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What kind of genre is Eugene Onegin literary history. Yu research

What kind of genre is Eugene Onegin literary history. Yu research

05.04.2019

History of creation

Pushkin worked on the novel for over eight years. The novel was, according to the poet, "the fruit of the mind of cold observations and the heart of sorrowful remarks." Pushkin called work on it a feat - from all his creative heritage only "Boris Godunov" he characterized with the same word. In the work, against a wide background of pictures of Russian life, a dramatic fate is shown the best people noble intelligentsia.

Pushkin began work on Onegin in 1823, during his southern exile. The author abandoned romanticism as a leading creative method and started writing realistic novel in verse, although the influence of romanticism is still noticeable in the first chapters. Initially, it was assumed that the novel in verse would consist of 9 chapters, but later Pushkin reworked its structure, leaving only 8 chapters. He excluded the chapter "Onegin's Journey" from the main text of the work, leaving it as an appendix. One chapter also had to be completely removed from the novel: it describes how Onegin sees military settlements near the Odessa pier, and then there are remarks and judgments, in some places in an excessively harsh tone. It was too dangerous to leave this chapter - Pushkin could have been arrested for revolutionary views, so he destroyed it.

The novel was published in verse in separate chapters, and the release of each part became a big event in Russian literature of that time. The first chapter of the work was published in 1825. In 1831 the novel in verse was finished and in 1833 it was published. It covers events from to 1825: from the foreign campaigns of the Russian army after the defeat of Napoleon to the uprising of the Decembrists. These were the years of the development of Russian society, during the reign of Alexander I. The plot of the novel is simple and well known, in the center of it - love story. In general, the events of the first quarter of the 19th century were reflected in the novel "Eugene Onegin", that is, the time of creation and the time of the novel approximately coincide.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin created a novel in verse like Lord Byron's poem Don Juan. Defining the novel as "a collection colorful chapters”, Pushkin highlights one of the features of this work: the novel is, as it were, “opened” in time (each chapter could be the last, but it can also have a continuation), thereby drawing readers' attention to the independence and integrity of each chapter. The novel became truly an encyclopedia of Russian life in the 1820s, since the breadth of the topics covered in it, the detail of everyday life, the multi-plot composition, the depth of the description of the characters' characters, and now reliably demonstrate to readers the features of the life of that era.

Belinsky

First of all, in Onegin we see a poetically reproduced picture of Russian society, taken in one of interesting moments its development. From this point of view, "Eugene Onegin" is a historical poem in the full sense of the word, although there is not a single historical person among its heroes.

In his poem, he was able to touch on so many things, to hint about so many things, that he belongs exclusively to the world of Russian nature, to the world of Russian society. "Onegin" can be called an encyclopedia of Russian life and in the highest degree folk art.

Research Yu. M. Lotman

"Eugene Onegin" is a difficult work. The very lightness of the verse, the familiarity of the content, familiar to the reader from childhood and emphatically simple, paradoxically create additional difficulties in understanding Pushkin's novel in verse. The illusory notion of the "comprehensibility" of the work hides from consciousness modern reader a huge number of words, expressions, phraseological units, hints, quotes that he does not understand. Thinking about a verse that you know from childhood seems to be unjustified pedantry. However, it is worth overcoming this naive optimism of an inexperienced reader in order to make it obvious how far we are even from a simple textual understanding of the novel. Specific structure Pushkin's novel in verse, in which any positive statement the author can immediately imperceptibly be turned into ironic, and the verbal fabric, as it were, slips, passing from one speaker to another, making the method of forcible extraction of quotations especially dangerous. In order to avoid this threat, the novel should be viewed not as a mechanical sum of the author's statements on various issues, a kind of anthology of quotations, but as an organic art world, parts of which live and receive meaning only in relation to the whole. A simple list of problems that Pushkin “poses” in his work will not introduce us into the world of Onegin. artistic idea implies a special type of transformation of life in art. It is known that for Pushkin there was a "devilish difference" between poetic and prosaic modeling of the same reality, even while maintaining the same themes and issues.

Tenth chapter

On November 26, 1949, the chief bibliographer of the Leningrad State public library named after M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin Daniil Alshits discovered the manuscript of the second half of XIX century, presumably with the text of the X chapter of Onegin. According to David Samoilov, "not a single serious literary critic believed in the authenticity of the text" - the style is too unlike Pushkin's and the artistic level is low.

Editions of the novel

Comments on the novel

One of the first comments on the novel was a small book by A. Volsky, published in 1877. Commentaries by Vladimir Nabokov, Nikolai Brodsky, Yuri Lotman, S. M. Bondi have become classics.

In miniature

"Eugene Onegin". Size 8x9 mm

One of the Russian printing houses in 1837 released the novel "Eugene Onegin" in miniature - the last lifetime edition of A. S. Pushkin. The plans of the printing house were such that in one year the entire circulation (5,000 copies) could be sold at 5 rubles per book. But due to the sensation - the sad outcome of the life of the author of the work - the entire circulation was sold out within a week. And in 1988, the publishing house "Kniga" issued a facsimile edition of the book with a circulation of 15,000 copies.

One of the smallest complete editions"Eugene Onegin" is a micro-edition in 4 volumes 8 × 9 mm in size 2002 Omsk, A. I. Konenko.

Translations

"Eugene Onegin" has been translated into many languages of the world:

Influence on other works

In literature

The type of "superfluous person", bred by Pushkin in the image of Onegin, influenced all further Russian literature. Of the closest illustrative examples - Lermontov "Pechorin" from The Hero of Our Time, whose surname, like Onegin's surname, is derived from the name of the Russian river. Both characters are close in many psychological characteristics.

In the modern Russian novel "Onegin's Code", written by Dmitry Bykov under the pseudonym Brain Down, we are talking about the search for the missing chapter of Pushkin's manuscript. In addition, the novel contains bold assumptions about the true genealogy of Pushkin.

The genre of a full-fledged "novel in verse" inspired A. Dolsky to create the novel "Anna", which was completed in 2005.

In music

In cinema

"Eugene Onegin" (1911). B/W, mute. In the role of Onegin - Pyotr Chardynin
Onegin (1999). In the role of Eugene Onegin - Ralph Fiennes, Tatyana Larina - Liv Tyler, Vladimir Lensky - Toby Stevens

"Eugene Onegin. Between past and future" documentary(), 52 min., director Nikita Tikhonov

opera adaptations:

"Eugene Onegin" (1958). Screen version of the opera. In the role of Onegin - Vadim Medvedev, the vocal part is performed by Evgeny Kibkalo. Tatyana is played by Ariadna Shengelaya, voiced by Galina Vishnevskaya. In the role of Olga - Svetlana Nemolyaeva
"Eugene Onegin" (1994). In the role of Eugene Onegin - Wojciech Drabovich
"Eugene Onegin" (2002). In the role of Eugene Onegin - Peter Mattei
"Eugene Onegin" (2007). In the role of Eugene Onegin - Peter Mattei

In education

IN Russian schools"Eugene Onegin" is included in the mandatory school curriculum on literature.

In addition, a number of excerpts describing nature (“Already the sky was breathing in autumn ...”, “Here is the north, catching up clouds ...”, “Winter! Peasant, triumphant ...”, “Driven by spring rays ...”) used in lower grades for learning by heart out of touch with the work as a whole.

Notes

14.1936 Samad Vurgun translates the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" into Azerbaijan language and for this translation he was awarded the Pushkin Committee with the Medal “A. S. Pushkin.

"Eugene Onegin": genre

The famous work of art "Eugene Onegin", feathered great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, has long been under close attention philologists and literary critics. Not only is this work filled with deep semantic content, its genre characteristics are also very ambiguous. So, why is the definition of the genre of "Eugene Onegin" so unusual?

Genera and genres of literature

To begin with, it should be noted that the work is written in poetic form, which means that to which it belongs is lyrical. However, despite the fact that the story is described in verse, it is absolutely impossible to call it a simple poem. The detailed plot, the dynamics of the development of events, psychologism and the works within the work rightfully allow us to attribute "Eugene Onegin" to the genre of the novel. According to the definition from explanatory dictionary Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, the novel is a prose epic literary work with multiple characters and complex plot structure. Based on it, we can say that in terms of meaning and content, "Eugene Onegin" refers, rather, to the epic genre and the novel genre of literature.

Brief description of the plot

According to the plot, a spoiled and selfish young man from the capital, Eugene Onegin, tired of endless balls and secular receptions, decides to retire to live in the village in order to somehow add variety to his identical everyday life. However, life in the village turns out to be more boring than in St. Petersburg, Eugene is again attacked by the blues. He meets the young inhabitants of the village: the eighteen-year-old talented poet Vladimir Lensky, the Larin sisters - the beautiful and cheerful Olga, thoughtful and dreamy Tatyana.

They also become the main characters in the plot. Lensky is engaged to Olga, while Tatyana has fallen in love with Yevgeny. However, he does not reciprocate the feelings of the girl, and having received a letter with an ardent and tender declaration of love, he tries to set her on the right path, advising her not to express her feelings to unfamiliar people in the future. Tatyana is embarrassed and offended. And Lensky, meanwhile, challenges Onegin to a duel for repeatedly inviting his fiancee Olga to dance. Just before the duel, Tatyana has a dream in which Yevgeny kills Vladimir, but the girl does not know about the intention of the young people to shoot themselves, otherwise she would have prevented the duel. Onegin kills Lensky, afraid to cancel the duel and pass for a coward in secular society. Olga does not mourn her lover for long and soon marries another. After some time, Tatyana also gets married, for some time she still continues to love Yevgeny, but then the veil falls from her eyes.

Once, at a secular ball, these two met: the still bored and moping Onegin and the inaccessible noble wife of the general Tatyana. And in this meeting, the heroes switched roles, Eugene realized that he had fallen in love with a beautiful princess, Tatyana answered him with a phrase that later became famous: “But I am given to another and I will be faithful to him for a century.”

Analysis of the genre specifics of the text

So, how, in fact, to determine the genre in the work "Eugene Onegin"? We can say about the plot that it is really rich in events, and the dialogues and monologues of the characters are full of sensuality and psychologism. These features make it possible to classify the work as a genre of the novel. However, the poetic form famous creation Pushkin leaves the question open. Experts tend to argue that the genre of "Eugene Onegin" is a novel in verse. However, according to some literary critics, including Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky, this is not so. They argue that the genre of "Eugene Onegin" is a poem, since the work fully and almost with historical accuracy reproduces the life of the Russian public in the capital and beyond. V. G. Belinsky, without stint, called "Eugene Onegin" "an encyclopedia of Russian life." But for a poem, the work still has too much large volume, the amount of text is closer to the novel. This is the first contradiction.

The second contradiction is related to the content of the novel. Again, critics call "Eugene Onegin" not only a "novel about a novel", but also a "novel within a novel." And if the first definition is directly influenced by the genre of "Eugene Onegin" by Pushkin A.S., as well as the love line - the central theme of the plot, then the second characteristic is directly related to the inside of the work.

"A novel about a novel"

So, as it was already clarified earlier, in terms of its genre, the work belongs more to the novel, despite the presentation in verse. And this is the first component of the definition of "a novel about a novel." The second, of course, reflects the presence of love events in the plot. As the action develops, the reader can observe how the relationship between two couples develops: Olga Larina and Vladimir Lensky and her sister Tatiana and Eugene Onegin. However, the relations of the latter come to the fore. It is around this couple that the plot revolves. Thus, the expression "a novel about a novel" indicates not only the presence of a love line in the text, but also in Once again emphasizes that in the work "Eugene Onegin" the genre is characterized as a novel.

"Romance within a novel"

This feature also contains a reference to the genre. Pushkin's creation. However, now that the question “Eugene Onegin” no longer arises - what genre? ”, deciphering the second part of the phrase is not required. Of course, we are talking about the attitude to the genre. But the first part of the definition recalls the presence in the text of another novel - Tatyana Larina’s letter , almost artwork. Confessing her love to Onegin, Tatyana told in writing about her feelings. And Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin fully reflected her impulse. It is about this novel as a genre characteristic within another novel - the work itself - that is being discussed. Tatyana Larina, pouring out her love for Eugene, gave birth to her own novel in verse, displaying it in a letter.

So, even after analyzing the work "Eugene Onegin", its genre is still problematic to establish. In form it is a poem, in content it is a novel. Perhaps only such a talented and great poet as Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is allowed to invent his own genre - a novel in verse - and demonstrate it with the best example.

“As for my studies, now I am not writing a novel, but a novel in verse - a diabolical difference,” - so in a letter dated November 4, 1823, addressed to Moscow, Prince P. A. Vyazemsky, Pushkin informs about that he is working on his most famous, most original, most profound, most "Russian" work, which, in the words of the critic Belinsky, has become "an encyclopedia of Russian life." Although at first Pushkin intended to write something "like Don Juan", long years work on the novel changed this idea, and the reader received a work in which, with considerable surprise, he recognized himself, and his life, and Pushkin, but Pushkin, hitherto unknown to him.

Much has been written about Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin", it has been studied from the very different points vision - from prototypes of heroes to poetics, but for the reader who joins the world created by the poet, this does not matter, and for researchers too - truly great works can never be understood and read "to the end", they always lead to a kind of secret, hidden in them, which from study and reading becomes even more mysterious and attractive. And yet, one should dwell on the main features of this unique work, without understanding which its comprehension is almost impossible. First of all - the genre of "Eugene Onegin".

Genre "Eugene Onegin"

IN contemporary Pushkin European literature the novel in verse is associated with the name of Byron, about whose novel the poet writes to Vyazemsky. For Russian literature, Pushkin's novel became not only the first example of this genre, but also an unsurpassed example, because in the future none of the Russian poets (and Russia is not the poorest country in the world for poets ...) was ever able to approach the given the ancestor of the genre to the ideological and artistic level, not to mention its achievement.

The genre of the novel is characterized by the widest coverage of events, polyplot, narration as a form of presentation, the use of various means of expression to create a branched system of images. All this is inherent in prose as a kind of literature, and all this is in Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin". But, besides this, it is built on a pronounced lyrical beginning, in it the lyrical hero and the narrator are one, which creates a completely unique world of the work: he, this world, is extremely realistic, but it is also permeated with the spiritual experiences of the characters and himself. the author, he is "colored" by them, and this is inherent in lyrics as a kind of literature. The genre of the novel in verse allowed Pushkin to express his attitude to the depicted more clearly than is provided for by the epic - due to its increased emotional richness.

Composition "Eugene Onegin"

And here Pushkin turned out to be an innovator, he managed to fill a rather banal story about " fatal love", developed in romantic works, on the material of a generally trivial plot, to show genuine human feelings, the extraordinary depth, "authenticity" and sincerity of which have a much greater impact on the reader than the most incredible stories... In compositional terms, the novel "Eugene Onegin" is a narrative in which the development of events is determined by the characters actors, it is psychologically and socially determined, therefore, it seems that there can be no surprises here - but how then to understand the "rebirth" of Onegin, who at the end of the novel becomes a complete antipode ... of himself? And how to understand the external "incompleteness" of the novel, in which, in fact, everything is clear, because " open final"In fact, could not be otherwise? Maybe the reason for the unusual development of the storylines is connected with the principle of opposition, the reception of antithesis, on the use of which the system of images of the novel is built? Almost everyone has more or less significant character has its own "double", the opposition couples Onegin - Lensky and Tatyana - Olga are the most striking examples. Pushkin considers, as it were, two sides of the character of one image, which is “composed” of two outwardly completely different, but internally interconnected, images-characters, therefore, it can probably be said that the images of the main characters are, as it were, “images-ideas”, for a fuller and deeper understanding of which is given a contrasting image-antipode, ascending to the same idea.

Nationality

The novel "Eugene Onegin" is a folk work in its very essence, and not only because it uses a living vernacular, not only because it reflects in the broadest way folk life in its true meaning (What, the nobles are not the people?), But also because the images of the heroes were created with the dominant popular view of true morality, it is he who serves as a "test" moral qualities each of them. It is the people's worldview that permeates the artistic fabric of the novel, which allows us to speak of its nationality.

Begun during the southern exile, the novel was completed in the Boldin autumn. It was written for a very long time, during this time Pushkin himself changed very significantly, became wiser, his work acquired new features, he grew significantly as an artist. Perhaps the novel turned out to be so perfect because it reflected creative evolution and the life of one of the greatest citizens of Russia and its writers?

History of creation. "Eugene Onegin", the first Russian realistic novel, is Pushkin's most significant work, which has a long history of creation, covering several periods of the poet's work. According to Pushkin's own calculations, work on the novel lasted for 7 years, 4 months, 17 days - from May 1823 to September 26, 1830, and in 1831 "Onegin's Letter to Tatiana" was also written. The publication of the work was carried out as it was created: at first, separate chapters came out, and only in 1833 did the first complete edition come out. Until that time, Pushkin did not stop making certain adjustments to the text.The novel was, according to the poet, "the fruit of the mind of cold observations and the heart of sorrowful remarks."

Completing work on the last chapter of the novel in 1830, Pushkin sketched out his draft plan, which looks like this:

Part one. Preface. 1st song. Khandra (Kishinev, Odessa, 1823); 2nd song. Poet (Odessa, 1824); 3rd song. Young lady (Odessa, Mikhailovskoye, 1824).

Part two. 4th song. Village (Mikhailovskoe, 1825); 5th song. Name days (Mikhailovskoe, 1825, 1826); 6th song. Duel (Mikhailovskoe, 1826).

Part three. 7th song. Moscow (Mikhailovskoye, Petersburg, 1827, 1828); 8th song. Wandering (Moscow, Pavlovsk, Boldino, 1829); 9th song. big light(Boldino, 1830).

IN final version Pushkin had to make certain adjustments to the plan: for censorship reasons, he excluded Chapter 8 - "The Journey". Now it is published as an appendix to the novel - "Excerpts from Onegin's Journey", and the final chapter 9 - "Big Light" - became, respectively, the eighth. In this form, in 1833, the novel was published as a separate edition.

In addition, there is an assumption about the existence of chapter 10, which was written in the Boldin autumn of 1830, but on October 19 it was burned by the poet , as it was devoted to depicting the era of the Napoleonic wars and the birth of Decembrism and contained a number of dangerous political allusions. Insignificant fragments of this chapter (16 stanzas) encrypted by Pushkin have been preserved. The key to the cipher was found only at the beginning of the 20th century by the Pushkinist NO. Morozov, and then other researchers supplemented the deciphered text. But disputes about the legitimacy of the assertion that these fragments really represent parts of the missing chapter 10 of the novel still do not subside.

Direction and genre. "Eugene Onegin" is the first Russian realistic socio-psychological novel, and, what is important, not prose, but a novel in verse. For Pushkin, the choice of artistic method- not romantic, but realistic.

Starting work on the novel during the period of southern exile, when romanticism dominates the poet's work, Pushkin soon becomes convinced that the features of the romantic method do not make it possible to solve the problem. Although, in terms of genre, the poet is to some extent guided by romantic poem Byron's "Don Juan", he refuses the one-sidedness of the romantic point of view.

Pushkin wanted to show in his novel young man, typical of his time, against a wide background of the picture of his contemporary life, to reveal the origins of the created characters, to show them internal logic and the relationship with the conditions in which they fall. All this has led to the creation of truly typical characters that manifest themselves in typical circumstances, which is what distinguishes realistic works.

This also gives the right to call "Eugene Onegin" social novel, since in it Pushkin shows noble Russia 20s of the XIX century, raises the most important problems of the era and seeks to explain the various social phenomena. The poet does not simply describe events from the life of an ordinary nobleman; he gives the hero a bright and at the same time typical for secular society character, explains the origin of his apathy and boredom, the reasons for his actions. At the same time, events unfold against such a detailed and carefully written material background that “Eugene Onegin” can also be called a social and everyday novel.

It is also important that Pushkin carefully analyzes not only the external circumstances of the characters' lives, but also their inner world. On many pages he achieves extraordinary psychological skill which gives you a deeper understanding of his characters. That is why "Eugene Onegin" can rightfully be called a psychological novel.

His hero changes under the influence of life circumstances and becomes capable of real, serious feelings. And let happiness pass him by, it often happens in real life, but he loves, he worries - that is why the image of Onegin (not a conventionally romantic, but a real, living hero) so struck Pushkin's contemporaries. Many in themselves and in their acquaintances found his features, as well as the features of other characters in the novel - Tatyana, Lensky, Olga - the image was so true typical people of that era.

At the same time, in "Eugene Onegin" there are features of a love story with the traditional for that era love story. The hero, tired of the world, travels, meets a girl who falls in love with him. For some reason, the hero either cannot love her - then everything ends tragically, or she reciprocates, and although at first circumstances prevent them from being together, everything ends well. It is noteworthy that Pushkin deprives such a story of a romantic connotation and gives a completely different solution. Despite all the changes that have taken place in the lives of the heroes and led to the emergence of a mutual feeling, due to circumstances they cannot be together and are forced to part. Thus, the plot of the novel is given a clear realism.

But the innovation of the novel lies not only in its realism. Even at the beginning of work on it, Pushkin in a letter to P.A. Vyazemsky noted: "Now I am not writing a novel, but a novel in verse - a diabolical difference." The novel, as an epic work, implies the author's detachment from the events described and objectivity in their assessment; the poetic form enhances the lyrical beginning associated with the personality of the creator. That is why "Eugene Onegin" is usually referred to as lyric-epic works, which combine the features inherent in the epic and lyrics. Indeed, in the novel "Eugene Onegin" there are two artistic layers, two worlds - the world of "epic" heroes (Onegin, Tatyana, Lensky and other characters) and the world of the author, reflected in lyrical digressions.

Pushkin's novel written Onegin stanza , based on the sonnet. But the 14-line four-foot iambic Pushkin had a different rhyme scheme -abab vvgg deed lj :

"My uncle of the most honest rules,
When I fell ill in earnest,
He forced himself to respect
And I couldn't think of a better one.
His example to others is science;
But my god, what a bore
With the sick to sit day and night,
Not leaving a single step away!
What low deceit
Amuse the half-dead
Fix his pillows
Sad to give medicine
Sigh and think to yourself:
When will the devil take you?"

composition of the novel. The main technique in the construction of the novel is mirror symmetry (or ring composition). The way of its expression is the change of the positions occupied by the characters in the novel. First, Tatyana and Evgeny meet, Tatyana falls in love with him, suffers because of unrequited love, the author empathizes with her and mentally accompanies her heroine. At the meeting, Onegin reads a “sermon” to her. Then there is a duel between Onegin and Lensky - an event whose compositional role is the denouement of a personal storyline and determining the development of a love affair. When Tatyana and Onegin meet in Petersburg, he is in her place, and all events repeat in the same sequence, only the author is next to Onegin. This so-called ring composition allows us to return to the past and creates the impression of the novel as a harmonious, complete whole.

Also an essential feature of the composition is the presence digressions in the novel. They create an image lyrical hero which makes the novel lyrical.

Heroes of the novel . The protagonist, after whom the novel is named, is Eugene Onegin. At the beginning of the novel, he is 18 years old. This is a young metropolitan aristocrat who received a typical secular education. Onegin was born in a rich but ruined noble family. His childhood was spent in isolation from everything Russian, national. He was brought up by a French tutor who,

So that the child is not exhausted,
Taught him everything jokingly
I did not bother with strict morality,
Slightly scolded for pranks
And in Summer garden drove for a walk."

Thus, Onegin's upbringing and education were rather superficial.
But Pushkin's hero nevertheless received that minimum of knowledge that was considered mandatory in the nobility. He “knew Latin enough to understand epigraphs”, remembered “jokes of the past from Romulus to the present day”, had an idea about the political economy of Adam Smith. In the eyes of society, he was a brilliant representative of the youth of his time, and all this thanks to the impeccable French, graceful manners, wit and the art of holding a conversation. He led a lifestyle typical of the youth of that time: he attended balls, theaters, restaurants. Wealth, luxury, enjoyment of life, success in society and among women - that's what attracted the protagonist of the novel.
But secular entertainment was terribly tired of Onegin, who had already "yawned among the fashionable and ancient halls for a long time." He is bored both at balls and in the theater: “... He turned away, and yawned, and said: “It’s time for everyone to change; I endured ballets for a long time, but I was tired of Didlo” ”. This is not surprising - the hero of the novel took about eight years to go to social life. But he was smart and stood well above the typical representatives of secular society. Therefore, over time, Onegin felt disgust for an empty, idle life. “A sharp, chilled mind” and satiety with pleasures made Onegin disappointed, “the Russian melancholy took possession of him.”
“Planning in spiritual emptiness,” this young man fell into a depression. He tries to find the meaning of life in any activity. The first such attempt was literary work, but “nothing came out of his pen”, since the education system did not teach him to work (“hard work was sickening to him”). Onegin "read, read, but all to no avail." True, our hero does not stop there. On his estate, he makes another attempt at practical activity: he replaces corvée ( compulsory work on the landowner's field) by quitrent (cash tax). As a result, the life of the serfs becomes easier. But, having carried out one reform, and that one out of boredom, “just to pass the time,” Onegin again plunges into the blues. This gives V. G. Belinsky reason to write: “The inactivity and vulgarity of life choke him, he doesn’t even know what he needs, what he wants, but he ... knows very well that he doesn’t need it, that he doesn’t want it. what is so satisfied, so happy selfish mediocrity.
At the same time, we see that Onegin was not alien to the prejudices of the world. They could only be overcome by contact with real life. Pushkin shows in the novel the contradictions in Onegin's thinking and behavior, the struggle between the "old" and the "new" in his mind, comparing him with other heroes of the novel: Lensky and Tatiana, intertwining their destinies.
The complexity and inconsistency of the character of the Pushkin hero in his relationship with Tatyana, the daughter of the provincial landowner Larin, is revealed especially clearly.
In the new neighbor, the girl saw the ideal that had long been formed in her under the influence of books. The bored, disappointed nobleman seems to her romantic hero He is not like other landowners. “Tatyana’s whole inner world consisted in a thirst for love,” writes V. G. Belinsky about the condition of a girl who was left to her secret dreams all day long:

For a long time her imagination
Burning with grief and longing,
Alkalo fatal food;
Long hearted languor
It pressed her young breast;
The soul was waiting ... for someone
And waited ... Eyes opened;
She said it's him!

All the best, pure, bright awoke in Onegin's soul:

I love your sincerity
She got excited
Feelings long gone.

But Eugene Onegin does not accept Tatyana's love, explaining that he is "not created for bliss", that is, for family life. Indifference to life, passivity, “desire for peace”, inner emptiness suppressed sincere feelings. Subsequently, he will be punished for his mistake by loneliness.
IN Pushkin's hero there is such a quality as "the soul's direct nobility." He sincerely becomes attached to Lensky. Onegin and Lensky stood out from their environment high intelligence And dismissive attitude to the prosaic life of neighbors-landlords. However, they were completely opposite people in character. One was a cold, disappointed skeptic, the other an enthusiastic romantic, an idealist.

They get together.
Wave and stone
Poetry and prose, ice and fire...

Onegin does not like people at all, does not believe in their kindness, and destroys his friend himself, killing him in a duel.
In the image of Onegin, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin truthfully portrayed an intelligent nobleman who stands above secular society, but does not have a goal in life. He does not want to live like other nobles, he cannot live otherwise. Therefore, disappointment and longing become his constant companions.
A. S. Pushkin is critical of his hero. He sees both trouble and Onegin's guilt. The poet blames not only his hero, but also the society that formed such people. Onegin cannot be considered an exception among the youth of the nobility, this is a typical character for the 20s of the XIX century.

Tatyana Larina - Pushkin's favorite heroine - is a vivid type of Russian woman of the Pushkin era. Not without reason, among the prototypes of this heroine, the wives of the Decembrists M. Volkonskaya, N. Fonvizina are mentioned.
The very choice of the name "Tatiana", not illuminated by the literary tradition, is associated with "remembrance of antiquity or girlish". Pushkin emphasizes the originality of his heroine not only by the choice of a name, but also by her strange position in native family: "She seemed like a stranger in her own family."
Two elements influenced the formation of Tatyana's character: bookish, associated with French romance novels, and folk-national tradition. "Russian soul" Tatyana loves the customs of "dear old times", she has been captivated since childhood scary stories.
Much brings this heroine closer to Onegin: she is alone in society - he is unsociable; her dreaminess and strangeness are his originality. Both Onegin and Tatyana stand out sharply against the background of their environment.
But not the "young rake", namely Tatyana becomes the embodiment of the author's ideal. inner life the heroine is due not to secular idleness, but to the influence of free nature. Tatyana was brought up not by a governess, but by a simple Russian peasant woman.
The patriarchal way of life of the “simple Russian family” of the Larins is closely connected with the traditional folk rituals and customs: there are pancakes for Shrove Tuesday, and sing-along songs, and round swings.
The poetics of folk divination is embodied in Tatyana's famous dream. He, as it were, predetermines the fate of the girl, foreshadowing a quarrel between two friends, and the death of Lensky, and an early marriage.
Endowed with an ardent imagination and a dreamy soul, Tatyana at first glance recognized in Onegin the ideal, the idea of which she formed from sentimental novels. Perhaps the girl intuitively felt the similarity between Onegin and herself and realized that they were made for each other.
The fact that Tatyana was the first to write a love letter is explained by her simplicity, gullibility, ignorance of deceit. And Onegin’s rebuke, in my opinion, not only did not cool Tatyana’s feelings, but strengthened them: “No, poor Tatyana burns more with desolate passion.”
Onegin continues to live in her imagination. Even when he left the village, Tatyana, visiting the master's house, vividly feels the presence of her chosen one. Here everything reminds of him: the cue forgotten on the billiards, "and the table with the faded lamp, and the pile of books", and Lord Byron's portrait, and the cast-iron figurine of Napoleon. Reading Onegin's books helps the girl to understand the inner world of Eugene, to think about his true essence: “Isn't he a parody?”
According to V.G. Belinsky, "Visits to Onegin's house and reading his books prepared Tatyana for rebirth from a village girl into a secular lady." It seems to me that she has ceased to idealize "her hero", her passion for Onegin has subsided a little, she decides to "arrange her life" without Yevgeny.
Soon they decide to send Tatyana to Moscow - "to the fair of brides." And here the author fully reveals to us the Russian soul of his heroine: she touchingly says goodbye to the "merry nature" and "sweet, quiet light." Tatyana is stuffy in Moscow, she strives in her thoughts “to the life of the field”, and the “empty world” causes her sharp rejection:
But everyone in the living room takes
Such incoherent, vulgar nonsense;
Everything in them is so pale, indifferent,
They slander even boringly...
It is no coincidence that, having married and becoming a princess, Tatyana retained the naturalness and simplicity that distinguished her so favorably from secular ladies.
Having met Tatyana at the reception, Onegin was amazed at the change that had happened to her: instead of "a timid girl, in love, poor and simple," there was an "indifferent princess", "a stately, careless legislator of the hall."
But internally, Tatyana remained as internally pure and moral as in her youth. That is why she, despite her feeling in Onegin, refuses him: “I love you (why dissemble?), But I am given to another; I will be faithful to him forever.
Such an ending, according to the logic of Tatyana's character, is natural. Whole by nature, faithful to duty, brought up in the traditions of folk morality, Tatyana cannot build her happiness on the dishonor of her husband.
The author cherishes his heroine, he repeatedly confesses his love for his "sweet ideal". In the duel of duty and feeling, reason and passion, Tatyana wins a moral victory. And no matter how paradoxical the words of Küchelbecker sound: “The poet in the 8th chapter looks like Tatyana himself,” they have a lot of meaning, because the beloved heroine is not only the ideal of a woman, but rather a human ideal, the way Pushkin wanted to see him.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was extremely attentive to the definition of the genre of each of his works. The world-famous "Eugene Onegi" was no exception. Genre Pushkin's essay- A novel in verse. And this, above all, is Pushkin's innovation. After all, in the nineteenth century there were only two ways of writing a work of art. The Russian poet invented a third. The history of writing, structure and genre of the novel "Eugene Onegin" is the topic of the article.

Pushkin called the work on the creation of the novel a feat. Such a high appreciation of his own creation, in addition to "Eugene Onegin", the author gave only "Boris Godunov".

History of writing

It took Pushkin eight years to create a novel in verse. Pushkin began work on Eugene Onegin in 1923. Then the writer was in Chisinau. Initially, the author abandoned romanticism and decided to tell readers about his new hero in a realistic spirit. It is also worth saying that Pushkin planned to break the work into nine chapters. But in the process of work, he changed the structure, creating eight.

The story of Onegin's journey original intention, should have been part of the body text. But later the poet included this fragment of the plot in one of the lyrical digressions. In the first version of the novel, the author raised rather sharp political questions. But since the creation of "Eugene Onegin" took place during the years of exile, the poet decided not to aggravate his already difficult situation. Therefore, he removed dangerous pages from the manuscript and burned them.

Composition of the novel

The work was published for several years in separate chapters. Pushkin admitted that he wrote it without any clear plan. Nevertheless, the composition of "Eugene Onegin" is clear. Each of the chapters is logically completed.

The main literary technique that the poet used when creating his imperishable work is mirror symmetry. As the story progresses, the characters seem to switch places. First, Tatiana falls in love with Eugene. Onegin is indifferent to the love of a girl. He responds coldly to her letter. But later, after the duel of the protagonist with Lensky, - an event that interrupts love line- Onegin and Larina change places. He writes her a letter of confession. She also rejects him. A feature of the composition of the work is a ring construction. It is thanks to this technique that "Eugene Onegin" is perceived as a complete novel.

Main characters

Why did the author use ring composition? With the help of this technique, Pushkin revealed the changes in the character of the characters. At the beginning of the work, Onegin leaves the high society. Not without irony, the poet speaks about his hero, emphasizing that Yevgeny's education was superficial, which was enough to be considered smart among representatives of the metropolitan aristocracy.

In the first chapters, Onegin is a secular loafer, unable to fill his leisure time with either creativity or even reading. But later he appears as a thinking, deep personality. Another feature lost by Eugene is saturation with life. Pushkin's hero is initially indifferent to others. He is not even touched by the feelings that Tatyana has for him - a smart girl, who compares favorably with other representatives of provincial society.

At the end of the novel, Onegin is an ardent lover. Tatyana, on the other hand, is reserved and cold. However, it is worth saying that with all the external changes, both Onegin and Larina are still the same in their souls. He is an arrogant aristocrat. She is a simple and sincere village girl. After the disappointment that befell the heroine, she is forced to hide her feelings. As for Eugene, his love is more likely due to the outward brilliance of Tatyana, now a secular lady.

epic

In "Eugene Onegin" there are many heroes. The work covers a significant period of time. How about metropolitan life, and "Eugene Onegin" tells about the life of the rural nobility. The genre that possesses such features is the novel. It is the most common type today. epic literature. What are the specifics classic novel? Which of its features are present in the work "Eugene Onegin"?

Genre of grand form in which the narrative is centered on destinies different heroes, in literary criticism is called a novel. Its other features are a significant time period, a smoothly built series of events, a considerable number of characters involved in the plot.

How is Eugene Onegin depicted by the author? The genre of this work, according to Pushkin, is a novel. Remembering character traits of this type of epic, one can say that Onegin is not a lyrical hero. It is neither positive nor negative character. In creating his portrait, the poet is extremely objective. Evgeny Onegin is rather contradictory and complex. The peculiarities of the genre of Pushkin's work lie, nevertheless, in the presence of not only an epic beginning.

Lyricism

The work about which in question in this article, has no analogues in the world literature. The structure and genre of the novel "Eugene Onegin" is unique. It has both realism and history. Also, Pushkin endowed his work with features typical of a social-everyday novel. "Eugene Onegin", the genre of which is at the junction of two types of literature, contains both the objective characteristics of the characters, and many lyrical digressions. But that's not all.

The genre and composition of "Eugene Onegin" became the subject of numerous works on literary criticism. WITH light hand Byron in the nineteenth century, the epic poem came into fashion, which is a separate chapter in verse. In Pushkin's work, the description of the lyrical hero and his experiences are harmoniously combined with the objective, realistic image events.

Retreats

The author's voice sounds in numerous lyrical inserts. In each of them, the poet talks about himself and shares his views on literature and culture with the reader. At the same time, Pushkin is not distracted from the main action. In one of the chapters, the poet recalls the days when his work flourished, about his forced exile. The structure and genre of the work "Eugene Onegin" can be defined as follows: a novel in verse, which is a "collection of motley chapters."

The themes of lyrical digressions in Pushkin's work are very diverse. First, the reader learns about the mores of secular youth. Then love motives come to the fore. And finally, important in the development of the plot are landscape sketches. In the novel, all seasons are displayed in verse: a sad summer, Golden autumn, winter with bitter frosts. The poet called spring "the morning of the year." The landscape in "Eugene Onegin" is sometimes depicted through the perception of the characters.

Another theme of lyrical digressions in the novel is historical events. So, in the work "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin remembered Patriotic war 1812.

The novel in verse covers many events. It has many heroes. Nevertheless, "Eugene Onegin" is deeply lyrical work. The reader, after reading it, learns about the author no less than about his characters. In one work of Pushkin miraculously managed to connect the epic and the lyrical into a single whole.

Reflection of the Pushkin era

From this work, the reader has the opportunity to learn almost everything about the time in which the poet lived. How did people dress? What was in fashion? What did Pushkin's contemporaries value above all else? The reader receives answers to all these questions after reading the novel in verse. The poet truthfully depicted the environment in which Onegin and Larina live. He reproduced the atmosphere of both noble salons and modest provincial evenings.

In art

Onegin - a prime example so-called " extra person”, a character that appeared in literature in the first third of the eighteenth century. This hero is not capable of the feat that the Decembrists accomplished. But it cannot be attributed to typical representatives high society. Spiritual dissatisfaction and the inability to change anything in one's life are Onegin's characteristic features. And if we add to this the epic, the variety of images, the extraordinary poetry of Pushkin's work, it becomes clear why it was so often reflected in art.

"Eugene Onegin" was filmed several times by domestic and foreign filmmakers. Based on the Pushkin novel, four operas were created, the music for which was written by such outstanding composers like Tchaikovsky, Shchedrin, Prokofiev.