Negative consequences of tech progress arguments. Problems and arguments for the essay on the exam in Russian on the topic: The influence of the teacher

Arguments for writing

Problems 1. Education and culture 2. Human upbringing 3. The role of science in modern life 4. Human and scientific progress 5. Spiritual consequences scientific discoveries 6. The struggle between the new and the old as a source of development Affirming theses 1. Knowledge of the world cannot be stopped by anything. 2. Scientific progress should not be ahead of the moral possibilities of man. 3. The purpose of science is to make a person happy. Quotes 1. We can as far as we know (Heraclitus, ancient Greek philosopher). 2. Not every change is development (ancient philosophers). 3. We were civilized enough to build a machine, but too primitive to use it (K. Kraus, German scientist). 4. We left the caves, but the cave has not yet left us (A. Regulsky). Arguments Scientific progress and moral qualities of man 1) The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a toddler dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slips over his eyes... Doesn't this picture resemble a modern person? Having failed to grow morally, grow up, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that is capable of destroying all life on Earth. 2) Mankind has achieved great success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But it's a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner. 3) In ancient mythology there is a legend about Pandora's box. A woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending. 4) In M. Bulgakov's story, Dr. Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns around dire consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility. 5) “We boarded the plane, but we don’t know where it will fly to!” - wrote the famous Russian writer Y. Bondarev. These words are a warning to all mankind. Indeed, we are sometimes very careless, we do something “get on a plane”, without thinking about what the consequences of our hasty decisions and thoughtless actions will be. And these consequences can be fatal. 6) The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person? 7) Until now, disputes about how legitimate, from a moral point of view, experiments related to human cloning do not fade away. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What will this creature be? Human? Cyborg? means of production? 8) It is naive to believe that some kind of bans, strikes can be stopped scientific and technical progress. So, for example, in England, during the period of rapid development of technology, a movement of Luddites began, who, in desperation, broke cars. People could understand: many of them lost their jobs after the machines began to be used in factories. But the use of technological advances ensured an increase in productivity, so the performance of the followers of the apprentice Ludd was doomed. Another thing is that with their protest they forced society to think about fate specific people, about the foam that you have to pay for moving forward. 9) In one science fiction story, it is said how the hero, being in the house of a famous scientist, saw a vessel in which his double was alcoholized - a genetic copy. The guest was amazed at the immorality of this act: “How could you create a creature like yourself, and then kill him?” And they heard the answer: “Why do you think that I created it? He made me!" 10) Nicolaus Copernicus, after long, long studies, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist did not dare to publish the data on his discovery for a long time, because he understood that such news would turn people's ideas about the world order upside down. and this can lead to unpredictable consequences. 11) Today, we have not yet learned how to treat many deadly diseases, hunger has not yet been defeated, and the most acute problems have not been resolved. However, technically man is already capable of destroying all life on the planet. At one time, the Earth was inhabited by dinosaurs - huge monsters, real killing machines. In the course of evolution, these giant reptiles disappeared. Will humanity repeat the fate of the dinosaurs? 12) There have been cases in history when some secrets that could harm humanity were deliberately destroyed. In particular, in 1903, the Russian professor Filippov, who invented a method for transmitting shock waves from an explosion over long distances by radio, was found dead in his laboratory. After that, by order of Nicholas II, all the documents were confiscated and burned, and the laboratory was destroyed. It is not known whether the tsar was guided by the interests of his own security or the future of mankind, but such means of transmitting the power of an atomic or hydrogen explosion would be really disastrous for the population of the globe. 13) Recently, newspapers reported that a church under construction was demolished in Batumi. A week later, the district administration building collapsed. Seven people died under the ruins. Many residents took these events not as a mere coincidence, but as a dire warning that society had chosen the wrong path. 14) In one of the Ural cities, they decided to blow up an abandoned church so that it would be easier to extract marble at this place. When the explosion thundered, it turned out that the marble slab was cracked in many places and became unusable. This example clearly shows that the thirst for momentary gain leads a person to senseless destruction. Laws of social development. Man and power 1) History knows a lot failed attempts forcefully make a person happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then paradise turns into a dungeon. The favorite of Tsar Alexander 1, General Arakcheev, creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the appointed hours, their children were to be sent to schools, they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good. they were forced to love, work, study... And a man deprived of his freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev's reforms were curtailed. 2) They decided to help one African tribe that lived in the equatorial zone. Young Africans were taught to beg for rice, tractors and seeders were brought to them. A year has passed - they came to see how the tribe, gifted with new knowledge, lives. What a disappointment it was when they saw that the tribe both lived and lives in a primitive communal system: they sold tractors to farmers, and with the proceeds they arranged a national holiday. This example is eloquent evidence that a person must mature to understand his needs, you can’t make anyone rich, smart and happy by force. 3) In one kingdom there was a severe drought, people began to die of hunger and thirst. The king turned to a soothsayer who came to them from distant lands. He predicted that the drought would end as soon as a stranger was sacrificed. Then the king ordered to kill the soothsayer and throw him into the well. The drought ended, but since then a constant hunt for foreign wanderers has begun. 4) The historian E. Tarle, in one of his books, tells about Nicholas I's visit to Moscow University. When the rector introduced him to the best students, Nicholas 1 said: “I don’t need wise men, but I need novices.” The attitude towards smart people and novices in various fields of knowledge and art eloquently testifies to the nature of society. 5) In 1848, the tradesman Nikifor Nikitin was exiled to the remote settlement of Baikonur "for seditious speeches about flying to the moon." Of course, no one could have known that a century later, a cosmodrome would be built on this very spot, in the Kazakh steppe, and spaceships they will fly where the prophetic eyes of an enthusiastic dreamer looked. Man and knowledge 1) Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off. 2) Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger. 3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning. 4) One English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need better weapons." 5) The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to a brilliant discovery. 6) Early Middle Ages commonly referred to as the "dark ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, could not write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, the diligently drew letters. 7) Ripe apples have been falling from the trees for thousands of years, but no one has given this ordinary phenomenon any significance. It was necessary for the great Newton to be born in order to look with new, more penetrating eyes at familiar fact and discover the universal law of motion. 8) It is impossible to calculate how many disasters people have brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, no harvest, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by intrigues evil spirits . A brutal witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous forces on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, with their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil. 9) It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon answered briskly: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship. 10) The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life. 11) New ideas make their way in a hard struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, who lectured students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding" - 12) At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. But the battery soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joel decided that the horse would never be displaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the possibilities that will open up before a person. 13) In the middle of the 17th century, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk in a pot of earth from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. The masts were not broken on the court, the gear was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to the green sprout. .. Several years passed and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique. This story allegorically reflects the difficult path of any scientific truth. A person carefully cherishes in his soul a sprout of a yet unknown discovery, waters it with moisture of hope and inspiration, shelters it from worldly storms and storms of despair... And here it is - the saving shore of final insight. The ripened tree of truth will give seeds, and whole plantations of theories, monographs, scientific laboratories, technical innovations will cover the continents of knowledge.

Arguments for writing

Problems 1. The role of art (science, mass media) in the spiritual life of society 2. The impact of art on the spiritual development of a person 3. The educational function of art Affirming theses 1. Genuine art ennobles a person. 2. Art teaches a person to love life. 3. Bring people the light of high truths, "pure teachings of goodness and truth" - this is the meaning of true art. 4. The artist must put his whole soul into the work in order to infect another person with his feelings and thoughts. Quotes 1. Without Chekhov, we would be many times poorer in spirit and heart (K Paustovsky. Russian writer). 2. The whole life of mankind consistently settled in books (A. Herzen, Russian writer). 3. Conscientiousness is the feeling that literature is obliged to excite (N. Evdokimova, Russian writer). 4. Art is called upon to preserve the human in a person (Yu. Bondarev, Russian writer). 5. The world of the book is the world of a real miracle (L. Leonov, Russian writer). 6. A good book is just a holiday (M. Gorky, Russian writer). 7. Art creates good people, shapes the human soul (P. Tchaikovsky, Russian composer). 8. They went into darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer). 9. Art is a shadow of divine perfection (Michelangelo, Italian sculptor and artist). 10. The purpose of art is to condense the beauty dissolved in the world (French philosopher). 11. There is no poet's career, there is a poet's destiny (S. Marshak, Russian writer). 12. The essence of literature is not fiction, but the need to speak the heart (V. Rozanov, Russian philosopher). 13. The artist's business is to give birth to joy (K Paustovsky, Russian writer). Arguments 1) Scientists, psychologists have long argued that music can have different effects on nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that the works of Bach increase and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music arouses compassion, cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child. 2) Can art change a person's life? Actress Vera Alentova recalls such a case. One day she received a letter from an unknown woman who said that she was left alone, she did not want to live. But, after watching the film “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears”, she became a different person: “You won’t believe it, I suddenly saw that people are smiling and they are not so bad as it seemed to me all these years. And the grass, it turns out, is green, And the sun is shining ... I have recovered, for which I thank you very much. 3) Many front-line soldiers talk about the fact that soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for clippings from a front-line newspaper, where chapters from A. Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin" were published. This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important for the fighters than food. 4) The outstanding Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky, talking about his impressions of Raphael's painting "The Sistine Madonna", said that the hour he spent in front of her belongs to the happiest hours of his life, and it seemed to him that this picture was born in a moment of miracle. 5) The famous children's writer N. Nosov told an incident that happened to him in childhood. Once he missed the train and stayed overnight at the station square with homeless children. They saw a book in his bag and asked him to read it. Nosov agreed, and the children, deprived of parental warmth, breathlessly began to listen to the story of a lonely old man, mentally comparing his bitter, homeless life with their own fate. 6) When the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the 7th Symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich had a huge impact on the inhabitants of the city. which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy. 7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of the Undergrowth. They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the loafer Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland. 8) In Moscow, a gang was operating for a long time, which was distinguished by particular cruelty. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior, their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture and in real life. 9) The artist serves eternity. Today we imagine this or that historical person exactly as it is depicted in a work of art. Before this truly royal power of the artist, even tyrants trembled. Here is an example from the Renaissance. Young Michelangelo fulfills the order of the Medici and behaves quite boldly. When one of the Medicis expressed displeasure at the lack of resemblance to the portrait, Michelangelo said: "Do not worry, your Holiness, in a hundred years he will look like you." 10) In childhood, many of us read the novel by A. Dumas "The Three Musketeers". Athos, Porthos, Aramis, d "Artagnan - these heroes seemed to us the embodiment of nobility and chivalry, and Cardinal Richelieu, their opponent, was the personification of deceit and cruelty. But the image of the novel villain bears little resemblance to a real historical figure. After all, it was Richelieu who introduced almost forgotten into the time of religious wars, the words "Frenchman", "homeland". He forbade duels, believing that young, strong men should shed blood not because of petty quarrels, but for the sake of their homeland. But under the pen of the novelist, Richelieu acquired a completely different look, and Dumas' invention affects the reader much stronger and more vividly than historical truth. 11) V. Soloukhin told such a case. Two intellectuals argued about what snow is. One says that there is also blue, the other proves that blue snow is nonsense, an invention of the Impressionists, decadents, that snow is snow, white as ... snow. Repin lived in the same house. Let's go to him to resolve the dispute. Repin: he did not like it when he was interrupted from work. He angrily shouted: - Well, what do you - What kind of snow is it? - Just not white! - and slammed the door. 12) People believed in true magical power art. So, some cultural figures offered the French during the First World War to defend Verdun - their strongest fortress - not with forts and cannons, but with the treasures of the Louvre. “Put the Gioconda or the Madonna and Child with Saint Anna, the great Leonardo da Vinci, in front of the besiegers - and the Germans will not dare to shoot!”, They argued.

Arguments for writing

Problems 1. The moral responsibility of a person (artist, scientist) for the fate of the world 2. The role of the individual in history 3. The moral choice of a person 4. The conflict between a person and society 5. A person and nature Affirming theses 1. A person comes into this world not to say what he is, but to make it better. 2. It depends on each person what the world will be like: light or dark, good or evil. 3. Everything in the world is connected by invisible threads, and a careless act, an inadvertent word can turn into the most unpredictable consequences. 4. Remember your High human responsibility! Quotes 1. There is one undoubted sign that divides the actions of people into good and evil: the act increases the love and unity of people - it is good; he produces enmity and separation - he is bad (L. Tolstoy, Russian writer). 2. The world in itself is neither evil nor good, it is a receptacle for both, depending on what you yourself turned it into (M. Montaigne, French humanist philosopher). 3. Yes - I'm in the boat. The spill will not touch me! But how can I live when my people are drowning? (Saadi, Persian writer and thinker) 4. It is easier to light one small candle than to curse the darkness (Confucius, an ancient Chinese thinker). 5. Love - and do what you want (Augustine the Blessed, Christian thinker). 6. Life is a struggle for immortality (M. Prishvin, Russian writer). 7. They went into darkness, but their trace did not disappear (W. Shakespeare, English writer). Arguments Everyone has the fate of the world in their hands 1) V. Soloukhin tells a parable about a boy who did not obey an unknown voice and frightened away a butterfly. An unknown voice sadly announced what would happen next: the disturbed butterfly would fly into the royal garden, the caterpillar from this butterfly would crawl onto the neck of the sleeping queen. The queen will be frightened and die, and the power in the country will be seized by an insidious and cruel king who will cause a lot of trouble to people. 2) There is an ancient Slavic legend about the Plague Maiden. One day the farmer went to mow the grass. Suddenly, a terrible Plague Maiden jumped on his shoulders. The man begged for mercy. The Plague Maiden agreed to take pity on him if he carried her on his shoulders. Where this terrible couple appeared, all people died: both small children, and gray-haired old men, and beautiful girls, and stately guys. This legend is addressed to each of us: what do you bring to the world - light or darkness, joy or sorrow, good or evil, life or death? 4) A. Kuprin wrote the story "The Wonderful Doctor", based on real events. A man, tormented by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the well-known doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, his life and the life of his family changes in a very happy way. This story speaks eloquently of the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people. 5) In a military operation near Pervomaisk, the fighters who repulsed the attack of the militants rushed to the box with grenades. But when they opened it, they found that the grenades had no fuses. The packer at the factory forgot to put them in, and without them, a grenade is just a piece of iron. The soldiers, suffering heavy losses, were forced to retreat, and the militants broke through. The mistake of a nameless person turned into a terrible disaster. 6) Historians write that the Turks were able to capture Constantinople by going through a gate that someone forgot to close. 7) A terrible accident in Asha occurred due to the fact that an excavator with a bucket hooked a gas pipeline pipe. In this place, many years later, a gap formed, the gas escaped, and then a real disaster came: about a thousand people died in a terrible fire. 8) An American spacecraft crashed when an assembler dropped a screw into the Fuel Bay. 9) Children began to disappear in one of the Siberian cities. Their mutilated bodies were found in different parts of the city. The police were on the run looking for the killer. All archives were raised, but the one on whom suspicions fell was at that time inseparably in the hospital. And then it turned out that he had already been discharged a long time ago, the nurse had simply forgotten to complete the paperwork, and the killer calmly carried out his bloody deed. 10) Moral irresponsibility turns into monstrous consequences. At the end of the 17th century, in one of the provincial American towns, two girls showed signs of a strange illness: they laughed for no reason, convulsed. Someone timidly suggested that a witch had sent a curse on the girls. The girls seized on this idea and began to name the names of respectable citizens, who were immediately thrown into prison and, after a short trial, executed. But the disease did not stop, and more and more convicts were sent to the chopping block. When it became clear to everyone that what was happening in the city looked like a crazy dance of death, the girls were severely interrogated. The patients admitted that they were just playing, they liked being the center of attention from adults. But what about the innocent? The girls didn't think about it. 11) The twentieth century is the first century in the history of mankind of world wars, the century of the creation of weapons of mass destruction. There is an incredible situation: humanity can destroy itself. In Hiroshima, on the monument to the victims of the atomic bombing, it is written: "Sleep well, the mistake will not be repeated." So that this and many other mistakes are not repeated, the struggle for peace, the struggle against weapons of mass destruction, acquires a universal character. 12) Sowed evil turns into new evil. In the Middle Ages, there was a legend about a city that was filled with rats. The townspeople did not know where to get away from them. One man promised to rid the city of vile creatures if he was paid. The residents, of course, agreed. The rat-catcher began to play his pipe, and the rats, bewitched by the sounds, followed him. The sorcerer took them to the river, got into the boat, and the rats drowned. But the townspeople, having got rid of the misfortune, refused to pay the promised. Then the sorcerer took revenge on the city: he again played the pipe, children came running from all over the city, and he drowned them in the river. The role of personality in history 1) "Notes of a hunter" by I. Turgenev played a huge role in the social life of our country. People, having read bright, bright stories about peasants, understood that it is immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement began in the country for the abolition of serfdom. 2) After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, made society take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation. 3) The American writer G. Beecher Stowe wrote the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin", which told about the fate of a mild-mannered Negro who was beaten to death by a ruthless planter. This novel stirred up the whole society, the Civil War broke out in the country, and shameful slavery was abolished. Then they said that this little woman started a big war. 4) During the Great Patriotic War, G. F. Flerov, using a short vacation, went to the scientific library. He drew attention to the fact that there were no publications on radioactivity in foreign journals. Hence, these works are classified. He immediately wrote an alarming letter to the government. Immediately after that, all nuclear scientists were called from the front and active work began on the creation of an atomic bomb, which in the future helped stop possible aggression against our country. 5) It is unlikely that King Edward III of England fully understood what his impudence would lead to: he depicted delicate lilies on the state emblem. Thus, the English king showed that from now on, neighboring France is also subject to him. This drawing of a power-hungry monarch became the reason for the Hundred Years War, which brought countless disasters to people. 6) “A holy place is never empty!” - this saying with offensive frivolity expresses the idea that there are no irreplaceable people. However, the history of mankind proves that a lot depends not only on the circumstances, but also on the personal qualities of a person, on his belief in his own righteousness, on his adherence to his principles. The name of the English educator R. Owen is known to all. Taking over the management of the factory, he created favorable conditions for the life of the workers. He built comfortable houses, hired scavengers to clean up the territory, opened libraries, reading rooms, a Sunday school, a nursery, reduced the working day from 14 to 10 hours. For several years, the inhabitants of the town were literally reborn: they mastered the letter, drunkenness disappeared, enmity ceased. It would seem that the centuries-old dream of people about an ideal society has come true. Owen has many successors. But, deprived of his fiery faith, they could not successfully repeat the experience of the great reformer. Human and nature 1) Why did it happen that in ancient Rome there were too many destitute, distressed "proletarians"? Indeed, riches from all over the ecumene flocked to Rome, and the local nobility bathed in luxury and went mad with excesses. Two factors played a major role in the impoverishment of the lands of the metropolis: the destruction of forests and the depletion of soils. As a result, the rivers became shallow, the groundwater level decreased, land erosion developed, and crops decreased. And this - with a more or less constant population growth. The ecological crisis, as we now say, has worsened. 2) Beavers build amazing dwellings for their offspring, but their activity never turns into the extermination of that biomass, without which they are finished. Man, in front of our eyes, continues the fateful work that he began millennia ago: in the name of the needs of his production, he destroyed the forests filled with life, dehydrated and turned entire continents into deserts. After all, the Sahara and Kara Kum are obvious evidence of the criminal activity of man, which continues to this day. Isn't the pollution of the oceans a testament to this? A person deprives himself in the near future of the last necessary food resources. 3) In ancient times, man was clearly aware of his connection with nature, our primitive ancestors deified animals, believed that it was they who protect people from evil spirits, bestow good luck on hunting. For example, the Egyptians treated cats with respect; the death penalty was due for the murder of this sacred animal. And in India, even now, a cow, confident that a person will never harm her, can calmly go into a greengrocer's shop and eat whatever she wants. The shopkeeper would never turn this sacred guest away. To many, such reverence for animals will seem ridiculous superstition, but in fact it expresses a feeling of deep, blood relationship with nature. The feeling that became the basis of human morality. But, unfortunately, today many have lost it. 4) Often it is nature that gives people lessons of kindness. The famous scientist recalled an incident that stuck in his memory for a long time. Once he, walking with his wife through the forest, saw a chick lying in the bushes. Some large bird with bright plumage darted about anxiously near him. People saw a hollow in an old pine tree and put a chick there. After that, for several years, the grateful bird, meeting the saviors of its chick in the forest, joyfully circled over their heads. Reading this touching story, one wonders whether we always show such sincere gratitude to those who helped us in difficult times. 5) In Russian folk tales the unselfishness of man is often glorified. Emelya was not going to catch a pike - she herself got into his bucket. If a wanderer sees a fallen chick - he will put it in a nest, a bird will fall into a snare - he will free it, throw a fish ashore in a wave - he will release it back into the water. Do not seek benefits, do not destroy, but help, save, protect - this is taught by folk wisdom. 6) The tornadoes that broke out over the American continent brought countless disasters to people. What caused these natural disasters? Scientists are increasingly inclined to believe that this is the result of rash human activity, which often ignores the laws of nature, believes that it is designed to serve his interests. But for such a consumer attitude, a cruel retribution awaits a person. 7) Human intervention in difficult life nature can lead to unpredictable consequences. One famous scientist decided to bring deer to his region. However, the animals could not adapt to the new conditions and soon died. But the ticks that lived in the skin of deer settled in, flooded forests and meadows and became a real disaster for the rest of the inhabitants. 8) Global warming, which is being talked about more and more lately, is fraught with catastrophic consequences. But not everyone thinks that this problem is a direct consequence of the life of a person who, in the pursuit of profit, violates the stable balance of natural cycles. It is no coincidence that scientists are talking more and more about the reasonable self-limitation of needs, about the fact that not profit, but the preservation of life should become main goal human activities. 9) The Polish science fiction writer S. Lem in his "Star Diaries" described the story of space vagrants who ruined their planet, dug up all the bowels with mines, sold minerals to the inhabitants of other galaxies. The retribution for such blindness was terrible, but fair. That fateful day came when they found themselves on the edge of a bottomless pit, and the earth began to crumble under their feet. This story is a formidable warning to all mankind, which predatory plunders nature. 10) One by one, entire species of animals, birds, and plants disappear from the earth. Rivers, lakes, steppes, meadows, even seas are spoiled. In dealing with nature, a person is like a savage who, in order to get a cup of milk, kills a cow and cuts up her udder instead of feeding, grooming and getting the same bucket of milk every day. 11) Recently, some Western experts have proposed dumping radioactive waste into the depths of the ocean, believing that there they will be forever mothballed. But timely work carried out by oceanologists showed that active vertical mixing of water covers the entire thickness of the ocean. This means that radioactive waste will certainly spread throughout the oceans and, consequently, will infect the atmosphere. What innumerable harmful consequences this would lead to is clear and without any additional examples. 12) There is a small Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean where foreign companies mine phosphate. People cut down tropical forests, cut off the top layer of soil with excavators and take out valuable raw materials. The island, once covered with lush greenery, has turned into a dead desert with bare rocks sticking out like rotten teeth. As tractors scrape off the last kilo of fertilizer-laden soil. People on this island will have nothing to do. Perhaps the sad fate of this piece of land in the middle of the ocean reflects the fate of the Earth, surrounded by the boundless ocean of space? Maybe the people who barbarously plundered their native planet will have to look for a new haven? 13) The mouth of the Danube is abundant in fish. But fish is caught not only by people - it is also hunted by cormorants. For this reason, cormorants, of course, are “harmful” birds, and it was decided to destroy them at the mouth of the Danube in order to increase catches. They destroyed it ... And then it was necessary to artificially restore the population of "harmful" birds - predators in Scandinavia and "harmful" cormorants at the mouth of the Danube, because mass epizootics began in these areas (infectious animal diseases exceeding the level of normal morbidity), which killed a huge number and birds, and fish. After that, with a considerable delay, it was found that the "pests" feed mainly on sick animals and thereby prevent massive infectious diseases ... This example once again shows how intricately everything is intertwined in the world around us and how carefully we need to approach the solution of natural problems . 14) Seeing a worm washed by rain on the pavement, Dr. Schweitzer put it back into the grass, and took out an insect floundering in a puddle from the water. “When I help an insect get out of trouble, I am trying to atone for part of the guilt of mankind for the crimes committed against animals.” For the same reasons, Schweitzer spoke out in defense of animals. In an essay written in 1935, he called for "being kind to animals for the same reasons that we are kind to people."

In the section on the question Does humanity really need technical progress? Only serious arguments. given by the author Caucasian the best answer is live in the village ... and you will understand everything and no arguments are needed))
Alexey Yurievich
Enlightened
(27377)
Yes

Answer from Dr. Discord[guru]
When a monkey first took a stick to get a fruit from a hard-to-reach place, this was the first step in scientific and technological progress. Without it, evolution might just bypass the apes. And accordingly - we would not be sitting on the Internet now, but jumping through the trees in the jungle.
And now decide whether this progress is needed or not.

Answer from Igor[guru]
"Even in virtue, the end goal is pleasure." (M. Montaigne) The structure of a person is such that he is able to enjoy mental activity. And from this activity - so much pleasure is obtained.
Therefore, progress is simply inevitable, no matter how we discuss it here. Well, the fact that it is technical is just its very initial stage.

Answer from pass for[guru]
Go naked to the taiga for a year. If you survive, you will receive an answer.

Answer from compound[guru]
Technological progress is not vital to human civilization...
But he is not avoided ... and it is more pleasant with him ...

Answer from Eugene[guru]
progress will destroy humanity as a race

Answer from Anatoly uvarov[guru]
needed to avoid repeating

Answer from Nikolai Deryagin[guru]
The lazy ones need it.

Answer from Murtaugh II[guru]
Is it more pleasant for you to relieve your need in a toilet bowl or in a hole in the ground?

Answer from Andrew ®[guru]
Needed.
Without it, 10 times fewer people would live on Earth.

Answer from Augusto Pinochet[guru]
Of course needed. Without it, we will return to the Stone Age and will not be able to live normally.

Answer from Heaven's Gift[guru]
Progress is man's ability to complicate simplicity.

Answer from ERDETREU[guru]
Yes, not 10 times, but a thousand times less would live now.

Answer from Mikhail Maslov[guru]
Arguments:
1. A man and his family need a home (I don't explain why)
2. You need an ax to build a house.
3. A stone ax is worse than a copper one.
4. A copper ax is worse than an iron one.
...Atomic bomb more powerful than TNT ....
But you have to stop sometime to enjoy life in your home!

Answer from Voyageur[guru]
Spiritual is better...
Technical usually ends with a big nuclear winter ...

In the process of creating an essay, review, essay, oral expression, it is necessary to prove the main idea (thesis) with arguments, quotations and examples appropriate to the topic, which causes difficulties for schoolchildren.

Here are examples abstracts, quotes and arguments following dilemmas:

1. Education and culture.
2. Education of a person.
3. The role of science in modern life.
4. Man and scientific progress.
5. Spiritual consequences of scientific discoveries.
6. Struggle between the new and the old as a source of development.

Possible theses:

1. The knowledge of the world cannot be suspended by anything.
2. Scientific progress should not be ahead of the moral abilities of man.
3. The purpose of science is to make a person happy.

Quotes:

1. We can as we know (Heraclitus, ancient Greek philosopher).
2. Not every change is development ( ancient philosophers).
3. We were quite civilized to build a machine, but very simple to use it (K. Kraus, German scientist).
4. We left the caves, but the cave has not yet left us (Antony Regulsky).

Arguments:

1. Scientific progress and moral properties of a person.

1) The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine for ourselves a baby who dressed in his own father's suit. He is wearing a large jacket, long pants, a hat that slips over his eyes ... Doesn't this picture remind modern man? Not having time to grow morally, grow up, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that can kill all life on Earth.

2) The population of the earth in its development has achieved great success: a computer, a telephone, a bot, a conquered atom ... However, a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving at breakneck speed in his new car. How nice it is to feel the speed, how nice it is to realize that a mighty motor is subject to your every movement! However, at one point, the driver realizes with fear that he cannot stop his car. The population of the earth is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner.

3) B ancient mythology There is a legend about Pandora's box. A woman found a strange chest in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. Various failures flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to the entire population of the earth: ill-considered actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous end.

4) In M. Bulgakov's story, Dr. Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. However, sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, since there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.

5) “We boarded the plane, but we don’t know where it will fly to!” - wrote a recognizable Russian writer Y. Bondarev. These words sound a warning addressed to the entire population of the earth. Indeed, we are sometimes very carefree, we do something, i.e. “getting on a plane” without thinking about what the consequences of our hasty decisions and thoughtless actions will be. And these consequences can be fatal.

6) Information is constantly flickering in the press that the elixir of immortality will soon appear. Death will be completely defeated. However, for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person?

7) To this day, disputes about how legitimate, from a moral point of view, experiments related to human cloning do not fade away. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What will this creature be? Human? Cyborg? means of production?

8) It is naive to think that by some kind of bans, strikes, it is possible to suspend scientific and technological progress. So, for example, in Great Britain, during the period of rapid development of technology, the movement of Luddites began, who, in desperation, broke cars. There was an opportunity to realize people: many of them lost their jobs after the machines began to be used in factories. However, the introduction of technological advances ensured an increase in productivity, because the performance of the followers of the apprentice Ludd was doomed. Another thing is that by their protest they forced society to think about the fate of certain people, about the cost that has to be paid for moving forward.

9) One sci-fi story tells how the hero, being in the house of a famous scientist, saw a vessel in which the scientist's double was alcoholized - his genetic copy. The guest was amazed at the immorality of this act: “How did you have the opportunity to make a creature similar to yourself, and later destroy it?” And he heard in response: “Why do you think that I created it? He made me!"

10) Nicolaus Copernicus after prolonged long research work concluded that the center of our universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. However, the scientist did not dare to publish data about his own discovery for a long time, as he realized that such a message would turn people's ideas about the world order, and this could lead to unpredictable consequences.

11) Now we have not yet learned how to cure many deadly diseases, hunger has not yet been defeated, the most acute difficulties have not yet been resolved. But at the technical level, a person is already capable of killing all life on the planet. At one time, the Earth was inhabited by dinosaurs - big monsters, true killing machines. In the process of evolution, these huge reptiles disappeared. Will the population of the earth repeat the fate of the dinosaurs?

12) There have been cases in history when certain secrets that could harm the population of the earth were destroyed on purpose. Namely, in 1903 Russian doctor Filippov, who invented the method of transmitting shock waves from an explosion over long distances by radio, was found dead in his laboratory. After that, by order of Nicholas II, all the documents were confiscated and burned, and the laboratory was destroyed. It is not clear whether the ruler was guided by the interests of his security or the future of the population of the earth, however, such means of transmitting the power of an atomic or hydrogen explosion could indeed be disastrous for the population of the globe.

13) Not so long ago, newspapers said that a church under construction was demolished in Batumi. A week later, the district administration building fell. Seven people died under the ruins. Many of the inhabitants took these actions not as an ordinary coincidence, but as a severe warning that society had chosen the wrong path.

14) In one of the Ural cities, they decided to blow up an abandoned church, so that it would be easier to extract marble at this place. When the explosion thundered, it turned out that the marble slab was cracked in almost all places and became unusable. This example clearly indicates that the thirst for momentary gain leads a person to stupid destruction.

2. Laws of social development.

A) Man and power.

1) History knows many unsuccessful attempts against the will to make a person happy. In that case, freedom is taken away from people, then paradise will be transformed into a dungeon. The favorite of Tsar Alexander I, General Arakcheev, creating military settlements in the early 19th century, pursued good goals. The peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the appointed hours, the kids were to be sent to schools, they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! However, people were forced to be good, they were forced to adore, to work, to study... And a man deprived of his freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev's reforms were curtailed.

2) They decided to help one African tribe that lived in the equatorial zone. Young Africans were taught to grow rice, tractors and seeders were brought to them. A year has passed - they came to see how the tribe lives, gifted with new knowledge. What a disappointment it was when they saw that the tribe lived as it is: they sold tractors to farmers, and with the proceeds they arranged a nationwide holiday. This example is a sweet-tongued evidence that a person must mature to realize his own needs, you can’t make anyone rich, smart and happy against their will.

3) In one kingdom, there was a powerful drought, people began to die of hunger and thirst. The ruler turned to the soothsayer, who came to them from distant states. He predicted that the drought would end, as a stranger would be sacrificed. Then the ruler gave the order to destroy the soothsayer and throw him into the well. The drought ended, but from that time on, the invariable hunt for foreign wanderers began.

4) The historian Yevgeny Tarle, in one of his own books, tells about Nicholas I's visit to the Moscow Institute. When the rector introduced him to the best students, Nicholas I said: "I do not need literates, but I need novices." The attitude towards literate and novices in various fields of knowledge and art speaks sweetly of the nature of society.

5) In 1848, the inhabitant Nikifor Nikitin was exiled to the distant settlement of Baikonur "for seditious speeches about flying to the moon." Naturally, no one had the opportunity to know that a century later, a cosmodrome would be built on this very place in the Kazakh steppe and spaceships would fly to where the prophetic eyes of the exalted dreamer were looking.

B) Man and knowledge.

1) The most ancient historians say that at one fine moment a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but very soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The ruler, horrified that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.

2) Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought and famine, proposed new methods of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people ended starving.

3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This pharmaceutical product saved the lives of millions of people who had previously died from blood infections.

4) One British engineer in the middle of the 19th century invented an improved cartridge. However, the bureaucrats from the military department arrogantly said to him: "We are strong in the absence of that, only the weak ones need to improve weapons."

5) The famous scientist Jenner, who overcame smallpox with the help of vaccinations, came across the words of an ordinary peasant woman with a brilliant idea. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman replied in a relaxed manner: “It can’t be, since I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to an excellent discovery.

6) The Premature Middle Ages are called the "Dark Ages". Barbarian raids, destruction ancient civilization led to the deepest decline of civilization. It was hard to find a literate person not only among the common people, but also among the people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish country, Charles the Great, could not write. But the thirst for knowledge is characteristic of man in the beginning. The same Charles the Great during his campaigns always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he diligently drew letters.

7) For thousands of years, ripe apples have been falling from the trees, but no one has attributed any significance to this ordinary phenomenon. It was necessary for the majestic Newton to be born in order to look with new, more sensitive eyes at an ordinary fact and discover the universal law of motion.

8) It is unrealistic to calculate how many disasters people have brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a baby, the death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of some thing - was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A merciless witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent great strength on a stupid struggle with the fabulous "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance, they just serve the Devil.

9) It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and butter. Young Xenophon replied briskly: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The guy was in a hurry. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.

10) The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it forces him to change actual path. Now not enough people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The excellent Faraday began his own journey as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.

11) New ideas pave the way for themselves in a hard struggle with old views, rooted views. So, one of the professors, lecturing students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding."

12) At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor he had assembled from it. However, the battery soon ran out, and a brand new one was very expensive. Joel decided that the horse would never be replaced by the electric motor, because feeding a horse was even cheaper than changing the zinc in a battery. Now, when electricity is used everywhere, the worldview of a famous scientist seems trusting to us. This example indicates that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to look at the abilities that will be revealed to a person.

13) In the middle of the 17th century, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk from Paris to the Martinique peninsula. The voyage was very languid: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost smashed it against the mountains. The ship's masts were broken and the rigging was broken. Supplies of fresh water gradually began to dry up. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely standing on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious water to a greenish sprout ... A couple of years passed, and coffee trees covered the Martinique peninsula. This story allegorically reflects the difficult path of any scientific truth. A person carefully cherishes in his own soul a sprout of a yet unknown discovery, waters it with moisture of hope and inspiration, shelters it from prosaic storms and storms of despair... And here it is - the saving shore of final insight. The mature tree of truth will give seeds, and whole plantations of theories, monographs, scientific laboratories, technical innovations will cover the continents of knowledge.

Other selections of abstracts, quotes and arguments for essays on the site:

Material source Website

Additional to the site:

The influence of nature on the human soul.

Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the wonderful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly feel the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself with it, indulging in sad thoughts that his life is already over. But the changes that subsequently occurred in the soul of the hero are associated with the beauty and grandeur of a mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

In V. Astafiev's story "Tsar - Fish", the main character, the fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to let her go free. An encounter with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature makes this poacher reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing how little he has done for other people. This meeting morally changes the hero.

About caring for nature.

Nature is alive and spiritualized, endowed with moral and punishing power, it is able not only to defend itself, but also to bear retribution. An illustration of the punishing power is the fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev's story "The King is a Fish." This hero is punished for arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. The imbalance is a threat to all mankind if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.

The relationship between fathers and children.

Bulba believed that only then the education of Ostap and Andriy could be completed, when they learned the wisdom of battle and became his worthy heirs. However, Andriy's betrayal made Taras a murderer, he could not forgive his son for betrayal. Only Ostap warmed his father's soul with his courage in battle, and then during the execution. For Taras, partnership turned out to be above all blood ties.

Loss of spiritual values.

The events of Boris Vasiliev's story "Glukhoman" allow us to see how in today's life the so-called "new Russians" seek to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values ​​are lost because culture has left our lives. The society has split, in it the bank account has become the measure of a person's merits. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

Meanness and dishonesty.

Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin! Captain's daughter”, - a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and having been refused, he takes revenge, speaking ill of her; during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of notions of honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as Belogorsk fortress goes to Pugachev, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

Vandalism, thoughtless attitude to one's culture.

D.S. Likhachev, in Letters about the Good and the Beautiful, tells how indignant he felt when he learned that in 1932 a cast-iron monument on the grave of Bagration had been blown up on the Borodino field. Then someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero - Tuchkov: "Enough to keep the remnants of the slave past!" At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve, not to destroy. Likhachev believes that "the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: after all, they are always individual."

Ecology.

Our fellow countryman, writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories tells about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village person with the natural world, which is why his story “Ivan's Memory” is so touching.

In this small work, Yurovsky raises an important issue: the impact of man on the environment.

Ivan, the main character of the story, planted several willow bushes in the swamp, which frightened people and animals.

Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bushes, every year the magpie began to build a nest, magpie hatch. No one else wandered through the forest, because the willow tree became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bushes, you can hide from the heat, and drink some water, and just relax.

Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.

The role of the family in the education of the individual.

In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, therefore the children - Natasha, Nikolai, Petya - became for real good people They are responsive to other people's pain, able to understand the experiences and suffering of others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to free the carts loaded with them. family values To give them to the wounded soldiers.

And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They do not know what true love is and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

Motherhood as a feat.

Bukhara, the heroine of L Ulitskaya's story "The Daughter of Bukhara", accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being mortally ill, the mother thought out the whole future life of her daughter: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that she allowed herself to die.

Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin's story "The Mother of Man", during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people's children, saved them, became their Mother. And when the first entered the burnt farm soviet soldiers It seemed to Mary that she gave birth not only to her son, but to all the war-deprived children of the world. That is why she is the Mother of Man.

The role of the teacher in human life.

The teacher Lidia Mikhailovna from Rasputin's story taught the hero not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness, sympathy, and compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else's pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

Influence of parents on children.

In the story "The Captain's Daughter", his father's instructions helped Pyotr Grinev to remain honest man, true to himself and duty. Therefore, the hero commands respect for his behavior.

Following his father's behest to "save a penny", Chichikov devoted his whole life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. He co school years valued only money, so in his life he never had true friends, a family that the hero dreamed of.

About the Russian language.

K.I. Chukovsky in the book "Alive as Life" analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves distort and disfigure our great and mighty language.

The ratio of the name and the inner essence of the hero.

In the comedy, many heroes have "talking" surnames: Vralman, a former coachman, lied that he was a foreign teacher; the name Mitrofan means “like his mother”, who is depicted in the comedy as a stupid and impudent ignoramus. Skotinin Taras - Mitrofan's uncle; he loves pigs very much and, in terms of the rudeness of his feelings, is like cattle, as indicated by the surnames

Reverence and human insignificance.

The official Chervyakov in Chekhov's story "The Death of an Official" is incredibly infected with the spirit of servility: having sneezed and splashed his bald head in front of the sitting General Bryzzhalov (who did not pay attention to this), the hero was so frightened that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

The hero of Chekhov's story "Thick and thin", the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the station of the Nikolaev railway and found out that he was a privy councilor, i.e. moved up significantly in career. In an instant, the “thin” turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate and fawn.

Molchalin, negative character comedy, I am sure that one should please not only "all people without exception", but even "the janitor's dog, so that it is affectionate." The need to tirelessly please also gave rise to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, the "character" of the historical anecdote, which Famusov tells Chatsky as an edification, in order to earn the favor of the empress, turned into a jester, amusing her with ridiculous falls.

Scientific progress and moral qualities of man

1) The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a toddler dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slips over his eyes... Doesn't this picture resemble a modern person? Not having time to grow morally, grow up, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that is capable of destroying all life on Earth.

2) Mankind has achieved tremendous success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But it is strange: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner.

3) In ancient mythology there is a legend about Pandora's box.

A woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

4) In M. Bulgakov's story, Dr. Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

b) “We got on the plane, but we don’t know where it will fly to!” - wrote the famous Russian writer Y. Bondarev. These words are a warning to all mankind. Indeed, we are sometimes very careless, we do something “get on a plane”, without thinking about what the consequences of our hasty decisions and thoughtless actions will be. And these consequences can be fatal.

8) The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person?

9) Until now, disputes about how legitimate, from a moral point of view, experiments related to human cloning do not fade away. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What will this creature be? Human? Cyborg? means of production?

10) It is naive to believe that some kind of bans, strikes can stop scientific and technological progress. So, for example, in England, during the period of rapid development of technology, a movement of Luddites began, who, in desperation, broke cars. People could understand: many of them lost their jobs after the machines began to be used in factories. But the use of technological advances ensured an increase in productivity, so the performance of the followers of the apprentice Ludd was doomed. Another thing is that with their protest they forced society to think about the fate of specific people, about the penalty that has to be paid for moving forward.

11) One sci-fi story tells how the hero, being in the house of a famous scientist, saw a vessel in which his double, a genetic copy, was alcoholized. The guest was amazed at the immorality of this act: “How could you create a creature like yourself, and then kill him?” And they heard the answer: “Why do you think that I created it? He made me!"

12) Nicolaus Copernicus, after long, long studies, came to the conclusion that the center of our Universe is not the Earth, but the Sun. But the scientist did not dare to publish the data on his discovery for a long time, because he understood that such news would turn people's ideas about the world order upside down. and this can lead to unpredictable consequences.

13) Today we have not yet learned how to treat many deadly diseases, hunger has not yet been defeated, the most acute problems have not been resolved. However, technically, man is already capable of destroying all life on the planet. At one time, the Earth was inhabited by dinosaurs - huge monsters, real machines for killing. In the course of evolution, these giant reptiles disappeared. Will humanity repeat the fate of the dinosaurs?

14) There have been cases in history when some secrets that could harm humanity were deliberately destroyed. In particular, in 1903, the Russian professor Filippov, who invented a method for transmitting shock waves from an explosion over long distances by radio, was found dead in his laboratory. After that, by order of Nicholas II, all the documents were confiscated and burned, and the laboratory was destroyed. It is not known whether the king was guided by the interests of his own security or the future of mankind, but such means of transferring power

an atomic or hydrogen explosion would be really disastrous for the world's population.

15) Recently, newspapers reported that a church under construction was demolished in Batumi. A week later, the district administration building collapsed. Seven people died under the ruins. Many residents took these events not as a mere coincidence, but as a formidable warning that society had chosen the wrong path.

16) In one of the Ural cities, they decided to blow up an abandoned church, so that it would be easier to extract marble at this place. When the explosion thundered, it turned out that the marble slab was cracked in many places and became unusable. This example clearly shows that the thirst for momentary gain leads a person to senseless destruction.

Man and knowledge

1) Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.

2) Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.

3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.

4) One English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need better weapons."

5) The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was inspired by the words of an ordinary peasant woman. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.

6) The Early Middle Ages are called the "Dark Ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, could not write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during his campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, the diligently drew letters.

7) Ripe apples have been falling from the trees for thousands of years, but no one has given this ordinary phenomenon any significance. The great Newton had to be born in order to look with new, more penetrating eyes at a familiar fact and discover the universal law of motion.

8) It is impossible to calculate how many disasters people have brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, no harvest, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous forces on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, with their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil.

9) It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and oil. Young Xenophon answered briskly: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.

10) The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his career as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.

11) New ideas make their way in a hard struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, who lectured students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding" -

12) At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor assembled by him from it. But the battery soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joel decided that the horse would never be displaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the possibilities that will open up before a person.

13) In the middle of the 17th century, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk in a pot of earth from Paris to the island of Martinique. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. The masts were not broken on the court, the gear was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to a green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central ones in literature in the middle of the 20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in the poem “By the Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova's poem "Requiem". Sentence state system based on injustice and lies, A.I. Solzhenitsyn makes in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
2) The problem of preserving ancient monuments and respect for them .
The problem of careful attitude to cultural heritage has always remained in the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change of the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of the old values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, Academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospekt from being built up with typical high-rise buildings. The estates of Kuskovo and Abramtsevo were restored at the expense of Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical center of the city, the church, the Kremlin is preserved.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
3) The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). Chingiz Aitmatov called a man, who does not remember his kinship, who lost his memory, mankurt (“Stormy stop”). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not realize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous for society - the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city if they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought, who G. Zhukov was ... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know dates of the start of the war, the names of commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about Kursk Bulge...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history, who does not honor his ancestors, is the same mankurt. One would like to remind these young people the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"
4) The problem of a false goal in life.
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not a farmstead, but the whole Earth. All nature, where in the open space he could show all the properties of a free spirit, ”wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without purpose is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story "Gooseberry". His hero - Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Gimalaysky - dreams of acquiring his estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. As a result, he reaches it, but at the same time he almost loses his human appearance (“he has become fat, flabby ... - just look, he will grunt in a blanket”). A false goal, fixation on the material, narrow, limited disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life ...
I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.
5) The meaning of human life. Search for a life path.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.
N. Gogol, accuser human vices, aggressively looking for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become "a hole in the body of mankind", he passionately urges the reader, who enters adulthood, to take with him all the "human movements", not to lose them on the road of life.
Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “with official necessity”, asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are frightened of this road, run to their wide sofa, because “life touches everywhere, gets it” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual “I”. One of them - Pierre Bezukhov - the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, too easily succumbs to rough flattery, the cause of which is his huge fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov ... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I? - these questions are countless times scrolled in my head until a sober understanding of life comes. On the way to it, and the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the folk philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and a person lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual “I”.
6) Self-sacrifice. Love for your neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.
In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic war, a former blockade survivor, recalls that, during a terrible famine, his life was saved by a neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front to him, a dying teenager. “I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved kept a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
The tragedy happened in Krasnodar Territory. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidia Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When a fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But she didn’t save herself - she didn’t have time.
M. Sholokhov has wonderful story"Destiny of Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.
7) The problem of indifference. Callous and callous attitude towards a person.
“People who are satisfied with themselves”, accustomed to comfort, people with small property interests - the same heroes of Chekhov, “people in cases”. This is Dr. Startsev in "Ionych", and teacher Belikov in "The Man in the Case". Let us remember how Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “on a troika with bells, plump, red”, and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red”, shouts: “Hold on!” “Hold on right” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. On their prosperous path of life there should be no obstacles. And in Belikovsky's "no matter how it happens" we see only an indifferent attitude to the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals at all, but simply - petty bourgeois, townsfolk who imagine themselves to be "masters of life."
8) The problem of friendship, comradely duty.
Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; there is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. literary examples so many. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" one of the characters exclaims: "There are no bonds brighter than comrades!" But most often this topic was revealed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…”, both the anti-aircraft gunners and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance, responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov's novel The Living and the Dead, Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade out of the battlefield.
9) The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that very soon there will be an elixir of immortality. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?
10) The problem of the patriarchal village way of life. The problem of charm, morally healthy beauty
village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the motherland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene, natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his office. ON THE. Nekrasov in a poem and poems drew the reader's attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are, how hospitable Russian women are. A lot is said about the originality of the farmstead way of life in Sholokhov's epic novel "Quiet Flows the Don". In Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matyora" the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.
11) The problem of labor. The pleasure of meaningful activity.
The theme of labor has been repeatedly developed in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall the novel by I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stoltz, sees the meaning of life not as a result of labor, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin's Dvor". His heroine does not perceive forced labor, as punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.
12) The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.
Chekhov's essay "My" she "lists all horrible consequences the effects of laziness on people.
13) The problem of the future of Russia.
The topic of the future of Russia was touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol digression poem "Dead Souls" compares Russia with a "brisk, irrepressible troika". “Rus, where are you going?” he asks. But the author has no answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in the poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn rises, bright and hot. And it will be so forever indestructible. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible! He is sure that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.
14) The problem of the influence of art on a person.
Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have a different effect on the nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that the works of Bach increase and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion, cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
Dmitri Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony has the subtitle "Leningradskaya". But the name "Legendary" suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the inhabitants of the city had a huge impact on the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
15) The problem of anticulture.
This problem is relevant even today. Now there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. Literature is another example. Well the theme of "deculturation" is revealed in the novel "The Master and Margarita". MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature revered.
16) The problem of modern television.
For a long time, a gang operated in Moscow, which was distinguished by particular cruelty. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior, their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life.
Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts, they got acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also reverse cases, when a person became addicted to the TV, and he had to be treated in special clinics.
17) The problem of clogging the Russian language.
I believe that the use of foreign words in the native language is justified only if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers struggled with the clogging of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to stick foreign words into a Russian phrase. It makes no sense to write concentration when we have our own good word - condensation.
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with an awkward synonym he invented - a water cannon. Practicing in word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested speaking instead of an alley - prosad, billiards - a spherical ball, he replaced the cue with a spherical ball, and called the library a bookkeeper. To replace the word he did not like galoshes, he came up with another - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of the language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation of contemporaries.
18) The problem of the destruction of natural resources.
If they began to write about the misfortune threatening mankind in the press only in the last ten or fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov spoke about this problem back in the 70s in his story "After the Fairy Tale" ("The White Steamboat"). He showed the destructiveness, the hopelessness of the path, if a person destroys nature. It takes revenge by degeneration, lack of spirituality. The same theme is continued by the writer in his subsequent works: "And the day lasts longer than a century" ("Stormy Stop"), "Blach", "Cassandra's Brand".
A particularly strong feeling is produced by the novel "The Scaffolding Block". Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife from economic activity person. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with a person, predators look more humane and "humane" than the "crown of creation." So for the sake of what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
19) Imposing your opinion on others.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “A lake, a cloud, a tower…” The protagonist, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest office worker who won a pleasure trip to nature.
20) The theme of war in literature.
Very often, congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky over their heads. We do not want their families to be subjected to the hardships of the war. War! These five letters carry a sea of ​​blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. The pain of loss has always filled the hearts of people. From everywhere where there is a war, you can hear the groans of mothers, the crying of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
A lot of trials of the war fell on the lot of our country. IN early XIX century, Russia was shaken by the Patriotic War of 1812. The patriotic spirit of the Russian people was shown by L. N. Tolstoy in his epic novel War and Peace. guerrilla war, battle of Borodino- all this and much more appears before our eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of the war. Tolstoy tells that for many the war has become the most common thing. They (for example, Tushin) commit heroic deeds on the battlefield, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do in good faith. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield. An entire city can get used to the idea of ​​war and go on living resigned to it. Such a city in 1855 was Sevastopol. L. N. Tolstoy narrates about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “ Sevastopol stories". Here, the events taking place are described especially reliably, since Tolstoy is their eyewitness. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombardment of the city did not stop. New and new fortifications were required. Sailors, soldiers worked in the snow, rain, half-starved, half-dressed, but they still worked. And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, great patriotism. Together with them, their wives, mothers, and children lived in this city. They got so used to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to either the shots or the explosions. Very often they brought meals to their husbands right in the bastions, and one shell could often destroy the whole family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in the war takes place in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloodied to the elbows ... busy near the bed, on which, with open eyes and speaking, as if in delirium, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words, lies wounded under the influence of chloroform. War for Tolstoy is dirt, pain, violence, whatever goals it pursues: “... you will see the war not in the correct, beautiful and brilliant formation, with music and its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death ... ”The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they defend it. Sparing no effort, using any means, he (the Russian people) does not allow the enemy to seize their native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But it will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941-1945. In this war with fascism Soviet people perform an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers devoted their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This hard times It is also characteristic that in the ranks of the Red Army, women fought on an equal footing with men. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They struggled with fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds, which, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasilyev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to railway, absolutely sure that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult situation: it is impossible to retreat, but to stay, because the Germans serve them like seeds. But there is no way out! Behind the Motherland! And now these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. And how carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, cannons, shots, screams, groans... But they did not break down and gave the most precious thing they had - their lives - for victory. They gave their lives for their country.
But there is a civil war on earth, in which a person can give his life without knowing why. 1918 Russia. Brother kills brother, father kills son, son kills father. Everything is mixed up in the fire of malice, everything is depreciated: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, here is the extreme rate! For the third year now, Abel has been fighting with Cain ...
People become weapons in the hands of the authorities. Breaking into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives become forever strangers. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others tell about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the ranks of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work “Cavalry”. The stories of Cavalry tell about a man who found himself in the fire of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of stories we do not feel the victorious spirit. We see the cruelty of the Red Army, their cold-bloodedness and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but, what is more terrible, they can finish off their wounded comrade without a second's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He leaves his reader the right to speculate.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.
From the pages of their works, we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeat, but war is a harsh everyday life filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Perhaps the day will come when the groans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will subside on earth, when our earth will meet the day without war!
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the period Battle of Stalingrad when “a Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone out of a skeleton and go against a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the "time of grief", their steadfastness, courage, daily heroism - that's true reason victory. In Y. Bondarev's novel " Hot Snow"The most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein's brutalized tanks rush to the group surrounded in Stalingrad. Young gunners, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned under their feet, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, defying all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What can I do, what can I do…” he says bitterly, approaching another soldier. The general could, but the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?
The problem of the moral strength of a simple soldier
The bearer of people's morality in the war is, for example, Valega, the orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from V. Nekrasov's story "In the trenches of Stalingrad." He is barely literate, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety hut in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And it will come to the point - he will show these Germans where the crayfish hibernate.
Expression " folk character” most of all corresponds to Valega. He went to war as a volunteer, quickly adapted to military hardships, because his peaceful peasant life was not honey. In between fights, he does not sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut, shave, mend boots, build a fire in the pouring rain, darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries, mushrooms. And he does everything silently, quietly. A simple peasant boy who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is sure that such a soldier as Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.
Problem heroic everyday life wars
The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoron metaphor that unites the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. Get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze with its suddenness. There is such an episode in V. Nekrasov (“In the trenches of Stalingrad”): a dead soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a smoking cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now - death. And to see this to the hero of the novel is simply unbearable...
But even in war, soldiers do not live by “a single bullet”: in their short hours of rest, they sing, write letters, and even read. As for the heroes of In the Trenches of Stalingrad, Karnaukhov is read by Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, someone draws, someone writes poetry. The Volga is foaming from shells and bombs, and the people on the shore do not change their spiritual predilections. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not succeed in crushing them, throwing them back across the Volga, and drying up their souls and minds.
21) The theme of the Motherland in literature.
Lermontov in the poem "Motherland" says that he loves motherland, but can not explain for what and why.
It is impossible not to start with such a great monument of ancient Russian literature as "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". To the Russian land as a whole, to the Russian people, all thoughts, all feelings of the author of the “Word ...” are turned. He speaks about the vast expanses of his Motherland, about its rivers, mountains, steppes, cities, villages. But the Russian land for the author of “Words...” is not only Russian nature and Russian cities. This is primarily the Russian people. Narrating about the campaign of Igor, the author does not forget about the Russian people. Igor undertook a campaign against the Polovtsy “for the Russian land”. His warriors are “Rusichi”, Russian sons. Crossing the border of Rus', they say goodbye to their homeland, to the Russian land, and the author exclaims: “O Russian land! You're over the hill."
In the friendly message "To Chaadaev" the fiery appeal of the poet to the Motherland to dedicate "the souls of beautiful impulses" sounds.
22) The theme of nature and man in Russian literature.
The modern writer V. Rasputin stated: "To speak today about ecology means to speak not about changing life, but about saving it." Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the depletion of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that "there is a gradual addiction to danger," that is, a person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem connected with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral was so bare that the coast from the seaports went tens of kilometers away. The climate has changed dramatically, the extinction of animals has occurred. All these troubles have greatly affected the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half of its volume and more than a third of its area. The bare bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral contains millions of tons of poisonous salts. This problem cannot but excite people. Expeditions were organized in the 1980s decisive tasks and the causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers reflected and researched the materials of these expeditions.
V. Rasputin in the article "In the fate of nature - our fate" reflects on the relationship of man with environment. “Today there is no need to guess, “whose groan is heard over the great Russian river.” Then the Volga itself groans, dug up and down, constricted by hydroelectric dams,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of mankind.
The problem of the relationship between a person and the environment is also raised by the modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in his work "The Block". He showed how a man with his own hands destroys colorful world nature.
The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack, which lives quietly until the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything in his path, not thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was only the difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: "Fear reached such proportions that the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the shots, thought that the whole world was deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation..." In this tragedy, Akbara's children die, but this is her grief does not end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire in which five more Akbara wolf cubs die. For the sake of their goals, people could "gut the globe like a pumpkin", not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone she-wolf reaches out to people, wants to move her maternal love on a human child. It turned out to be a tragedy, but this time for the people. A man in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of a she-wolf shoots at her, but hits his own son.
This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people to nature, to everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our lives.
Academician D. Likhachev wrote: "Humanity spends billions not only not to suffocate, not to perish, but also to preserve the nature around us." Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become both its owner, and its protector, and its smart transformer. A slow-moving river, a birch grove, a restless bird world ... We will not harm them, but we will try to protect them.
In this century, man is actively invading the natural processes of the Earth's shells: extracting millions of tons of minerals, destroying thousands of hectares of forests, polluting the waters of seas and rivers, and emitting toxic substances into the atmosphere. One of the most important environmental issues century was water pollution. A sharp deterioration in the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot and will not affect people's health, especially in areas with a dense population. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept through the entire European part of Russia, and will affect people's health for a long time to come.
Thus, as a result of economic activity, a person causes great damage to nature, and at the same time to his health. How then can a person build his relationship with nature? Each person in his activity should carefully treat all life on Earth, not tear himself away from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is part of it.
23) Man and state.
Zamyatin “We” people are numbers. We only had 2 free hours.
The problem of the artist and power
The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked by a special tragedy in the history of literature of the twentieth century. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list can be continued) - each of them felt the “care” of the state, and each reflected it in his work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have been crossed out writer's biography A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel "Doctor Zhivago" during the period of severe government pressure on the writer, during the struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after he was awarded Nobel Prize for a novel. The Union of Writers expelled Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a person discrediting a worthy title Soviet writer. And this is for the fact that the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.
Creativity is the only way of immortality of the creator. “For the authorities, for the livery, do not bend either conscience, or thoughts, or neck” - this is the testament of A.S. Pushkin (“From Pindemonti”) became decisive in choosing the creative path of true artists.
The problem of emigration
The feeling of bitterness does not leave when people leave their homeland. Some are forcibly expelled, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets his Fatherland, the house where he was born, his native land. For example, I.A. Bunin's story "Mowers", written in 1921. This story, it would seem, is about an insignificant event: the Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region are walking in a birch forest, mow and sing. But it was in this insignificant moment that Bunin managed to discern the immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the narrative is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some kind of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. Not without reason, while reading "Kostsov" by Bunin in Paris on literary evening(there were two hundred people), according to the memoirs of the writer's wife, many cried. It was a cry for the lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.
The emigrant of the third wave, S. Dovlatov, leaving the USSR, took with him the only suitcase, “old, plywood, covered with cloth, tied with a clothesline,” - he went with him to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: on top lay double-breasted suit, under it - a poplin shirt, then in turn - a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, driver's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories, memories of the homeland. They do not have material value, they are signs of a priceless, in their own way absurd, but single life. Eight things - eight stories, and each - a kind of report on the past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.
The problem of the intelligentsia
According to academician D.S. Likhachev, "the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category." An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of an intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly carried by the heroes of B. Pasternak (“Doctor Zhivago”) and Y. Dombrovsky (“Faculty of Useless Things”). Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own conscience. They do not accept violence in any manifestation, be it the Civil War or Stalin's repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high title. One of them is the hero of Y. Trifonov's story "Exchange" Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law was not in the best way. Dmitriev is initially indignant, criticizing his wife for lack of spirituality, philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive headsets: the density of everyday life is growing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind - "Suitcase" by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by the journalist S. Dovlatov to America would have caused Dmitriev and his wife only a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for the hero Dovlatov, things have no material value, they are a reminder of past youth, friends, and creative searches.
24) The problem of fathers and children.
The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I want to turn to A. Vampilov's play "The Elder Son", where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both the son and the daughter frankly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, they are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful deeds of the children, asks them only one thing: not to leave him alone. The protagonist of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest father man. His intervention helps to survive difficult period in the relationship of children to a loved one.
25) The problem of quarrels. Human enmity.
In Pushkin's story "Dubrovsky", a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the family feud ended in the death of the main characters.
“The Word of Igor's Campaign” Svyatoslav utters the “golden word”, condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack of the Polovtsy on Russian lands.
26) Caring for the beauty of the native land.
In Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot the White Swans"