In the process of the formation of fine arts, genres of painting were also formed. If in pictures cavemen it was possible to see only what surrounded them, then over time, painting became more and more multifaceted and acquired a broad meaning. Artists conveyed their vision of the world in pictures. Historians identify the following genres of painting that have formed over the entire history of this art.

. The name came from latin word animal, which means animal. This genre includes paintings, the center of which are animals.

allegorical genre . Allegoria means "allegory". Such pictures contain secret meaning. With the help of the image of symbols, people, living or mythical creatures the artist is trying to convey this or that idea.

Battle genre. Image of battles, battles, military campaigns. These paintings are characterized by versatility, the presence of many characters.

Bylinny and mythological genres . The plots of folklore works, the themes of ancient legends, epics and ancient Greek myths were depicted.

Image of simple scenes from Everyday life. This genre is characterized by simplicity and realism.

Vanitas. The genre originated in the Baroque era. This is a kind of still life, in the center of which there is always a skull. Artists tried to draw a parallel with the frailty of all things.

Veduta. The birthplace of this genre is Venice. It represents an urban panorama, in compliance with architectural forms and proportions.

Image interior decoration premises.

Ippian genre. The name speaks for itself. These are pictures of horses.

historical genre. Canvases depicting historical events. A multifaceted and important genre of painting.

Capriccio. Fantasy architectural landscape.

The name has French origin, and means that in the center of the image - inanimate object. The artists depicted mainly flowers, household items, household utensils.

nude. Nude image human body. Initially, this genre was closely associated with the mythological and historical genre.

Blende. The genre in which the artists used special tricks to create an illusion.

Pastoral. Genre that erects a simple rural life into a different hypostasis, embellishing it and deifying it.

A genre in which pictures of nature are depicted on the canvas. This is a three-dimensional direction that includes the urban landscape, seascape, and other similar topics.

. In the center of the picture is the image of a man. The artist uses techniques that convey not only appearance but also the inner world of his hero. The portrait can be group, individual, front. You can also highlight a self-portrait in which the artist depicts himself.

Religious genre. This includes, and other paintings on religious themes.

Caricature. Genre, the purpose of which is to emphasize certain shortcomings of the personality, through comic effect. For this, exaggeration, distortion of facial features and proportions, symbolism and elements of fantasy are used.

Genres of painting can merge and closely interact with each other. Some genres lose their relevance over time, while many, on the contrary, continue to develop along with life.

Sculpture and symphony, painting and story, film and palace, play and dance - all these are works of various kinds art.

Art is classified according to different criteria. Fine Arts show external reality in artistic images, non-graphic arts express the inner world. Non-fine arts: music, dance and literature, as well as architecture. There are also mixed (synthetic) arts: cinema, theater, ballet, circus, etc.
Within each art form there are divisions called genres according to the themes and objects of the image. This is what we will talk about with you today.

Kinds of art

fine arts

Painting

Perhaps this is one of the most common types of art. The very first works of painting belong to ancient times, they were found on the walls of the caves of ancient people.
Considered very ancient monumental painting, which developed in the form mosaics And frescoes(painting on wet plaster).

St Nicholas. Fresco by Dionysius. Ferapontov Monastery
easel painting- these are paintings of different genres, painted on canvas (cardboard, paper), most often with oil paints.

Genres of painting

IN modern painting there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday life, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.
portrait genre reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. the main task portrait genre - the transfer of external resemblance and disclosure inner world, the essence of a person's character.

I. Kramskoy "Portrait of Sophia Ivanovna Kramskoy"
historical genre(image of historical events and characters). Of course, genres in painting are very often intertwined, because. when depicting, for example, some historical event the artist has to go to portrait genre etc.
mythological genre- illustration of myths and legends different peoples.

S. Botticelli "The Birth of Venus"
Battle genre- an image of battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying battles, the triumph of victory. The battle genre can also include elements of other genres - household, portrait, landscape, animalistic, still life.

V. Vasnetsov "After the battle of Igor Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsy"
household genre- the image of scenes of everyday, personal life of a person.

A. Venetsianov "On arable land"
Scenery- picture of nature environment, species countryside, cities, historical monuments etc.

And Savrasov "The Rooks Have Arrived"
Marina- seascape.
Still life(translated from French - "dead nature") - an image of household items, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, dead game, caught fish, placed in a real household environment.
Animal genre- image of animals.

Graphic arts

The name of this type of fine art comes from Greek word grapho - I write, I draw.
Graphics include, first of all, drawing and engraving, in which the drawing is created mainly with the help of a line on a sheet of paper or with a cutter on a hard material, from which the image is imprinted onto a paper sheet.

Types of graphics

Engraving- a pattern is applied to a flat surface of the material, which is then covered with paint and imprinted on paper. The number of impressions varies depending on the engraving technique and material. The main engraving materials are metal (copper, zinc, steel), wood (boxwood, palm, pear, cherry, etc.), linoleum, cardboard, plastic, plexiglass. The processing of the engraving board is carried out by mechanical means, steel tools or acid etching.
print- an impression from an engraving board (engraving, lithography, silk-screen printing, monotype), which is easel work artistic graphics. The engraving is printed from a board engraved by the artist himself, often he also makes prints. Such works are usually signed, author's copies, considered originals. Prints are available in black and white and color.
book graphics- book design decoration, illustration.
Industrial graphics - the creation of product labels, brand names, publishing marks, packaging, advertising publications, letterheads and envelopes. It comes into contact with advertising, is included in the design system.
ex libris- a sign indicating the owner of the book. The ex-libris is attached to the inside of the book binding or cover. Bookmarks are engraved on wood, copper, linoleum, zincographic or lithographic methods.

Bookplate of Greta Garbo

Poster- an image designed for general attention, created for propaganda or educational purposes.
Linocut- engraving on linoleum.
Lithography- type of engraving: drawing a picture on a stone and an impression from it.
Woodcut- woodcut.

Katsushika Hokusai A big wave in Kanagawa", woodcut
Etching- type of engraving on metal, engraving method and print obtained by this method.
Computer graphics– images are compiled on a computer, displayed in dynamics or in statics. When creating this type of graphics, it is possible to see how the image is formed at all stages, and to carry out unlimited adjustments.

Sculpture

This type of art also originated in ancient times. Many images of animals sculpted from clay or carved from stone have been found, rendering them quite accurately. appearance. Many female figurines have been preserved, which embody the powerful feminine principle. Perhaps these are primitive images of goddesses. Ancient sculptors exaggerated their fertile powers, depicting them with powerful hips, and archaeologists call them "Venuses".

Venus of Willendorf, about 23 thousand years BC e., Central Europe
Sculpture is divided into round, freely placed in space, and relief, in which volumetric images are located on the plane.
As in painting, there are easel and monumental forms in sculpture. monumental sculpture designed for streets and squares, such a monument is created on for a long time, so it is usually made of bronze, marble, granite. easel sculpture - these are portraits or small genre groups made of wood, plaster and other materials.

Monument to the postman. Nizhny Novgorod

Arts and Crafts

The creators of works of arts and crafts set themselves two goals: to create a thing that is necessary for everyday life, but at the same time this thing must have certain artistic qualities. Items of everyday life should not only serve a person practically, but also decorate life, please the eye with the perfection of forms and colors.
Of course, now many works of arts and crafts are mainly aesthetic value, But it was not always so.

The main types of arts and crafts

Batik– hand-painted on fabric

Work in the technique of hot batik (using wax)
beading
Embroidery
Knitting

Lace making
Carpet weaving
Tapestry
quilling- the art of making flat or voluminous compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.

Quilling technique
Ceramics
Mosaic
Jewelry Art
Lacquer miniature

Palekh lacquer miniature
Art painting on wood
Art painting on metal

Zhostovo tray
Artistic carving
Artistic leather processing

Art painting on ceramics

Artistic metal processing
pyrography(burning on wood, leather, fabric, etc.)
Glass work

Upper half window of Canterbury Cathedral, UK
Origami

Photo art

Art artistic photography. The genres are basically the same as in painting.

Graffiti

Pictures on walls or other surfaces. Graffiti refers to any type of street painting on walls, on which you can find everything from simple written words to exquisite drawings.

Graffiti

Comic

Drawn stories, stories in pictures. The comic combines the features of such art forms as literature and fine arts.

Artist Winsor McKay "Little Sammy Sneezes"

Non-Visual Arts

Architecture

Architecture- the art of designing and building buildings. architectural structures may exist as separate buildings or as ensembles. But sometimes ensembles are formed historically: from buildings built in different time, form a whole. An example is Red Square in Moscow.
The architecture makes it possible to judge technical achievements And artistic styles various eras. Until our time, preserved Egyptian pyramids, built about 5 thousand years ago, temples Ancient Greece and Rome. Any city in any country is famous for its architectural structures.

Palace Square in Saint Petersburg

Literature

In the broad sense of the word: the totality of any written texts.
Types of literature: fiction, documentary prose, memoirs, scientific and popular science, reference, educational, technical.

Genres of literature

A literary work can be attributed to a particular genre according to various criteria: by form (short story, ode, opus, essay, story, play, short story, novel, sketch, epic, epic, essay), by content (comedy, farce, vaudeville). , interlude, sketch, parody, sitcom, comedy of characters, tragedy, drama), by birth.
epic genus: fable, epic, ballad, myth, short story, story, story, novel, epic novel, fairy tale, epic.
lyric gender: ode, message, stanzas, elegy, epigram.
Lyro-epic genus: ballad, poem.
dramatic gender: drama, comedy, tragedy.

Music

Music- this is art, the means of embodying artistic images for which are sound and silence, in a special way organized in time. But in general, give one exhaustively precise definition the concept of "music" is impossible. This special kind creative activity, including craft, profession.
Great visual and stylistic diversity of music.
Classic (or serious)– professional musical compositions, born in the culture of Europe mainly from the New Age (the turn of the 16th-17th centuries) and in the Middle Ages;
Popular- predominantly song and dance music genres.
Non-European (non-European)- the music of those peoples (of the East), whose culture differs from the culture of Western European civilization.
Ethnic (folk)- folklore musical works of different peoples, emphasizing the identity of the ethnic group, nation, tribe.
Variety (light)- music of an entertaining nature, intended for relaxation.
Jazz- performing traditions of American blacks rethought by Europeans, based on the synthesis of African and European musical elements.
Rock- music of small vocal and instrumental groups of young people, characterized by the obligatory presence of percussion and electric musical instruments, primarily guitars.
Avant-garde (experimental)- direction in professional composer's work in the 20th century
Alternative- new musical compositions or performances (sound performances, "performances"), fundamentally different from all types of music known today.
Types of music can also be determined by the function that it performs: military, church, religious, theatrical, dance, film music, etc.
Or by the nature of the performance: vocal, instrumental, chamber, vocal-instrumental, choral, solo, electronic, piano, etc.

Each type of music has its own genres. Consider for example genres of instrumental music.
Instrumental music is music played on instruments without the participation of human voice. Instrumental music is symphonic and chamber.
Chamber music- compositions intended for performance in small rooms, for home, "room" music-making. Chamber music has great potential for conveying lyrical emotions and subtle mental states person. The genres of chamber music include: sonatas, quartets, plays, quintets, etc.
Sonata one of the main genres of instrumental chamber music. Usually consists of 3 (4) parts.
Etude – piece of music designed to improve the technical skills of playing the instrument.
Nocturne(French "night") - a genre of a small one-part melodic lyrical piece for piano.
Prelude(lat. "introduction") - a small instrumental piece. Improvisational introduction to the main piece. But it can also be a standalone work.

Quartet – musical composition for 4 performers.
Within each of the types of music can arise and develop own styles and trends that are distinguished by stable and characteristic structural and aesthetic features: classicism, romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, neoclassicism, serialization, avant-garde, etc.

Choreography

Choreography is the art of dance.

Spectacular (mixed or synthetic) art forms

Theater

Spectacular art form, which is a synthesis various arts: literature, music, choreography, vocals, fine arts and others.

Puppet show
Types of theaters: drama, opera, ballet, puppet, pantomime theater, etc. The art of the theater has long been known: the theater was born from ancient ritual festivals that reproduced natural phenomena or labor processes in allegorical form.

Opera

An art form that combines poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dancing, painting, scenery and costumes.

La Scala Theater (Milan)

Stage

A type of art of small forms, mainly of a popular and entertaining direction. Variety includes directions: singing, dance, circus on stage, illusionism, colloquial genre, clowning.

Circus

View performing arts, according to the laws of which an entertaining performance is built. The content of the performances of the modern circus is a demonstration of tricks, pantomime, clowning, reprise, demonstration of exceptional abilities, often associated with risk ( physical strength, acrobatics, tightrope walking,), trained animals.

Cinematography

A type of spectacular art, which is also a synthesis of the arts: literature, theater, dance, fine arts (decoration), etc.

Ballet

View performing arts; performance, the content of which is embodied in musical and choreographic images. A classical ballet performance is based on a certain plot, a dramatic idea. In the XX century. a plotless ballet appeared, the dramaturgy of which is based on the development inherent in music.

Allegory (from other Greek ἀλληγορία - allegory) in fine arts appeared in ancient times and was known in antiquity. If express in simple words what is allegory in painting and art in general, then we can say that this artistic image with subtext. specific images, for example, figures of people, animals, objects, objects, and so on, in allegorical painting express any concept, idea, philosophy. The paintings of artists, which are filled with symbols, are quite common, and at the time they were very developed and popular. In this regard, a whole doctrine of allegorical symbols and images appeared.

Many artists of the past in their paintings encrypted such allegorical symbols who criticized power, religion, lifestyle, specific people and so on, but at the same time they were completely incomprehensible to ordinary viewers and could only be deciphered by people who were well versed in the symbols of the allegory. In the rest, the artists create such pictures that can be understood by the ordinary viewer and freely interpreted by him. For example, if a woman holds a scale, then there is an allegory of justice, if a sword, then war is implied, winter can be expressed in white clothes, autumn in an abundance of ripe fruits, winged cupids express love, a scythe - death, hourglass— flowing time and so on and so on. Symbols or allegories can be countless. In addition, each artist can create his own allegorical formulas and symbols according to the ideas of his time, which we can observe, for example, in modern magazine caricature. Often as allegorical images ancient gods, deities, demigods, heroes are used. Since in ancient times, almost every phenomenon in human life had its own god, patron, muse, and so on, then they are best suited to express the essence of the idea with the help of beautiful, poetic, romantic images.

With the help of allegory, the artist achieves a meaningful depth of his work. By placing one or more allegorical symbols in the plot area, the artist achieves a real philosophical concept, which is all the more vividly perceived by a person when expressed with the help of beautiful external images. It is also worth noting that the allegorical thinking of artists directly influenced the subsequent development of painting in general. It is the veiled images hidden meaning, the symbolic code of painting, which were originally inherent in the art of Hellenism, and then classicism, subsequently began to transform into more complex and developed designs, turning into various avant-garde arts.

allegorical paintings

Emile Auguste Pinchart - Allegory of Spring

Benjamin West - The Power of Love in the Three Elements

Willem van Mieris - Allegory of Anger

Dossi Dosso - Allegory of Good Luck

Jean-Baptiste Oudry - Abundance

Maella Mariano Salvador – Spring

Ribera and Fernandez, Juan Antonio - Allegory of summer

Watts George Frederick – Hope

Charles Joseph Natoire - Allegory of Architecture

Genre (from French Genre - view) - a set of works combined:

The general range of topics or subjects of the image; or

Way of understanding and interpretation: allegory, fantasy.

Genre is a few special features inherent in works of art, by which we distinguish one of them from others.

An artist-painter paints, and there are a lot of techniques, ways of working with them, they are complex and diverse, this is a whole science. But depending on what is shown in the picture, you can determine its genre.

SELF-PORTRAIT - a portrait painted from oneself.

ALLEGORY - the image of abstract concepts through associative close specific images, creatures and objects, usually endowed with attributes explaining their content.

ANIMALISTIC - associated with the depiction of animals in painting, sculpture and graphics; combines natural science and artistic principles.

BATTLE - dedicated to depicting war and military life. In the works of the battle genre, the main place is occupied by scenes of battles and military campaigns of the present or the past.

HOUSEHOLD - associated with the image of everyday private and public life person.

HISTORICAL - one of the main genres of fine art, dedicated to historical events of the past and present, socially significant phenomena in the history of peoples.

CARICATURE - a genre of fine art that uses the means of satire and humor, grotesque, caricature, artistic hyperbole; image in which the comic effect is created by exaggeration and sharpening of characteristic features.

MYTHOLOGICAL - dedicated to the events and heroes that myths tell about.

STILL LIFE - a genre of fine art showing inanimate objects placed in a real household environment and organized into a specific group; a picture depicting household items, flowers, fruits, broken game, caught fish.

Nude - a genre of fine art dedicated to the naked body, its artistic interpretation.

PASTORAL - an image of the idyllic peaceful life of shepherds and shepherdesses in the bosom of nature.

LANDSCAPE - an image of any area, pictures of nature: rivers, mountains, fields, forests, rural or urban landscape; according to the subject of the image, they distinguish the architectural and urban, industrial landscape, veduta, marina (depicts the sea), historical, fantastic (futurological), lyrical, epic landscape.

PORTRAIT - a genre of fine art dedicated to the image of a person or a group of people; varieties - self-portrait, group portrait, ceremonial, chamber, costume portrait, portrait miniature, parsuna.

CARTOON - a kind of caricature, humorous or satirical image in which the characteristic features of a person are changed and emphasized.

5. Theater

Theater(Greek θέατρον - the main meaning is a place for spectacles, then - a spectacle, from θεάομαι - I look, I see) - spectacular view art, which is a synthesis of various arts - literature, music, choreography, vocals, fine arts and others, and has its own specifics: a reflection of reality, conflicts, characters, as well as their interpretation and evaluation, the approval of certain ideas here occurs through dramatic action , the main carrier of which is the actor .

The generic concept of "theater" includes its various types: drama theater, opera, ballet, puppet, pantomime theatre, etc.

At all times, the theater has been a collective art; in the modern theater, in addition to the actors and the director (conductor, choreographer), the stage designer, composer, choreographer, as well as props, costumers, make-up artists, stage workers, and illuminators participate in the creation of the performance.

The development of the theater has always been inseparable from the development of society and the state of culture as a whole - its heyday or decline, the predominance of certain artistic trends in the theater and its role in the spiritual life of the country were associated with the peculiarities of social development.

Allegory in painting

Allegory in painting occupied a significant place at a certain stage in the development of art. Most artists, to one degree or another, paid tribute to allegory in painting.

François Boucher "Allegory of Music" 1764

In the etymological sense, an allegory is a speaking image, it is a way of speaking through an image. This is a means to give life to an abstract concept, to animate it. Allegory in painting makes the complex clear, the idea visible.

Hans von Aachen "Triumph of Truth and Justice" 1598

The Greeks were not inclined towards allegory. It did not become widespread in Rome until the period of the empire. In its pictorial hypostasis, allegory is incompatible with the Platonic theory of ideas, which are defined as purely intellectual forms. Plato believes that the artist is unable to satisfy the requirements of the mind, since he is content with the mere appearance of things, i.e. only an aspect of perceived reality removed from the idea.

Charles Lebrun "Mercy"

We must wait for the first glimpses of the Renaissance to see how artists take up allegory. Until then, it was preserved in poetry. This awakening of interest in allegory in painting is undoubtedly connected in some way with the rediscovery of the Horatian program, summarized in the famous formula. Allegory personifies vice and virtue; it is a synthetic expression of the complexity of intellectual activity.

Nicolas Renier "Allegory of Vanity (Pandora)". Around 1626

But "ideas" thus expressed are no longer Platonic entities. They are the forms in which the intellect wraps the results of its interaction with reality. Thomas Aquinas wrote: “An idea is an internal form of understanding. And through the will of the artist, we imitate its effects.”

Jan Vermeer "Allegory of Painting" 1666

Thus, at the point where the Middle Ages and the Renaissance meet, we are faced with a kind of inversion of Platonic theory. Pictorial allegories no longer obscure the truth, as Plato believed, but reveal it in the very heart of earthly existence. And in this guise, the guise of an allegory, truth becomes the starting point for the transition from the sensually perceived world to the realities of the spiritual order.

Target allegorical image- stand out from the variety visible world something connected with the very core of things and phenomena. This is not only a problem of giving form to what is created by the mind, but also to what belongs to the sphere of human passions. Therefore, the face is the most suitable form. It has the capacity to express both the rational and the irrational.

Jan Vermeer "Allegory of Painting" (Fragment) 1666

Allegorical faces - material form given to the inner ideas mentioned by Thomas Aquinas. They can become a real language, a whole repertoire of signs, firstly because it is possible to express the content of thoughts through it, and also because each image is one of the elements of this synthetic language. However, no one will deny that art XVII- The 18th century gave rise to a mass of vague, tasteless and, on the whole, very boring allegories.

Just as some astrophysicists now believe that the universe is the form of God, an allegory can be defined as human form divine order, and also, paradoxically, as a possible form of disorder, as the fresco of the Lorenzetti brothers “Allegory of Good Government” in Siena shows us.

Ambrogio Lorenzetti “Allegory of Good Government” 1338 “The Consequences of Evil Government. Tyranny" (Detail)

Thus, allegory defines reality as a new field of experience for the mind. Thus, it assigns the role that was previously reserved for philosophers to the artist, making him responsible for comprehending reality. But since the mixture of ethics and aesthetics is still preserved in allegory, it fetters their freedom. Until the 19th century, painting continued to understand beauty as the expression of truth.