Early summer has the longest days. For twelve hours the sun does not descend from the sky, and evening dawn before it has time to go out in the west, a whitish stripe already appears in the east - a sign of the approaching morning. And the closer to the north, the days in summer are longer and the nights are shorter.
The sun rises high and high in summer, not like in winter; a little higher and it would be right overhead. Its almost sheer rays are very warm, and by noon they even burn mercilessly. Here comes noon; the sun climbed high on the transparent blue vault of the sky. Only in some places, like light silver dashes, cirrus clouds are visible - harbingers of constant good weather, or buckets, as the peasants say. The sun can no longer go higher, and from this point it will begin to descend towards the west. The point from which the sun begins to decline is called noon. Stand facing noon, and the side you are looking at will be south, to the left, where the sun rose from, is east, to the right, where it slopes, is west, and behind you is north, where the sun never shines.
At noon, not only is it impossible to look at the sun itself without a strong, burning pain in the eyes, but it is even difficult to look at the brilliant sky and earth, at everything that is illuminated by the sun. And the sky, and the fields, and the air are filled with hot, bright light, and the eye involuntarily searches for greenery and coolness. It's too warm! Over the resting fields (those on which nothing has been sown this year) light steam flows. This is warm air, filled with vapors: flowing like water, it rises from the very heated earth. That is why our clever peasants talk about such fields, that they rest under fallow. The tree does not move, and the leaves, as if tired by the heat, hung. The birds hid in the wilderness; livestock stop grazing and seek coolness; a person, drenched in sweat and feeling very exhausted, leaves work: everything is waiting for the fever to subside. But for bread, for hay, for trees, these heats are necessary.
However, a long drought is harmful to plants that love heat, but also love moisture; It's hard on people too. That's why people rejoice when they run thunderclouds, thunder will strike, lightning will flash, and refreshing rain will water the thirsty earth. If only the rain was not with hail, which sometimes happens in the middle of the hottest summer: hail is destructive for ripening grain and lays another field with gloss. The peasants zealously pray to God that there will be no hail.
Everything that spring started ends summer. The leaves grow to their full size, and, recently still transparent, the grove becomes an impenetrable home for a thousand birds. In the water meadows, dense, tall grass waves like the sea. It stirs and buzzes the whole world insects. The trees in the gardens have blossomed. Bright red cherry and dark crimson plum are already flashing between the greens; apples and pears are still green and lurk among the leaves, but in silence they ripen and fill up. One linden is still in bloom and fragrant. In its dense foliage, between its slightly whitening, but fragrant flowers, a slender, invisible chorus is heard. It works with the songs of thousands of cheerful bees on honey, fragrant linden flowers. Come closer to the singing tree: it even smells like honey!
Early flowers have already faded and are preparing seeds, others are still in full bloom. The rye has risen, spiked and is already beginning to turn yellow, agitated like the sea under the pressure of a light wind. Buckwheat is in bloom, and the fields sown with it seem to be covered with a white veil with a pinkish tinge; from them rushes the same pleasant honey smell with which the flowering linden lures bees.
And how many berries, mushrooms! Like a red coral, juicy strawberries bloom in the grass; transparent currant earrings hung on the bushes ... But is it possible to list everything that appears in the summer? One ripens after another, one catches up with another.
And the bird, and the beast, and the insect in the summer expanse! The young birds are already chirping in their nests. But while their wings are still growing, caring parents scurry in the air with a cheerful cry, looking for food for their chicks. The little ones have long been sticking their thin, still poorly feathered necks out of the nest and, opening their noses, are waiting for handouts. And there is enough food for the birds: one picks up the grain dropped by an ear, the other itself will pat a ripening cannabis branch or plant a juicy cherry; the third is chasing midges, and they are pushing in heaps in the air. A sharp-sighted hawk, spreading its long wings wide, flies high in the air, vigilantly looking out for a chicken or some other young, inexperienced bird that has strayed from its mother - it will envy and, like an arrow, it will launch itself at the poor thing: she cannot escape the greedy claws of a predatory, carnivorous bird. Old geese, proudly stretching out their long necks, cackle loudly and lead their little children into the water, fluffy like spring lambs on willows, and yellow like egg yolk.
A furry, multicolored caterpillar worries on its many legs and gnaws on leaves and fruits. There are already a lot of colorful butterflies fluttering. The golden bee works tirelessly on linden, on buckwheat, on fragrant, sweet clover, on a variety of different flowers, getting everywhere what she needs to make her cunning, fragrant combs. The incessant rumble stands in apiaries (bee houses). Soon the bees will become crowded in the hives, and they will begin to swarm: they will be divided into new hardworking kingdoms, of which one will remain at home, and the other will fly off to look for new housing somewhere in a hollow tree. But the beekeeper will intercept the swarm on the road and plant it in a brand new hive prepared for him long ago. Ant has already set up many new underground galleries; the thrifty hostess of the squirrel is already beginning to drag the ripening nuts into her hollow. All freedom, all expanse!
A lot, a lot of work for a peasant in the summer! So he plowed the winter fields [Winter fields are fields sown in autumn; grains hibernate under the snow.] and prepared for the autumn a soft cradle for a grain of bread. Before he had finished plowing, it was already time to mow. Mowers, in white shirts, with shiny and ringing scythes in their hands, go out into the meadows and together mow down the tall, already seeded grass to the roots. Sharp braids glisten in the sun and tinkle under the blows of a sand-filled spatula. Women also work together with a rake and dump the already dried hay into piles. The pleasant ringing of braids and friendly, sonorous songs rush everywhere from the meadows. High round haystacks are already being built. The boys wallow in the hay and, pushing each other, flood ringing laughter; and the shaggy horse, all covered with hay, barely drags a heavy shock on a rope.
No sooner had the hayfield moved away than the harvest began. Rye, the breadwinner of the Russian people, has ripened. The ear, heavy with many grains and yellowed, strongly bent down to the ground; if you still leave it in the field, then the grain will begin to crumble, and God's gift will be lost without use. Throwing scythes, mistaken for sickles. It is fun to watch how, having scattered over the field and bending down to the very ground, the slender rows of reapers are cutting down tall rye at the root, putting it in beautiful, heavy sheaves. Weeks will pass two such jobs, and on the field, where until recently high rye was agitated, cut straw will stick out everywhere. But on a compressed strip, tall, golden heaps of bread will become rows.
No sooner had the rye been harvested than the time had come for golden wheat, barley, and oats; and there, you look, the buckwheat has already turned red and asks for braids. It's time to pull the linen: it just lays down. So the hemp is ready; flocks of sparrows fuss over it, taking out oily grain. It's time to dig and potatoes, and apples have long been falling into the tall grass. Everything sings, everything ripens, everything must be removed in time; even long summer day lacks!
Late in the evening, people return from work. They are tired; but their cheerful, sonorous songs are heard loudly in the evening dawn. In the morning, together with the sun, the peasants will again set to work; and the sun rises much earlier in the summer!
Why is the peasant so cheerful in the summer, when he has so much work to do? And the job is not easy. It takes a great habit to miss the whole day with a heavy scythe, each time cutting off a good armful of grass, and with the habit, a lot of diligence and patience are still needed. It is not easy to reap under the scorching rays of the sun, bending down to the very ground, drenched in sweat, suffocating from heat and fatigue. Look at the poor peasant woman, how she wipes large drops of sweat from her flushed face with her dirty but honest hand. She doesn’t even have time to feed her child, although he is right there on the field floundering in his cradle, hanging on three stakes stuck in the ground. The screamer's little sister is still a child herself and has recently begun to walk, but even that is not without work: in a dirty, torn shirt, she squats by the cradle and tries to rock her divergent little brother.
But why is the peasant cheerful in the summer, when he has so much work to do and his work is so difficult? Oh, there are many reasons for this! First, the peasant is not afraid of work: he grew up in labor. Second, he knows that summer job feeds him whole year and that one must use the bucket when God gives it; otherwise - you can be left without bread. Thirdly, the peasant feels that not only his family, but the whole world feeds on his labors: I, and you, and all the dressed-up gentlemen, although some of them look at the peasant with contempt. He, digging in the ground, feeds everyone with his quiet, not brilliant work, as the roots of a tree feed the proud peaks, dressed in green leaves.
A lot of diligence and patience is needed for peasant work, but a lot of knowledge and experience are also required. Try to press, and you will see that it takes a lot of skill. If someone without habit takes a scythe, then he will not work much with it. Sweeping a good haystack is no easy task either; one must plow skillfully, and in order to sow well - evenly, not thicker and not less often than it should - not even every peasant will undertake this. In addition, you need to know when and what to do, how to handle a plow and a harrow [A plow, a harrow are ancient agricultural tools. A plow is for plowing, a harrow is for breaking up clods after plowing.], how, for example, to make hemp from hemp, thread from hemp, and weave a canvas from threads ... Oh, a peasant knows and knows how to do a lot, and he can’t do it call him an ignoramus, even though he couldn't read! Learning to read and learning many sciences is much easier than learning everything that a good and experienced peasant should know.
The peasant falls asleep sweetly after hard work, feeling that he has fulfilled his holy duty. Yes, and it is not difficult for him to die: the cornfield cultivated by him and the field still sown by him remain to his children, whom he watered, fed, taught to work and instead of himself made workers in front of people.
Lesson
Subject: K.D.Ushinsky. Summer (excerpt).
Goals: To acquaint students with the work of K.D. Ushinsky. Continue to work on the genre - story. To draw the attention of children to the beauty of nature, to pay attention to seasonal changes in nature and in the life of birds. Teaching children to be thoughtful figurative language the author, to experience aesthetic pleasure from reading. Develop vivid figurative representations based on what is readable, expand and enrich lexicon study. Build the skill of a conscious fugitive expressive reading.
Equipment: illus., musical recording, portrait of the author, exhibition of books, illustrations on the theme “Summer”, tasks for groups (puzzles, proverbs, game “4th extra”, a series of words, “summer”), tongue twister.
During the classes.
I.Org.moment. Mental mood.
II.Speech warm-up.
Patter: Sprouts sprouted, grew,
The growth of the sprouts boasted.
III.Checking homework.
IV.Update basic knowledge. Targeting.
Group work:
Group 1: guess the puzzles (summer),
Summer, winter, spring, year.
March, April, May, June.
Summer, June, July, August.
… collects, and winter eats.
V. Work on the topic.
1. Acquaintance with the work.
Konstantin DmitrievichUshinsky (1824 - 1871) Born on March 2 in Tula. After graduation Faculty of Law Moscow University served as a teacher of Russian literature, inspector of the Smolny Institute, editor of magazines.
K. D. Ushinsky published two educational books “ Child's world"(1861) for children 10-12 years old and" native word"(1864) for children 8-10 years old, including the alphabet. The textbooks were intended for initial class reading and contained articles cognitive nature from different areas human knowledge and works of art. In the content of textbooks, one can see not only articles, stories, fairy tales, fables of K. D. Ushinsky, but also his texts famous contemporaries: I. A. Krylov, V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. A. Nekrasova and others.
Modern textbooks and books for reading often include texts by K. D. Ushinsky: “Four Desires”, “Vaska”, “Cockerel and Family”, “Cow”, “Horses”; fairy tales "Wind and Sun", "Alien Egg", "Lisa Patrikeevna" and many others.
Time has shown that the works of K. D. Ushinsky are still loved by young readers.
2). Reading the story by the teacher.
3). Perception questions:
What did you like about the piece?
What is this piece about?
Why is this work named so?
What impression did the title of the piece have on you?
What genre does this work belong to? Why?
2. Work on the work.
1) Reading the student (for a while).
2) Reading (to yourself) until the end of the story.
Musical minute. Relaxation.
- What did you hear in music?
What pictures did you imagine?
Which illustration fits this story? Why? Justify.
3) Reading aloud.
4) Questions. Selective reading.
How does the sun shine in summer?
What sign - the messenger of rain - is the author talking about?
Questions on the textbook p.126.
What happens in the heat with nature - with fields, trees, birds - and with a person?
That everyone - both nature and people - are waiting?
Why is everyone so happy about the coming thunderclouds?
What fields do the peasants say they rest under fallow?
What does a person, birds experience at noon?
Why do people rejoice in the rain?
How does summer end what spring began? Find passages about this in the text.
What do birds, animals, insects do in summer?
What is happening in the forest at this time?
5) Questions. Work in rows: questions on the board
2 row - What and how does spring change in nature?
3 row - What smells and sounds are heard and what colors are seen in summer? How does the author say about it?
6) Work on the development of speech.
a) Choose words from the text for the following:
Direct rays - sheer
Not moving - won't move
Very much requested - earnestly pray
Hiding between the leaves lurk
Pleasantly smelling linden flowers - fragrant
Flying fast in the air scurry about
Underground corridors - galleries
b)- Find comparisons in the text.
VI.Generalization on the topic of the lesson.
Group work.
1. I give the name of the topic "Summer" - keyword.
2. Performing tasks in groups.
Group 1 - description of the topic. Choose two adjectives (cheerful, sonorous, ...)
Group 2 - description of the action. Choose three verbs (pleases, amuses ...)
Group 3 - attitude to the topic. Choose a phrase that reflects main idea this word. (Summer -…).
Front work.
Clarification of the essence of the topic. Choose one word that expresses the emotional attitude of the author.
VII. Summing up. Reflection.
What did you like about the lesson? What was especially memorable?
Thank each other for the lesson.
VIII.Homework: p.123-126 read, group 1 - memorize paragraph 2, group 2 - detailed retelling p.123-124, group 3 - a detailed retelling of "Summer in the gardens, fields, meadows" (p.125 - paragraphs 1-2-3), group 4 - a detailed retelling of "Birds in the summer".
Group 1: guess the puzzles:
Group 2: Eliminate the extra word, justify your choice -
Summer, winter, spring, year.
March, April, May, June.
Summer, June, July, August.
Group 3: fill in the missing words in proverbs -
Who ... sits in the cold, will cry in winter.
… collects, and winter eats.
Group 1: guess the puzzles:
Group 2: Eliminate the extra word, justify your choice -
Summer, winter, spring, year.
March, April, May, June.
Summer, June, July, August.
Group 3: fill in the missing words in proverbs -
Who ... sits in the cold, will cry in winter.
… collects, and winter eats.
Group 1: guess the puzzles:
Group 2: Eliminate the extra word, justify your choice -
Summer, winter, spring, year.
March, April, May, June.
Summer, June, July, August.
Group 3: fill in the missing words in proverbs -
Who ... sits in the cold, will cry in winter.
… collects, and winter eats.
Group 1: guess the puzzles:
Group 2: Eliminate the extra word, justify your choice -
Summer, winter, spring, year.
March, April, May, June.
Summer, June, July, August.
Group 3: fill in the missing words in proverbs -
Who ... sits in the cold, will cry in winter.
… collects, and winter eats.
T. Shapiro First of June.
Summer has come.
And the warmth of June
The whole earth is warm.
The paper kite is dancing
Somewhere in the clouds
That's what happiness
In my hands!
And I run with laughter
I'm at the meeting of the day.
Hey try wind
Catch me! First of June -
A day of big things.
Day of protection in the world
Little children!
Summer day
How good it is, a summer day,
The shadow plays merrily
Butterfly flutters in the garden
The finch is humming something
At the bush of blooming roses
A flock of dancing dragonflies
And the bee buzzes all day -
She brought fragrant honey.
I draw summer
P. Pranuza
I draw summer
And what color?
Red paint -
Sun,
Roses on the lawns
And green is the field,
Mowing in the meadows.
Blue paint - the sky
And a melodious stream.
And what kind of paint
Will I leave the cloud?
I draw summer
It's very difficult.
June T. Kersten
June is the beginning of summer.
We have been waiting for him for a whole year.
All, warm sun warm, fragrant and blooming.
The trees are green again.
Their new outfit pleases.
And only pines yes ate
Avert their prickly gaze.
Summer of E. Trutneva
If there are thunderstorms in the sky
If the grasses bloomed
If early morning dew
Blades of grass are bent to the ground,
If in the groves above the viburnum
Until the night, the rumble of bees,
If warmed by the sun
All the water in the river to the bottom -
So it's already summer!
So spring is over!
August walks through the forest.
Offers gifts to everyone:
Pears, apples, nuts -
Red squirrels for fun.
Hare fresh carrots
So that the coward jumped deftly.
In the field, buckwheat for mice,
And mushrooms for hedgehogs,
Ripe berries harvest -
Only substitute buckets! Bear cub sweet Honey –
August sends gifts to everyone.
In the forest in summer. K.D. Ushinsky.
There is no expanse in the forest as in the field; but it is good in it on a hot afternoon. And what can you not see enough in the forest! Tall, reddish pines hang out their spiny tops, and green fir-trees arch their thorny branches. A white, curly birch flaunts with fragrant leaves; the gray aspen trembles; and the stocky oak spread its carved leaves like a tent. A little white strawberry eye looks out of the grass, and a fragrant berry is already blushing nearby.
White catkins of lily of the valley swing between long, smooth leaves. Somewhere a strong-nosed woodpecker is chopping; the yellow oriole screams plaintively; a homeless cuckoo is counting down the years. A gray hare darted into the bushes; high up between the branches a tenacious squirrel flashed with its fluffy tail. Far away in the thicket, something cracks and breaks: isn’t the clumsy bear bending the arcs?
morning rays. Ushinsky K.D.
A red sun swam up into the sky and began to send its golden rays everywhere - to wake the earth.
The first beam flew and hit the lark. The lark started, fluttered out of the nest, rose high, high and sang his silver song: “Oh, how good it is in the fresh morning air! How good! How fun!”
The second beam hit the bunny. The bunny twitched his ears and hopped merrily across the dewy meadow: he ran to get himself juicy grass for breakfast.
The third beam hit the chicken coop. The rooster flapped its wings and sang: ku-ka-re-ku! The chickens flew off our nests, clucked, began to rake up rubbish and look for worms. The fourth beam hit the hive. A bee crawled out of the wax cell, sat on the window, spread its wings and - zoom-zoom-zoom! - flew to collect honey from fragrant flowers.
The fifth ray hit the nursery, on the little lazy boy's bed: it cuts him right in the eyes, and he turned on the other side and fell asleep again.
K.D.Ushinsky "Summer
Early summer has the longest days. For about twelve hours the sun does not leave the sky, and the evening dawn has not yet had time to go out in the west, as a whitish stripe appears in the east - a sign of the approaching morning. And the closer to the north, the days in summer are longer and the nights are shorter.
The sun rises high, high in summer, not like in winter: a little higher, and it would be right overhead. Its almost sheer rays are very warm, and by noon they even burn mercilessly. Here comes noon; the sun climbed high on the transparent blue vault of the sky. Only in some places, like light silver lines, cirrus clouds are visible - harbingers of constant good weather, or buckets, as the peasants say. The sun can no longer go higher, and from this point it will begin to descend towards the west. The point from which the sun begins to decline is called noon. Stand facing noon, and the side you are looking at will be south, to the left, where the sun rose from, is east, to the right, where it slopes, is west, and behind you is north, where the sun never shines.
At noon, it is not only impossible to look at the sun itself without a strong, burning pain in the eyes, but it is even difficult to look at the brilliant sky and earth, at everything that is illuminated by the sun. And the sky, and the fields, and the air are filled with hot, bright light, and the eye involuntarily searches for greenery and coolness. "It's too warm! Above the resting fields (those on which nothing has been sown this year) light steam flows. This is warm air filled with vapors: flowing like water, it rises from the very heated ground. That's why our smart peasants say about such fields that they rest under fallow. Nothing moves on the tree, and the leaves, as if tired from the heat, hung. The birds hid in the wilderness; livestock ceases to graze and seek coolness; : everything is waiting for the heat to subside, but for bread, for hay, for trees, this heat is necessary.
However, a long drought is harmful to plants that love heat, but also love moisture; It's hard on people too. That is why people rejoice when thunder clouds roll in, thunder strikes, lightning flashes and refreshing rain waters the thirsty earth. If only the rain was not with hail, which sometimes happens in the middle of the hottest summer: hail is destructive for ripening grain and lays another field with gloss. The peasants zealously pray to God that there will be no hail.
Everything that spring started ends summer. The leaves grow to their full size, and, recently still transparent, the grove becomes an impenetrable home for a thousand birds. In the water meadows, dense, tall grass waves like the sea. It stirs and buzzes the whole world of insects. The trees in the gardens have blossomed. Bright red cherry and dark crimson plum are already flashing between the greens; apples and pears are still green and lurk among the leaves, but in silence they ripen and fill up. One linden is still in bloom and fragrant. In its dense foliage, between its slightly whitening, but fragrant flowers, a slender, invisible chorus is heard. It works with the songs of thousands of cheerful bees on honey, fragrant linden flowers. Come closer to the singing tree: it even smells like honey!
Early flowers have already faded and are preparing seeds, others are still in full bloom. The rye has risen, spiked and is already beginning to turn yellow, agitating like the sea under the pressure of a light wind. Buckwheat is in bloom, and the fields sown with it seem to be covered with a white veil with a pinkish tinge; the same pleasant honey smell rushes from them, with which the flowering linden lures bees.
And how many berries, mushrooms! Like a red coral, juicy strawberries bloom in the grass; transparent catkins of currant hung on the bushes ... But is it possible to list everything that appears in the summer? One ripens after another, one catches up with another.
And the bird, and the beast, and the insect in the summer expanse! The young birds are already chirping in their nests. But while their wings are still growing, caring parents scurry in the air with a cheerful cry, looking for food for their chicks. The little ones have long been sticking their thin, still poorly feathered necks out of the nest and, opening their noses, are waiting for handouts. And there is enough food for the birds: one picks up the grain dropped by an ear, the other one itself pats a ripening cannabis branch or saps a juicy cherry; the third is chasing midges, and they are pushing in heaps in the air. A sharp-sighted hawk, spreading its long wings wide, flies high in the air, vigilantly looking out for a chicken or some other young, inexperienced bird that has strayed from its mother - it will envy and, like an arrow, it will launch itself at the poor thing: she cannot escape the greedy claws of a predatory, carnivorous bird. Old geese, proudly stretching out their long necks, cackle loudly and lead their little children into the water, fluffy like spring lambs on willows, and yellow like egg yolk.
A furry, multicolored caterpillar worries on its many legs and gnaws on leaves and fruits. There are already a lot of colorful butterflies fluttering. The golden bee works tirelessly on linden, on buckwheat, on fragrant, sweet clover, on a variety of different flowers, getting everywhere what she needs to make her cunning, fragrant combs. The incessant rumble stands in apiaries (bee houses). Soon the bees will become crowded in the hives, and they will begin to swarm: to divide into new industrious kingdoms, of which one will remain at home, and the other will fly off to look for new housing somewhere in a hollow tree. But the beekeeper will intercept the swarm on the road and plant it in a brand new hive prepared for him long ago. Ant has already set up many new underground galleries; the thrifty hostess of the squirrel is already beginning to drag the ripening nuts into her hollow. All freedom, all expanse!
A lot, a lot of work for a peasant in the summer! So he plowed the winter fields and prepared for the autumn a soft cradle for a grain of bread. Before he had finished plowing, it was already time to mow. Mowers, in white shirts, with shiny and ringing scythes in their hands, go out into the meadows and together mow down the tall, already seeded grass to the roots. Sharp braids glisten in the sun and tinkle under the blows of a sand-filled spatula. Women also work together with a rake and dump the already dried hay into piles. The pleasant ringing of braids and friendly, sonorous songs rush everywhere from the meadows. High round haystacks are already being built. The boys wallow in the hay and, pushing each other, burst into ringing laughter; and the shaggy horse, all covered with hay, barely drags a heavy shock on a rope.
No sooner had the hayfield moved away than the harvest began. Rye, the breadwinner of the Russian people, has ripened. The ear, heavy with many grains and yellowed, bent strongly to the ground; if you still leave it in the field, then the grain will begin to crumble, and God's gift will be lost without use. Throwing scythes, mistaken for sickles. It is fun to watch how, having scattered over the field and bending down to the very ground, the slender rows of reapers are cutting high rye under the root, putting it in beautiful, heavy sheaves. Two weeks of such work will pass, and on the field, where until recently high rye was agitated, cut straw will stick out everywhere. But on a compressed strip, tall, golden heaps of bread will become rows.
No sooner had the rye been harvested than the time had come for golden wheat, barley, and oats; and there, you look, the buckwheat has already turned red and asks for braids. It's time to pull the linen: it just lays down. So the hemp is ready; flocks of sparrows fuss over it, taking out oily grain. It's time to dig and potatoes, and apples have long been falling into the tall grass. Everything sings, everything ripens, everything must be removed in time; even a long summer day is not enough!
Late in the evening, people return from work. They are tired; but their cheerful, sonorous songs are heard loudly in the evening dawn. In the morning, together with the sun, the peasants will again set to work; And the sun rises so early in the summer!
Why is the peasant so cheerful in the summer, when he has so much work to do? And the work is not easy. It takes a great habit to miss the whole day with a heavy scythe, each time cutting off a good armful of grass, and with the habit, a lot of diligence and patience are still needed. It is not easy to reap under the scorching rays of the sun, bending down to the very ground, drenched in sweat, suffocating from heat and fatigue. Look at the poor peasant woman, how she wipes large drops of sweat from her flushed face with her dirty but honest hand. She does not even have time to feed her child, although he immediately flounders on the field in his cradle, hanging on three stakes stuck in the ground. The screamer's little sister is still a child herself and has recently begun to walk, but even that is not without work: in a dirty, torn shirt, she squats by the cradle and tries to pump up her divergent little brother.
But why is the peasant cheerful in the summer, when he has so much work to do and his work is so difficult? Oh, there are many reasons for this! First, the peasant is not afraid of work: he grew up in labor. Secondly, he knows that summer work feeds him for a whole year and that he must use a bucket when God gives it; otherwise - you can be left without bread. Thirdly, the peasant feels that not only his family, but the whole world feeds on his labors: I, and you, and all the dressed-up gentlemen, although some of them look at the peasant with contempt. He, digging in the ground, feeds everyone with his quiet, not brilliant work, like the roots of a tree feed the proud peaks, dressed in green leaves.
A lot of diligence and patience is needed for peasant work, but not a little knowledge and experience are also required. Try to press, and you will see that it takes a lot of skill. If someone without habit takes a scythe, then he will not work much with it. Sweeping a good haystack is no easy task either; one must plow skillfully, and in order to sow well - evenly, not thicker and not less often than it should be - then not even every peasant will undertake this. In addition, you need to know when and what to do, how to make a plow and a harrow, how, for example, to make hemp from hemp, thread from hemp, and weave canvas from thread ... Oh, a peasant knows and knows how to do a lot, a lot, and he can by no means be called an ignoramus, even though he could not read! Learning to read and learning many sciences is much easier than learning everything that a good and experienced peasant should know.
The peasant falls asleep sweetly after hard work, feeling that he has fulfilled his holy duty. Yes, and it is not difficult for him to die: the cornfield cultivated by him and the field sown by him remain to his children, whom he watered, fed, taught to work and instead of himself made workers in front of people.
Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich became famous first of all as the Russian founder of pedagogy, and then as a writer. However, this life talented person was not long, the disease took all his strength from him, he was in a hurry to work and do as much as possible for others. In 1867, he returned to his homeland from Europe and a few years later, in 1871 (according to the new style), he died, he was only 47 years old.
Konstantin Ushinsky really did a lot for Russia. His passionate dream, written in personal diary since youth, it was to become useful to their Fatherland. This man devoted his life to the correct upbringing and enlightenment of the younger generation.
Konstantin Ushinsky: short biography
Kostya was born in Tula on February 19, 1823 in the family of a petty nobleman - a retired officer, a veteran of the war of 1812. The biography of Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich indicates that he spent his childhood in the town of Novgorod-Seversky, located in the Chernigov province, in a small parental estate, where his father was sent to work as a judge. His mother died very early, at that time he was 12 years old.
After graduating from a local gymnasium, Konstantin became a student at the law faculty of Moscow University. He graduated with honors. Two years later, he became acting professor of cameral sciences at the Law Lyceum of Yaroslavl.
However, his brilliant career interrupted very quickly - in 1849. Ushinsky was fired for "riots" among students, this was facilitated by his progressive views.
The beginning of pedagogical activity
Konstantin Ushinsky was forced to work in a minor bureaucratic position in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Such activities did not satisfy him and even disgusted him (he himself wrote about this in his diaries).
Most great pleasure writer received from literary work in the journals "Library for Reading" and "Contemporary", where he posted his articles, translations from English and reviews of materials published in foreign print media.
In 1854, Konstantin Ushinsky began working as a teacher, then as an inspector at the Gatchina Orphan's Institute, where he showed himself to be an excellent teacher, an expert in the basics of upbringing and education.
Proceedings
Under the influence of the development of the social and pedagogical movement in 1857-1858. Ushinsky writes several of his articles in the Journal for Education, which became a turning point in his life, authority and fame immediately came to him.
In 1859, he received the post of inspector of the Smolny in this well-known institution, closely associated with royal family At that time, an atmosphere of fawning and servility flourished. All training was carried out in the spirit of Christian morality, which ultimately boiled down to instilling secular manners, admiration for tsarism and a minimum of real knowledge.
reforms
Ushinsky immediately reformed the institute: despite the resistance of reactionary teachers, he introduced new plan learning. Now the main subject was the Russian language and literature, as well as natural Sciences. In the lessons of physics and chemistry, he introduced experiments, as these visual principles of teaching contributed to a better assimilation and understanding of topics. At this time, the best teachers were invited - methodologists in literature, geography, history, etc., and these are V. I. Vodovozov, D. D. Semenov, M. I. Semevsky.
An interesting decision was the introduction by him of a two-year pedagogical class in addition to the general education of seven classes, so that the pupils would be better prepared for useful work. He also puts into practice pedagogical work conferences and meetings for teachers. Pupils also receive the right to relax on vacation and on holidays with their parents.
All these events were very happy Konstantin Ushinsky. A biography for children will also be interesting because it was for them that he wrote a lot. amazing fairy tales and stories.
Children's reader
At the same time, in 1861, Ushinsky created an anthology "Children's World" in the Russian language for lower grades in two parts, which included material on natural science.
In 1860-1861. he edits the "Journal of the Ministry of National Education", completely changes the uninteresting and dry program there and turns it into a scientific and pedagogical journal.
Mr. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich devotes all his time to this matter. A brief biography indicates that his works have brought many benefits to society. He writes and publishes rather reactionary articles in journals. The author could not but pay for such self-will. He was harassed, colleagues accused him of political unreliability and freethinking.
Experience in Europe
In 1862 he was fired from the Smolny Institute. And then the Tsarist government sends him abroad on a long business trip to study European women's education. Ushinsky perceives this trip as a link.
However, he gets down to business, studies everything with great interest and visits a number of European countries. In Switzerland, he is especially scrupulous in studying the setting primary education. Konstantin Ushinsky presents his conclusions and generalizations in the textbook for class reading "Native Word" and the training manual for it. Then he prepares two volumes of "Man as an Object of Education" and collects all the materials for the third.
Illness and misfortune
In his last years, he spoke as a writer. He published many articles on Sunday schools and about schools for the children of artisans, he was also a member of the Pedagogical Congress in the Crimea. In 1870, in Simferopol, he visited several educational institutions and willingly met with teachers and their pupils.
One of the teachers I.P. Derkachev recalled that in the summer of 1870, Ushinsky, upon returning home from the Crimea to the farm of Bogdanka in the Glukhovsky district (Chernihiv region), wanted to visit his friend N.A. Korfu in the Yekaterinoslav region, but could not do it. One of the reasons was his cold, and then tragic death his eldest son Paul. After that, Ushinsky and his family moved to live in Kyiv and bought a house on Tarasovskaya. And immediately with his sons, he goes to be treated in the Crimea. On the way, Konstantin Ushinsky catches a bad cold and stops in Odessa for treatment, but soon dies, this was in January 1871 (according to the new style). He was buried in Kyiv in
Favorite women of Ushinsky
Nadezhda Semyonovna Doroshenko became the wife of K. D. Ushinsky. He met her back in Novgorod-Seversky. She was from an ancient Cossack family. Ushinsky married her in the summer of 1851 during a business trip in this city. They had five children.
Daughter Vera (by her husband Poto) in Kyiv at her own expense opened the Men's City School, named after her father. The second daughter, Nadezhda, used the proceeds from her father's labors to create an elementary school in the village of Bogdanka, where Ushinsky once lived.
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Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution
Kindergarten No. 160 combined type
Pedagogical project
Topic: “Introduction to the work of K.D. Ushinsky
Completed:
teacher Tretyakova N.A.
Nizhny Tagil 2014
Introduction
The formation of coherent speech is one of the most difficult tasks facing teachers and their pupils at senior preschool age. native nature is a powerful source from which children draw knowledge and impressions. Interest in the surrounding objects of inanimate and animate nature manifests itself very early. Children notice everything: a fast bird, an industrious ant, a tiny spider, a bright butterfly on flower petals. Maintaining the interest of the child in the world around me, I rely on works of art Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky. A wonderful teacher and writer, he lived almost a hundred years ago, his stories are surprisingly vivid and close to children, they reveal small and big secrets. vast world which they are just beginning to understand. The works of the writer are interesting to retell and dramatize, they became the basis for the realization of the goal and objectives of the project.
Objective of the project: To form coherent speech and improve the lexical and grammatical structure of children's speech, arouse interest in the world around them, form realistic ideas about nature, a cognitive attitude towards it through acquaintance with the works of Ushinsky.
Project objectives:
To acquaint children with the work of K.D. Ushinsky;
To form a coherent speech of children, to promote the development creativity to develop fine motor skills;
Cultivate a humane attitude towards nature.
Project participants: children 5-7 years old, educators, leader visual activity, parents.
Project duration: 1 month.
The main forms of project implementation:
Reading fiction;
Retelling of the work;
Finger games;
Outdoor games;
Project implementation principles:
Accounting age features pupils of the preschool educational institution;
Integration;
Coordination of pupils' activities;
Continuity interactions and families.
Expected result:
Improving the coherent speech of children, developing creative abilities, developing fine motor skills;
Raise pedagogical culture parents;
Repetition in game situations knowledge gained during the project implementation
Formation of realistic ideas about nature, education of a humane attitude towards it.
Project activity product:
Exhibition of works of children's creativity based on the stories of K. D. Ushinsky;
Card file of mobile, didactic, finger games;
Illustrations for the stories of the writer;
Consultation for parents "Book and child".
Photo report of the project.
Stages of work on the project:
1. Goal setting.
2. Formulation of the problem, explanation of the relevance of the project topic.
3. Project development:
Bringing to the attention of the project participants the importance of this problem;
Drafting perspective plan events;
Material and technical equipment of the project;
Organization of work to create conditions for the implementation of the project;
Organization of methodical work;
4. Implementation of the project.
Work aimed at solving problems that contribute to the implementation of the project goal.
5. Presentation of the project (photo report).
Acquaintance with the work of K.D. Ushinsky
creativity Ushinsky fairy tale story
There is no person in our country who would not know fairy tales about the chicken ryaba, about the bun, about brother Ivanushka and sister Alyonushka, would not read the story "Four Wishes", would not repeat the sly joke about the lazy Tit: "Tit, go thresh." - "The belly hurts." - "Tit, go eat jelly." - "Where's my big spoon?"
All these and many other fairy tales, stories and jokes, just as well known to everyone, were composed by Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky, others were retold.
Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky was born more than one hundred and fifty years ago, in 1824.
He spent his childhood in Ukraine, in small town Novgorod-Seversk and studied at the local gymnasium.
The gymnasium, Ushinsky recalled, was housed in an old, dilapidated building that looked more like a barn than a school: “The windows in the old frames trembled, rotten floors, filled with ink and trampled with heel nails, creaked and jumped; split doors pretended to be bad, long old benches , which have completely lost their original coloring, have been cut and written over by many generations of high school students. There was nothing but something on these benches! And boxes of the most intricate work, and intricate, polysyllabic channels for ink ejection, and angular human figures - soldiers, generals on horseback , portraits of teachers; and countless sayings, countless fragments of lessons written down by a student who did not rely on his memory, cells for the game of skubki, which consists in the fact that the schoolboy, who managed to put three crosses in a row, mercilessly tore his partner by the forelock ... In the lower classes were so stuffy that some new teacher, not yet accustomed to our gymnasium atmosphere, would wince and spit for a long time before starting his lesson.
But the director of the gymnasium I.F. Timkovsky is a writer and historian, kind and educated person, managed to instill in high school students respect for knowledge, for science, and those high school students who studied well enjoyed great respect among their comrades.
After high school, Ushinsky studied at Moscow University. After graduating from university, he became a teacher himself.
At first he worked in Yaroslavl, then he was appointed to teach Russian literature - as the lessons of Russian language and literature were then called in schools - at the Gatchina Orphan's Institute, where orphans lived and studied.
When Ushinsky began teaching at the Gatchina Institute, he found that his students and students knew very little about all subjects.
He saw the same thing at the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, where he was later transferred and where the daughters of the nobles were brought up. The girls were sure that buns grow on trees, and when one day they were asked to write an essay "Sunrise", they could not even explain why the sun rises and sets.
But the worst thing was that they considered learning a martyr's torment and punishment.
And so it is in all schools.
Ushinsky loved children very much and sympathized with them very much: it was really difficult for them to study. The textbooks they studied with were boring and incomprehensible, and the guys had to memorize them in order not to get a bad mark.
And so Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky decided to write such a textbook, according to which it would be easy and interesting for children to study. And when learning is not torment, then the student both studies and learns more successfully.
And Ushinsky compiled two such textbooks for elementary school. They were called "Native Word" and "Children's World".
"Native Word" and "Children's World" were not at all like the old boring textbooks. They were clear and very interesting. You’ll start reading them and you won’t tear yourself away: you want to know more about what is written on the next page.
Ushinsky placed fairy tales in his books - he heard some of them in childhood and now retold them, and some he invented himself.
He composed stories about what is close to children, what surrounds them in Everyday life: about animals and birds, about natural phenomena, about the children themselves - about their activities and games.
He told the children that the bread they eat, the clothes they wear, the house they live in, are all the work of people, and therefore the most necessary, most respected person in society is a worker: a peasant, an artisan, a worker. .
Together with his friend, a young teacher Modzalevsky, Konstantin Dmitrievich composed poems and songs that were so easy to remember. They are also included in his books.
Among those songs was this one:
Kids, get ready for school!
The rooster has crowed for a long time!
Get dressed up!
The sun looks out the window.
Ushinsky's books revealed to children big and small secrets of the vast world in which they were just beginning to live and in which there was so much unfamiliar, incomprehensible and mysterious.
And most importantly, they revealed the biggest secret: what is the joy and happiness of a person. From the stories and fairy tales of Ushinsky, it was clear to everyone that only a kind, honest and hardworking person can be happy.
For the first time, Ushinsky's books "Native Word" and "Children's World" were published more than a hundred years ago. Many generations learned from them: not only our grandparents, great-grandparents, but also great-great-grandmothers and great-great-grandfathers.
And today's schoolchildren read and love the stories and fairy tales of Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky.
And we can say with confidence that these stories and fairy tales will be read and loved by many, many more new generations, because people will always respect work, knowledge, honesty and kindness.
Tales and storiesK.D. Ushinsky
Bees and flies. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
Bear and log. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
Bees on exploration. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
Forest and stream. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
In the forest in summer. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
Eagle and cat. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
Cheerful cow. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
Woodpecker. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich
Raven and magpie. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich
Goose and crane. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich
Two goats. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich
Goat. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich
Vaska. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich
Cockerel with family. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich
Horse. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich
Bishka. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich
Ducks. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich
Not well tailored, but tightly sewn (Hare and hedgehog). Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich
Bunny complaint. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich
Blind horse. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich
Two plows. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Parable
Wind and sun. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Parable
Children in the grove. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
Alien egg. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
Four wishes. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
Morning rays. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
The leprosy of the old woman-winter. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
The story of an apple tree. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
Viper. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
How the shirt grew in the field. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich. Story
Long-term plan for the implementation of the pedagogical project
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1. Reading the story of K. D. Ushinsky "Four Wishes". 2. Work on the content of the story and illustration. 3. Etude improvisation. 4. Retelling the text by children. 5. Didactic game"Choose a sign." 6. Didactic game "Make a proposal." 7. Physical education "Russian song". 8. Re-reading the story with a mindset for retelling. 9. Retelling the story by children. 10. Productive activity: drawing "Seasons". 11. Search work(together with parents) - find proverbs and sayings about the seasons. |
1. Reading the story of K.D. Ushinsky "Know how to wait." 2. Work on the content of the story. 3. Fizkultminutka "The chicken went out for a walk." 4. Didactic game "What, what, what?". 5. Etude "Cockerel and Hen". 6. finger game"Birds". 7. Working with illustration. 8. Exercise "We remake the fairy tale." 9. Conversation on Russian folk tales "Cat, Cockerel and Fox", "Zaikin's Hut", "Ryaba Hen". 8. Productive activity: tear-off application "Birds". |
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1. Reading the story “Animal dispute K.D. Ushinsky. 2. Work on the content of the story. 3. Working with illustration. 4. Didactic game "Whose, whose, whose?". 5. Etude - improvisation. 7. Re-reading the story. 8. Building a graphic plan for the story. 9. Retelling the text by children according to the graphic plan. 10. Watching pets. 11. Productive activity: children draw their favorite pet. |
1. Reading the fairy tale by K.D. Ushinsky "As it comes around, it will respond." 2.Explanation of unfamiliar words to children. 3. Work on the content of the fairy tale. 4. Etude "The Fox and the Crane". 5. Re-reading the story with the prompts of the children. 6. Retelling the text based on diagrams. 7. Work with proverbs and sayings. 8. Exercise "We are storytellers." 9. Finger gymnastics"Beasts". 10. Productive activity: modeling dishes for a crane and a fox. |
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