Direction- a commonality of rules, principles, ideas, specific techniques used by writers different countries belonging to the same century or generation. Within the literary movement there is a division associated with the dominant artistic style.
Literary direction - often identified with artistic method. Designates a set of fundamental spiritual and aesthetic principles of many writers, as well as a number of groups and schools, their programmatic and aesthetic principles, and the means used. In the struggle and change of direction, the laws of the literary process are most clearly expressed.
Classicism(French and Latin - exemplary) - artistic style and aesthetic direction V European art XVII-XIX centuries Classicism is based on the ideas of rationalism, which were formed simultaneously with those in the philosophy of Descartes. Piece of art, from the point of view of classicism, should be built on the basis of strict canons, thereby revealing the harmony and logic of the universe itself. Of interest to classicism is only the eternal, unchanging - in each phenomenon, he seeks to recognize only essential, typological features, discarding random individual features. The aesthetics of classicism attaches great importance to the social and educational function of art. Classicism takes many rules and canons from ancient art(Aristotle, Horace).
Classicism establishes a strict genre hierarchy, which are divided into high (ode, tragedy, epic) and low (comedy, satire, fable). Each genre has strictly defined features, mixing of which is not allowed.
As a certain direction, it was formed in France in the 17th century. French classicism freed a person from religious and church influence, asserting the personality as supreme value being. Russian classicism not only adopted the Western European theory, but also enriched it with national characteristics.
Founder of the poetics of classicism the Frenchman Francois Malherbe (1555-1628) is considered to have reformed French and verse and developed poetic canons. The leading representatives of classicism in dramaturgy were the tragedians Corneille and Racine (1639-1699), whose main subject of creativity was the conflict between public duty and personal passions. "Low" genres also reached high development - fable (J. La Fontaine), satire (Boileau), comedy (Molière 1622-1673).
Boileau became famous throughout Europe as the "legislator of Parnassus", the largest theorist of classicism, who expressed his views in the poetic treatise "Poetic Art". Under his influence in Great Britain were the poets John Dryden and Alexander Pope, who made the alexandrine the main form of English poetry. For English prose era of classicism (Addison, Swift) is also characterized by latinized syntax.
Classicism XVIII century develops under the influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment. The work of Voltaire (1694-1778) is directed against religious fanaticism, absolutist oppression, filled with the pathos of freedom. The purpose of creativity is to change the world in better side, construction in accordance with the laws of classicism of the society itself. From the positions of classicism, the Englishman Samuel Johnson surveyed contemporary literature, around whom a brilliant circle of like-minded people formed, including the essayist Boswell, the historian Gibbon and the actor Garrick.
In Russia, classicism originated in the 18th century, after the transformations of Peter I. Lomonosov carried out a reform of Russian verse, developed the theory of "three calms", which was essentially an adaptation of French classical rules to the Russian language. Images in classicism are deprived individual traits, as they are called, first of all, to capture stable generic, not passing over time signs, acting as the embodiment of any social or spiritual forces. Classicism in Russia developed under the great influence of the Enlightenment - the ideas of equality and justice have always been the focus of attention of Russian classic writers. Therefore, in Russian classicism received great development genres requiring mandatory author's assessment historical reality: comedy (D. I. Fonvizin), satire (A. D. Kantemir), fable (A. P. Sumarokov, I. I. Khemnitser), ode (Lomonosov, G. R. Derzhavin).
In connection with the call proclaimed by Rousseau to closeness to nature and naturalness, crisis phenomena are growing in the classicism of the late 18th century; the cult of tender feelings is replacing the absolutization of reason - sentimentalism. The transition from classicism to pre-romanticism was most clearly reflected in German literature the era of "Sturm und Drang", represented by the names of J. W. Goethe (1749-1832) and F. Schiller (1759-1805), who, following Rousseau, saw in art main force upbringing of a person. The pathos of literature of the era of classicism was associated with enlightenment.
Romanticism(fr. romanticisme) - a phenomenon of European culture in XVIII-XIX centuries, representing a reaction to the Enlightenment and the scientific and technological progress stimulated by it; ideological and artistic direction in European and American culture late 18th century - first half of XIX century. It is characterized by the assertion of the intrinsic value of the spiritual and creative life of the individual, the image of strong (often rebellious) passions and characters, spiritualized and healing nature. Spread to various areas human activities. In the 18th century, everything that was strange, fantastic, picturesque, and existing in books, and not in reality, was called romantic. At the beginning of the 19th century, romanticism became the designation of a new direction, opposite to classicism and Enlightenment.
Romanticism succeeds the Age of Enlightenment and coincides with the Industrial Revolution, marked by the advent of steam engine, steam locomotive, steamship, photography and factory outskirts. If the Enlightenment is characterized by the cult of reason and civilization based on its principles, then romanticism affirms the cult of nature, feelings and the natural in man. It was in the era of romanticism that the phenomena of tourism, mountaineering and picnics were formed, designed to restore the unity of man and nature. The image of the “noble savage”, armed “ folk wisdom and not spoiled by civilization.
Romanticism first arose in Germany, among the writers and philosophers of the Jena school (W. G. Wackenroder, Ludwig Tieck, Novalis, the brothers F. and A. Schlegel). The philosophy of romanticism was systematized in the works of F. Schlegel and F. Schelling. IN further development german romanticism is distinguished by an interest in fairy tales and mythological motives, which was especially clearly expressed in the work of the brothers Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm, Hoffmann. Heine, starting his work within the framework of romanticism, later subjected him to a critical revision. England is largely due to German influence. In England, its first representatives are the poets of the Lake School, Wordsworth and Coleridge. They set theoretical basis of his direction, having become acquainted during a trip to Germany with the philosophy of Schelling and the views of the first German romantics. English romanticism is characterized by an interest in social problems: they oppose to modern bourgeois society the old, pre-bourgeois relations, the glorification of nature, simple, natural feelings. A prominent representative of English romanticism is Byron, who, in the words of Pushkin, "clothed in dull romanticism and hopeless egoism." His work is imbued with the pathos of struggle and protest against the modern world, the glorification of freedom and individualism. Also, English romanticism includes the work of Shelley, John Keats, William Blake.
Romanticism spread to other European countries, for example, in France (Chateaubriand, J. Stahl, Lamartine, Victor Hugo, Alfred de Vigny, Prosper Merimee, George Sand), Italy (N. W. Foscolo, A. Manzoni, Leopardi), Poland (Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Slovak , Zygmunt Krasiński, Cyprian Norwid) and in the USA (Washington Irving, Fenimore Cooper, W.K. Bryant, Edgar Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Longfellow, Herman Melville). Stendhal also considered himself a French romantic, but he meant by romanticism something different than most of his contemporaries. In the epigraph of the novel "Red and Black", he took the words "True, bitter truth", emphasizing his vocation for a realistic study of human characters and actions. The writer was addicted to romantic outstanding natures, for which he recognized the right to "go hunting for happiness." He sincerely believed that it depends only on the way of society whether a person can realize his eternal craving for well-being, given by nature itself. The heroes did not have an average appearance (Quasimodo)
It is usually believed that in Russia romanticism appears in the poetry of V. A. Zhukovsky (although some Russian poetic works of the 1790-1800s are often attributed to the pre-romantic movement that developed from sentimentalism). In Russian romanticism, freedom from classical conventions appears, a ballad is created, romantic drama. A new idea of the essence and meaning of poetry is affirmed, which is recognized as an independent sphere of life, an expression of the highest, ideal aspirations of man; the old view, according to which poetry was an empty pastime, something completely serviceable, is no longer possible. The early poetry of A. S. Pushkin also developed within the framework of romanticism. The poetry of M. Yu. Lermontov, the “Russian Byron”, can be considered the pinnacle of Russian romanticism. The philosophical lyrics of F. I. Tyutchev are both the completion and the overcoming of romanticism in Russia.
Classicism (French classicisme, from Latin classicus - exemplary) is an artistic style and aesthetic direction in European culture XVII-XIX centuries
Classicism is based on the ideas of rationalism, which found a vivid expression in the philosophy of Descartes. A work of art, from the point of view of classicism, should be built on the basis of strict canons, thereby revealing the harmony and logic of the universe itself. Of interest to classicism is only the eternal, unchanging - in each phenomenon, he seeks to recognize only essential, typological features, discarding random individual features. The aesthetics of classicism attaches great importance to the social and educational function of art. Classicism establishes a strict hierarchy of genres, which are divided into high (ode, tragedy, epic) and low (comedy, satire, fable). Each genre has strictly defined features, mixing of which is not allowed.
Romanticism (fr. romantisme) is an ideological and artistic trend in European and American culture of the late 18th century - the first half of the 19th century. It is characterized by the assertion of the intrinsic value of the spiritual and creative life of the individual, the image of strong (often rebellious) passions and characters, spiritualized and healing nature. It spread to various spheres of human activity. In the 18th century, everything that was strange, picturesque, and existing in books, and not in reality, was called romantic. At the beginning of the 19th century, romanticism became the designation of a new direction, opposite to classicism and the Enlightenment.
Classicism of the 18th - early 19th centuries (in foreign art history it is often referred to as neoclassicism), which became a common European style, was also formed mainly in the bosom of French culture strongly influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment. In architecture, new types of an exquisite mansion, a grand public building, an open city square (Gabriel Jacques Ange and Souflo Jacques Germain) were determined, the search for new, orderless forms of architecture, the desire for harsh simplicity in the work of Ledoux Claude Nicolas anticipated the architecture of the late stage of classicism - Empire. Civic pathos and lyricism combined in plastic (Pigalle Jean Baptiste and Houdon Jean Antoine), decorative landscapes(Robert Hubert). The courageous drama of historical and portrait images is inherent in the works of the head of French classicism, the painter Jacques Louis David. In the 19th century, the painting of classicism, despite the activities of individual major masters, such as Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, degenerates into officially apologetic or pretentiously erotic salon art. international center European classicism In the 18th and early 19th centuries, Rome became dominated by the traditions of academism with their characteristic combination of nobility of forms and cold idealization (German painter Anton Raphael Mengs, sculptors: Italian Canova Antonio and Dane Thorvaldsen Bertel). The architecture of German classicism is characterized by the severe monumentality of the buildings of Karl Friedrich Schinkel, for the contemplative-elegiac mood of painting and plastic art - portraits of August and Wilhelm Tischbein, sculpture by Johann Gottfried Schadow. In English classicism, the antiquities of Robert Adam, the Palladian park estates of William Chambers, the exquisitely austere drawings of J. Flaxman and the ceramics of J. Wedgwood stand out. Own versions of classicism developed in artistic culture Italy, Spain, Belgium, Scandinavian countries, USA; an outstanding place in the history of world art is occupied by Russian classicism of the 1760s-1840s.
manticism as a method and direction in artistic culture was a complex and controversial phenomenon. In every country he had a bright national expression. Romantics occupied various social and political positions in society. They all rebelled against the results of the bourgeois revolution, but they rebelled in different ways, since each had his own ideal. But with all the many faces and diversity, romanticism has stable features:
All of them came from the denial of the Enlightenment and the rationalistic canons of classicism, which fettered the creative initiative of the artist.
They discovered the principle of historicism (enlighteners judged the past anti-historically for them there was "reasonable" and "not reasonable"). We saw human characters in the past, shaped by their time. Interest in the national past gave rise to a mass of historical works.
Interest in folk culture, folklore. In the era of romanticism, collections of folk songs, fairy tales (tales of the brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm) were published.
Interest in strong personality, which opposes itself to the whole world around and relies only on itself. - Attention to the inner world of man.
Developing in many countries, romanticism everywhere acquired a bright national identity due to local historical traditions and conditions.
Classicism from a literary point of view
Classicism originated in Western Europe in the first half of the 17th century, when there was a period of strengthening the so-called "absolutism", that is, the supreme power of monarchs. The ideas of absolute monarchy and the order generated by it served as the basis for classicism. This literary direction demanded from the authors strict observance of the prescribed rules, schemes, deviation from which was considered unacceptable.
Classical works were clearly divided into higher and lower genres. The highest genres were epic, epic poem, tragedy and ode. To the lowest - satire, comedy, fable. The main characters of the works higher genre there could only be representatives of the noble classes, as well as gods or heroes of ancient myths. The common people were chosen, Speaking. Especially solemn, pathos language was required when creating an ode. In the works of the lower genres, describing everyday life ordinary people, colloquial speech, and even slang expressions were allowed.
The composition of any work, regardless of genre, had to be simple, understandable and concise. Each character was subject to a detailed explanation by the author. In addition, the author of the work was obliged to observe the rule of "three unities" - time, place and action.
Of the Russian writers, the most prominent representatives of classicism were A.P. Sumarokov, D.I. Fonvizin, M.V. Lomonosov, I.A. Krylov.
What is literary romanticism
At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. after the changes and upheavals caused by the French Revolution, a new literary trend appeared in Western Europe - romanticism. Its adherents did not want to reckon with the strict rules established by classicism. They paid the main attention in their works to the image inner world person, his experiences, feelings.
The main genres of romanticism were: elegy, idyll, short story, ballad, novel, story. In contrast to the typical hero of classicism, who had to behave in strict accordance with the requirements of the society to which he belonged, the heroes romantic works could commit unexpected, unpredictable acts, come into conflict with society. Most famous representatives Russian literary romanticism: V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, F.I. Tyutchev.
Classicism (fr. classicisme, from lat. classicus - exemplary) - artistic style and aesthetic direction in European art XVII--XIX centuries
Classicism is based on the ideas of rationalism, which were formed simultaneously with the same ideas in the philosophy of Descartes. A work of art, from the point of view of classicism, should be built on the basis of strict canons, thereby revealing the harmony and logic of the universe itself. Of interest to classicism is only the eternal, unchanging - in each phenomenon, he seeks to recognize only essential, typological features, discarding random individual features. The aesthetics of classicism attaches great importance to the social and educational function of art. Classicism takes many rules and canons from ancient art (Aristotle, Horace).
Classicism establishes a strict hierarchy of genres, which are divided into high (ode, tragedy, epic) and low (comedy, satire, fable). Each genre has strictly defined features, mixing of which is not allowed.
As a certain direction, it was formed in France in the 17th century. French classicism affirmed the personality of a person as the highest value of being, freeing him from religious and church influence. Russian classicism not only adopted the Western European theory, but also enriched it with national characteristics.
Painting
Interest in art ancient Greece and Rome manifested itself in the Renaissance, which, after centuries of the Middle Ages, turned to the forms, motifs and plots of antiquity. The greatest theorist of the Renaissance, Leon Batista Alberti, back in the 15th century. expressed ideas that foreshadowed certain principles of classicism and were fully manifested in Raphael's fresco "The School of Athens" (1511).
IN early XVII centuries, young foreigners flock to Rome to get acquainted with the heritage of antiquity and the Renaissance. The most prominent among them was the Frenchman Nicolas Poussin, in his paintings, mainly on topics ancient antiquity and mythology, which gave unsurpassed examples of geometrically accurate composition and thoughtful correlation of color groups. Another Frenchman, Claude Lorrain, in his antiquity landscapes of the environs of the "eternal city" streamlined the pictures of nature by harmonizing them with the light of the setting sun and introducing peculiar architectural scenes.
Poussin's coldly rational normativism aroused the approval of the court of Versailles and was continued by court painters like Lebrun, who saw in classic painting an ideal artistic language to praise the absolutist state of the "sun king". Although private customers preferred various options Baroque and Rococo, the French monarchy kept Classicism afloat by funding academic institutions such as the School of Fine Arts. The Rome Prize provided the most talented students with the opportunity to visit Rome for a direct acquaintance with the great works of antiquity.
In the 19th century, classicism painting enters a period of crisis and becomes a force holding back the development of art, not only in France, but also in other countries. Artistic line David was successfully continued by Ingres, while maintaining the language of classicism in his works, he often turned to romantic plots with oriental flavor("Turkish baths"); his portrait work is marked by a subtle idealization of the model. Artists in other countries (like, for example, Karl Bryullov) also imbued classically shaped works with the spirit of reckless romanticism; this combination is called academism. Numerous art academies served as its breeding grounds. IN mid-nineteenth century, against the conservatism of the academic establishment, the young generation gravitating towards realism rebelled, represented in France by the Courbet circle, and in Russia by the Wanderers.
Architecture
An example of British Palladianism -- London mansion Osterley Park (architect Robert Adam).
Charles Cameron. The project of decoration in the Adam's style of the green dining room of the Catherine Palace.
The main feature of the architecture of classicism was the appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as the standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. The architecture of classicism as a whole is characterized by the regularity of planning and the clarity of volumetric form. basis architectural language classicism became an order, in proportions and forms close to antiquity. Classicism is characterized by symmetrical axial compositions, restraint of decorative decoration, and a regular system of city planning.
The architectural language of classicism was formulated at the end of the Renaissance by the great Venetian master Palladio and his follower Scamozzi. The Venetians absolutized the principles of ancient temple architecture so much that they applied them even in the construction of such private mansions as Villa Capra. Inigo Jones brought Palladianism north to England, where local Palladian architects followed Palladio's precepts with varying degrees of fidelity up to mid-eighteenth century.
By that time, the surfeit of the "whipped cream" of the late Baroque and Rococo began to accumulate among the intellectuals of continental Europe. Born by the Roman architects Bernini and Borromini, the baroque thinned into rococo, a predominantly chamber style with an emphasis on interior decoration and arts and crafts. For solving major urban problems, this aesthetics was of little use. Already under Louis XV (1715-74) urban planning ensembles in the “ancient Roman” style were being built in Paris, such as Place de la Concorde (architect Jacques-Ange Gabriel) and the Church of Saint-Sulpice, and under Louis XVI (1774-92) a similar “noble laconicism" is already becoming the main architectural trend.
The Frenchman Jacques-Germain Soufflot, during the construction of the Saint-Genevieve church in Paris, demonstrated the ability of classicism to organize vast urban spaces. The massive grandeur of his designs foreshadowed the megalomania of Napoleonic Empire and late Classicism. In Russia, Bazhenov was moving in the same direction as Soufflet. The Frenchmen Claude-Nicolas Ledoux and Etienne-Louis Boulet went even further towards the development of a radical visionary style with an emphasis on the abstract geometrization of forms. In revolutionary France, the ascetic civic pathos of their projects was of little use; Ledoux's innovation was fully appreciated only by modernists of the 20th century.
The architects of Napoleonic France drew inspiration from majestic images military glory left behind by imperial Rome, such as the triumphal arch of Septimius Severus and Trajan's column. By order of Napoleon, these images were transferred to Paris in the form triumphal arch Carruzel and Vendôme Column. In relation to the monuments of military greatness of the era of the Napoleonic wars, the term "imperial style" is used - Empire style. In Russia, Karl Rossi, Andrey Voronikhin and Andrey Zakharov showed themselves to be outstanding masters of the Empire style. In Britain, the Empire corresponds to the so-called. "Regency style" (the largest representative is John Nash).
In the period following the Napoleonic Wars, classicism had to get along with romantically colored eclecticism, in particular with the return of interest in the Middle Ages and the fashion for architectural neo-Gothic. In connection with the discoveries of Champollion, Egyptian motifs are gaining popularity. Interest in ancient Roman architecture is replaced by reverence for everything ancient Greek (“Neo-Greek”), which was especially pronounced in Germany and the United States. German architects Leo von Klenze and Karl Friedrich Schinkel are building up, respectively, Munich and Berlin with grandiose museum and other public buildings in the spirit of the Parthenon. In France, the purity of classicism is diluted with free borrowings from the architectural repertoire of the Renaissance and Baroque.
Romanticism
Ideological and artistic direction in European and American spiritual culture. 18 - 1st floor. 19th centuries As a style of creativity and thinking, it remains one of the main aesthetic and worldview models of the 20th century.
Origin. Axiology
Romanticism arose in the 1790s. first in Germany and then spread throughout the Western European cultural region. His ideological ground was the crisis of rationalism of the Enlightenment, the artistic search for pre-romantic trends (sentimentalism, "storming"), the Great French Revolution, German classical philosophy. Romanticism is an aesthetic revolution that instead of science and reason (the highest cultural authority for the Enlightenment) puts artistic creativity individual, which becomes a model, a "paradigm" for all species cultural activities. The main feature of romanticism as a movement is the desire to oppose the burgher, "philistine" world of reason, law, individualism, utilitarianism, the atomization of society, a naive belief in linear progress - new system values: the cult of creativity, the primacy of imagination over reason, criticism of logical, aesthetic and moral abstractions, a call for the emancipation of a person’s personal powers, following nature, myth, symbol, the desire for synthesis and discovery of the relationship of everything with everything. Moreover, rather quickly, the axiology of romanticism goes beyond art and begins to determine the style of philosophy, behavior, clothing, as well as other aspects of life.
Paradoxes of Romanticism
Paradoxically, romanticism combined the cult of the personal uniqueness of the individual with the attraction to the impersonal, elemental, collective; increased reflectivity of creativity -- with the discovery of the world of the unconscious; play, understood as the highest meaning of creativity, with calls for the introduction of the aesthetic into "serious" life; individual rebellion - with dissolution in the folk, tribal, national. This original duality of romanticism is reflected in his theory of irony, which elevates to the principle the non-coincidence of conditional aspirations and values with the unconditional absolute as the goal. The main features of the romantic style include the playful element, which dissolved the aesthetic framework of classicism; heightened attention to everything peculiar and non-standard (moreover, the special was not simply given a place in the universal, as the baroque style or pre-romanticism did, but the very hierarchy of the general and the individual was turned over); interest in myth and even understanding of myth as an ideal of romantic creativity; symbolic interpretation of the world; striving for the ultimate expansion of the arsenal of genres; reliance on folklore, preference for an image over a concept, aspirations for possession, dynamics for statics; experiments in synthetic unification of the arts; aesthetic interpretation of religion, the idealization of the past and archaic cultures, often resulting in social protest; aestheticization of everyday life, morality, politics.
A new look at the inner world
The rejection of the Enlightenment axiom of rationality as the essence of human nature led romanticism to a new understanding of man: the atomic integrity of the “I”, which was obvious to past eras, was called into question, the world of the individual and collective unconscious was discovered, the conflict of the inner world with the person’s own “nature” was felt. The disharmony of personality and its alienated objectifications was especially richly thematized by symbols. romantic literature(a double, a shadow, an automaton, a doll, and finally - the famous Frankenstein, created by the imagination of M. Shelley).
Impact on science
Romantic natural philosophy, having updated the Renaissance idea of man as a microcosm and introduced into it the idea of similarity between the unconscious creativity of nature and the conscious creativity of the artist, played a certain role in the development of natural science in the 19th century. (both directly and through scientists - adherents of early Schelling - such as Carus, Oken, Steffens). The humanities also receive from romanticism (from the hermeneutics of Schleiermacher, the philosophy of language Novalis and F. Schlegel) an impulse significant for history, cultural studies, and linguistics.
Romanticism and religion
In religious thought, romanticism can be divided into two directions. One was initiated by Schleiermacher (Speech on Religion, 1799) with his understanding of religion as an internal, pantheistically colored experience of "dependence on the infinite." It significantly influenced the formation of Protestant liberal theology. The other is represented by the general trend of late romanticism towards orthodox Catholicism and the restoration of medieval cultural foundations and values. (See the work of Novalis "Christianity, or Europe", 1799, programmatic for this trend).
The historical stages in the development of romanticism were the birth in 1798-1801. the Jena circle (A. Schlegel, F. Schlegel, Novalis, Tiek, later Schleiermacher and Schelling), in the bosom of which the main philosophical and aesthetic principles of romanticism were formulated; the emergence after 1805 of the Heidelberg and Swabian schools of literary romanticism; publication of the book by J. de Stael "On Germany" (1810), with which the European glory of romanticism begins; the widespread spread of romanticism within Western culture in the 1820s-30s; crisis stratification of the romantic movement in the 1840s, 50s. into factions and their merging with both conservative and radical currents of "anti-burgher" European thought.
100 r first order bonus
Choose the type of work Graduate work Course work Abstract Master's thesis Report on practice Article Report Review Test Monograph Problem solving Business plan Answering questions Creative work Essay Drawing Compositions Translation Presentations Typing Other Increasing the uniqueness of the text Candidate's thesis Laboratory work Help online
Ask for a price
CLASSICISM, one of the most important areas of art of the past, an artistic style based on normative aesthetics, requiring strict adherence to a number of rules, canons, unities. The rules of classicism are of paramount importance as a means to ensure the main goal - to enlighten and instruct the public, referring it to sublime examples. The aesthetics of classicism reflected the desire for the idealization of reality, due to the rejection of the image of a complex and multifaceted reality. In theatrical art, this direction has established itself in creativity, first of all, French authors: Corneille, Racine, Voltaire, Moliere. Classicism had a great influence on Russian national theater(A.P. Sumarokov, V.A. Ozerov, D.I. Fonvizin and others).
"Classicism" (from the Latin "classicus", i.e. "exemplary") assumed a stable orientation of the new art to the antique way, which did not at all mean a simple copying of antique samples. Classicism carries out continuity with the aesthetic concepts of the Renaissance, which were oriented towards antiquity.
SENTIMENTALISM(fr. Sentiment) - direction to European literature and art of the second half of the 18th century, which was formed within the framework of the late Enlightenment and reflected the growth of democratic sentiments in society. Originated in the lyrics and the novel; later, entering theatrical art, gave impetus to the emergence of the genres of "tearful comedy" and petty-bourgeois drama.
ROMANTICISM- (French romantisme, from medieval French romant - novel) - a direction in art that was formed within the general literary trend at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. in Germany. It has become widespread in all countries of Europe and America. The highest peak of romanticism falls on the first quarter of the 19th century.
the French word romantisme goes back to the Spanish romance (in the Middle Ages, the Spanish romances were called so, and then the chivalric romance), the English romantic, which turned into the 18th century. in romantique and then meaning "strange", "fantastic", "picturesque". At the beginning of the 19th century romanticism becomes the designation of a new direction, opposite to classicism.
Entering into the antithesis of "classicism" - "romanticism", the direction assumed the opposition of the classicist requirement of rules to romantic freedom from rules. This understanding of romanticism persists to this day, but, as the literary critic J. Mann writes, romanticism is “not just a denial of the“ rules ”, but following the“ rules ”more complex and whimsical.”
Center art system romanticism is a personality, and his main conflict- individual and society. The decisive prerequisite for the development of romanticism was the events of the Great french revolution. The emergence of romanticism is associated with the anti-enlightenment movement, the causes of which lie in disillusionment with civilization, in social, industrial, political and scientific progress, which resulted in new contrasts and contradictions, leveling and spiritual devastation of the personality.
Realism- (lat. real, real) - a direction in literature and art, which aims to faithfully reproduce reality in its typical features.
Signs:
1. Artistic representation of life in images, corresponding to the essence of the phenomena of life itself.
2. Reality is a means of a person's knowledge of himself and the world around him.
3.Typization of images. This is achieved through the veracity of details in specific conditions.
4.Even with tragic conflict life-affirming art.
5. Realism is inherent in the desire to consider reality in development, the ability to detect the development of new social, psychological and social relations.
Realists denied the "dark set" of mystical concepts, sophisticated forms of modern poetry.
Young realism frontier era had all the signs of a transforming, moving and acquiring the truth of art, and its creators went to their discoveries through subjective attitudes, reflections, dreams. This feature, born of the author's perception of time, determined the difference between the realistic literature of the beginning of our century and the Russian classics.
The prose of the 19th century was always characterized by the image of a person, if not adequate to the ideal of the writer, then embodying his cherished thoughts. From works new age the hero almost disappeared - the bearer of the ideas of the artist himself. There was a tradition Gogol and especially Chekhov.
Modernism- (fr. newest, modern) - art born in the 20th century.
This concept is used to refer to new phenomena in literature and other arts.
Modernism in literature- This literary direction, an aesthetic concept that was formed in the 1910s and developed into an artistic direction in the literature of the war and post-war years.
The founders of modernism are M. Proust "In Search of Lost Time", J. Joyce "Ulysses", F. Kafka "The Process".
heyday modernism belongs to 1920. The main task of modernism is to penetrate into the depths of consciousness and subconsciousness of a person, to transfer the work of memory, the peculiarities of perception of the environment, in how the past, present and the future are refracted in “instant moments of being”. The main technique in the work of modernists is the "stream of consciousness", which allows you to capture the movement of thoughts, impressions, feelings.
Modernism influenced the work of many writers of the 20th century. However, his influence was not and could not be all-encompassing. Traditions literary classics continue their life and development
Postmodernism a term denoting structurally similar phenomena in the world public life and culture of the second half of the 20th century: it is used both to characterize the post-non-classical type of philosophizing, and for the complex of styles in art. Postmodern - state modern culture, which includes the pre-post-non-classical philosophical paradigm, pre-postmodern art, as well as popular culture this era. Arising as an antithesis to modernism, open to understanding by only a few, postmodernism, dressing everything in a game form, levels the distance between the mass and elite consumers, reducing the elite to the masses (glamour). Modernism is an extremist denial of the Modern world (with its positivism and scientism), and postmodernism is a non-extremist denial of the same Modern.
