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First Fiction. What is the purpose of fiction? The Importance of Fiction

First Fiction. What is the purpose of fiction? The Importance of Fiction

02.03.2019

ἔπος - “word”, “narrative”) - a narrative about events assumed in the past (as if accomplished and remembered by the narrator). Epic works describe objective reality external to the author. The description of the characters is focused on their behavior and actions, and not on the inner world, as in the lyrics. Life stories, very popular in the 19th century, belong to epic works. Examples are War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy, Red and Black by Stendhal, The Forsyte Saga by Galsworthy and many others. This kind of literature received its name from folk poems-songs composed in antiquity, also called epic.

Lyrics

Lyrics is a kind of literature, which is based on an appeal to the sphere of the inner - to the states of human consciousness, emotions, impressions, experiences. Even if there is a narrative element in the works, the lyrical work is always subjective and concentrated on the hero. The characteristics of a lyrical work are "conciseness", "monologic", "unity of the lyrical plot" and "instantaneousness" ("punctuality", "modernity"). Majority lyrical works refers to poetry.

Drama

Drama is a kind of literature that primarily reproduces the world external to the author - actions, relationships between people, conflicts, but unlike the epic, it has not a narrative, but a dialogical form. In dramatic works, the text on behalf of the author is episodic, for the most part limited to remarks and explanations of the plot. Majority dramatic works written for the subsequent production in the theater.

Structural text types

Prose

A literary text is considered prosaic in which a separate, independent of speech rhythm does not invade the language fabric and does not affect the content. However, a number of borderline phenomena are known: many prose writers deliberately give their works some signs of poetry (we can mention the strongly rhythmic prose of Andrei Bely or rhymed fragments in Vladimir Nabokov's novel The Gift). Literary scholars continue to argue about the exact boundaries between prose and poetry different countries over the course of the last century.

Prose is widely used in fiction - when creating novels, short stories etc. Separate examples of such works have been known for many centuries, but they have developed into an independent form of literary works relatively recently.

For the Russian ear, the habitual appearance of the poem is associated with the syllabic-tonic rhythm and the presence of rhyme in the poem, but neither is in fact a necessary feature of poetry that distinguishes it from prose. In general, the role of rhythm in a poem consists not only in giving the text a peculiar musicality, but also in the effect that this rhythm has on the meaning: thanks to the rhythm, some words and expressions (for example, those found at the end of a poetic line, rhymed) are highlighted in poetic speech. , accented.

Poetic speech, earlier than prose, was recognized as a special phenomenon, characteristic of literary text and distinguishes it from ordinary everyday speech. First known literary works- for the most part, ancient epics (for example, the Sumerian "Tale of Gilgamesh", dating from about 2200-3000 BC) are poetic texts. At the same time, the poetic form is not necessarily associated with artistry: the formal features of poetry help it perform a mnemonic function, and therefore in different time V different cultures scientific, legal, genealogical, pedagogical works in verse were distributed.

Fiction by period

ancient literature

Antiquity is considered the first period of the appearance of fiction as an art form - the Mediterranean civilization of the 1st millennium BC. e. Ancient literature is the literature of the ancient Greeks and Romans, consisting of two national literatures: ancient Greek and ancient Roman. Historically Greek literature preceded the Roman.

At the same time with ancient culture in a swimming pool mediterranean sea other cultural areas, among which an outstanding place was occupied by ancient Judea. Ancient and Jewish culture became the basis of all Western civilization and art.

In parallel with the antique, other ancient cultures and, accordingly, literatures developed: ancient Chinese, ancient Indian, ancient Iranian, ancient Hebrew. Ancient Egyptian literature was at that time in its heyday.

IN ancient literature formed the main genres European literature in their archaic forms and Foundations of the Science of Literature. The aesthetic science of antiquity identified three main literary genres: epic, lyrics and drama (Aristotle), this classification retains its basic meaning to this day.

Literature of the Middle Ages

Medieval art reached its culmination in the 12th-13th centuries. At present, medieval literature is usually divided into Latin literature and literature in the vernacular languages (Romance and Germanic). genre division Latin literature as a whole reproduced the antique. The animal epic was popular.

Renaissance literature

If medieval literature was predominantly Christian, then in the Renaissance against the background general interest to antiquity, interest in ancient literature also revives, fiction is increasingly oriented towards secular subjects, and humanistic tendencies are manifested. initial stage Renaissance literature is traditionally considered to be the work of Dante, his "Divine Comedy" combines elements of both medieval literature (form - afterlife vision, allegorical content), and elements of mysticism, pantheism that are not characteristic of medieval literature, the image of a simple girl Beatrice. Blooms in the Renaissance dramatic art(Shakespeare, the school of Lope de Vega), humanistic utopias appear (Thomas More, Tomaso Campanella), as well as sharp satire, such as Gargantua and Pantagruel by Rabelais. Gutenberg's invention of printing in 1455 made fiction much more accessible during this period.

Literature of the Enlightenment

19th century literature

The literature of the 19th century developed in two main directions, the literature of romanticism and the literature of realism. Romanticism as a literary trend developed from sentimentalism and is characterized by an interest in mysticism (Meyrink, M. Shelley, Hoffmann), folklore (the Brothers Grimm), common man(Hugo), other cultures (Byron, F. Cooper). Within the framework of romanticism, fantasy, detective, adventure literature was formed.

Realism was well characterized by Balzac, who is considered a classic of realism. He said: "I describe men, women and things." The works of realism do not teach, do not idealize, do not give moral assessments. They describe life and allow the reader to draw their own conclusions. An important element of realism is a comprehensive impartial description inner world heroes. Most characteristic writers realism are Balzac, Dickens, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky and others.

Literature of modernism

Chronologically, modernism fits into the framework of the first half of the twentieth century, thematically associated with industrialization, urbanization, the horrors of the First World War. Modernists turn to the description of the intricacies of the human psyche (W. Wolfe), the theme of sexuality (D. G. Lawrence), they are characterized by apoliticality and pacifism (E. Hemingway).

A classic example modernist literature considered the novel by J. Joyce "Ulysses", the work of T. S. Eliot, M. Proust.

Postmodern literature

Postmodernism gradually replaced modernism in the middle of the 20th century. It is difficult to unambiguously characterize it, since there are many different approaches within the framework of postmodernism. This is hypertext, when the reading order is not dictated by the author, but chosen by the reader, intertextuality, characterized by allusions to other works, and sometimes deliberate borrowing, lack of plot denouement or the presence of several alternative denouements, a mixture of styles, irony, play and black humor.

Postmodernism can also be attributed to magical realism, a genre that originated in South America and characterized by the incorporation of magical elements into a realistic narrative. The novel One Hundred Years of Solitude by G. G. Marquez is a prime example magical realism. In Russia, Chingiz Aitmatov is referred to this direction.

The beat generation is also referred to postmodernism.

Artistic methods and directions

Baroque is a trend characterized by a combination of realistic descriptions with their allegorical image. Symbols, metaphors, theatrical techniques, saturation were widely used. rhetorical figures, antitheses, parallelisms, gradations, oxymorons. Baroque literature is characterized by the desire for diversity, for the summation of knowledge about the world, inclusiveness, encyclopedism, which sometimes turns into chaos and collecting curiosities, the desire to study being in its contrasts (spirit and flesh, darkness and light, time and eternity).
Classicism is a direction whose main subject of creativity was the conflict between public duty and personal passions. The "low" genres - the fable (

Fiction (prose) is one of the types of art that differs from the rest only in the material from which works are created - these are only words and artistic language. The result of creativity in fiction is works that reflect eras that have a high artistic value and bringing aesthetic pleasure.

Old Russian literature has 2 sources - church books (the Bible, the lives of the saints) and folklore. It existed from the moment of the introduction of writing in Cyrillic (XI century) until the appearance of individual author's works (XVII century). Original works: "The Tale of Bygone Years" (an example of chronicles), "The Word of Law and Grace", "Instructions for Children" (codes of laws), "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (in genre it resembles a story, with a logical development of events and authenticity, with an artistic style ).
To the section...

Peter's transformations were reflected not only in scientific and technical achievements Russia XVIII century, but also made a huge contribution to the development national culture and art. Rather, they gave the latter a significant acceleration and radically changed the vector of development domestic art. Until the 18th century, the development of Russian culture took place in isolation, even in isolation, which led to the development of authentic trends and genres closely related to the national and church trends. In the countries of Europe at the same time, literature finally separated from the church and became secular. It is this secularism - creative freedom and breadth of genres inherent in European era Enlightenment was not enough in Rus'.

Russian literature throughout the 18th century developed under the influence of European literature, lagging behind it by about 100 years and passing through the following stages:

early XVIII century- panegyric, hagiographic literature,
ser. XVIII century- classicism, sentimentalism (Lomonosov, Karamzin, Radishchev),
to. XVIII century- the dominance of sentimentalism, preparation for romanticism.

« Golden age» domestic literature. In the history of Russian literature XIX century, many names have been inscribed that have received world recognition: A. Pushkin, N. Gogol, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov. During this period, the formation of the Russian literary language, such literary trends as sentimentalism, romanticism, critical realism, writers and poets master new literary forms and tricks. Unprecedented heights reaches dramaturgy and the art of satire.

The development of romanticism (until the 1840s) and realism (from the 1850s to the end of the century), from the 1890s the directions of the Silver Age develop. The most important functions of literature are considered critical, moral-formative, socio-political, the most important genre is the novel. Romantics: Lermontov, Pushkin, realists: Gogol, Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, Chekhov.

Russian literature of the 20th century is represented by three brightest periods: the era " silver age"with its contradictions and innovations, the military era, with its deep patriotism, and the huge period of the second half of the century, when socialist realism flourished.

In the beginning. XX century romanticism is being revived - for the poeticization of revolutionary events.
30-40s of the XX century- the active intervention of the party in culture leads to the stratification of writers. Some in exile develop realistic genre, others create in social realism (a direction that draws working man on the road to communism).
40-50s of the middle of the XX century- "trench", lieutenant or military prose. realistic image war of 1941-45, where the author is an eyewitness to the events.
60-80s of XX century- the period of the "thaw", the development of "village" prose.
90s years of the end of the 20th century- avant-garde, post-Soviet realism, gravitation towards "darkness" - intentionally exaggerated cruelty, obsceneness.

Foreign literature

Foreign literature originates in Greece during the period of antiquity and becomes the basis for all existing types of literature. Formed the principles artistic creativity Aristotle.

With the advent of Christianity, church texts spread, all medieval literature of Europe (IV-XIII centuries) - the processing of church texts, and the Renaissance (from the XIV century, Dante, Shakespeare, Rabelais) - their rethinking and repulsion from the church, the creation of secular literature.

The literature of the Enlightenment is the chanting of the human mind. Sentimentalism, romanticism (Rousseau, Diderot, Defoe, Swift).

XX century - modernism and postmodernism. The chanting of the mental, sexual in man (Proust, Hemingway, Marquez).

Literary criticism

Criticism is an organic and inseparable part of everything literary art in general, and a critic must definitely have a bright talent as a writer and publicist. Truly well written critical articles can make the reader look at a previously read work from a completely new angle, make completely new conclusions and discoveries, and can even radically change their assessments and judgments on a particular topic.

Literary criticism has close links with modern life society, with its experiences, philosophical and aesthetic ideals of a certain era, contributes to the development of literary creative process, and has a powerful influence on the formation of public consciousness.

Literary directions

Unity creative features writers who create within a certain historical period, commonly called literary direction, a variation of which can be separate currents and movement. The use of identical artistic techniques, the similarity of worldview and life priorities, close aesthetic views allow us to attribute a number of masters to specific branches of literary Art XIX-XX centuries.

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He is a knight. Man of honor. He only speaks the truth. worst sin considers betrayal. Defender of the weak, storm of scoundrels. He is a stone jungle samurai. Experienced and fierce fighter. Merciless to enemies, rational to the point of cynicism. He is a poet. connoisseur true beauty. And a skilled participant in the "gallant hunt." He is a biker, a hand-to-hand man, a programmer… He is someone who has never shied away from Destiny's offers. He himself was the Fate for many ... He fearlessly looks into the distance. He sees the edge...

In the middle of the hall, they grimaced (sorry, danced), they, his classmates and others from the 9th "a" class. We have graduation together with them. Many girls stood by the walls, in groups of two or three, a few glances from there glided over me, after all, there were a little more females in our two classes. In 9 "a", of course, there are more than half of the guys, but we have two-thirds of the girls. In general, there were not enough pairs for everyone ... ..

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The collector Sergei Kostikov has a wonderful ability to "revive" plasticine figures the size of a little finger, which he sculpts with his own hands. Since then everything free time the sculptor devotes himself to creating new miniature livestock and observing their lives. But it is not in vain that his profession is considered dangerous - Sergei's collection route is under attack. Values have been stolen, there are victims... To prove his non-involvement in the crime, the sculptor resorts to the help of zipper.

Seryoga Kostikov was always fond of something. Gathered a decent library - mostly science fiction; kept and constantly listened to three hundred music discs - rock; liked to glue plastic models - military equipment times of the Patriotic War; was in the society of numismatists; collected badges, postcards, stamps - on the topic of hunting and fishing. He loved to hunt and fish, even took part in trap shooting competitions, and won medals several times in fishing ...

Olga Werner, a doctor from a Black Sea resort town, no longer has a shadow. But she had courage, the courage of despair. She needs to save herself and her children, outplay a powerful opponent and remember how it feels to be truly happy. She has only forty days left, and then ... There is nowhere to retreat. "Be determined and act, that is the choice of the noble." So it says in a book that Olga has never read, but for some reason knows by heart. You can only see the world as it is through your fingers.

I removed my bangs from my forehead and looked through my fingers at the corner where the gaze of the former Antinous remained riveted. Polina was sitting there in an armchair and, propping her head on her hand, looked at him just as intently. So, this is what inspires him with such animal horror? Or the memory of an angry werewolf? Or both together?..

The action takes place in the 1580s AD. North America. In 2018 main character, Peter Hassun, an ordinary Native American who survived the hell of Vietnam, returned to his homeland and fully drank "glory and honor" from his fellow citizens, drags out a miserable existence. Life has developed ... life has not developed. As of 2018, he is a drunken, lonely Indian without a fixed place of residence, not expecting anything from life, and it seemed that she did not expect anything from him ... In general, progressorism and beating of pale-faced people.

Peter Hassoun, a "proud citizen of the United States," sat beside his lounger in the park and drank cheap whiskey, which he honestly earned by unloading a vegetable van for Mansa's cafe. In general, Mance was a good guy, thanks to him, Peter had somewhere to earn some money for drinks, and sometimes even a snack. Although with a snack it did not always work out. Recent years ten Peter was on an alcohol diet. How did he come to such a life? His biography could tell about this, if someone undertook to write it ...

Baroness Arley is fed up with court intrigues. She would be home, in her native castle, but do you disobey the king? So you have to avoid balls and gentlemen by hook or by crook. But the more cunning the game, the more seductive it is. A patient and careful hunter will think over the siege, choose a weapon and certainly catch it ... unless, of course, he turns into a game himself.

The servant was right - beech firewood burned hot and long. It's good that the baroness put only a few logs. But for whom was the effort?

When she was about to go to bed, there was a soft knock. Her heart began to beat quickly, often, and her arms and legs seemed to go numb. But the knock was repeated, and she realized that the sound was coming from the mirror.

It's me, venerable baroness! - barely audible from behind the wall panel ....

Weapon Selection is a complex book. This is not only a novel about Malaya, although the setting of the colony is depicted in all its ugliness. This is a book about the class struggle and its laws in modern world. This is a book about the problem of "commitment", which is relevant for the English intelligentsia, the highest form whom Ash considers serving revolutionary ideas. From the genre point of view, it is, first of all, a novel of views. Through the contours of the adventurous plot, the honed features of a pamphlet novel written in the form of a dispute-dialogue appear. And the dispute here is especially interesting because its participants are not incorporeal shadows, but people written in a strong and psychologically convincing way. Their views are tested in the novel by life in extremely dramatic circumstances.

... "Weapon Choice" is not quite common product for modern English Literature. This is first of all anti-colonial romance, a genre poorly represented today in England, which is not so paradoxical for a country in which the preservation of the empire is a matter of life and death. In addition, the struggle against colonialism is shown in the novel in close connection with the problem of serving progressive social ideals in general, with the so-called "commitment". This word does not leave the pages of the periodical press, and now and then there are discussions about the role individual person, and especially the artist, public life. However, the theme of active public service and, moreover, participation in the class struggle hardly penetrates literature and most often in an indirect form, while in Ash it becomes the main content of the book...

When the sleeper wakes up

What is fiction? We learn about it from early childhood when mom reads a bedtime story. If we ask this question seriously and talk about literature in general, about its types and genres, then, of course, we will also remember scientific literature, and about documentary prose. Any person, even without a philological education, will be able to distinguish fiction from other genres. How?

Fiction: definition

First, let's define what fiction is. As textbooks and reference books say, this is a kind of art that, with the help of a written word, expresses the consciousness of society, its essence, views, mood. It is thanks to books that we learn what people thought about in a given time period, how they lived, what they felt, how they talked, what they were afraid of, what values they had. You can read a history textbook and know the dates, but it is fiction that will describe in detail the life and life of people.

Fiction: features

To answer the question of what fiction is, you need to know that all books are divided into fiction and non-fiction. What is the difference? Let us give examples of sentences from fiction.

“The moment I decided for myself that I didn’t want to be here to death, a lock rattled on the door behind me and Fred appeared tired after a night shift. He stared at strangers who filled his house with a terrible stink and unwound paper napkins everywhere ". This is an excerpt from Danny King's first book, Diary of a Robber. He shows us the main features of fiction - description and action. In fiction, there is always a hero - even if it is a story written in the first person, where it is as if the author himself falls in love, robs or travels. Well, without descriptions, too, nowhere, otherwise how can we understand in what kind of environment the heroes operate, what surrounds them, where they go. The description gives us the opportunity to imagine what the hero looks like, his clothes, his voice. And we form our own idea of the hero: we see him the way our imagination helps us to see him, together with the desire of the author. We draw a portrait, the author helps us. That's what fiction is.

Fiction or truth?

What conclusion do we come to? Fiction is fiction, these are heroes invented by the author, invented events, sometimes non-existent places. The writer is given complete freedom of action - he can do whatever he wants with his heroes: send him to the past or the future, to the ends of the earth, kill, resurrect, be offended, steal a million in a bank. If you dig deeper, then, of course, everyone understands that the heroes have prototypes. But often they are so far from book people that it is almost impossible to draw a parallel. The author can only borrow a manner of speaking, walking, describing a habit. It happens that a real man pushes the writer to create a hero and a book. So, Alice Lindell inspired Lewis Carroll to write the favorite book of many children "Alice in Wonderland", and one of the sons of Arthur and Sylvia Davis, friends of Barry James, became the prototype of Peter Pan. Even in historical novels the boundaries of fiction and truth are always blurred, what can we say about science fiction then? If we take an excerpt from a news feed, from a newspaper, we will know that these are facts. But if we read the same passage on the first page of the novel, it would never occur to us to believe in the reality of what is happening.

What is the purpose of fiction?

Literature teaches us. Ever since childhood, poems about Moidodyr teach us to observe hygiene, and the story about Tom Sawyer teaches us that a misdemeanor is followed by punishment. What does literature teach adults? For example, courage. Read secret story Vasily Bykov about two partisans - Sotnikov and Rybak. Sotnikov, sick, exhausted by a hard road, crippled during interrogations, steadfastly holds on to the last and even out of fear of death does not betray his comrades. And there is much to learn from the example of Rybak. Having betrayed his comrade and himself, he goes over to the side of the enemy, which he regrets later, but the way back is cut off, the way back is only through death. And, perhaps, he is more punished than the hanged comrade. Everything is like from childhood: without punishment there is no offense.

So, the goals of fiction are clearly defined: to show, using the example of heroes, how to act and how not to; tell about the time and place where events take place, and pass on the experience to the next generation.

De gustibus non est disputandum, or There is no dispute about tastes

Remember, at the end of each class before summer holidays did the teacher give us a list of fiction books from which we needed to read by September? And many suffered all summer, barely moving up this list. Indeed, reading what you do not like is simply not interesting. Everyone chooses for themselves - "one loves watermelon, the other pork cartilage," as Saltykov-Shchedrin said. If a person says that he does not like to read, he simply has not found his book. Someone likes to travel in time with science fiction writers, someone likes to solve crimes in detective novels, someone is thrilled by love scenes in novels. There is no single recipe, just as there is no author who would be liked by everyone and perceived equally by everyone, because we perceive fiction subjectively, based on our age, social status, emotional and moral component.

How many people - so many opinions?

The question of what fiction is can be answered in the following way: it is literature beyond time and place. It does not have clearly defined functions, like a dictionary or a manual for a washing machine, but it has a more important function: it educates, criticizes, gives us a break from reality. Fiction books are ambiguous, they cannot be interpreted in the same way - this is not a recipe carrot cake when a dozen people follow the directions step by step and end up with the same cake. Everything here is purely individual. The book "Schindler's Ark" by author Keneally Thomas Michael cannot be assessed in the same way: someone will condemn the German who saved people, someone will keep this image in their hearts as an example of dignity and philanthropy.

Then to:

a) learn the skill in your genre;
b) know exactly which publisher to offer the manuscript to;
c) study your target audience and to offer the book not to “everyone in general”, but to those people who may be interested in it.

What is fiction?

Fiction refers to all works that have a fictional plot and fictional characters: novels, stories, novels and plays.

The memoirs refer to non-fiction, because we are talking about non-fictional events, but they are written according to the canons of fiction - with a plot, characters, etc.

But poetry, including lyrics, is fiction, even if the author recalls a past love that actually happened.

Types of Adult Fiction

Fiction works are divided into genre literature, mainstream and intellectual prose.

genre literature

IN genre literature The plot plays the first violin, while it fits into certain, previously known frameworks.

This does not mean that all genre novels should be predictable. The skill of the writer lies precisely in creating a unique world, unforgettable heroes and interesting way get from point "A" (tie) to point "B" (denouement).

As a rule, a genre work ends on a positive note, the author does not delve into psychology and other high matters and simply tries to entertain readers.

Basic plot schemes in genre literature

Detective: crime - investigation - exposure of the criminal.

Love story: heroes meet - fall in love - fight for love - unite hearts.

Thriller: the hero lived ordinary life- there is a threat - the hero tries to escape - the hero gets rid of the danger.

Adventures: the hero sets a goal and, having overcome many obstacles, achieves what he wants.

When we talk about science fiction, fantasy, historical or modern novel, we are talking not so much about the plot as about the scenery, therefore, when defining the genre, two or three terms are used that allow us to answer the questions: “What happens in the novel?” and "Where is it happening?". If we are talking about children's literature, then an appropriate note is made.

Examples: "modern love story”, “Fantastic action movie” (action movie is adventure), “historical detective story”, “children's adventure story”, “fairy tale for primary school age”.

Genre prose, as a rule, is published in series - either author's or general.

Mainstream

In the mainstream (from English. mainstream- the main thread) readers expect unexpected solutions from the author. For this type of book, the most important thing is moral development heroes, philosophy and ideology. The requirements for a mainstream author are much higher than for writers working with genre prose: he must be not only an excellent storyteller, but also a good psychologist and a serious thinker.

Another important feature of the mainstream is that such books are written at the intersection of genres. For example, it is impossible to say unequivocally that "Gone with the Wind" is only romance or only historical drama.

By the way, the drama itself, that is, the story of the tragic experience of the characters, is also a sign of the mainstream.

As a rule, novels of this type are released outside the series. This is due to the fact that serious works are written for a long time and it is rather problematic to form a series of them. Moreover, mainstream authors are so different from each other that it is difficult to group their books on any basis other than “good book”.

When specifying a genre in mainstream novels, the emphasis is usually placed not so much on the plot, but on certain distinguishing features of the book: historical drama, a novel in letters, a fantastic saga, etc.

The emergence of the term

The term "mainstream" itself arose from American writer and criticism to William Dean Howells (1837–1920). As editor of one of the most popular and influential literary magazines of his day, The Atlantic Monthly, he gave a clear preference to works written in a realistic vein and focusing on moral and philosophical problems.

Thanks Howells realistic literature became fashionable, and for some time it was called the mainstream. The term has stuck in English language and from there moved to Russia.

intellectual prose

In the vast majority of cases, intellectual prose has a gloomy tone and is released outside of the series.

Main genres of fiction

Approximate classification

When submitting an application to a publisher, we must indicate the genre - so that our manuscript is sent to the appropriate editor.

The following is an indicative list of genres as they are understood by publishers and bookstores.

vanguard literature. It is characterized by violation of the canons and language and plot experiments. As a rule, the avant-garde comes out in very small editions. Closely intertwined with intellectual prose.
Action. Aimed primarily at a male audience. The basis of the plot is fights, chases, saving beauties, etc.
Detective. Main story line- disclosure of a crime.
Historical novel. The time of action is the past. The plot, as a rule, is tied to significant historical events.
Love story. Heroes find love.
Mystic. The basis of the plot is supernatural events.
Adventures. Heroes get involved in an adventure and/or go on a perilous journey.
Thriller/horror. The heroes are in mortal danger, from which they are trying to get rid of.
Fantastic. The plot twists in a hypothetical future or in parallel world. One of the varieties of fantasy is alternative history.
Fantasy / fairy tales. The main features of the genre are fairy-tale worlds, magic, unprecedented creatures, talking animals, etc. It is often based on folklore.

What is non-fiction?

Non-fiction books are classified by topic (eg gardening, history, etc.) and type (scientific monograph, collection of articles, photo album, etc.).

The following is a classification of non-fiction books, as done in bookstores. When submitting an application to the publisher, indicate the topic and type of book - for example, a textbook on writing.