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Modern cinema as a plus and a minus for a person.

Modern cinema as a plus and a minus for a person.

04.03.2019

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There is an opinion that modern Russian cinema is going through hard times, is in the deepest crisis and urgently needs to be saved. But maybe it's not so sad? Editorial website offers you its own version of the most worthy films of the XXI century, filmed in Russia. We did not consider the topic of arthouse, choosing films that will appeal to almost everyone.

Of course, our list is not complete, and you can offer your options in the comments.

Return

Suddenly, their dad appears in the life of two brothers, whom they had previously seen only in a photograph. The father pulls the boys out habitual life and takes him on a "campaign" to the island, where he remains alone with them. The film is a real Russian drama, enveloping and forcing you to completely immerse yourself in your world. The second and no less worthy film by Andrey Zvyagintsev, Exile (2007), became a kind of continuation of The Return: here attention is no longer focused on the problem of fathers and children, but on the problems of a man and a woman.

I stay

Dr. Tyrsu, a skeptical and serious person, talk about afterlife always just annoying. Until he found himself on the verge of life and death. Then he realized that life on earth is not so bad.

Dad

The only meaning of the life of this man from a provincial town is his talented son: the young violinist plays big hopes. When he becomes the best student at the conservatory, the father decides to visit his son. But the son meets his father in a completely different way than he expected.

stories

Four stories about different people. Four stories about the life we see around. The authors of the film manage to find the sore points of our time and draw the attention of the viewer to them.

big top show

The film is divided into 2 parts: "Love and Friendship" and "Respect and Cooperation". The development of stories, united by one place and time, occurs in parallel. Big Top Show is an amazing picture showing how unpredictable everything is in our world. Definitely worth watching.

Island

During the Second World War, Anatoly commits a betrayal and, on the orders of the Germans, shoots his comrade Tikhon. Years pass, and legends are made up about the miraculous abilities of the monk Anatoly. However, the terrible sin that he committed does not give him rest.

What Men Talk About

The film is based on the play "Middle-aged men talk about women, movies and aluminum forks." An excellent guide for women who have no idea what men are talking about in the company of their friends. No less worthy creations with the participation of the Quartet I are the films Election Day (2007) and Radio Day (2008).

Legend No. 17

Film-biography. The whole world knows Valery Kharlamov - the legendary No. 17, who raised our team to the pinnacle of glory. A film about real hockey and one of the most memorable and spectacular sports battles.

cook

A heartfelt film for a quiet pleasant evening. The story of how a little girl had to become an adult and confront this terrible world alone. Why was she left alone?

we are from the future

Four young people are excavating at the sites of military operations of the Great Patriotic War. They are not too worried about the fate of the trophies - the main thing is to make money. Until they themselves are mysteriously transported to 1942, in the midst of heavy fighting.
Patriotic and instructive.

Inadequate people

Vitaly is thirty years old, he is tired of problems and mental discomfort. Looking for a better life he moves to Moscow, finds a job and begins a measured life. It's just that those around him have other plans.

dudes

The story of how the Moscow youth of the 50s had to fight for the right to be different from everyone else: listen to different music, dance boogie-woogie, wear different clothes. A real holiday movie.

House of Sun

Screen adaptation of Ivan Okhlobystin's story "House rising sun". Acquaintance with the leader of the hippie movement changes the correct and prosperous life of the girl Sasha. New friends show her what it means to be free and happy. Sunny, kind and warm movie.

Cinema in modern world no longer seems unusual, but thanks to high technology, we can watch cartoons online, online movies and all kinds of TV shows for free and without delay. We are already so accustomed to this that we can’t even imagine what the world was like without cinema.

20th century - Development time the newest kind art - cinema, the emergence of which was made possible thanks to technological advances. Cinematography - view artistic creativity, which, with the help of cinematographic technology, operating with a moving image and sound, reproduces reality in artistic and documentary images. Synthesizing and absorbing artistic experience literature, theatrical and visual arts, music, and refracting it through its own characteristics and specifics, cinematography has its own visual and expressive means, among which the main ones are the photographic nature of the image moving in time and installation. social functions and the importance of cinematography, which has a huge ideological and artistic influence on the formation of views and beliefs, aesthetic tastes and feelings, and the spiritual culture of people. Cinematography significantly expands the possibilities of figurative expression and enhances the public resonance of artistic activity. There are five types of cinematography: feature or feature cinema, which embodies the works of film dramaturgy by means of performing arts; documentary films, the material for which is the shooting of real events; animated (animation) cinema - a type of cinematography that reflects reality with the help of drawings or photographs taken on film, three-dimensional objects; scientific cinema, which combines popular science, research and techno-propaganda cinema; video clip - a kind of video film, which is characterized by fast editing, saturation with electronic special effects, conciseness. Feature films are divided into genres (adventure, melodrama, tragedy, comedy, psychological story, western, musical film, thriller, etc.). , where in 1895 the brothers Louis and Auguste Lumiere developed and patented an apparatus (cinema) for shooting and projecting a moving image. At first, cinema amazed people only with its technical capabilities and was only an attraction; short stories were shown. Subsequently, it becomes clear that cinema can become a profitable business, and therefore its material base, the technique of shooting, editing, and display is growing rapidly. At first, France was the center of film production, then film studios appear in many countries. One of the first to shoot art films began J. Méliès, who created a film studio in France (1896). He made feature films "Cinderella", "Little Red Riding Hood", "Journey to the Moon" - about 4 thousand films in total. Méliès, the director, developed the film stunt technique. An outstanding role in the development of world cinema was played by the American film director Ch. Chaplin (1889-1977, films " Golden fever", "Lights big city", "Modern Times", "The Great Dictator"), which created the tragicomic image of the "little man". The American director D. Griffith (1875-1948) in the films "The Birth of a Nation", plan", installation of shots. The first Russian film entrepreneur A. Khanzhonkov in 1907-1908 began the production of domestic feature films, built a film factory in Moscow, several cinemas, including Khudozhestvenny and Moscow. Filming began in Ukraine in 1909 comedies, dramas and vaudevilles from the repertoire and performed by actors of Ukrainian theaters: "Shelmenko the Batman", "Moskal the Magician", "The Night Before Christmas" Soviet film directors S. Eisenstein, V. Pudovkin, A. Dovzhenko, Dziga Vertov, their films "Battleship Potemkin", "Mother", "Earth" and others became an important stage in the development of world cinema. gg) made it possible to more actively exercise an emotional and aesthetic impact on the viewer, to achieve greater expressiveness. Neorealism originated among the anti-fascist Resistance as a reaction of democratic culture to spiritual stagnation during the reign of B. Mussolini. Aesthetic principles Neorealism was formulated by C. Zavattini: the maximum convergence of the screen story to the realities of life, the rejection of the plot and the involvement of non-professional actors. They were first realized in the films "Obsession" by L. Visconti and "Children look at us" by V. de Sica. The manifesto of neorealism was the painting by R. Rossellini "Rome - open city". Neorealism is characterized by democracy and humanism, attention to the life of the common man, adherence to the principle of fidelity of fact. In the 50-60s, a new step in mastering artistic means cinematography was the work of F. Fellini, M. Antonioni, P. Pasolini and the Swedish director I. Bergman. French cinema of that time, recreating the problems of post-war reality, also reflected the events of World War II and the Resistance (directors R. Clement, L. Daken, J Becker, J.P. Le Read). In addition, a direction called "New Wave" was born in it, which was represented by directors J. L. Godard ("Breathless"), A. Rene ("Hiroshima - my love"), F. Truffaut ("400 blows" , "American Night"), K. Chabrol ("Handsome Serge", "Cousins"), J. Demy "The Umbrellas of Cherbourg") and others. Precious commercial cinema "New Wave" contrasted modest, without movie stars and staged effects, filmed with little money, as a rule, by an unknown director from a sketch script. Representatives of the "New Wave" showed interest in young generation and skepticism towards traditional social values. The directors of the "new wave" denied their involvement in one artistic group, but their films have much in common. The poetics of the "New Wave" developed the principle of first-person narration, introduced reportage spontaneity, mixing the literary language with non-standardized vocabulary, demonstrated the possibility of revealing inner world character through introspection. Now the center of world film production and cartoon production is the United States. An integral sign of life modern man television became (gr. tele - far) - the transmission of images of moving and stationary objects over a distance using electrical signals propagating through communication channels. 1988), A. Popova (1895). B. Rosing in 1911 conducted the world's first television broadcast under laboratory conditions. The first experimental television broadcasting station (black and white image) was created in the USA (1929), constant television broadcasts began in Great Britain (1936). Color television appeared in the USA (1956). In the USSR, regular television broadcasts began in 1939 (Moscow), and in 1951 in Kiev. In the first decades of its existence, television was limited to the role of the media, carrying messages about events taking place in the world. Subsequently, a system of information and journalistic television is being formed, artistic, musical, entertainment, and educational programs are being created. Television is becoming increasingly popular for its efficiency, the ability to convey the necessary information to a large audience. In the second half of the twentieth century. mass culture is spreading, designed for an accessible, underestimated level of perception. Its appearance is associated with the development of mass media - the press, radio, television, cinema, video, sound recording, the Internet, which contributed to the replication and dissemination of cultural phenomena, bringing them to the masses. The United States is considered the birthplace of popular culture. The typical genres of mass culture are detective stories, female romance, fantasy, thriller, western, action movie, TV series, melodrama, horror film, comics, musical, pop music, fashion, etc. Mass culture is created based on commercial success and is very often highly professional, created by talented filmmakers, writers and actors , composers, singers. The works of mass culture, as a rule, are entertaining. Mass culture is a primitive imitation high culture, therefore, the term "kitsch" is used in relation to mass culture (German kitsch - cheap products, bad taste; verkitschen - cheap to sell). Being accessible to millions of people, mass culture has a powerful ideological and aesthetic impact, creating stereotypes of behavior and lifestyle.

Cinema(from Greek κινημα, genus κινηματος - movement and Greek γραφω - to write, draw; that is, “recording movement”) - a branch of human activity that consists in creating moving images. Sometimes also referred to as cinematograph(from fr. cinematographe, obsolete) and cinema. Cinematography was invented in late XIX century and became extremely popular in the 20th century.

The concept of cinema includes cinematography - a type of modern fine art, the works of which are created using moving images, and the film industry (film industry) - a branch of the economy that produces films, special effects for films, animation, and demonstrates these works to the audience. Film works are created with the help of film technology. Film science is the study of cinema. The films themselves can be filmed in various genres fiction and documentary films.

Cinematography occupies a significant part modern culture many countries. In many countries, the film industry is a significant sector of the economy. Motion picture production is centered on film studios. Films are shown in cinemas, on television, distributed "on video" in the form of video cassettes and video disks, and with the advent of high-speed Internet, it has become available download movies in the form of video files on specialized sites or through peer-to-peer networks (which may violate the rights of movie copyright holders).

History of cinema

1. The emergence of cinema

The history of cinema begins in the 19th century. Although photography as a method of capturing still images appeared as early as the first half of the 19th century, in order for the process of shooting and reproducing movement to become possible, it was required that photography could take place with short shutter speeds. But even after the appearance of the corresponding types of photographic emulsions in the 70s of the 19th century. The movie didn't come out right away. What seems obvious to us today, the inventors and pioneers of cinema did not immediately understand. Dozens of attempts were made to create systems for recording and reproducing moving images, in which the famous Edison even took part, but his system turned out to be inconvenient, designed only for individual viewing, which did not allow Edison to succeed.

As a result, the French brothers Louis and Auguste Lumiere became recognized as the inventors of cinema. The Lumiere equipment turned out to be very convenient, with its help it was easy to shoot and show films on big screen, which predetermined the success of their invention. "Cinematograph" (or "cinematograph") - this is what the Lumiere device was called.

The first public demonstration was given in Paris as early as March 1895, but happy birthday movie another date is considered, December 28, 1895, when the first commercial film show took place (this happened in the basement of the Grand Cafe on Boulevard des Capucines).

In their sessions, the Lumières showed several short (only 50 seconds) videos, the first of which was "Exit Workers from the Factory." However, the most popular of these commercials was a commercial called "The Arrival of the Train." The train on the screen seemed to be approaching the hall, which looked very realistic and made a strong impression on the audience.

frame from the film "Arrival of the train"

2. The initial period of the development of cinema

After the ingenious invention of the Lumières, there was cinema, but not yet movie. The pioneers who created systems for recording and reproducing images did not foresee all the possibilities of using cinema. The Lumières believed that the main function of their invention was to record and preserve newsreels for posterity. Others saw the display of moving pictures as just a fun diversion. However, even in the absence of story films, cinematography quickly gained popularity. Interest in cinema sessions by some influential people, heads of state, including the Russian Tsar, greatly contributed to the spread of cinema throughout the world.

Soon, the director of one of the Parisian theaters, Georges Méliès, became interested in cinema. He was the first to appreciate the possibilities of cinema, seeing in it, first of all, an excellent means of greatly expanding the possibilities of the stage. He was the first to make films according to scripts, to use many film-specific tricks and special effects, and in general became one of the main founders of cinema as an independent art form. One of the most famous films Méliès is "Journey to the Moon" (1902)

During the first decade of the 20th century the length and variety of motion picture scenarios has been gradually and steadily increased. Society's attitude to cinema is changing - from perceiving it only as a form of entertainment to perceiving it as a form of art. In 1908, the concept of “film d'ar” - “feature film” - already appears in France.

By 1910, 70% of films were still made in France. However, other countries, in the first place, such as the USA, Great Britain, Germany, are also beginning to have a noticeable influence on the development of world cinema. At the beginning of the century, the typical length of a film was 15 minutes, by 1910 there were quite a few films with a duration of about an hour, and in 1915 the American Griffith made the film The Birth of a Nation (on the theme civil war in the USA) lasting already as much as 3 hours. Despite the fact that the content of the film, being racist in nature, caused riots in the United States, this film also won big success from the public (about 100 million people watched it) and brought huge box office receipts to the creators.

In the 1920s, the film industry was already beginning to take shape in the United States, films were being put on stream, and directors were being forced out of the main roles. producers. A standard Hollywood system is being formed - the producer selects and buys the script according to which the film should be shot, he also invites the director, he also chooses the actors, as a rule, from among the so-called. "stars", the very fact of whose participation in the film is already, in fact, a certain bait for the viewer. One of the most successful productions of American cinema in the 1920s was comedy, especially with Charlie Chaplin.

Nevertheless, a significant part in the development of world cinema, the introduction of new techniques and discoveries into it, was at the same time European cinema. In German cinema, a direction is developing, called expressionism, and in French vanguard. European directors are looking for and are looking for new methods that can significantly enhance the expressiveness of the image of scenes and objects in cinema, by using various techniques that affect the subjective impressions of the viewer, and expand the possibilities of film language.

Before the revolution, Russian cinema mainly followed the path of copying Western models. However, in the 1920s, Soviet directors themselves began to actively experiment with expressive possibilities movie. Particular attention is paid to attempts to increase expressiveness with the help of special tactics for editing film fragments. The finds of some directors, especially Sergei Eisenstein, entered the golden fund of world cinema.

3. Development of sound cinema

Until 1927, almost all films were "silent", they contained only the image, without sound. In the early 1920s, the first system capable of recording and playing sound films appeared, but filmmakers were cautious for a long time, fearing a significant increase in the cost of production and distribution of films. The first to experiment was the American company Warner Bros. In 1927, it released the first film in which a character on the screen talks - The Jazz Singer.

The advent of sound in the cinema somewhat reduces the role of artistic expressiveness, which was previously designed to largely compensate for the absence of sound. The sound prompted the creation of a more realistic, narrative-driven, and less conventional cinema. Some well-known directors and actors (including Charlie Chaplin) opposed sound cinema or for sound not to interfere with their visual experiments, but sound very quickly gained a place in cinema, and during the 1930s, almost all films became sound. The variety of artistic techniques and expressive means in cinema is decreasing, but the role of dialogues, which carry the main meaningful and expressive, is significantly enhanced. load in a sufficiently large group of films.

In the United States, as a result of the Great Depression, the entire film industry finally finds itself in the hands of big capital, which sees main task cinematography in churning out films of the same type, designed primarily for commercial success. These films were of high quality, but shot according to standard recipes and devoid of any signs of the author's style, which is not surprising, since the director who made the film had the most minimal freedom.

In the USSR (and especially in Germany), directors were under pressure from the regime, which also limited the opportunity for experimentation. In the USSR, a bet was made on "socialist realism" and the creation of a smaller number, but with a higher quality, films, this trend continued until the famous twentieth congress and the beginning of the "thaw" (1956).

IN postwar period(late 40s and 50s), a significant contribution to the development of world cinema was made by Italian (with its so-called neorealism), as well as Japanese cinema (especially films made by director Akiro Kurosawa).

4. Development of color cinema

The introduction of color into cinema was slower than the introduction of sound. The technical possibilities for creating satisfactory color films appeared as early as the 1930s, and in 1939 one of the first color films was shot in the United States, which gained immense popularity - Gone with the Wind, but the steady preponderance of color films over black-and-white began to take shape only in 60-70s. In addition, the characteristics of the film are gradually improving - its light sensitivity is increased, which in many cases allows you to do without additional illumination, to shoot in more difficult conditions.

In the post-war period, the development of cinematography turned out to be connected to a certain extent with social and political trends. In the USSR and countries of Eastern Europe after the onset of the “thaw”, there is a surge in the development of cinema, at this time new films are being shot here interesting movies, new famous names. IN Western Europe at this time, experiments continue with new ways of conveying the psychological mood of the characters, psychological expressiveness, while in the United States, on the contrary, cinema is moving along the path of strengthening pure entertainment. Subsequently, under the pressure of competition from television in the United States, the tendency to create expensive, with a large number special effects and scenery, films - "blockbusters".

5. Latest trends

The latest, most significant innovations in cinema are associated with the beginning of the widespread use of computer graphics, and not only in those cases and scenes where it is difficult to depict something by conventional means, but almost everywhere. One of the most advanced in terms of the total use of computer graphics was the film "The Matrix", and computer effects (along with, of course, an extraordinary and deeply thought-out script) ensured the film was a huge success. Now computer graphics, allowing you to easily carry out the “mixing” of an image taken from life and brought in using a computer, which is imperceptible on the screen, sets new standards for entertainment and realism (when it comes to complex and atypical scenes) of cinema.

Movie genres

Genre (French genre, Latin genus - genus, species) - a group of films, identified on the basis of similar features of their construction. The genre system of cinema is not complete, it does not have strict boundaries. The main, largest genres of modern cinema are described below. The definition of a work to a specific genre is conditional and ambiguous. This is confirmed by the examples I have given of films of different genres, some of which have been used more than once.
Genres: action , western , detective , drama , historical , comedy , romance , adventure , thriller , horror , fantasy .

Action

In an action movie, the focus is on violence: fights, harassment, and so on. These films are often high budget, filled with stunt work and special effects. Films of this genre often do not have an intricate plot, the main character usually faces evil in its most obvious manifestation: corruption, terrorism, kidnapping, murder. Finding no other way out, the protagonist decides to resort to violence. As a result, dozens and sometimes hundreds of villains are destroyed. Most fighters are not recommended for consideration by persons under 16 years of age. A happy ending is an obligatory sign of an action movie, "harm must be punished."
I recommend:
Russian- "First After God", "Shadow Fight", "Antikiller", "Brother", "Sisters"
foreign- Fight Club, The Matrix, Die Hard, The Bourne Trilogy, Terminator, Robocop, Face Off, Sin City, Mission Impossible, Resident Evil

Western

IN classic films of this genre, the action takes place in the Wild West of America in the 19th century. The conflict usually unfolds between a gang of criminals, government officials and bounty hunters. As in a regular action movie, the conflict is resolved by violence with shooting. Westerns are saturated with the atmosphere of freedom and independence characteristic of the western United States.
I recommend:
Russian- "The Man From the Boulevard des Capucines"
foreign- McKenna's Gold, Once Upon a Time in the West, Red Sun, The Quick and the Dead, Dances With Wolves

Detective (Mystery)

Detective is a genre whose works contain illustrations criminal acts followed by an investigation and identification of the perpetrators. The viewer, as a rule, has a desire to conduct their own investigation and put forward their own version of the crime.
I recommend:
"Silence of the Lambs", "From Hell", "9th Gate", "Saw", "Fight Club", "Bodyguard", "Vanilla Sky", "Mind Games", "23"

Drama

Films of this genre are distinguished by plot, conflict of action, a lot of dialogues and monologues. Dramas mainly depict the private life of a person and his acute conflict with society, drawing attention to universal contradictions in the behavior and actions of specific characters in the film.
Tragedy a sub-genre of drama. Its basis is also the clash of the individual with the world, society, fate, the struggle of strong characters and passions. But, unlike drama, tragedy usually ends with the death of the protagonist.
I recommend:
Russian- "Scarecrow", "Intergirl", "Siberian Barber", "Driver for Vera", "72 Meters", "Morphine"
foreign- The Notebook, The Green Mile, A Beautiful Mind, City of Angels, Ghost, Sid & Nancy, Babylon, P.S. I Love You", "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind", "Autumn in New York", "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", "Split", "Memoirs of a Geisha", "Gone with the Wind"

Historical film (History)

Films of this genre show real-life events. historical events. Historical films are usually high-budget, have beautiful scenery, impressive extras.
I recommend:
Russian- "9th Company", "Star", "Turkish Gambit", "Admiral", "Taras Bulba"
foreign- Troy, Gladiator, The Other Boleyn Family, Joan of Arc, Saving Private Ryan, Warrior 13, 300, Turkish Gambit

Comedy

The main feature of the comedy is the depiction of characters, conflicts and situations that cause laughter from the audience, raising the mood.
I recommend:
Russian- "Girls", "Operation" Y "And Shurik's Other Adventures", " Caucasian Captive», « Love affair at work”,“ Irony of Fate ”,“ The Most Charming And Attractive ”,“ Radio Day ”,“ Election Day ”
foreign- Always Say YES, Wasabi, Pretty Woman, Legally Blonde, Bruce Almighty, Duplex, The Mask, Rush Hour, Tootsie, Dads

Melodrama (Romance)

The works of this genre reveal the spiritual and sensual world of the characters with a particularly vivid depiction of emotions based on contrast: good and evil, love and hate, etc.
I recommend:
Russian- "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears", "Men", "Carnival", "Princess on Beans", "American Daughter"
foreign- "Welcome to Love", "If Only", "Lake House", "Legends of Autumn", "Paris", "Scent of a Woman", "Groundhog Day", "Bodyguard", "Dirty Dancing"

Adventure

Adventure films are distinguished by a rich plot, a constant change of events, and the active activity of the characters. unlike the action movie, in adventure films, attention is paid to the ingenuity of the characters, the ability to outwit, deceive the villain. Heroes get into difficult situations and get out of them in an original way. A happy ending often ends films in this genre.
I recommend:
Star Wars, Lord of the Rings, Pirates of the Caribbean, The Fifth Element, The Beach, Charlie's Angels, Men in Black, Spider-Man

Thriller

Thriller (English thrill - awe) - a film that causes the viewer to feel a sense of tension, emotion, excitement. The genre has no clear boundaries. Thrillers are often classified as detective-adventure films, horror films.
I recommend:
"What Lies Behind", "Perfume", "Beach", "Saw", "From Hell", "No Face", The Bourne Trilogy, "Kill Bill", "Desperate", "Wolf", "Resident Evil"

Horror

Horror films are designed to scare the viewer, instill fear, anxiety, create an atmosphere of horror or intense expectation of something terrible.
I recommend:
"Nightmare On Elm Street", "The Call", "Scream", "Shelter", "The Haunting of Hill House", "Red Rose", "The Amityville Horror", "House of Wax", "Silent Hill", "6 Demons" Emily Rose, Clown

Fantasy

Fantasy (from the Greek phantastike - the art of imagining) is a genre in which imagination prevails over reality, a picture is generated that is incompatible with the usual ideas of plausibility and everyday life.
fantasy is a subgenre of fantasy films. The main difference between such films is that the action takes place in worlds ruled by "sword and magic". Not only people often appear here, but also various mythological creatures- elves, gnomes, dragons, werewolves, cat people, as well as gods and demons.
Mystic is another subgenre of fantasy films. Actions in such pictures are connected with the interaction of people and various mysterious forces that are not amenable to an unambiguous scientific description.
I recommend:
fantastic- "Fountain", "Cube", "The Fifth Element", "Planet of the Apes", "Wolf", "Frankenstein"
Mystic- "9th Gate", "The Butterfly Effect", "Final Destination", "What Lies Behind", "Vampire Interview", "The Raven", "The Omen"
fantasy- "The Chronicles of Narnia", " Endless story”, “Lord of the Rings”, “Harry Potter”, “Blade”, “Underworld”, “Van Helsing”, “Twilight”

In addition to these most popular genres, the following can be distinguished:

Biography- a genre that is more focused on the individual and her inner world.
gothic romance(Gothic) (English the Gothic novel) - a romantic "black novel" in prose with elements of supernatural "horror", mysterious adventures, fantasy and mysticism (family curses and ghosts). Developed mainly in English Literature. Name - from architectural style Gothic (the action of the novels often takes place in old Gothic castles).
Documentary film(or non-fiction cinema) - a genre of cinema. A documentary is a film based on the shooting of real events and persons. Reenactments of real events do not apply to documentaries. The first documentary filming was made at the birth of cinema. The most common topic for documentaries is interesting events, cultural phenomena, scientific facts and hypotheses, as well as famous people and communities. Masters of this type of cinematography often rose to serious philosophical generalizations in their works. Currently, documentary films have firmly entered the cinema art of the whole world.
Mystic- a genre of cinema in which there are images of supernatural phenomena and spiritual practices aimed at connecting with the other world and supernatural forces.
Soap opera- one of the genres of television series. It features a huge number of episodes and is often broadcast for years.
Tragicomedy- a type of drama that combines the features of tragedy and comedy.
Phantasmagoria- a fantastic performance, an obsession. Phantasmagoria in cinema is a subgenre of science fiction. Phantasmagoria in cinema is a film about something completely unreal, depicting bizarre visions, delusional fantasies. This genre has something in common with abstract art in painting.

Making a movie

In the process of creating a film, art and film technology are inextricably linked, without which cinema is impossible. One of critical aspects film production, which is a kind of commerce - the possibility of making a profit and the size of the invested funds. These types of activities are combined in film production centers - film studios, where administrative buildings and filming pavilions are located.

A film studio is a complex of creative and production units, including film crews, script editorial boards, music editorial offices, lighting workshops, camera equipment workshops, acting departments, warehouses for storing costumes and props, and much more. At large film studios, film associations are sometimes formed, which include several film crews.

As a rule, a producer, or a production company, stands at the origins of a film. Their main task is to find sources of financing for the film project. It is necessary to find such private firms or state structures that would be interested in these investments. The producer often chooses or orders the script himself, invites the director, participates in the selection of actors (casting), artist, etc. In his professional competence includes the study of spectator interest, on the basis of which he builds a strategy for his activities. The producer not only organizes the production process, but also actively participates in the drafting of contracts, film estimates, calendar plan filming.

The film process involves many specialists from the most different professions. The decision to involve certain specialists is also made by the producer, however, the director can act as the initiator of the involvement.

The producer controls the work until the very end, and after the completion of the film, he continues to promote the film and organizes its distribution.

Technological stages of modern film production

The filmmaking process is usually divided into three stages: the preparatory period (eng. Pre-production"Pre-production"), filming period and editing-toning period (eng. post production post-production).

Film production Soviet period provided for the following stages of creating a feature film, which have survived with minor changes to this day:

Film script preparation

Thematic plan;
Application or libretto;
Writing literary script;
Approval of the limit of the cost of the film and the timing of production;

Director's script

Writing a director's script;
Approval of the literary script;
Drawing up an estimate and calendar plan for the preparatory period;

Preparation period

Development of the production project of the film;
Director's script with explications;
Sketches of scenery, combined shooting, costumes, props, make-up, drawings and descriptions for them;
Filming cards and operator's explications;
Frame sketches;
Assembly and technical developments;
Photographic materials characterizing the pictorial side of the picture;
Sound explication of the film;
Calendar and production plan;
General estimate;
Choice of locations for outdoor filming;
Selection of actors and conducting preliminary rehearsals;
Procurement of production facilities;
Approval of the production project of the film;

Production period Filming period

Acceptance of the object;
Development of the object;
Shooting in the pavilion;
Shooting on location;
Trick photography;
Sound recording during filming;

Mounting and tinting period

Film editing;
Voice over;
Music recording;
Noise sound;
Production of inscriptions;
Re-recording of the soundtrack of the film;
Delivery of the film on two films;
Editing the negative;
Printing copies on one film;
Production of a set of initial materials;
Delivery of raw materials;
Production and financial report;
The dissolution of the film crew;

In modern cinema, filmmaking goes through the same stages, except for the difference in technology, which today is mostly digital. For example, there was a stage of creating computer animation, which is performed simultaneously with the stage of creating titles and inscriptions and partially replaces it. Many stages of the editing and tinting period are a thing of the past along with the advent of the latest technologies for working with " digital negative"(Eng. Digital Intermediate). There may also be additional stages of film production: filming the outgoing location, reshooting and additional filming of film episodes, recording additional soundtrack sources and other stages at the discretion of the production company or depending on the circumstances of a particular film.

Preparation period

The first necessary stage on the way to the realization of the idea of a feature film is the creation of a script - its literary basis, which defines the theme, plot, problems, characters of the main characters. For more than centennial history cinematography, the script has gone its way from “scriptwriters on the cuffs”, which briefly described the plot of the future film, to a special literary genre- cinematography.

The longest and most important period in film production is the preparatory period. At large film studios there is a very important subdivision - the information and methodological group, which selects the materials and information necessary to work on any film. This includes historical data, and ideas about the life of the displayed era, the technical and scientific level, clothing style, behavior, etc. The employees of this group contact museums, libraries, galleries, and collectors. Sometimes the studio accumulates large archives that help film crews work on films.

During the preparatory period, the director, having studied a huge amount of material on the subject of the film, develops the concept of the film. The creative team, which, in addition to the director, includes a producer, an artist and a director of photography, creates a director's script and an explication (interpretation by the director future picture, his vision of the film).

The director's script is, in fact, technical description future film. On the basis of the literary script, all episodes of the film are sequentially recorded with their breakdown into separate shooting frames with visual and sound features of their performance.

A storyboard is attached to the director's script - drawings of all frames made by the artist of the film or the director by hand.

During the preparatory period, photo and video tests of locations for outdoor shooting are made.

The director of photography studies the conditions for shooting staged objects in the pavilion interior and on location and creates a cameraman's explication, in which he indicates the features of the light-tonal and color solution object frames. Actors are selected, the first rehearsals are held, sketches of scenery and costumes are developed. In the selection of actors for the main and secondary roles, as well as for participation in extras, the director and producer is assisted by the acting department, which is available at every film studio. There is an extensive card index in which you can find information about film and theater actors: this is data on appearance, roles played, photographs. Particular attention is paid to the visual solution of the film.

The production designer develops sketches of scenery for pavilion and location shootings, costumes, make-up, combined shootings, thinks over and selects props. All this conveys the characteristic features of the era, environment and life. In addition, sketches should give an idea of the style of the film, color and plastic structure. During the same period, the director, together with the artist and cameraman, choose locations for outdoor shooting. As a result, a production project is created, which includes: a director's script and explication, the development of individual episodes and scenes, photo and screen tests, sketches, filming cards and cameraman's explications, detailed storyboards, editing and technical development, photographic materials, explications of the sound design of the film, calendar - production plan and general budget.

An important stage of the preparatory period is the creation and installation of scenery. This stage is especially important in historical or science fiction films that require artificial creation of interiors or landscapes. The production of scenery is carried out by the Studio of decorative and technical facilities of the film studio. Scenery can be erected in a pavilion or on location. Works on the construction of decorative objects are carried out under the supervision and consultation of the production designer.

Filming period

Operator group at work

The staging of any film is carried out by a group of creative and production workers, united for the duration of production in a common team called a film crew. The composition, number and time of existence of the film crew depend on the type, genre, staged complexity of the film. Documentaries can be made small group, in which the presence of a director, cameraman, sound engineer and director is sufficient. Feature-length feature films are produced by a team that can include dozens or even hundreds of employees, depending on the scale and complexity.

Clapperboard with time code indicator

After finishing the preparation for shooting each frame and as soon as all the participants are ready, the shooting process begins.

In the process of filming, an artist-photographer attached to the film crew from the photo workshop shoots frames of photo advertising, and the shooting is carried out by him in the conditions of general shooting lighting. Subsequently, a set is created from these photo frames. advertising photos, transferred to rental organizations and serving for the manufacture of advertising for the film.

Synchro Recording While Shooting

The shooting period of a feature film can last several months, but the correct organization of the shooting and the careful study of their plan during the preparatory period can reduce the shooting period to a minimum, since this is the most expensive stage of film production. When planning filming, an important point is to ensure their continuity and the elimination of downtime for the group.

Mounting and tinting period

The editing and toning period of the film production is the final one. During this period, only the main creative workers and attached specialists from the editing and sound departments remain in the film crew. Therefore, the cost of editing and toning works due to the lack of expenses for staging work, inviting extras and other items is much lower than the cost of filming. The group starts the editing work after the completion of all filming, however, often the editing of the film is carried out in parallel with the shooting, which reduces the time of the editing and toning period. This period, with rare exceptions, consists of standard sequential operations.

Film editing. In the process of shooting, the footage goes to the film editor, who views it, marks it out and organizes it. The director-producer, together with the editing team, selects the most successful takes and gives instructions for editing. After filming of an episode or scene is completed, a rough cut is made. In the case of using video control, a rough cut is made on a video recording received from a TV set. With digital production technology, non-linear editing of a digital negative is used.

Editing table at the film studio

By the beginning of editing and shading work, the production director, using a rough cut made during filming, specifies the editing rhythm of the film, the sequence of scenes and editing transitions between them, checks the length of the film and gives instructions on the final editing. Some production directors carry out the final editing of the film in parallel with the filming, which makes it possible to complete the production of the film almost simultaneously with the end of filming.

During the editing and toning period, the director-producer, together with the attached team of the editing workshop, completes the editing of the film, which began during the filming. At this stage, they have at their disposal the entire captured image, phonograms of synchronous recordings, speech and noise dubbing, recorded music and inscriptions. The assembly shop provides the group with sound editing tables and synchronizers. As a result of the installation work, the film must be prepared for dubbing and re-recording. The image of the film and the soundtracks of speech, music and noise corresponding to it must be mounted in the form of rollers 250 to 300 meters long. Each part of the film edited and prepared for re-recording has several films: a film with the edited working positive of the image and separate phonograms of speech, music and noise. After the installation is completed, curtains, sagging and blackouts are marked out, which are ordered in the combined filming workshop.

Sometimes the work on film editing begins even before filming.
At the desktop, the director draws up a kind of layout on paper, on which he marks the frames with different colors various lengths, composing them in the assembly sequence. At this stage, he already represents the entire film as a whole, building its rhythmic pattern. In the rehearsal, shooting and actually editing periods of film creation, this editing vision of the future film work is concretized, refined, but should never change radically.

Film dubbing

The most important stage in the creation of a modern sound film and one of the most time-consuming, after the filming period, is the dubbing of the film.

The result of this process, as a rule, is the receipt of an analog and digital final soundtrack of the film on a magnetic or other physical medium. Such a phonogram is obtained as a result of mixing and carefully adjusting the ratios of individual phonograms obtained during filming and recordings in the studio. The resulting phonogram is the main source material and is stored along with the negative of the image. When making a film with an optical soundtrack, a copy of the soundtrack obtained as a result of re-recording is converted into a negative of the analog or digital optical soundtrack of the film, which is necessary to obtain combined film copies. Modern technology provides for the production of digital and analog optical soundtracks applied to the film copy. Most often, four types of phonograms are printed simultaneously: two digital SDDS and Dolby Digital, directly printed on film, analog Dolby SR and time code for the DTS digital soundtrack, available on a separate CD.

When both media (the working copy of the image and the overall soundtrack) are ready, the film is handed over on two films admission committee. If the commission approves the received film, the final editing of the negative is carried out in the film processing shop according to the control positive, taking into account the amendments made by the commission. If the edits require re-shooting or re-shooting of scenes, they are re-shot and the whole process is repeated.

Production of titles and inscriptions. Until recently, the production of captions and titles was a complex process carried out in the combined filming workshop by graphic artists. At present, most film captions are produced by computer and then printed onto film by a film recorder or directly edited into digital content in the case of digital production. Every movie has an opening and end credits. All other inscriptions are made depending on the tasks set by the authors.

Replication

After the final editing and the production of titles and inscriptions, an editing film copy is printed from the mounted negative. The specialist of the film processing shop performs the final agreed color setting and the resulting editing film copy passport is subsequently used when printing a double positive (interpositive, “lavender”) aligned in density and color reproduction. From the double positive, several double negatives with a combined soundtrack are printed, which are transferred to the film copying factory. In the case of a rental format that uses a magnetic soundtrack applied to the film copy, the double positive is not superimposed with it. At the factory, double negatives are used to print copies of films intended for distribution in cinemas. On film copies with a magnetic soundtrack, after developing and drying, a magnetic track is applied and a magnetic soundtrack is copied in the electrocopy shop, which in this case is attached to the double negative.

In modern cinema, an integral part of which is distribution on optical discs and on television, the circulation of film copies can be small, and the double negative is digitized and the discs are mastered. In most cases, discs using high-definition television standards are mastered from an aligned intermediate double-positive ("lavender"), which provides best quality video. At digitally film production, a copy of the film obtained after editing and color correction is copied onto hard disks distributed through the cinema network, and part of the print run is printed on film for distribution in provincial and low-budget cinemas that are not equipped with digital projection. Mastering of optical discs in this case is performed directly from the recoded digital film.

TV movies

A separate place in the technology of film production is occupied by films specially shot for distribution on television. Often such films are shot on narrow 16-mm film, which significantly reduces the cost of production with sufficient quality to be shown on TV. Most of modern television films are filmed using electronic technology, without the use of film. An early version of this method was filming with television cameras followed by film recording of the video signal. Often television films made in this way were called television plays.

During the production of a television film, some technological phases are absent: for example, television films do not provide for the printing of film copies, and can be shown even without printing a double negative directly from the original negative by a telecine projector. The production of a soundtrack of a television film also has a simplified technology. Television films are distributed using optical videodiscs, without rental in cinemas.

Film promotion in the market

Promotion (promotion) begins almost simultaneously with the writing of the script, the producer is engaged in this. To promote a film other than the film itself film crew a standard set of promotional materials is being prepared, which includes an extended annotation, a list of the main composition creative team, photographs of the most expressive frames of the film, which are taken by the photographer of the photo department attached to the group during filming on location and in the pavilion. A set of photographs for advertising the film is approved by the director. Some of the photos from the set are sent to print and online media. In addition, for promotion, the film studio is preparing commercials, which are mounted from takes that were not included in the film, or shot specially. Movie posters are important for promotion.

a network of cinemas;
Internet;
radio;
TV;
video;
printed publications;
related products.

Even before the release of the film, an advertising campaign begins: press conferences are held, reports from the shooting are held, commercials are broadcast on television and shown in cinemas, photographs and interviews are published in the press. One of the important points of the promotion is the organization of a high-profile premiere of the film with the invitation of stars and celebrities, providing resonance in the media.

The producer calculates in advance how many theaters will buy the film, how many viewers will watch it, as well as how much it will pay off and what profit it will bring. The promotion of the film is also facilitated by the participation of the picture in various film festivals, nominations for film awards. After the film distribution in the network of cinemas is established, the widespread production of video cassettes and optical discs begins. Sometimes DVDs appear almost simultaneously with the start of the rental on the big screen. The widest audience gets the opportunity to get acquainted with the picture when it comes out on television.

Modern technologies

At present, with the spread of digital technologies, the process of film production has become different from the classical one and represents various combinations of film and digital methods of work. Some technological stages ceased to exist altogether and new opportunities appeared. It is safe to say that no films are made today using exclusively film or digital methods of creation. One of the common techniques of modern cinema is working with a digital negative (Eng. Digital Intermediate). In practice, the editing and toning period is carried out with the help of computers that process a digital image scanned from a negative and digital sound. The duplication also takes place in two techniques in parallel, because modern films intended for a wide audience are released simultaneously for digital cinema, distribution on optical discs and for cinemas equipped with traditional cinema installations.