside it was coated with clay, the roof, as a rule, gable, was most often covered with straw, reeds or shingles. The facades were often decorated with rich ornaments. In the south of Belarus, to this day, dwellings are common, plastered and whitewashed on the outside.
The layout of the hut could be single-chamber (consisting only of a hut), two-chamber (hut and a small extension for storing household items - canopy) or three-chamber (hut, canopy ikamora - another utility room).
IN unified urban housing, only some elements of the interior and decoration contain ethnic features. Individual houses partly retain their adherence to tradition - in the construction of buildings, decoration of facades (decoration of pediments, architraves).
The typical food of the population was leavened (sour) bread made from rye flour. From grain, they prepared kasha, krupnik (soup from wheat or barley groats), grout (a liquid dish made from wheat flour), kulesh (liquid porridge-soup from cereals), zhur (oatmeal jelly). From barley, oatmeal, buckwheat, rye, wheat flour pekbliny.
From the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Potatoes have become part of the main food of Belarusians, from which they prepare, as they say, more than two hundred dishes. These are isaloniki (peeled boiled potatoes), idraniks (pancakes made from raw grated potatoes), ibulien (potato soup), and much more. Milk was usually added to dishes made from cereals or potatoes.
In summer and autumn, cucumbers, onions, pears, apples, cherries, plums, and watermelons were eaten. In late autumn and winter, pieces of fried bacon with onions were added to many dishes. In winter, on holidays, fried pork sausages, jelly.
Among the favorite dishes of Belarusians are yaeshnya (scrambled eggs with bacon or ham), holodnik - an analogue of Russian okroshka, bast - a thick fatty sauce
with bacon, etc. For the north-west and south of Belarus, where fishing was of commercial importance, fish dishes are typical as everyday food. From the products of gathering highest value had and still have mushrooms, sorrel, wild pears.
Traditional drinks of Belarusians are birch sap, honey, bread and beet kvass.
Adherence to traditions is also manifested in the methods of harvesting meat and vegetables for future use, which include pickling, pickling, drying, and smoking.
The tradition of beekeeping, the use of wild plants for food and in traditional medicine especially useful to the Belarusian partisans during the Great Patriotic War.
The complex of national Belarusian cuisine is relatively stable. Belarusians, as before, prefer Rye bread and traditional dishes their consumption of potatoes is almost twice as high as that of Russians and Ukrainians. The best examples of traditional recipes are preserved and distributed through catering establishments. However, urbanization processes, including due to the migration of the population from other regions, have expanded the use of dishes of other nationalities by Belarusians. Citizens along
With typical Belarusian dishes are Ukrainian borscht, Russian dumplings, Georgian kharcho soup, Caucasian barbecue, Uzbek pilaf and so on. Public catering smooths out differences in the diet of various national groups.
Cloth. Belorussian National Costume(based on a complex of peasant clothes) combined highly artistic elements of weaving, embroidery, fabric ornament. The predominant color in it is white.
The traditional men's costume consisted of a homespun linen tunic-shaped embroidered shirt, which reached the knees and was girded with a wide embroidered belt, sleeveless jackets made of colored cloth, white linen pants, and black boots. To this day, highly artistic Slutsk belts decorated with gold and silver remain famous. A wide-brimmed straw hat (bryl, capelyush) served as a headdress in summer, and a fur hat (kuchma, ablavuha) in winter.
The women's clothing complex consisted of a tunic-shaped (with a yoke or straight shoulder inserts) shirt; skirts of different styles (andorak, saiyan, letnik); worn over a skirt, made of cloth; aprons, decorated with lace and colored belts, and a colored sleeveless jacket.
The headdress of the girls consisted of narrow ornamented ribbons ( slip, shack) willows with a forehead, which formed a single complex with an old girl's hairstyle - flowing hair. Married women put their hair under a cap (kaptur), wore a towel headdress (namitka) and scarves (hustki).
Both men's and women's outerwear was sewn from felted undyed cloth (sarmyaga, cloak, retinue) and sheepskin.
The everyday shoes of Belarusians are bast shoes made of lime bast, leather postols, in winter - felt boots. Festive shoes were boots (boots) and boots.
Even today, in some areas of Polissya, you can meet a woman in national clothes, but more often there are individual elements of a traditional costume interspersed with modern clothes (tanned sheepskin jackets, a men's shirt with embroidered ornaments that do not go out of fashion), as well as traditions of cut, colors.
Trends towards unification material culture in the modern Belarusian city, the clothes of Belarusians were also affected. However, despite the widespread distribution of factory products and European urban costume, folk traditions still live in the choice of fabrics, equipment constituent parts clothing, ornamentation techniques.
Chapter 27. BELARUS, UKRAINE AND MOLDOVA: COUNTRIES, PEOPLES... | ||
A peculiar type of dwelling, clothing | ||
have Belarusians-Poleschuks. natural-geo- | ||
graphic conditions of Polissya contribute to | ||
yut preservation in everyday life, material and | ||
spiritual culture of a number of archaic features. | ||
Family. Until the end of the XIX century. Belarusian | ||
the peasants lived with large paternal and | ||
fraternal families. Until the beginning of the 20th century. in de- | ||
jealousy retained elements of the communal | ||
organizations: fellow villagers helped each other | ||
to a friend by the collective performance of the work | ||
(taloka, syabryna). The most important matters are solved | ||
lis at village gatherings, in which | ||
heads of families (gaspada- | ||
re). Here they chose the headman, appointed | ||
guardians, discussed family conflicts. | ||
Rites. Folklore. calendar ritual | ||
Belarusians' cycle is different | ||
raziem. On the eve of Christmas they arranged | ||
lean dinner with the obligatory barley | ||
porridge. The girls wondered about their fate. | Belarusian headdress of a married woman |
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Christmas time was held with the participation of mummers with |
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women - khustka with a namitka. |
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On Maslenitsa they baked pancakes, rode horses. On Easter (vyalikdzen) yards went around the yards, sang dragging songs with the wishes of the harvest, wealth in the house, etc. Special - Kupala - songs accompanied the archaic holiday on the night of Ivan Kupala (Kupala), when the guys and girls burned fires, jumped over them, looked for the "fern flower", swam, wondered.
Some elements of family rituals are still part of the ritual life of Belarusians today. Among them, we can mention the planting (pasad) of the bride (and sometimes the groom) nadzyazhu (kvass), cutting and cauterizing the hair of the young, “section” of the loaf. An important aspect of maternity rituals is the choice godparents, "section" of "babin's porridge".
Folk festivities also continue to exist: dazhynki (a celebration of the end of the harvest, when they weave a dazhin wreath, decorate the last sheaf and arrange a festive meal), dzyady (commemoration day of the dead), the already mentioned kupalle.
IN cities and villages of Belarus, as well as in places of compact settlement of Belarusians outside their ethnic territory, folk songs continue to be heard, folk dances (Bulba, Lenok, Yanka, Lyavonikha, Kryzhachok, Yurachka and etc.). In addition to the song heritage, Belarusians retain the skills of playing musical instruments ( harp, pipes, tambourines). For Belarusians, a multi-stringed percussion musical instrument is typical
cymbals.
IN 20th century Belarusian composers (N. Aladov, V. Voitik, E. Tikotsky,
A. Turenkov) created a lot bright works opera, ballet, symphony
576 Section IV. PEOPLES OF THE NEAR ABROAD
Czech, chamber music, popular songs. In modern Belarusian music are heard folklore motifs. The vocal-instrumental ensembles “Pesnyary” and “Verasy” are widely known.
Belarusian folklore also includes legends, stories, fairy tales, epics, and anecdotes. There are bright, characteristic proverbs (orders) and sayings (primouks) among the people.
In the XIX-XX centuries. a national Belarusian literature. Names all over the place Belarusian writers and poets: Frantishek Bogushevich, Maxim Bogdanovich, Yanka Kupala, Yakub Kolas, Kondrat Krapiva, Petrus Brovka, Maxim Tank, Ales Adamovich, Vasil Bykov.
Other ethnic groups in Belarus. How |
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already mentioned, Belarus is not mono-ethnic |
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new state. In addition to the titular ethnic group in |
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the most numerous Russians in the republic, |
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Poles, Ukrainians and Jews (about the last stories |
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Goat - an element of the carol | especially at the end of the chapter). This is typical as |
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for cities and countryside. |
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props. Brest region |
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Of the non-Belarusians today in the republic, most |
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the highest number of Russians (1142 thousand people). Russians began to settle on the territory of Belarus since the war between Russia and the Commonwealth (1654-1667). Later settlements began to appear. Russian Old Believers, who sought refuge here from religious persecution in their homeland and lived apart. In the years Soviet power the number of Russians constantly increased due to the migration influx from various regions of the RSFSR. It especially increased after the Great Patriotic War, since the restoration of the national economy of the republic required a significant amount of skilled labor resources.
Ukrainians (237 thousand people) live both in rural areas (adjacent to Ukrainian territory) and in the cities of Belarus. Their settlements have existed for a long time in the southern regions - the Polissya zone. Today, most of the Ukrainian population is concentrated in the southwestern and southeastern regions of Belarus.
The formation of the Polish community in Belarus began with the entry of the Belarusian lands into the Polish state. The mass resettlement of Poles to Belarusian territory took place in 1921-1939, when the western regions of Belarus were under the rule of Poland. Today, the Poles (396 thousand people) are mainly settled in rural areas in the west of Belarus and in the Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands. Some researchers believe that most of the inhabitants of Belarus, who now consider themselves Poles, are in fact Polished Belarusians - those whose
ancestors during the time when the Belarusian lands were part of the Commonwealth converted to Catholicism and adopted the Polish language.
In addition to the listed nationalities, up to 3 thousand Tatars live in Belarus. They began to settle from the end of the XIV century. in the west of the Belarusian territory,
V cities such as Novogrudok, Lida, Oshmyany; the places of their compact settlement received the corresponding names - Tatarskaya street, Tatarsky end.
IN Dvina, Lucinsk, Rezhitsa districts of the Vitebsk province of the Russian Empire lived Latvians, which was the basis for the conclusion
V 1920 peace treaty between Soviet Russia and Latvia for their transfer to Latvia. Until recently, villages with a Latvian population remained on the territory of the Vitebsk region of Belarus.
The smaller, in comparison with the listed, national groups in the population of Belarus include Armenians (10 thousand people),
Gypsies, Lithuanians, Azerbaijanis, Germans, Moldovans, Georgians.
2. Ukraine and Ukrainians
The main area of settlement of the Ukrainian people at present is the Republic of Ukraine, where the number of Ukrainians (self-name) is more than 38 million people. In addition to Ukraine, representatives of this ethnic group live in Russia (4.4 million people) and a number of near and far abroad countries: Kazakhstan (over 900 thousand), Moldova (about 600 thousand), Belarus (more than 200 thousand), Kyrgyzstan ( over 100 thousand), Canada (550 thousand), USA (535 thousand), Poland (350 thousand), Argentina (120 thousand), etc. The total number of Ukrainians in the world is about 46 million people.
Ukrainians, together with Russians and Belarusians, make up a group of Eastern Slavs. Anthropologically, they, like other Eastern Slavic peoples, refer to caucasian race, more precisely, the Central European small race of the transitional branch of the Caucasoid race.
Ukrainians speak the Ukrainian language of the Slavic branch Indo-European family. Distinguish between the northern dialect (left-bank, right-bank, Volynskopolessky dialects), the southwestern dialect (Volyn-Podolsky, Galician-Bukovinian, Carpathian, Poltava dialects) and the southeastern dialect (Dnieper and East Poltava dialects). The last in the XVI century. became the basis of the Old Ukrainian book language, and the Middle Dnieper dialects at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. - modern Ukrainian literary language. Writing in the Ukrainian language (based on the Cyrillic alphabet) became widespread from the 14th century.
Today, Russian and partly Polish are also widely spoken in Ukraine.
Believing Ukrainians are mostly Orthodox. In Western Ukraine, a significant part of the population are Uniates, mostly of the Byzantine rite (Greek Catholics).
Ethnogenesis and ethnic history. There are several theories about the origin of Ukrainians. In domestic science, the most widespread
the concept of the common East Slavic Old Russian ethnic community. Within the Old Russian nationality, cultural properties common to the Eastern Slavs were formed, but this ethnocultural formation itself remained heterogeneous, combined local variants of social life, which created the prerequisites for the emergence of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian nationalities. The historical basis for the formation of the Ukrainian ethnos was a part of the East Slavic population that lived in the 9th-12th centuries. in the South-West Kievan Rus, on the territory on both sides of the middle Dnieper. More specifically, we are talking about the Kiev right bank, the lands of Pereyaslav, Chernigov-Seversky, Volyn and Galician principalities.
The formation of the Ukrainian nation and state was complicated - especially since the time of feudal fragmentation Ancient Rus'- the ongoing attempts of Hungary, Lithuania, Poland and Turkey to seize Ukrainian lands
And subjugate their people to their power. Fortunately, this did not lead to the assimilation of this population.
In the XV-XVI centuries. the ethnic territory of the emerging Ukrainian nationality expanded significantly due to the settlement of its southwestern outskirts by fugitive peasants. In the same era, the Zaporizhian Sich was formed - an organization of Cossacks, which is believed to have played an important role in the formation of the Ukrainian ethnos, its identity and culture. Continuous in the XVI-XVII centuries. the fight against foreign invaders significantly consolidated the Ukrainian people.
In the XVI-XVII centuries. in Ukraine there are two colloquial literary languages: Slavic-Russian and the so-called prosta mova, or ruska mova - Ukrainian Speaking based on the Old Russian language. In the process of the formation of the Ukrainian nationality, the Ukrainian language acquired typical common Ukrainian features, combining the features of the main dialects of Ukraine.
With the unification of Lithuania and Poland into the Commonwealth, Ukrainian lands (except Transcarpathia, Bukovina and Chernihiv-Seversk region) fell under the rule of Polish magnates. The Brest church union of 1596 united the Ukrainian and Belarusian Orthodox churches from the Catholic to the Uniate on the territory of the Commonwealth, which also had an impact on the ethno-cultural development of Ukrainians.
IN 17th century there was a movement of significant groups of Ukrainians from the Right Bank, which was part of Poland, as well as from the Dnieper region to the east
and the southeast, their development of empty steppe lands and the formation of Sloboda Ukraine (the territory of modern Kharkov and partly Sumy regions of Ukraine, as well as the southern part of the Kursk, Belgorod and Voronezh regions of Russia), which was settled simultaneously by both Ukrainians and Russians. In the middle of the XVII century. Sloboda regiments arose here (as administrative divisions): Kharkov, Ostrogozhsky, Sumy, Izyumsky.
IN In January 1654, the political reunification of Ukraine with Russia was proclaimed at the Pereyaslav Rada. By the end of the century, Left-bank Ukraine, Kyiv with adjacent territories, Zaporozhye were reunited with Russia
And Chernihiv-Severskaya Earth.
Russian victories over Ottoman Turkey in the wars of 1768-1774 and 1787-1791. led to the inclusion of the Northern Black Sea region into the Russian state and the accession to the Ukrainian ethnic territory of New Russia and the lands between the Southern Bug and the Dniester. Attracted by benefits, flows of immigrants rushed here. And although the main role in the settlement and economic development of the southern Ukrainian regions was played by Ukrainians, who initially numerically prevailed here, as well as Russians, the participation of non-Slavic settlers - Moldavians, Greeks, Gagauzians, Armenians, Germans and partly southern and Western Slavs(mostly Bulgarians).
As a result of the second and third partitions of Poland (1793 and 1795), all Right-bank Ukraine and Left-bank Volyn joined Russia. This accelerated the ethno-cultural consolidation of Ukrainians, the strengthening of intra-Ukrainian economic ties, the inclusion of Ukraine in the all-Russian market, the growth national identity, development of culture, language.
The name Ukraine, used in the XII-XIII centuries. to designate the southern and southwestern lands of Ancient Rus', by the 17th-18th centuries. was fixed (in the meaning of "krajina", i.e. country) in official documents, became widespread and served as the basis for the ethnonym Ukrainians (along with the ethnonyms that were originally used in relation to the southeastern group of the population in question: Cossacks, Cossack people, Russians). In Russian official documents XVI - early XVIII V. Ukrainians of the Middle Dniester and Slobozhanshchina were often referred to as Cherkasy, and later as Little Russians, Little Russians, or South Russians.
The fate of the western regions of Ukraine evolved in different ways. Eastern Galicia and Bukovina after the first partition of Poland (1772) went to the Austrian Empire. The lands of the Right-Bank and Southern Ukraine since the 90s. XVIII century, and the Danube Ukrainian lands - from the first half of the XIX century. became part of Russia.
Thus, folding into modern nation in the XVIII-XIX centuries. took place for Ukrainians against the backdrop of the need to resist colonization, within the framework of a complex ethno-social structure in which their own dominant social strata merged with the higher social strata of the Austrians, Poles, Russians. At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries, at the final stage of formation Ukrainian nation, the modern Novoukrainian literary language was formed.
Agrarian overpopulation, political and national oppression forced hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians to leave their ethnic territory. From the Ukrainian provinces within Russia, the resettlement went to the eastern regions of the empire - Siberia, Central Asia, the Caucasus and Far East, and from Western Ukraine, which was under the rule of Austria-Hungary, to the countries of the American continent. Nevertheless, the number of Ukrainian population within the ethnic territory increased.
In all these areas, in everyday life, culture and other aspects of the life of Ukrainians, who lived in close interaction with representatives of other ethnic groups (mainly Russians), there were various interactions and mutual influences. In the 20s and 30s. 20th century in Ukraine, as well as in other regions
USSR, the “indigenization” (in this case, Ukrainization) of administrative personnel was intensively carried out, which of course contributed to the strengthening of positions Ukrainian language. In the same era, there was an intensive development of the Ukrainian Soviet literature theater, cinematography, etc. However, all these processes were contradictory. Thus, there was some reduction in the number of Ukrainians who considered the Ukrainian language as their mother tongue. However, it was not significant: in 1959, 87.7% of Ukrainians called Ukrainian their native language, and in 1970 only slightly less, namely 85.7%.
The completion of the reunification of Ukrainian lands was connected with the events of World War II: on November 1, 1939, Western Ukraine was included in the USSR and reunited with Soviet Ukraine. In June 1940 Romania returned Soviet Union Bessarabia and transferred Northern Bukovina to it, after which, on August 2, 1940, Northern Bukovina and Khotyn, Akkerman and Izmail counties of Bessarabia were included in Ukraine. And finally, according to the Soviet-Czechoslovak Treaty of June 29, 1945, Transcarpathia became part of Ukraine.
In 1960-1980. there was a rapid growth of the Ukrainian scientific, technical and humanitarian intelligentsia. In 1991, Ukraine became an independent state, a process of political stimulation began to expand the scope of the use of the Ukrainian language in public life while reducing the teaching of the Russian language and the scope of its functioning. According to the constitution adopted in June 1996, the Ukrainian language is recognized as the only state language. Contacts with the Ukrainian diaspora have intensified. Some Ukrainians from Russia, Kazakhstan and other states of the former USSR
moved to Ukraine. In recent years, after the declaration of independence in the cultural orientation of Ukraine, the Western component has become decisive. Contradictions appeared - mainly for political reasons - between the Ukrainian and Russian Orthodox churches, as well as between Ukrainians in the western and other parts of Ukraine.
After Ukraine gained state independence (1991), with the active influence of the authorities, nationalist views and ideas began to spread among the broad masses. The common origins of the ethnogenesis of Belarusians, Ukrainians and Russians are called into question; the progressive significance of the annexation of Ukraine to Russia under the leadership of Bogdan Khmelnitsky at the Pereyaslav Rada (1654) is denied; the betrayal of Hetman I. Mazepa in the period Northern war(first quarter XVIII V.); the treacherous actions against the legitimate authorities of the Bandera-Melnichenko underground during the Great Patriotic War and after it are positively assessed.
According to the local features of everyday life that have survived to this day, Ukraine can be divided into central, northern and western ethnographic regions. They roughly correspond to the three main groups of dialects in the composition of the Ukrainian language. The population of a number of regions retains more tangible differences in culture, life, and language. They are geographic and historical conditions and ethno-cultural contacts. It's about first of all
is a comprehensively developed country filled with many important historical events that are associated with its culture. Culture of Moldova came under the influence of Romania. Also, much was adopted from the Old Russian and Turkish population.
Religion in Moldova
Confessing Religion in Moldova does not have a single direction, and the leading one is Christianity, which is professed by 90% of the inhabitants. Christianity is confessed in all three directions at once: Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Protestantism. In addition, there are adherents of Judaism, Islam and Hinduism in Moldova. According to the census, 33,000 residents identified themselves as atheists.
Economy of Moldova
The national currency of Moldova is the Moldovan leu. Economy of Moldova develops mainly due to the development of agriculture, services and industry. In addition, Moldova is successfully engaged in the export of food products, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, machinery, equipment and clothing.
Science of Moldova
Moldova is a country that hosts many scientific research. Developing, provoked the construction of a leading center fundamental research. The institution is engaged in research of social and natural sciences.
Art of Moldova
culture in the country was formed from many factors. Outstanding Destination Moldovan art is art. It developed under the influence of Byzantium and since then many frescoes, miniatures and icons have remained. The most valuable monument of architecture and painting is located in the city of Kushen. There is the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, which was painted by Voikul, Radu and Stanchul. It is these sights and many others that encourage travelers to take a closer look at tourism in Moldova After all, understanding the culture, you can understand the people.
Moldovan cuisine
A characteristic feature of the Moldavian cuisine is the abundance of vegetables, fruits and meat. Moldovan cuisine formed due to the influence of many countries. The leading dishes of the country are Sarmale, Placinda with cottage cheese and Muzhdei. Sarmale resembles in its appearance and methods of cooking dolma and cabbage rolls. Placinda is a national pie, more like a round or square flat cake. Mujdei is a garlic sauce in vegetable or meat broth.
Customs and traditions of Moldova
Moldova is a country whose people honor their traditions and there are a very large number of them. They are passed on to descendants and kept for each generation. Customs and traditions Moldovans are associated with hospitality. Moldovans celebrate the same holidays as the Slavic peoples. Including New Year but with an added twist. The first day of the holiday is accompanied by the sprinkling of grain at home. At Christmas they carol, and after Easter, a week later, all relatives visit the graves of loved ones and relatives.
Sports of Moldova
Moldova is actively sports life, the main evidence of this is the participation of the country in Olympic Games. Sports of Moldova are swimming, equestrian and cycling, rowing, swimming, boxing, shooting and archery, biathlon and football.
Eastern Europe is a part of Europe that characterizes its eastern territories. As a term, "Eastern Europe does not have a strict definition and clear boundaries. Its territory has changed with the course of history. So, during cold war Eastern Europe included all the countries of the Soviet bloc. After the end of the Cold War, many countries began to be attributed to other regions.
According to the UN definition, Eastern Europe includes the following states: Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Ukraine and the Czech Republic.
BELARUS (belor. Belarus) - not official name, the full official name is the Republic of Belarus, the second abbreviated name of Belarus is a state in Eastern Europe. It borders with Russia in the east, Ukraine in the south, Poland in the west, Lithuania and Latvia in the northwest.
The capital of the Republic of Belarus is Minsk.
Belarus is divided into 6 regions, the regions are divided into districts and cities of regional subordination. Total number districts in all regions is 118, and cities of regional subordination - 12. The city of Minsk is an independent administrative unit, which is not included in any region.
Regions: Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev.
Economy
The economy in Belarus is built on the principles of a socially oriented market model.
The structure of the Belarusian economy is characterized by the dominance of state ownership in the production, energy, transport, mining, construction, agriculture and banking sectors, and a small share of the private sector.
There is no centralized distribution and planning, except for macroeconomic indicators. The state regulates prices for social significant groups goods.
The retail and wholesale trade and the service sector are dominated by the private sector.
The presence of a significant public sector allows the government to support social programs, pay for medicine and education, subsidize Agriculture and housing and communal services, allocate preferential loans for housing construction.
The country has developed energy, engineering, agriculture, chemical and timber industries, construction and production of building materials and mining.
The main export items are oil products, potash fertilizers, foodstuffs, products of mechanical engineering and the chemical industry and metallurgy.
In March 2011, a monetary and financial crisis began in Belarus.
Population
According to the 2009 census, 9 million 504 thousand people lived in the country. Belarusians (83.7%), Russians (8.3%), Poles (3.1%), Ukrainians (1.7%), Jews (0.1%). Urban population - 74.3%
According to operational data, the population of Belarus as of March 1, 2013 amounted to 9 million 461.8 thousand people.
Crime
In 2010, 140,920 crimes were registered in Belarus.
The highest crime rate among the regions of Belarus is observed in Minsk
in second place is the Minsk region (153.7). The most criminogenic city in terms of the crime rate is Bobruisk, the leader in the number of murders "per capita" is Lida. According to the Prosecutor General's Office and the Interior Ministry, the crime rate in the country is declining.
At the same time, the number of crimes committed by foreigners and those with previous convictions has increased.
Main article:
In 2008, 61 religious and 3 monastic communities were registered in the Republic. There are 25 religious denominations and directions.
Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus
The Ministry of Defense and the Belarusian army were created in January 1992. They were built on the basis of Soviet troops stationed on the territory of Belarus, with the involvement of Belarusians who served in other regions of the Soviet Union.
Currently, there are two types of troops in the Armed Forces - Ground troops, Air Force and Air Defense Troops. Also directly subordinate to the General Staff is the branch of the armed forces - the Special Operations Forces (SOF). There are also special troops (services), rear services.
The strength of the Armed Forces is 62,000 people, including 48,000 military personnel and 14,000 civilian personnel. As of the end of 2006, 23.1% of servicemen served on a contract basis.
UKRAINE is a state in Eastern Europe.
The capital is Kyiv.
The state language is Ukrainian.
Unitary state, presidential-parliamentary republic.
In March 2010, Viktor Yanukovych took over as president.
It is subdivided into 27 administrative-territorial units, 24 of which are regions, 1 is an autonomous republic, and 2 are cities of state subordination (Kyiv, Sevastopol).
The independence of the country was proclaimed on August 24, 1991. For the previous 69 years, it was part of the USSR.
Population
by July 2012, its numbers had dwindled to 45,561,989. Ukraine is thus the most populated country of Eastern Europe and ranks thirtieth in the world in terms of the number of inhabitants.
Kyiv is the capital and largest city of Ukraine with a population of over 2.8 million people
The average population density is about 77.3 people per km², while the population is unevenly distributed: the most densely populated are the industrial eastern regions (Donetsk, Luhansk, Dnepropetrovsk, Kharkiv) and the Carpathian regions (Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi).
The share of the urban population is 64%. As of 2013, 4 cities have a population of more than 1 million people: Kyiv Kharkov Odessa Dnepropetrovsk.
Armed forces
Currently, the Ukrainian army is actively involved in peacekeeping operations.
They are completed by conscription for military service of men aged 18-25. The number for 2012 is 184 thousand people.
The military command of the Armed Forces is exercised by the General Staff.
Organizationally, the Armed Forces of Ukraine consist of military command and control bodies, associations, formations, military units, military educational institutions, institutions and organizations.
Today in the armed forces Ukraine includes:
Ground troops
Mechanized and tank troops
Rocket troops and artillery.
Air defense troops
air force
Organizationally, the Naval Forces include:
The main base of the Naval Forces is Sevastopol. The main bases of the Ukrainian Navy: Odessa, Novoozernoye, Saki.
Economy
General state, Main factors
Ukraine is considered an export-oriented country, according to some estimates, it receives 50% of GDP from exports.
The industries that are still working to some extent are metallurgy, energy (there are nuclear power plants and a whole cascade of hydroelectric power plants on the Dnieper River), as well as the chemical and mining industries (coal and ore mining).
The most economically developed regions are Donbass (Donetsk region and Lugansk region), Dnieper region (Dnipropetrovsk region and Zaporozhye region), as well as the cities of Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa and Lvov.
The economy, with its market nature, is characterized by the active role of the state: it owns about 140 large enterprises in various sectors of the national economy, and also controls the prices of a number of goods, including basic foodstuffs and fuels and lubricants.
MOLDOVA, the official name is the Republic of Moldova, a state in South-Eastern Europe. It borders on Ukraine and Romania.
Unitary state, parliamentary republic. Nicolae Timofti has been President since March 2012.
It is subdivided into 39 administrative-territorial units, 32 of which are districts, 5 municipalities and 2 autonomous-territorial entities - Gagauzia and the Left Bank of the Dniester.
It has significant ethnic and cultural diversity. Most of believers (about 88% of the population) profess Orthodoxy.
The independence of the country was proclaimed on August 27, 1991. From 1940 to 1991 it was part of the USSR under the name of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Population
According to estimates, as of January 1, 2012, the permanent population of the Republic of Moldova amounted to 3559.5 thousand people. (without Transnistria (PMR)).
The population of the Republic of Moldova is multinational and multicultural. The bulk of the population, or 75.8% (according to the 2004 census) are Moldovans. They also live: Ukrainians - 8.4%, Russians - 5.9%, Gagauzians - 4.4%, Romanians - 2.2%, Bulgarians - 1.9%, etc.
The population density is 111.4 people per 1 km².
Economy
The climate of Moldova is conducive to agriculture. There are no deposits of mineral resources in the country, and therefore the country's economy is based on agriculture. Almost all energy resources have to be imported.
According to some estimates (US CIA handbook) up to 25% work force Moldavia works abroad.
The main importers are Russia 29%, Romania 15%, Italy 10%.
The main exporters are Russia 21%, Romania 16%, Ukraine 15%.
There are 174 wineries in Moldova.
GUAM is an interstate organization founded in October 1997 by former Soviet republics- Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova (from 1999 to 2005 the organization also included Uzbekistan). The name of the organization was formed from the first letters of the names of its member countries. Before Uzbekistan left the organization, it was called GUUAM. The policy of the organization is aimed at strengthening ties between its members.
EUROPEAN UNION
The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the EU and Moldova, mainly devoted to trade and financial cooperation, entered into force only in 1998.
One of the options for the unification of Romania and Moldova (without Transnistria)
Romania has repeatedly declared its desire to annex Moldova to itself. The main reason for this, Romanian officials called the illegal, in their opinion, the rejection of this territory from Greater Romania and its annexation to the USSR in 1940.
with countries European West Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova directly border.
State Belarus rich in potassium salts and peat, well provided with labor resources. Mechanical engineering includes labor-intensive industries (high-precision machine tools, automatic lines, electronic computers) and metal-intensive industries (automobile and tractor construction, agricultural engineering). The electric power industry has 8 thermal power plants running on gas and fuel oil, which, like metal, come from Russia and Ukraine. The main direction of the chemical-forestry complex is the production of polymers, plastics and synthetic resins. Dairy and beef cattle breeding predominates in animal husbandry. In agriculture, 50% of the sown area is occupied by grain crops, and the third part is forage. Flax crops are most common in the north, and potato plantations are most common in the south. Difficult problems arose in the country in connection with the accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant, since a significant part of Belarus was exposed to radioactive contamination. The basis of the territorial structure of the economy is Largest cities. A quarter of the urban population is concentrated in Minsk, half of the engineering products and 20% of light industry are produced.
Ukraine - Russia's largest neighbor in terms of population and output from neighboring countries, located to the south of the Russian Federation. This state has reserves of various minerals. The Donetsk coal basin and iron ore deposits near Krivoy Rog stand out. in the east Crimean peninsula Kerch iron ores are being developed, and deposits of manganese near the city of Nikopol. Ukraine is rich in mercury, nickel, aluminum and titanium ores. There is table salt in the Donbass, Sivash salts and potash salts in the Carpathians are of industrial importance.
The lack of water resources makes construction difficult. There are many rivers, but they are shallow, with little water resources. The population mainly lives in cities (68%). Labor resources in Ukraine are sufficient.
The basis of the economy is the fuel and energy and machine-building complexes, metallurgy and chemical industry. Previously, Donbass coal was the basis of the fuel and energy complex. At present, the fuel and energy complex of the state depends on oil and gas supplies from Russia. Electricity is supplied by a cascade of hydroelectric power stations on the Dnieper. Most thermal power plants run on coal. In connection with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the construction of many nuclear power plants (South-Ukrainian, Crimean) was stopped, although the shortage of electricity is currently being experienced very acutely.
Ferrous metallurgy is concentrated in Donetsk, Mariupol, Krivoy Rog and Zaporizhia on a combination of coking coals of Donbass and ores of Krivoy Rog. The machine-building complex is the leading national economy Ukraine, specializes in the production of ships and diesel locomotives, trucks and tractors, metallurgical, mining and other equipment. A diverse chemical industry uses local raw materials: waste from metallurgy and coke chemistry, gas, coal, salts.
The agro-industrial complex of Ukraine is very significant in terms of its scale. In the north, in Polissya, flax, fodder and rye are grown. Winter wheat, sugar beet, corn, sunflower are sown in the steppe, pigs, poultry and livestock are bred. There are many orchards, vineyards and essential oil crops in the south. The territory of the state is crossed by a dense network of railways and highways, pipelines, and airlines. Coal, salt, ore, bread are exported through the Black Sea ports, construction timber is in transit. Imported timber, oil, agricultural and tropical farming products are imported, with a significant part of the goods coming from Russia.
Core wealth Moldova— soil and climatic resources: 80% of its territory falls on agricultural land. Unsustainable crops require irrigation and soil erosion control. The state is provided with labor resources. The largest industry is agriculture: the cultivation of grapes, fruits, tobacco, and the production of rose oil. Half of industrial production is the processing of perishable raw materials. Industries that produce equipment for the agro-industrial complex satisfy local needs by only 10%, and the production of packaging is increasing.
