I will answer about the character, because I know more about it. Yes. It happens. As a result of psychotherapy, trainings and spiritual practices, a person's character can change.

As a rule, character is understood as a set of behavioral traits and characteristics that makes it possible to predict human behavior (). For example, if, other things being equal, a person would prefer to communicate with other people than to be left alone, we can talk about sociability as a character trait. Unlike temperament, which is associated with the characteristics of work nervous system and bodily organization, the character changes more easily. New modes of behavior, supported by the environment, are fixed and new character traits appear. A previously closed person who has gained experience in interesting and useful communication will more often enter into communication and become more sociable.

There is evidence of how psychological practices change the character of a person and his behavior. For example, mindfulness practices and daily meditations, in addition to developing awareness itself, help to increase the maturity of the individual, develop the ability to rely on oneself, increase readiness for mutual assistance (Campanella F., Crescentini C., Urgesi C., Fabbro F. Mindfulness-oriented meditation improves self-related character scales in healthy individuals Comprehensive psychiatry 2014 Jul;55(5):1269-78). Compassion-based meditation training helps people who are prone to excessive self-shaming and devaluing the results of their work stop constantly criticizing themselves and worrying about it (Hooria Jazaieri, Kelly McGonigal, Thupten Jinpa, James R. Doty, James J. Gross, Philippe R Goldin, A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion and Emotion 38, June 2013). Psychoanalysts say that as a result of prolonged psychoanalysis, clients change in personality. They increase resistance to frustration, their attitude to their own aggression and the ability to cope with the aggression of others, normalize self-esteem, develop the ability to implement mutual close relationships, change the level of personal organization (Alexander Wilczek, Jacques P. Barber, Petter Gustavsson, Marie Asberg, Karolinska Institutet , Robert M Weinryb, Change After Long-Term Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 52(4):1163-84 February 2004).

At the same time, it is important to remember the main thesis of A. Beisser's theory of paradoxical change: “Change occurs when a person becomes who he really is, and not when he tries to become what he is not. Change does not happen through a deliberate attempt to change oneself or anyone else, but happens when a person tries to be who they really are - to be fully involved in the present. By rejecting the role of agent for change, we make it so that meaningful change can occur ”(Beisser A. Paradoxical Theory of Change // Journal practical psychologist (special issue: East European Gestalt Institute). - 2003. - N.3. - S.95-100). That is, work on oneself is important, but it will not lead to changes until a person understands what he is working on: who he is and what he is today.

Character is an acquired property of a person, in contrast to temperament - an innate and unchanging property. Yes, over the course of life, under the influence of external factors, events, growing up, shocks, changes in worldview and many other units, it does not have to be targeted trainings, seminars, etc., the character can change, but, I note, only change, radically or -no.
There are 4 main groups of character traits, such as: a person’s attitude to others (sociability, sensitivity, isolation, respect), attitude to work (industriousness, a penchant for creativity, laziness, attitude towards oneself (self-criticism, modesty, egocentrism), a person’s attitude to things (neatness, pedantry, slovenliness).It is not worth being a man of great intelligence in order to trace metamorphoses in one or another quality and project in general that all this may well change its strength and direction in the course of life, under the influence of one’s own efforts or by virtue of a change in attitude to the surrounding world.

Yes, yes, and yes again.
The more often a signal passes through a certain synapse in the brain, the stronger this synapse will transmit a signal in the future -> this signal will have more influence on nervous activity. That is, when we think the same thoughts, or feel the same sensory stimuli, we get to know them more and more deeply and they gain more and more weight in our value system, and, one might say, for everything more time capture the "live broadcast" of our thinking. It feels like remembering, learning, getting to know something, getting used to something.
If the stimulation of the synapse gradually decreases (thought is less often thought, or information of a certain kind does not come from the sense organs), then the synapse begins to conduct the signal weaker. And we gradually "forget", "wean", "distract" from the thought or image.
So. By constantly thinking about what you want to be, and thinking about how such a person would act in some situation that you are faced with, and trying to act like him, you make those synapses work that you have underdeveloped. They will begin to intensify, and thinking will expand more and more precisely in this area, to which you want to approach. You will become closer to who you wanted to become in behavior and thoughts. It will be hard at first, but the further you go, the easier it gets. And the synapses responsible for the old habits will inevitably receive a smaller share of stimulation, and gradually become no more pronounced than is necessary for life in general. And they will cease to cause frustration with their irresistibility.
This is how you can change yourself. Almost everything except the deepest - consciousness, "I".
Such a process of change can take place as conceived by the person himself, or spontaneously - in the case of a change in the person's environment, company, work, hobby, or with the constant use of drugs or certain medications.

Character - no. The ability to control oneself, control emotions - rather yes. Values, if it really was a serious work on oneself - yes. Most often, this is a vector from the desire to meet someone's expectations ("I should be good, beautiful, kind, people should like me") to self-acceptance and the formation of personal goals ("I can be so-and-so, but I do it's for myself, it's for me to be so comfortable, and I'm like that - it's normal. I want this in my life _for myself_, and not because others expect it from me. Or they don't. And such and such things need to be done somehow so - not for the sake of evaluation, but because it is right.")

Interest in a career at 60 may be higher than at 40. Adults worry about health less than teenagers. And most importantly, in ten or twenty years, each of us will be a different person with different priorities, although today it is very difficult for us to believe this.

Trying to look into the future and imagine ourselves in 10-20-30 years, we constantly make the same mistake. We feel like we won't change. No, no, we are well aware that we will grow older and lose agility. Perhaps we will gain weight, although we will try not to. We will turn gray - and we will be proud of gray hairs or carefully paint over them. But all these changes are external. Like other changes that we paint for ourselves: pictures of career successes or idyllic retirement in a house by the sea, adult children ... However, this future life we look with today's eyes, forgetting about the main thing: we will change not only externally, but also internally. And who knows how important for us, the future, will be career success, the opportunity to live by the sea, and even relationships with children.

Our values—what we believe in and strive for—change as we age. IN Once again and this truth has been proved very clearly by an international group of psychologists. They conducted the study on an impressive sample of 36,000 Brazilians aged 12 to 65. There were approximately equal numbers of men and women in it, since the researchers also wanted to find out whether values ​​change differently depending not only on age, but also on the gender of a person.

Boys to gray hair

Scientists have created a special survey technique called "Analysis of basic values." 18 basic concepts classified as basic values ​​were divided into 6 groups. The values ​​of emotional arousal included pleasure, emotion, and sexuality. The values ​​of social growth included power, prestige and success. Affection, a sense of belonging, and support made up the values ​​of the relationship. Normative values ​​were represented by willingness to follow orders, loyalty to traditions, and religiosity. The ability to appreciate beauty, knowledge and development, psychologists have designated as the values ​​of actualization. And finally, the basic values ​​of existence were represented by health, stability and the possibility of survival. Then all participants large-scale study assessed the importance of each of the presented concepts for themselves personally.

Processing of the results showed that different groups of values ​​significantly gain or lose importance depending on age. Thus, the values ​​of emotional arousal, as you might guess, are most valued by adolescents. In the future, their importance steadily decreased, reaching the minimum values ​​in the oldest participants. Looking ahead, it must be said that only in this category was a serious difference between men and women revealed. Their attitude to other values ​​changed more or less the same way over the course of their lives. But even the most elderly men considered emotional arousal much more important than their peers. Probably, this result can serve as a scientific confirmation of the popular idea that a boy lives in the soul of a man until a very old age.

When family is more important than career

The dynamics of the category of social growth turned out to be interesting. Power, prestige and success were presented in the same way important people very young and those who crossed the line of middle life. And suddenly lost importance for 30-40-year-olds. Psychologists explain the result by the fact that at this age, the interests of the family and raising children usually come to the fore. We strive for social and career success to the greatest extent either earlier - before we have had time to start a family, or later - when children are already gradually getting on their feet and starting an independent life.

Relationship values ​​undergo the least changes over the course of life. Their importance is reduced, but not too much. And this is hardly surprising or requires explanation: affection and support are necessary for everyone and absolutely at any age. But normative values ​​showed the highest growth among all categories. The older the study participants were, the more they valued religiosity and loyalty to traditions. The researchers suggest that adherence to these values ​​helps older people to fill their lives with meaning. (Interestingly, by the way, older women were somewhat more active in religion and tradition than older men.)

What is the value of old age

Actualization values ​​are also gaining importance - but until about the middle of life. Then their chart plateaus, turning into an almost flat line, and further growth, although present, is not very noticeable. The reason, the researchers believe, is that by mid-life, most people become too preoccupied with more practical issues. Speaking conventionally, go to a museum or library for those who do not have a momentary practical use beauty and knowledge - a luxury that can only be afforded to those who do not need to rush to other places and on more pressing matters.

And, finally, the dynamics of the attitude towards the basic values ​​of existence is very eloquent. They are of great importance in adolescence and youth. Then their importance decreases markedly. Understanding the value of health and life, we at the same time begin to clearly realize that, alas, it is impossible to keep them intact, psychologists explain. But closer to old age, this value increases again: approaching last line, we begin to value more what we have been given.

It should be noted that the study does not claim to be universal. The patterns he revealed can be largely explained by the specific culture and way of life of Brazil. And it is possible that in other countries the results would have been different. And yet, it is useful to keep in mind the dynamics of changing attitudes towards certain basic values ​​over the course of life when planning your future.

The most important role not only in the life of everyone individual person, but also of the whole society as a whole are played by the values ​​and value orientations, which perform primarily an integrative function. It is on the basis of values ​​(while focusing on their approval in society) that each person makes his own choice in life. Values, occupying a central position in the structure of personality, have a significant impact on the orientation of a person and the content of his personality. social activity, behavior and actions, his social position and on general attitude him to the world, to himself and to other people. Therefore, the loss of the meaning of life by a person is always the result of the destruction and rethinking of the old system of values, and in order to regain this meaning again, he needs to create a new system based on universal human experience and using the forms of behavior and activities accepted in society.

Values ​​are a kind of internal integrator of a person, concentrating around themselves all his needs, interests, ideals, attitudes and beliefs. Thus, the system of values ​​in a person's life takes the form of the inner core of his entire personality, and the same system in society is the core of its culture. Value systems, functioning both at the level of the individual and at the level of society, create a kind of unity. This is due to the fact that the personal value system is always formed based on the values ​​that are dominant in a particular society, and they, in turn, influence the choice of the individual goal of each individual and determine the ways to achieve it.

Values ​​in a person's life are the basis for choosing the goals, methods and conditions of activity, and also help him answer the question, why does he perform this or that activity? In addition, values ​​are the system-forming core of the idea (or program), human activity and his inner spiritual life, because spiritual principles, intentions and humanity no longer relate to activity, but to values ​​and value orientations.

The role of values ​​in human life: theoretical approaches to the problem

Modern human values - most actual problem both theoretical and applied psychology, since they influence the formation and are the integrative basis of the activity of not only a single individual, but also social group(large or small), collective, ethnos, nation and all mankind. It is difficult to overestimate the role of values ​​in a person's life, because they illuminate his life, filling it with harmony and simplicity, which determines a person's desire for free will, for the will of creative possibilities.

The problem of human values ​​in life is studied by the science of axiology ( in lane from Greek axia / axio - value, logos / logos - a reasonable word, teaching, study), more precisely a separate industry scientific knowledge philosophy, sociology, psychology and pedagogy. In psychology, values ​​are usually understood as something significant for the person himself, something that gives an answer to his actual, personal meanings. Values ​​are also seen as a concept that denotes objects, phenomena, their properties and abstract ideas that reflect social ideals and therefore are the standard of due.

It should be noted that the special importance and significance of values ​​in a person's life arises only in comparison with the opposite (this is how people strive for good, because evil exists on earth). Values ​​cover the whole life of both a person and the whole of humanity, while they affect absolutely all areas (cognitive, behavioral and emotional-sensory).

The problem of values ​​was of interest to many famous philosophers, sociologists, psychologists and educators, but the beginning of the study this issue was established in ancient times. So, for example, Socrates was one of the first who tried to understand what goodness, virtue and beauty are, and these concepts were separated from things or actions. He believed that the knowledge achieved through the understanding of these concepts is the basis of a person's moral behavior. Here it is also worth referring to the ideas of Protagoras, who believed that each person is already a value as a measure of what exists and what does not exist.

Analyzing the category of “value”, one cannot pass by Aristotle, because it is to him that the term “thymia” (or valued) originated. He believed that values ​​in human life are both the source of things and phenomena and the cause of their diversity. Aristotle identified the following benefits:

• valued (or divine, to which the philosopher attributed the soul and mind);
• praised (impudent praise);
• opportunities (here the philosopher attributed strength, wealth, beauty, power, etc.).

Philosophers of modern times made a significant contribution to the development of questions about the nature of values. Among the most significant figures of that era, it is worth highlighting I. Kant, who called the will the central category that could help in solving the problems of the human value sphere. And the most detailed explanation of the process of formation of values ​​belongs to G. Hegel, who described the changes in values, their connections and structure in the three stages of the existence of activity (they are described in more detail below in the table).

Features of changing values ​​in the process of activity (according to G. Hegel)

The problem of human values ​​in life has been deeply studied by foreign psychologists, among which it is worth noting the works of V. Frankl. He said that the meaning of human life as its basic education finds its manifestation in the system of values. Under the values ​​themselves, he understood the meanings (he called them "universal meanings"), which are characteristic of a greater number of representatives not only of a particular society, but of humanity as a whole throughout the entire path of its development (historical). Viktor Frankl focused on the subjective significance of values, which is accompanied, first of all, by the person taking responsibility for its implementation.

In the second half of the last century, values ​​were often considered by scientists through the prism of the concepts of "value orientations" and "personal values". Most Attention was given to the study of the value orientations of the individual, which was also understood as an ideological, political, moral and ethical basis for human evaluation surrounding reality, and as a way of differentiating objects according to their significance for the individual. The main thing that almost all scientists paid attention to was that value orientations are formed only due to the assimilation of social experience by a person, and they find their manifestation in goals, ideals, and other manifestations of personality. In turn, the system of values ​​in human life is the basis of the content side of the orientation of the individual and reflects its internal attitude in the surrounding reality.

Thus, value orientations in psychology were considered as a complex socio-psychological phenomenon that characterized the orientation of the personality and the content side of its activity, which determined the general approach of a person to himself, other people and the world as a whole, and also gave meaning and direction to his personality. behavior and activities.

Forms of existence of values, their signs and features

Throughout its history of development, humanity has developed universal or universal values ​​that have not changed their meaning or diminished their significance for many generations. These are such values ​​as truth, beauty, goodness, freedom, justice and many others. These and many other values ​​in a person's life are associated with the motivational-need sphere and are an important regulatory factor in his life.

Values ​​in psychological understanding can be represented in two meanings:

• in the form of objectively existing ideas, objects, phenomena, actions, properties of products (both material and spiritual);
• as their significance for a person (value system).

Among the forms of existence of values, there are: social, subject and personal (they are presented in more detail in the table).

Forms of existence of values ​​according to O.V. Sukhomlinsky

Special meaning in the study of values ​​and value orientations were the studies of M. Rokeach. He understood values ​​as positive or negative ideas (and abstract ones), which are in no way connected with any particular object or situation, but are only an expression of human beliefs about types of behavior and prevailing goals. According to the researcher, all values ​​have the following features:

• the total number of values ​​(significant and motivated) is small;
• all values ​​in people are similar (only the steps of their significance are different);
• all values ​​are organized into systems;
• the sources of values ​​are culture, society and social institutions;
• values ​​have an impact on a large number of phenomena that are studied by a variety of sciences.

In addition, M. Rokeach established a direct dependence of a person's value orientations on many factors, such as his income level, gender, age, race, nationality, level of education and upbringing, religious orientation, political beliefs, etc.

Some signs of values ​​were also proposed by S. Schwartz and W. Bilisky, namely:

• values ​​are understood as either a concept or a belief;
• they refer to the desired end states of the individual or to his behavior;
• they have a supra-situational character;
• are guided by the choice, as well as the assessment of human behavior and actions;
• they are ordered by importance.

Classification of values

Today in psychology there are a huge number of the most various classifications values ​​and value orientations. Such diversity appeared due to the fact that values ​​are classified according to various criteria. So they can be combined into certain groups and classes, depending on what types of needs these values ​​satisfy, what role they play in a person's life and in what area they are applied. The table below shows the most generalized classification of values.

Classification of values

From point of view psychological features of human values, the classification proposed by K. Khabibulin is interesting. Their values ​​were divided as follows:

• depending on the subject of activity, values ​​can be individual or act as values ​​of a group, class, society;
• according to the object of activity, the scientist singled out material values in human life (or vital) and sociogenic (or spiritual);
• depending on the type of human activity, values ​​can be cognitive, labor, educational and socio-political;
• the last group consists of values ​​according to the way of performing activities.

There is also a classification based on the allocation of vital (human ideas about good, evil, happiness and sorrow) and universal values. This classification was proposed at the end of the last century by T.V. Butkovskaya. Universal values, according to the scientist, are:

• vital (life, family, health);
• social recognition (values ​​such as social status and employability);
• interpersonal recognition (exhibition and honesty);
• democratic (freedom of expression or freedom of speech);
• particular (belonging to a family);
• transcendental (manifestation of faith in God).

It is also worth dwelling separately on the classification of values ​​according to M. Rokeach, the author of the most famous methodology in the world, the main objective which is to determine the hierarchy of value orientations of the individual. M. Rokeach divided all human values ​​into two broad categories:

• terminal (or value-goals) - the person's conviction that the ultimate goal is worth all the effort to achieve it;
• instrumental (or value-methods) - a person's conviction that certain way behavior and action is the most successful to achieve the goal.

There are many other classifications of values, summary which are shown in the table below.

Value classifications

Analyzing the presented classification, the question arises, what are the main values ​​in human life? In fact, there are a lot of such values, but the most important are common (or universal) values, which, according to V. Frankl, are based on three main human existentials - spirituality, freedom and responsibility. The psychologist has identified following groups values ​​("eternal values"):

• creativity that allows people to understand what they can give to a given society;
• experiences, thanks to which a person realizes what he receives from society and society;
• relationships that enable people to realize their place (position) in relation to those factors that somehow limit their lives.

It should also be noted that the most important place occupy moral values in a person's life, because they play a leading role in people's decisions related to morality and moral standards, and this, in turn, indicates the level of development of their personality and humanistic orientation.

The system of values ​​in human life

The problem of human values ​​in life occupies a leading position in psychological research, because they are the core of the personality and determine its direction. In solving this problem, a significant role belongs to the study of the value system, and here the studies of S. Bubnova, who, based on the works of M. Rokeach, created her own model of the system of value orientations (it is hierarchical and consists of three levels), had a serious impact. The system of values ​​in human life, in her opinion, consists of:

• values-ideals, which are the most general and abstract (this includes spiritual and social values);
• values-properties that are fixed in the process of human life;
• values-modes of activity and behavior.

Any system of values ​​will always combine two categories of values: values-goals (or terminal) and values-methods (or instrumental). Terminal includes the ideals and goals of a person, group and society, and instrumental - ways to achieve goals that are accepted and approved in a given society. Values-goals are more stable than values-methods, therefore they act as a system-forming factor in various social and cultural systems.

To the specific system of values ​​existing in society, each person shows his own own attitude. In psychology, there are five types of human relations in the value system (according to J. Gudechek):

• active, which is expressed in high degree internalization of this system;
• comfortable, that is, externally accepted, but at the same time a person does not identify himself with this system of values;
• indifferent, which consists in the manifestation of indifference and complete lack of interest in this system;
• disagreement or rejection, manifested in a critical attitude and condemnation of the value system, with the intention of changing it;
• opposition, which manifests itself both in internal and external contradiction with this system.

It should be noted that the system of values ​​in human life is essential component in the structure of personality, while it occupies a borderline position - on the one hand, it is a system of personal meanings of a person, on the other, its motivational-need sphere. Values ​​and value orientations of a person act as the leading quality of a person, emphasizing its uniqueness and individuality.

Values ​​are the most powerful regulator of human life. They guide a person on the path of his development and determine his behavior and activities. In addition, the focus of a person on certain values ​​and value orientations will certainly have an impact on the process of formation of society as a whole.

Growing up is an integral stage in the life of every person, when one has to learn to take responsibility for other people and suddenly becomes executive, getting into a stressful situation. At the end of such events, we often draw philosophical conclusions that do not correspond to the worldview that was formed on the subconscious in youth. It is not surprising that as a result of the internal dialogue, a personal conflict arises, which has another name -. A person who is faced with the inconsistency of his own beliefs and harsh reality experiences strong spiritual torment, trying to streamline his thoughts. In this situation, some people are panic attacks preferring to distance himself from others.

Surprisingly, it is precisely, accompanied by solitude, that can solve the problem that has arisen. Left “eye to eye” with our own thoughts, we can objectively assess the scale of the situation that has occurred, finding the best solution. Having come to terms with the changes, peace and tranquility appear, which are accompanied by a harmonious combination of moral ideals and external stimuli. Reappraisal of values ​​is a way of improving the personal appearance, allowing a person to grow up and gain wisdom. To understand the terminology of such a phenomenon, it is important to answer the following questions: When and why does it occur? What concomitant factors influence the reboot of the subconscious? How to speed up such a process? Can it be controlled? Why do we feel the need to change our worldview? Are there any downsides to this procedure?

Prerequisites for reassessment of life values

Reassessment of values ​​is a natural process that is characteristic of every person. Over time, people tend to change their views on life, adjusting their own worldview. Such a phenomenon is often accompanied by the improvement of the personal appearance, from which undesirable qualities are eliminated. It is not surprising that after rebooting your subconscious, a person has new acquaintances, interests and hobbies. Revaluation life values happens in people different ages. This phenomenon is explained quite simply - in the fate of a person there are many internal and external factors that accelerate or slow down the process of personality development. Common prerequisites that affect the formation of a worldview traditionally include the following aspects:

a serious or incurable disease observed in a loved one;
meeting a lover whose image does not correspond to the ideals erected in childhood;
being on the verge between life and death, accompanied by an awareness of the value of human existence;
tragic events on a global scale that took many lives;
a severe transport accident that deprives a person of full-fledged functions (disturbances in the work of the musculoskeletal system, etc.);
the birth of a child, accompanied by a change in the usual way of life;
financial bankruptcy or deprivation of funds;
unexpected success that changes social position;
the loss of a loved one.

Given the above factors, a person begins by prioritizing from a new angle. Not surprisingly, after soul-searching, some people go to trip around the world, while others leave the industrial centers, choosing the measured everyday life of a village dweller. After the reboot of the personal image, both the spiritual side and the moral image of a person change. In a short period of time, we are revising our worldview, which has been developing on the subconscious for many years.

Features of the evolution of personal appearance

The versatility of changes is amazing, because in dialogue with true friend You may not recognize the person you have known since childhood. You disagree on the situation that happened, you don’t feel the moral support of a friend, you hear from his lips philosophical phrases that he had never thought about before. There is only one reason for this behavior - your friend succeeded, laid down in his youth. During the period of growing up, he managed to change his worldview according to his own preferences, harmoniously arranging his inner world. You can find out a person who has undergone a reassessment of values ​​by characteristics characteristic during the formation of a new personality:

Psychosomatic and physiological reactions, accompanied by changes in blood pressure and chemical structure blood, sudden changes in body temperature and the appearance of minor chronic diseases (it is recommended to consider such phenomena as a path to purification - the transformation of one's own personal appearance).
Loss of former beliefs that occupy priority positions in the outdated model of the worldview. The desire to be completely alone, allowing you to be alone with your own thoughts. Depression and alienation from social processes, explained by the search for answers to emerging questions.
A radical change in thinking, accompanied by an improvement in moral character. Harmony is established in the inner world of a person, helping him to combine personal beliefs with the standards of society. There is a comprehension of already committed actions and a reassessment of the importance of close people who are included in the cohort of close associates.
Feeling of spiritual weightlessness, when the former points of support, which served for a long time as a stronghold for all life processes, disappear from the field of view. It is not surprising that the moral character and mental image are formed taking into account modified priorities.

As a result of rebooting one's own subconscious, a person's social circle may change, because previous acquaintances and connections become karmically worked out and useless. After a reassessment of values, only close people and relatives remain in life. Psychologists call this phenomenon filtering their environment - a useful procedure that is periodically recommended for every person.

It is important to note that not only a complete, but also a partial reassessment of values ​​can occur, which consists in changing only 1-2 facets of one's worldview. It is enough for people to find peace. Over time, the formed personality can observe extremely insignificant “deviations” - a change in taste preferences in food or the emergence of a new hobby. The moral image and the real world coexist harmoniously, so there is no need to reboot one's own consciousness.

Reassessment of values: common options

In the process of improving the personal image, a person may experience physical malaise and strong spiritual torment. However, for the sake of the result, accompanied by an improvement in moral character, such torment is worth enduring. It is important to bear in mind that a midlife crisis or a serious stressful situation become exclusively prerequisites for a change in worldview. Such a procedure cannot be instantaneous; a person must gradually approach the internal dialogue. Considering the spheres of life, which are related to the revaluation of values, the following areas should be noted:

Over time, people understand how important it is to confess their love in time and apologize to a loved one. Life is so "fragile" that you can simply not have time to say important words to a relative or lover.
Opinion about strangers mostly wrong. A financially wealthy person can be spiritually poor and unhappy, and in distressed countries, there are often smiles on the faces of babies who walk with plastic bottles on their feet. As a result, comes the realization that the outer shell is not a reason for evaluating the interlocutor, whose personal qualities can only be known after a certain period of time.

It is impossible to achieve the cherished goals and achieve desired results without putting any effort into it. Such a statement is formed on the subconsciousness only of a wise person who has managed to taste the joy and bitterness of life.
Patience is a way to enjoy the resources you already have, not a reason to detach yourself from observing the events taking place around you. Not surprisingly, as people age, endurance develops. An intelligent person is paramount to familiarize himself with the versatility of the situation, given the mistakes of youthful maximalism.
Doesn't exist in the world ideal people, therefore, you need to learn how to accept your own, correctly presenting a personal image to your surroundings. Wise people they are proud of their "minuses", rationally using them to improve their moral character. It is not surprising that society perceives such "sins" from the other side, which has a positive connotation.
Life is made up of little things, so they need to be given special attention. Observation becomes an integral characteristic of the inner world, because there are many events around that differ in actions and “subtext”.
The ability to enjoy today is another piece of wisdom that comes from the process of soul-searching. It is impossible to earn all the money, you cannot neglect the feelings of loved ones and compromise your own principles. A similar statement applies to material and spiritual relics.

As a result of a change in a person's worldview, new ones appear that correspond to his personal preferences and moral convictions. Spiritual insight allows you to correct the mistakes of the past, preventing similar excesses in the future. It is not surprising that mature personalities are characterized by wisdom that distinguishes the thinking of an adult from the maximalism of a teenager.

Consider soul-searching as a way to improve your inner world. After setting priorities, a person succeeds by coordinating spiritual standards with social criteria. The main thing is to be guided in choosing a new personal image by individual preferences, without relying on the opinion of society and others. The upcoming changes are the path to a bright future, the creator of which is you yourself.

Philosophy

2. Social space Ancient China 10

3.Philosophy ancient rome: content and historical meaning 12

4. Neo-Thomism as a revived philosophy of F. Aquinas 14

References 16

1. Why is there a change of values ​​in the history of mankind

From a sociocultural point of view, modern society there is a transition from industrial to post-industrial, or information, society, the concept of which became popular in the 60-70s present century(Bell, Kahn, Brzezinski, Tofler). This theory was put forward as an alternative, first of all, to the Marxist theory of socio-economic formations. According to this concept, at a certain, rather high stage of economic and technical development, a cardinal change in the system of values ​​takes place. Economic and technotronic values ​​are being replaced by values ​​of a different, informational and scientific nature. The liberated man, freed from the heavy physical labor, gains true freedom through material and technical well-being and focuses on intellectual self-improvement. Unfortunately, this concept turned out to be utopian. Societies of relative abundance of the late twentieth century, based on market conditions, on the principle of supply and demand, could not overcome the limitations of rational economic thinking. The technical upheavals, on which the theorists of post-industrialism pinned their hopes, only exacerbated the crisis in modern civilization, jeopardizing the moral and physical existence of mankind. The emergence of new ways of transmitting and processing information brings countries and peoples together, but separates individuals even more. There is an intensified dehumanization of culture - the human personality is being forced out of the cultural framework, which is paradoxical in itself. There is a certain …………………………………….

2.The Social Space of Ancient China

Man in China is identified with nature and the cosmos and is central to Chinese philosophy.
According to the Chinese philosophical tradition, a person is a clot of three types of cosmic energy: jing; qi; shen.
Jing is the energy of the origin of all things, the "root", "seed" of a living organism. There are two types of this psychophysical energy:
1. "Seed of the Former Heaven" - what is given to a person from birth, a genetic program, physical data,
2. "Seed of the Subsequent Heaven" - that which a person accumulates during his life.
Often, jing is identified with sexual energy.
Qi is the material and spiritual energy that serves " building material"of all things (as opposed to jing - the energy of generation).
Qi is divided into material qi and spiritual qi.
Spiritual qi is the basis of human life. The path to success, physical and spiritual health, happiness is the release of qi from all that is superfluous, the purification of the soul.
Shen - indestructible spiritual energy that exists in a person, which constitutes the "core" human personality and does not disappear after the death of a person).
In addition to the three types of cosmic energy (the energy of generation - jing; the energy of material and spiritual existence - qi; the constant spiritual energy remaining after death - shen), Chinese philosophy distinguishes two types of sexual energy: yang - male sexual energy; yin - female sexual energy.
From here, everything that exists is divided into two opposite principles - male and female.
This applies to both wildlife (the difference between all people into men and women, a similar sexual division among animals), and inanimate nature (for example, Chinese philosophy refers to the active masculine yang Sun, sky, day, dryness, lightness, and to the passive feminine beginning of yin - Moon, Earth, plains, night, moisture).
At the basis of existence, of the whole surrounding reality lies "Tai-chi" - unity, struggle, interpenetration of yang and yin.
Ancient Chinese culture gives a mythological explanation of the origin of life on earth, animate and inanimate nature, which included a number of successive stages:
1. Great Chaos, resembling a huge Egg in shape;
2. The origin in the Egg-Chaos for 18,000 years of the First Ancestor of all things - the giant Pan-Gu;
3. The exit of the giant Pan-Gu from the Egg, which led the egg-shaped Chaos to death;
4. The formation of Heaven and Earth from Chaos by concentrating everything light and dry above (Sky) and heavy, wet below (Earth); ……………………..

3.Philosophy of Ancient Rome: content and historical significance
ancient philosophy originated in the Greek cities
states at the turn of the 7th-6th centuries. BC e. First on the western
coast of Asia Minor (in Ionia), then in the Greek cities
Southern Italy, In the coastal Greek cities of the island of Sicily
and, finally, in Greece proper - in Athens (5th century BC). Having experienced a period of brilliant prosperity in the VI-V centuries. BC e., the philosophy of ancient Greece continued to develop in the era of the formation of the monarchy of Alexander the Great (4th century BC) and under his successors, and then under the rule of the Roman Empire and during the period of its division - in the Eastern Empire - until the beginning of the 6th century . n. e. The philosophy of ancient Rome arose at the end of the Republican
period of Rome (II-I centuries BC) and developed in parallel with Greek philosophy- during the time of the Roman Empire until about the time of its fall (end of the 5th - beginning of the 6th century AD). Feature ancient Greek philosophy is
primarily in opposition to philosophical reflections
practical activity, in its peculiar relation to
mythology. Spiritual development in the 7th-4th centuries. BC e. It went from mythology and religion to science and philosophy. An important link and condition for this development was the assimilation by the Greeks of scientific and philosophical concepts developed in the countries of the East - in Babylon, Iran, Egypt, Phoenicia. Especially great was the influence of Babylonian science - mathematics, astronomy, geography, systems of measures. Cosmology, calendar, elements of geometry and algebra were
borrowed by the Greeks from their…………………….

4.Neo-Thomism as a revived philosophy of F. Aquinas
Neo-Thomism is the philosophical direction of renewed Thomism, that is, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, a philosopher of the 13th century. In 1879 neo-Thomism was recognized by the head Roman Catholic Church(Pope of Rome) and since that time has been an important part of the official doctrine of Catholicism. The most famous representatives of neo-Thomism are E. Gilson, J. Maritain, V. Brugger, A. Dempf. I. de Vries, D. Mercier, K. Fabro and others. Neo-Thomism revives the main categories of philosophy of F. Aquinas, such as being, being, existence, act and potency, form and matter. From the point of view of neo-Thomism, it was Thomas Aquinas who most correctly solved the main philosophical problems, so his work is of enduring importance. Since the Renaissance, neo-Thomism considers a new philosophy as a continuous chain of deviations, errors and delusions, therefore it sets the task of reviving the spirit medieval philosophy. On this path, representatives of neo-Thomism see the overcoming of chaos modern life, gaining clarity, reviving spiritual values. The development of science, especially natural science, which has been rapidly proceeding since the New Age, according to neo-Thomism, in addition to positive sides also had negative ones. In particular, science leads modern man away from understanding the meaning of moral and religious ideals. A person has overly believed in science, while, in accordance with neo-Thomism, science is not able and should not solve questions about the ultimate causes of being and meaning. human existence. It studies secondary causes and external (functional) connection of phenomena. Neo-Thomism attaches particular importance to the concept of personality. A person cannot exist outside of freedom, self-consciousness……………………………

Bibliography

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Bogomolov A.S. Ancient philosophy. Moscow University Press, 2005.;
Introduction to Philosophy: Textbook for High Schools. At 2 pm Part 1 /Under the general. ed. I.T. Frolova. - M.: Politizdat, 1999
Introduction to social philosophy: Tutorial for humanitarian universities / Kemerov V.E. - M.: Aspect-Press, 2002;
Bolshakov A.V., Grekhnev V.S., Dobrynina V.I. Fundamentals of philosophical knowledge. – M.: Knowledge, 2001………………………….