Vov in literary works of the 20th century. The theme of war in Russian literature of the 20th century

The theme of the Great Patriotic War in literature: essay-reasoning. Works of the Great Patriotic War: "Vasily Terkin", "The Fate of a Man", "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev". Writers of the 20th century: Varlam Shalamov, Mikhail Sholokhov, Alexander Tvardovsky.

410 words, 4 paragraphs

World War broke into the USSR unexpectedly for ordinary people. If the politicians could still know or guess, then the people certainly remained in the dark until the first bombing. The Soviets failed to prepare on a full scale, and our army, limited in resources and weapons, was forced to retreat in the first years of the war. Although I was not a participant in those events, I consider it my duty to know everything about them, so that later I can tell the children about everything. The world must never forget that monstrous struggle. Not only I think so, but also those writers and poets who told about the war to me and my peers.

First of all, I mean Tvardovsky's poem "Vasily Terkin". In this work, the author depicted collective image Russian soldier. This is a cheerful and strong-willed guy who is always ready to go into battle. He rescues his comrades, helps civilians, every day he has a silent feat in the name of saving the Motherland. But he does not build himself a hero, he has enough humor and modesty to keep himself simple and do his job without further ado. This is how I see my great-grandfather, who died in that war.

I also remember Sholokhov's story "The Fate of Man". Andrey Sokolov is also a typical Russian soldier, whose fate contained all the sorrows of the Russian people: he lost his family, was taken prisoner, and even after returning home, he almost ended up on trial. It would seem that it is beyond the power of a person to withstand such an assertive hail of blows, but the author emphasizes that not only Andrey stood - everyone stood to death for the sake of the Motherland. The strength of a hero lies in his unity with the people who shared his heavy burden. For Sokolov, all the victims of the war became family, so he takes the orphan Vanechka to him. I imagine my great-grandmother as kind and persistent, who did not live to see my birthday, but, being a nurse, hundreds of children came out who are teaching me today.

In addition, I remember Shalamov's story "The Last Battle of Major Pugachev." There, a soldier, innocently punished, escapes from prison, but, unable to achieve freedom, kills himself. I have always admired his sense of justice and the courage to stand up for it. He is a strong and worthy defender of the fatherland, and I feel sorry for his fate. But after all, those who today forget that unprecedented feat of selflessness of our ancestors are no better than the authorities that imprisoned Pugachev and doomed him to death. They are even worse. Therefore, today I would like to be like that major who was not afraid of death, just to defend the truth. Today, the truth about that war needs to be defended like never before... And I will not forget it thanks to Russian literature of the 20th century.

Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 5

Performed:

11th grade student

Novikova Svetlana

Introduction 3
"Keep the Human in You" 4
The feat of the people. 7
The problem of feat and betrayal. 10
Man at war. 12
"War has no female face" 14
"War - there is no more cruel word..." 18
The problem of moral choice. 20
Conclusion. 25
References: 27

Introduction

War - there is no crueler word.
War - there is no sadder word.
War - - there is no holier word.

In the anguish and glory of these years...
And on our lips is different
It can't be and isn't.

A. Tvardovsky

When the country orders to be a hero,
Anyone becomes a hero...

(From the song).

To write this essay, I chose the topic “Great Patriotic War in the works of Russian writers of the 20th century,” because it interests me very much. The Great Patriotic War did not bypass my family either. My grandfather and great-grandfather fought at the front. From the stories of my grandmother, I learned a lot about that time. Like how they were starving. And in order to get a loaf of bread, they walked for many kilometers, and despite the fact that my family lived in a village where the Germans did not reach, they still felt their presence and suffered from the war.

It seems to me that writers of different times and peoples will turn to the topic of the Great Patriotic War for a very long time. for a long time. And in our country, this piece of history will always be present in the memory of our grandmothers, and parents, and our children, because this is our history.

Does the gentle sun shine, does the January blizzard rustle, do heavy thunderclouds hang over Moscow, Orel, Tyumen or Smolensk, do people rush to work, scurry through the streets, crowd around bright shop windows, go to theaters, and then, having come home, gather the whole family and drink tea, discussing a peaceful day.

Then, too, there was sun, it was raining, and thunder rumbled, but only bombs and shells echoed it, and people ran through the streets in search of shelter. And there were no shop windows, theaters, amusement parks. There was a war.

My generation knows a lot about the war from grandparents, but this is not enough to have a complete picture of the Great Patriotic War. And it is simply necessary to know about it in order to remember and honor the memory of those people who put their lives on the battlefield for us, for our future, for the sun to have someone to shine on.

There is nothing more valuable than those works about the war, the authors of which themselves went through it. It was they who wrote the whole truth about the war, and, thank God, in Russian Soviet literature there are many of them.

K. Vorobyov himself was a prisoner in 1943, and this story is somewhat autobiographical. It tells about thousands of people who were captured during the Great Patriotic War.

K. Vorobyov describes the life, or rather the existence, (because what we used to call life is difficult to attribute to prisoners) of captive people.
These were days that dragged on like centuries, slowly and equally, and only the lives of prisoners, like leaves with autumn tree fell with astonishing speed. That, indeed, was only existence, when the soul was separated from the body, and nothing could be done, but it was existence also because the prisoners were deprived of elementary human conditions for life. They lost their humanity. Now they were old people, exhausted by hunger, and not soldiers full of youth, strength and courage. They lost their comrades, walking along with them along the stage, only because they stopped from the wild pain in the wounded leg. The Nazis killed and killed them for a hungry stagger, killed for a raised cigarette butt on the road, killed "for the sake of sporting interest."

K. Vorobyov tells a horrific incident when the prisoners were allowed to stay in the village: two hundred voices of begging, pleading, hungry rushed to the basket with cabbage leaves that the generous old mother brought, "those who did not want to die of hunger attacked her."

But a machine-gun burst rang out - it was the escorts who opened fire on prisoners who had huddled together .... That was a war, that was a prisoner, and so ended the existence of many doomed people captured.

K. Vorobyov chooses the young lieutenant Sergei as the main character. The reader knows practically nothing about him, perhaps only that he is twenty-three years old, that he has loving mother yes little sister. Sergey is a man who managed to remain a man, even with the loss of his human appearance, who survived when it seemed impossible to survive, who fought for life and held on to every tiny opportunity to escape ...

He survived typhus, his head and clothes were full of lice, and three or four prisoners huddled with him on the same bunk. And once he found himself under the bunks on the floor, where colleagues threw off the hopeless, for the first time he declared himself, declared that he would live, would fight for life at all costs.

Dividing one stale loaf into a hundred small pieces, so that everything was even and honest, eating one empty gruel, Sergei harbored hope and dreamed of freedom. Sergei did not give up even when there was not even a gram of food in his stomach, when severe dysentery tormented him.

The episode is poignant when Sergei's comrade, Captain Nikolaev, wanting to help his friend, cleansed his stomach and said: "There is nothing else in you." But Sergey, “feeling the irony in Nikolaev’s words,” protested, because “there really is too little left in him, but what is there, in the very depths of his soul, Sergey did not vomit.”

The author explains why Sergei remained a man in the war: “This is the most
“that” can be pulled out, but only with the tenacious paws of death. Only "that" helps to move one's feet through the camp mud, to overcome a mad feeling of anger...
It forces the body to endure until the last drop of blood is used up, it demands to take care of it, without soiling or staining it with anything!

Once, on the sixth day of his stay in the next camp, now in Kaunas, Sergei tried to escape, but was detained and beaten. He became a penitentiary, which means that the conditions were even more inhuman, but Sergey did not lose faith in the “last opportunity” and fled again, straight from the train that was rushing him and hundreds of other penitentiaries to bullying, beatings, torture and, finally, death. He jumped out of the train with his new friend Vanyushka. They hid in the forests of Lithuania, walked through the villages, asked for food from civilians and slowly gained strength. There are no limits to Sergey's courage and bravery, he risked his life at every turn - he could meet with the policemen at any moment. And then he was left alone: ​​Vanyushka fell into the hands of the police, and Sergei burned down the house where his comrade could be. “I will save him from torment and torture! I will kill him myself,” he decided. Perhaps he did this, because he understood that he had lost a friend, wanted to alleviate his suffering and did not want to take the life of young guy fascist. Sergei was a proud man, and self-esteem helped him.

Still, the SS men caught the fugitive, and the worst began: the Gestapo, the death row ... Oh, how amazing it is that Sergei continued to think about life when there were only a few hours left to exist.

Maybe that's why death retreated from him for the hundredth time. She retreated from him, because Sergei was above death, because this “that” is a spiritual force that did not allow surrender, ordered to live.

We part with Sergey in the city of Siauliai, in a new camp.

K. Vorobyov writes lines that are hard to believe: “... And again, in painful thought, Sergei began to look for ways out of freedom. was

Sergey has been in captivity for more than a year, and it is not known how many more words: “run, run, run!” - almost annoyingly, in time with the steps, minted in Sergey’s mind.

K. Vorobyov did not write whether Sergei survived or not, but, in my opinion, the reader does not need to know this. You just need to understand that Sergei remained a man in the war and will remain so until his last minute, that thanks to such people we won. It is clear that there were traitors and cowards in the war, but they were overshadowed by strong spirit a real person who fought for his life and for the lives of other people, remembering lines similar to those that Sergey read on the wall of the Panevėžys prison:

Gendarme! You are as stupid as a thousand donkeys!

You will not understand me, in vain the mind is power:

How am I from all the words in the world

Mileier I don’t know than Russia? ..

The feat of the people.

It is impossible to describe in words all the horrors that have happened in the terrible five years.

But during the war, Soviet people were very clearly divided into two groups.
Some fought for their homeland, not wanting either themselves or their subordinates, if they had any. These people fought to the last, they never voluntarily surrendered, did not rip off military uniform insignia, they literally blocked the Germans with their bodies inland. But there were others who, being generals or colonels, could pretend to be ordinary peasants or, smelling a threat to their lives, simply run away, desert. They earned their titles by sitting on soft chairs in their offices and pleasing their superiors. They did not want, did not want to go to war, endanger themselves, and if they went to war, they always tried to spare their precious lives. They did not fight for their country.

Very clearly, both types of these people are displayed in the novel by K. M. Simonov "The Living and the Dead."

The writer himself went through the whole hell of the war and knew about all its horrors firsthand. He touched on many topics and problems that were previously impossible in Soviet literature: he spoke about the country's unpreparedness for war, about the repressions that weakened the army, about the mania of suspicion, and the inhumane attitude towards man.

The protagonist of the novel is the war correspondent Sintsov, who learns about the beginning of the war on vacation in Simferopol. He immediately tries to return to his office, but, looking at other fighters who defended the fatherland with their breasts, decides to stay and fight. And his decisions were influenced by people who were ready to do everything for their native country, even knowing that they were going to certain death.

Sintsov is one of acting characters, who suffered injuries, encirclement, participation in the November parade of 1941 (from where the troops went straight to the front). The fate of the war correspondent was replaced by a soldier's share: the hero went from a private to a senior officer.

The episode with the fighter pilot proves what a person is ready for for the sake of his Motherland. (At the very beginning of the war, new fast, maneuverable fighters had just begun to enter our arsenal, but they had not yet reached the front, so they flew on old ones, much slower and clumsier than the German Messerschmitts. Commander, Lieutenant General Kozyrev ( one of the best Soviet aces), obeying the order, sent several bombers to certain death - during the day, without cover. They were all shot down, however, only after completing the task. He flew to accompany the next group of bombers himself. He proved by his own example that it is also possible to fight Messers on old planes. But, having jumped out of the plane, he opened his parachute very late and therefore lay almost paralyzed on the ground. But all the same, seeing people - he thought they were Germans - Kozyrev fired almost the entire clip into them, and shot himself in the head with the last cartridge. Before his death, he wanted to tear up the documents so that the Germans would not understand that they had one of the best Soviet pilots in their hands, but he did not have enough strength, so he simply shot himself, did not give up, although not the Germans, but the Russians approached.)

The next character, just as deeply devoted to his Motherland, is the commander
Serpilin. This is actually one of the brightest images Russian military prose. This is a man with one of those biographies that "break but do not bend." This biography reflected everything that happened at the top of the army in the 30s. All talented strategists, tacticians, commanders, leaders were exiled on completely ridiculous charges. So it was with Serpilin. The reason for the arrest was the warnings contained in his lectures and then out of fashion about the strengths of the tactical views of the revived
Hitler of the Wehrmacht. He was amnestied only a few days before the start of the war, but during the years spent in the camp, he never accused Soviet power in what was done to him, but "he forgot nothing and did not forgive anything." He realized that it was not the time to indulge in insults - it was necessary to save the Motherland.
Serpilin considered this a monstrous misunderstanding, a mistake, stupidity. And communism remained for him a holy and unsullied cause.

In the USSR at that time, some soldiers thought that the Germans could not be killed, not stopped, and therefore they were afraid of them, while others knew that the German was mortal, therefore they beat him as best they could. Serpilin belonged precisely to those who understood that the enemy was not immortal, so he was never afraid of him, but did everything possible to kill, crush, trample. Serpilin always showed himself to be an experienced commander, able to correctly assess the situation, which is why he was able to subsequently get out of the encirclement. But he also proved himself to be a man willing to do anything to keep up the morale of the soldiers.

Outwardly stern and laconic, demanding of himself and his subordinates, he tries to take care of the soldiers, suppresses any attempts to achieve victory "at any cost."

Suffice it to recall the episode when Serpilin refused to kill his old friend, the senior General Zaichikov, arguing that if they were together, he would probably fulfill his request, but here, surrounded, such an act could affect the morale of the soldiers .

It should be remembered that Serpilin, leaving the encirclement, always wore insignia, which indicated that he would fight to the end, until his death.

And one “beautiful day” “a sergeant came from the side patrol, bringing with him two armed men. One of them was a short Red Army soldier. The other is a tall, handsome man of about forty, with an aquiline nose and noble gray hair visible from under the cap, giving significance to his youthful, clean, wrinkle-free face.

It was Colonel Baranov with a driver - a Red Army soldier, the very man who would do anything to stay alive. He ran away from the Germans, changed his tunic with colonel's insignia for a dilapidated soldier's and burned his documents. Such people are a disgrace to the Russian army. Even his chauffeur, Zolotarev, kept his documents to himself, and this one...

Serpilin's attitude towards him is immediately obvious, and they even studied at the same academy. True, Baranov had a hand in getting Serpilin arrested, but it’s not even because of this meanness that Serpilin despises the colonel
Baranov.

Baranov is a careerist and a coward. Speaking loud words about duty, honor, courage, writing denunciations of his colleagues, he, being surrounded, goes to any lengths to save his miserable skin. Even the Divisional Commander said that the advanced Zolotarev should command the coward Baranov, and not vice versa. At an unexpected meeting, the colonel, of course, began to recall that they studied and served together, but nothing came of it. As it turned out, this colonel did not even know how to handle weapons: when he was cleaning his machine gun, he shot himself in the head. Well, right! There is no place for such people in Serpilin's detachment.

And Serpilin himself, when leaving the encirclement, during the breakthrough, was wounded, as he fought in the forefront. But, even if I hadn’t achieved it, I think I would have gone to defend Moscow as a simple soldier, as Sintsov did later.

So, the war has put all points. It was immediately clear who real man and who is a false hero. Fortunately, the second was much less, but, unfortunately, they practically did not die. Only brave, courageous people perish in war, and all sorts of cowards, traitors only get richer and get great opportunities, great influence. But the novel by K. M. Simonov
"The Living and the Dead" is read with admiration. There is always a feeling of deep moral satisfaction that in Russia there are people capable of feats, and they are in the majority. Unfortunately, such people can sometimes be revealed only by such a terrible event as war.

The problem of feat and betrayal.

War is the misfortune of not one person, not one family, and not even one city. This is the problem of the whole country. And just such a misfortune happened to our country when, in 1941, the Nazis declared war on us without warning.

War... Just from the mere pronunciation of this simple and uncomplicated word, the heart stops and an unpleasant shiver runs through the body. I must say that in the history of our country there were many wars. But perhaps the most terrible in terms of the number of people killed, cruel and merciless, was the Great
Patriotic War.

With the outbreak of the war, Russian literature experienced some decline, as many writers went to the front as volunteers. At this time, the predominance of military lyrics was felt. With poems, front-line poets supported the spirit of our fighters. But after the end of the war, Soviet writers began to create novels, stories, novels about the war. In them, the authors reasoned, analyzed the events that had taken place. The main feature of the military prose of those years was that the authors described this war as victorious. In their books, they did not recall the defeats that the Russian army suffered at the beginning of the war, that the Germans approached Moscow, and at the cost of thousands of human lives they managed to defend it. All these authors created an illusion, a myth about a victorious war to please Stalin. Because it was promised: "... on the enemy's land, we will defeat the enemy with little blood, with a mighty blow ...".

And against such a background, in 1946, Viktor Nekrasov's story "In the trenches of Stalingrad" appears. This story struck the entire public and former front-line soldiers with its frankness and honesty. In it, Nekrasov does not describe brilliant victorious battles, does not represent the German invaders as inexperienced, uneducated boys. He describes everything as it was: at the beginning of the war Soviet troops retreated, lost many battles, and the Germans were very cunning, smart, well-armed opponents. In general, the war for many people was a shock from which they could not recover.

The story takes place in 1942. The author describes the defense
Stalingrad, fierce battles, when the Germans break through to the Volga and there is nowhere to retreat. The war became a national grief, misfortune. But at the same time, “she is like a litmus test, like a special developer”, made it possible to really get to know people, to know their essence.

“In war, you really get to know people,” wrote V. Nekrasov.

For example, Valega is Kerzhentsev's orderly. He “reads in warehouses, gets confused in the division, ask him what socialism or the motherland is, he, by God, will not really explain ... But for the motherland, for Kerzhentsev, for all his comrades-in-arms, for Stalin, whom he never seen, will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth ... ". This is where the real Russian people are. With this, you can go into reconnaissance wherever you want - even to the ends of the world. Or, for example, Sedykh. This is a very young boy, he is only nineteen years old, and his face is not military at all: pink, with a golden fluff on his cheeks, and his eyes are cheerful, blue, slightly slanting, with long, like a girl's, eyelashes. He would have to drive geese and fight with the neighbor boys, but he was already wounded in the shoulder blade by a shrapnel and received the rank of sergeant. And still, on a par with his more experienced comrades, he fights, defends his homeland.

Yes, and Kerzhentsev himself or Shiryaev - the battalion commander - and many others are doing everything in their power to break the enemy and at the same time save as many human lives as possible. But in the war there were not only such brave, selfless people who love their homeland. Next to them were people like Kaluga, who was only thinking how to save his life, not to get to the front line. Or Abrasimov, who did not care about human losses - just to complete the task, at any cost. There were those who betrayed their homeland and people.

The whole horror of war lies in the fact that it forces a person to look into the eyes of death, puts him constantly in extreme situations and, worst of all, gives him a choice: life or death. War forces one to make the most decisive choice in human life - to die with dignity or to live vilely. And everyone chooses his own.

Man at war.

War is, it seems to me, an unnatural phenomenon for every person. Despite the fact that we are already living in the twenty-first century and fifty-eight years have passed since the end, the suffering, pain, poverty that the war brought is stored in almost every family. Our grandfathers shed blood, enabling us now to live in a free country. We should be grateful to them for this.

Valentin Rasputin is one of the writers who described things that really happened as they really were.

His story "Live and Remember" is a prime example how people actually lived during the war, what hardships they experienced. Valentin Rasputin describes in this work the very end of the war. People already had a presentiment of victory, and therefore they had an even greater desire to live. One of these was Andrei Guskov. He, knowing that the war was already coming to an end, tried to survive at any cost. He wanted to quickly return home, to see his mother, father, wife. This desire suppressed all his feelings, reason. He was ready for anything. He was not afraid of being wounded, on the contrary, he wanted to be easily wounded. Then he would have been taken to the hospital, and from there - home.

His wish came true, but not quite: he was injured and was sent to the hospital. He thought that a severe wound would free him from further service. Lying in the ward, he already imagined how he would return home, and he was so sure of this that he did not even call his relatives to the hospital to see him. The news that he was again sent to the front struck like a lightning bolt. All his dreams and plans were destroyed in an instant.
Andrey was afraid of this most of all. He was afraid that he would never come home again. In moments of spiritual turmoil, despair and fear of death, Andrei makes a fatal decision for himself - to desert, which turned his life and soul upside down, made him a different person. The war has ruined the lives of many.
People like Andrei Guskov were not born for war. Of course, he is a good, brave soldier, but he was born to plow the land, grow bread, and live with his family. Of all those who went to the front, he experienced this the hardest:
“Andrey looked at the village in silence and resentment, for some reason he was ready not to war, but to blame the village for being forced to leave it.” But despite the fact that it is hard for him to leave home, he says goodbye to his family quickly, dryly:
“What has to be cut off, must be cut off immediately ...”

Andrey Guskov deserts consciously, for the sake of his life, but Nastya, his wife, simply forces him to hide, thereby dooming her to live in a lie: “I’ll tell you right away, Nastya. No dog must know that I am here. Tell someone I'll kill you. Kill - I have nothing to lose. I have a firm hand on this, it won’t break, ”- with these words he meets his wife after a long separation. And Nastya had no choice but to simply obey him. She was at one with him until her death, although sometimes she was visited by thoughts that it was he who was to blame for her suffering, but not only for her, but also for the suffering of her unborn child, conceived not at all in love, but in a rude impulse, animal passion. This unborn child suffered along with his mother. Andrei did not realize that this child was doomed to live his whole life in disgrace. For Guskov, it was important to fulfill his masculine duty, to leave an heir, and how this child would live on, he was of little concern.

Nastya understood that both the life of her child and herself were doomed to further shame and suffering. Shielding and protecting her husband, she decides to commit suicide. She decides to rush into the Angara, thereby killing herself and her unborn baby. In all this, of course, Andrey Guskov is to blame. This moment is the punishment that higher power can punish the transgressor moral laws person. Andrei is doomed to a painful life. Nastya's words: "Live and remember," will knock on his inflamed brain until the end of his days.

But Andrei cannot be completely blamed either. Without this terrible war, none of this would probably have happened. Guskov himself did not want this war. He knew from the very beginning that she would not bring him anything good, that his life would be broken. But he probably did not expect that life would be broken.
Nastena and their unborn child. Life did as it pleased.

The result of the war for the family of Andrey Guskov was three broken lives. But, unfortunately, there were many such families, many of them collapsed.

The war claimed a lot of lives. Without her, there would not be many problems in our country. In general, war is a terrible phenomenon. It takes many lives dear to someone, destroys everything that was created by the great and hard work of the whole people.

It seems to me that the work of such writers will help our contemporaries not to lose their moral values. V. Rasputin's story "Live and Remember" is always a step forward in the spiritual development of society.

"War has no woman's face"

Here is how he said about the women participating in the Great Patriotic War,
Robert Rozhdestvensky:

Anti-aircraft gunners shouted

And they shot...

And rose again

For the first time protecting in reality

And your honor

(literally!)

And the motherland

And Moscow.

“War has no female face” - this thesis has been true for many centuries.

Very strong people are capable of surviving the fire, the horror of war, therefore it is customary to consider war to be a man's business. But the tragedy, the cruelty, the enormity of the war lies in the fact that along with the men, women stand shoulder to shoulder and go to kill and die.

The essence of war contradicts human nature, and even more so feminine nature. There has never been a single war in the world that women would have unleashed, their participation in a war has never been considered normal and natural.

A woman in war is an inexhaustible topic. It is this motif that runs through the story of Boris Vasilyev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet..."

The characters in this story are very different. Each of them is unique, has an inimitable character and a unique destiny, broken by the war. These young girls are united by the fact that they live for the same purpose. This goal is to protect the Motherland, protect their families, protect people close to them. And for this you need to destroy the enemy. For some of them, to destroy the enemy means to fulfill their duty, to avenge the death of their loved ones and relatives.

Rita Osyanina, who lost her husband in the first days of the war, gave the impression of a very firm, strong and self-confident woman, “she had a job, a duty and very real goals for hatred. And she learned to hate quietly and mercilessly "The war destroyed the family and Zhenya Komelkova, who," despite all the tragedies, was extremely sociable and mischievous "But hatred for the Nazis who killed her family and herself lived in her soul. The Moloch of War devours everything, knowing no boundaries. It destroys people's lives.
But it can also destroy the human soul, destroying the unreal.
Fantastic world living in it. Galya Chetvertak lived in the world she invented, fabulous and beautiful. She "dreamed all her life of solo parts, long dresses and universal worship." She tried to transfer this world she created into real life constantly thinking of something.

“Actually, it was not a lie, but a desire masquerading as reality.” But the war, which "does not have a woman's face", did not spare the fragile world of the girl, unceremoniously invading it and destroying it. And its destruction is always fraught with fear, which the young girl could not cope with. Fear, on the other hand, always haunts a person in war: “Whoever says that it’s not scary in war knows nothing about war.” War awakens in the human soul not only fear, it sharpens all human feelings. Women's hearts especially sensual and tender. Rita Osyanina outwardly seems very firm and strict, but inside she is a quivering, loving, worried person. Her dying wish was to take care of her son.
“My son is there, three years old. Alik's name is Albert. My mother is very sick, she won’t live long, and my father is missing.” But good human feelings lose their meaning. War everywhere establishes its perverted logic. Here, love, pity, sympathy, the desire to help can bring death to the person in whose soul these feelings are born. Lisa
Brichkina, driven by love and a desire to help people, perishes in a swamp. War puts everything in its place. It changes the laws of life. What could never happen in civilian life happens in war. Lisa B., who grew up in the forest, knew and loved nature, felt confident and comfortable in it, finds her last refuge here. Her a pure soul, radiating comfort and warmth, reaching for the light, hiding from it forever.
“Liza saw this blue beautiful sky for a long time. Wheezing, spitting out mud and reaching out, reaching out to him, reaching out and believing. Sonya Gurvich, striving to bring joy to a person, driven only by a pure impulse of her soul, comes across a German knife. Galya Chetvertak sobs over her murdered friend when it's wrong to cry. Her heart is filled with only pity for her. This is how Vasiliev tries to emphasize the unnaturalness and enormity of war. A girl with her fiery and tender hearts is faced with the inhumanity and illogicality of war "War does not have a woman's face." This thought sounds piercingly in the story, echoing with unbearable pain in every heart.

The inhumanity of war and unnaturalness is emphasized in the image quiet dawns, symbolizing eternity and beauty in the land where the thin threads of women's lives are torn "I put you, I put all five ...". Vasiliev "kills" girls to show the impossibility of the existence of women in a war. Women in the war perform feats, lead to the attack, save the wounded from death, sacrificing their own lives. They don't think of themselves when saving others. In order to protect their homeland and avenge their loved ones, they are ready to give their last strength. “And the Germans wounded her blindly, through the foliage, and she could have hidden, waited out and, maybe, left. But she shot while there were bullets. She shot lying down, no longer trying to escape, because strength was leaving along with the blood. ” They die, and the warmth, the love lurking in their hearts, lies forever in the damp earth:

We did not expect posthumous glory,

They did not want to live with glory.

Why in bloody bandages

The light-haired soldier lies?

(Yu. Drunina. "Zinka")

The destiny of a woman, bestowed upon her by nature, is perverted in the conditions of war. And a woman is the keeper of the hearth, the continuer of the family, which is a symbol of life, warmth and comfort. Red-haired Komelkova with magical green eyes and amazing femininity, it seems, is simply created for procreation. Lisa B., symbolizing a home, a hearth, was created for family life, but this was not destined to come true ... Each of these girls “could give birth to children, and those would be grandchildren and great-grandchildren, but now there will be no this thread. A small thread of the endless yarn of humanity, cut with a knife. This is the tragedy of the fate of a woman in war

But the men who survived the war will always be left with an eternal guilt complex in front of them. Men could not give them love, could not protect them. Therefore, Vasiliev asks whether such sacrifices in the war are justified, is it not too expensive a price for victory, because the lost threads of women's lives will never again merge with the common thread of humanity? “What is it you, a man of our mothers, could not protect from bullets? Why did you marry them with death, but you yourself are whole? You can look at the war through the eyes of a woman. True admiration is caused by the exploits of women, which become even more significant, as they are committed by fragile creatures.

I read the memoirs of one woman, she told me that during the war she somehow left the house, and when she returned, in its place she saw only a huge pit, the result of a bomb dropped by a German plane. Husband and children died. There was no point in continuing to live, and this woman went to the front in a penal battalion, hoping to die. But she survived. After the war, she again had a family, but surely nothing will ever drown out the pain that the war caused. And, probably, every woman who survived the war will not be able to free herself from it for the rest of her life. Part of her soul will always remain there...

Women, laying down their heads for a great cause, made victory possible, brought it closer. But the death of every woman in the war is a tragedy.
Eternal glory and memory to them!

"War - there is no more cruel word..."

The works of our writers - soldiers who went through this war, show a variety of people and the struggle of each of them with enemies. Their works are the reality of war. Before us appear people who were suddenly snatched out of peaceful life by the war and who know about it only from books.

Faced every day with painful moral problems, they must immediately solve them, and not only their own fate, but also the lives of other people often depend on this decision.

In Y. Bondarev's story "The Last Volleys", Lieutenant Aleshin is afraid to walk along the front line under the tracks and tank fire, but he can’t even imagine how it is possible to disobey the order, while the soldier Remeshkov begins to beg the commander not to send him under this fire. The desire to live wins in such a person all moral concepts of duty in relation to his comrades and the Motherland. But I think that we have no right to condemn these people without having experienced the same thing as them. Only people who find themselves in the same situation, but who have not forgotten about their honor, have the right to do so.

Captain Novikov does not forget about his subordinates for a minute either. He, like Boris Ermakov from the story "Battalions ask for fire", sometimes even has to be cruel towards a few in the name of many. Speaking with Lieutenant Yeroshin, Boris understands that he is harsh towards him, but he does not feel any remorse: "there is no place for sentiment in war." Captain Novikov could take anyone else with him to the front line, not Remeshkov, but he takes him, despite all the requests. And it is simply impossible to call him heartless in this case: he is responsible for so many lives that pity for a coward looks simply injustice. In war, risking the life of one person for the sake of many is justified. It’s another matter when hundreds of people are doomed to death, who did their duty with the belief that help would come, and did not wait for it because it turned out to be much more convenient to use them as “diverting the attention of the Germans” than to continue the offensive together. Both Colonel Iverzev and Gulyaev accept this order without protest, and although an order is an order, this does not justify them.
After all, the most important thing is that they, it turns out, simply deceived the people who believed them. And dying without faith was the worst thing. Therefore, I think that people who tried to escape from tanks crawling right at them cannot be subjected to our condemnation. They had the right to do so, because they considered their death senseless. In fact, “none of the human torments are meaningless in this world, especially the soldiers’ torments and soldiers’ blood,” Lieutenant Ivanovsky thought so from V. Bykov’s story “To Live Until Dawn”, but he understood that he was already doomed, while men from the battalion
Boris Ermakov did not believe in their death.

In the same story, Y. Bondarev describes another case that emphasizes the pricelessness of human life in war. Zhorka Vitkovsky leads to the commander of the captured Vlasov, who shot at his own, Russians.
Of course, he will not see mercy. "Have mercy on me... I haven't lived yet... Not by my own will... I have a wife and a child... Comrades..." - the captive pleads, but no one even listens to him. The battalion is in such a difficult situation that the commanders simply do not care about the man who betrayed his homeland, they are not interested in why he did it. Neither Zhorka, who shot this Vlasovite, nor
Boris, who gave this order, does not feel any pity for him.

The problem of moral choice.

Perhaps in many years people will again return to the theme of the Great
Patriotic War. But they will be able to reconstruct the events only by studying the documents and memoirs. It will be later...

And now those who courageously stood up for our country in the summer are still alive
1941. The memories of the horrors of war are still fresh in their hearts. Vasil Bykov can also be called such a person.

V. Bykov depicts the war and the man in the war - "without hairdressing, without bragging, without varnishing - what it is." In his works there is no pomposity, excessive solemnity.

The author writes about the war as an eyewitness, as a person who has experienced both the bitterness of defeat, and the severity of losses and losses, and the joy of victory. He, by his own admission, is not interested in combat technology, but moral world man, his behavior in the war in crisis, tragic, hopeless situations. His works are united by one common idea - the idea of ​​choice. The choice between death, but the death of a hero, and a cowardly, miserable existence. The writer is interested in the cruelly severe test that each of his heroes must pass: will he be able not to spare himself in order to fulfill his duty to
Motherland, their duties as a citizen and patriot? The war was such a test of a person's ideological and moral strength.

On the example of Bykov's story "Sotnikov" we will consider the difficult problem of heroic choice. Two main characters, two partisans... But how they differ in their attitude!

Rybak is an experienced partisan who risked his life more than once.
Sotnikov, who volunteered for the mission partly because of his pride. Sick, he did not want to tell the commander about it. Rybak asked why he kept silent, while the other two refused, to which Sotnikov replied: "Because he did not refuse, because the others refused."

From the first lines of the story, it seems that both characters will play a positive role until the very end. They are brave, ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of the goal, from the very beginning their rather kind attitude towards each other is felt. But gradually the situation begins to change. Bykov slowly reveals Rybak's character. The first signs of something alarming appear in the scene of a conversation with the village headman. The fisherman was about to shoot the old man, but when he found out that it was not his first idea, he shied away ("... he did not want to become like someone else. He considered his intentions fair, but, having discovered someone similar to his own, he perceived own in a slightly different light). This is the first stroke in the formation of the image of Rybak.

At night, Rybak and Sotnikov stumble upon policemen. Rybak's behavior is the second stroke. Bykov writes: “As always, in the moment of the greatest danger, everyone took care of himself, took his fate in own hands. As for Rybak, how many times during the war did his legs rescue him. Sotnikov falls behind, gets under fire, and his partner runs to save his own skin. And only one thought makes Rybak return: he thinks about what he will say to his comrades who remained in the forest...

At the end of the night, the partisans reach another village, where a woman with children hides them. But even then the police find them. And again one thought
Rybak: “... all of a sudden he wanted Sotnikov to get up first. All the same, he is wounded and sick, and it was he who coughed them both out with a cough, where he was more likely to surrender to captivity with great reason. And only the fear of death makes him get out of the attic. Stroke third.

The most striking, meaningful episode is the interrogation scene. And how different the behavior of the characters!

Sotnikov courageously endures torture, but even the thought did not cross his mind about betraying his comrades. Sotnikov is not afraid of death or his tormentors. He not only tries to take on the guilt of others and thereby save them, it is important for him to die with dignity. His the main objective- lay down your soul "for your friends", not trying to buy yourself an unworthy life with prayers or betrayal.

And Rybak? From the very beginning of the interrogation, he fawns over the investigator, readily answers questions, although he tries to lie. The fisherman, who has always found a way out of any situation before, tries to outwit the enemy, not realizing that, embarking on such a path, he will inevitably come to betrayal, because he has already placed his own salvation above the laws of honor and camaraderie. Finding himself in a hopeless situation, Rybak, in the face of imminent death, chickened out, preferring animal life to human death.

When investigator Portnov offers him to become a policeman, Rybak thinks about it. “Through a moment of confusion in himself, he suddenly clearly felt freedom, spaciousness, even a slight breath of fresh wind in the field.” He began to cherish the hope that he could escape. In the basement, the heroes meet again. Rybak asks Sotnikov to confirm his testimony. A shameful thought creeps into his head: “... if Sotnikov dies, then he,
Rybak, the chances will improve significantly. He can say whatever he likes, there are no other witnesses here.” He understood all the inhumanity of his thoughts, but the fact that it would be better for him overshadowed all the "against". Rybak consoled himself with the fact that if he got out of it, he would pay for Sotnikov's life and for his fears.

And now comes the day of execution... Along with the partisans, innocent people must also go to the gallows: the woman who sheltered them, the village headman, the Jewish girl Basya. And then Sotnikov makes the only right decision for himself. On the steps of the gallows, he confesses that he is a partisan, that it was he who wounded the policeman last night. The fisherman fully reveals his essence, making a desperate attempt to save his life. He agrees to become a policeman... But that's not all. The fisherman crosses the last line when he personally kills his comrade.

End of the story. The fisherman decides to hang himself. He is tormented by a conscience that he could not drown out. Saving himself, he not only executes former comrade- he does not have enough determination even for Judas' death: it is symbolic that he is trying to hang himself in the restroom, even at some point he is almost ready to throw himself head down - but he does not dare. However, spiritually Rybak is already dead (“And although they were left alive, they were also liquidated in some respects”), and suicide still would not save him from the shameful stigma of a traitor.

But even here Bykov shows us that repentance was not sincere: having decided to die, Rybak cannot part with such a valuable life for him, for the sake of which he betrayed the most sacred - military friendship and his honor.

Heroes Vasil Bykov teach us the lessons of honor, courage, humanity.
A person must always make a choice - war makes this choice tragic.
But the essence remains the same, it does not change, since Bykov's favorite heroes follow only the call of their hearts, act honestly and nobly. And only then can a person be called a "hero" in the best sense of the word.

“No person ... can be a means or tool either for the good of another person, or for the good of an entire class, or, finally, for the so-called common good,” wrote Vladimir Solovyov. In war, people become just such a means. War is murder, and to kill is to violate one of the commandments of the Gospel - to kill is immoral.

Therefore, another problem arises in war - to maintain human dignity. However, it is the idea that helps many to survive, to remain strong in spirit and believers in a worthy future - never to betray one's own principles, to preserve one's humanity and morality. And if a person has taken these laws as the goal of his life and has never violated them, has never “put his conscience in his pocket”, then it will be easier for him to survive in the war.
An example of such a person is the hero of the story by Vyacheslav Kondratiev
"Sasha".

Being in the most difficult situations, he often faced the most difficult choice, but he always remained a man and chose morality.

Sashka lives honestly, so that "you wouldn't be ashamed to look people in the eye." He is sympathetic, humane, ready to go to his death if it helps another. The proof of these qualities of Sashka are all his actions.

For example, it deserves deep respect that he climbed under the bullets to get his company boots, sympathizing with his commander, who has to walk in wet boots: But it’s a pity for the commander!”

Sashka considers himself responsible for his comrades in the company. To do this, he again takes risks.

The hero of the story generously saves from trouble, perhaps, and the tribunal
- his quick-tempered, but honest and good comrade lieutenant
Volodya, taking his guilt upon himself.

Surprisingly persistently and honestly, Sasha keeps his word. He can never break his promise. "Propaganda," the German mutters. "What propaganda! Sasha is outraged. - This is your propaganda! And we have the truth."
Sashka promised that the leaflet, which says that the Soviet command guarantees life, food and human treatment to the Germans who surrendered, is true. And once said, Sasha is obliged to fulfill his promise, no matter how difficult it may be.

That is why he violates the order of the battalion commander by not shooting a German who refuses to testify, and failure to comply with the order leads to a tribunal.

Tolik cannot understand such an act, who believes: “Our business is calf - ordered - fulfilled!” But Sasha is not a "calf", not a blind performer. For him, the main thing is not just to fulfill the order, but to decide how best to fulfill the most important task, for which he gave the order. That is why
Sasha behaves this way in a situation where the Germans suddenly broke into the grove.
“In the middle of the patch crowded their broken - broken company near the political instructor wounded in the leg. He waved his carbine and shouted:

Not a step! Not a step back!

The order of the company commander is to retreat into the ravine! Sasha shouted. “And not a step from there!” Sashka cannot help but keep his word even when he promises to save the wounded man: “Do you hear? I'll go. Be patient, I'll be right there. I'll send paramedics. You believe me ... believe. And how can Sasha deceive a wounded person who believes him? Wounded in the hand, he not only sends orderlies, but goes along with them, under bullets, fearing that his mark on the ground has been erased, that the orderlies will not find the person to whom Sashka promised!

Performing all these acts that surprise with their kindness, responsiveness and humanity, Sashka not only does not demand to be thanked for this, but does not even think about it. It's just natural for him to help people at the risk of his own life.

But the one who thinks that Sasha, doing these things, is not afraid and does not want to live is mistaken. And Sashka “both in the offensive and in reconnaissance - all this is through force, overcoming himself, nailing fear and thirst to live deep, to the very bottom of the soul, so that they do not interfere with him doing what is supposed to be, what is necessary.”

However, not everyone will always be able to act like Sasha. Sometimes people become hardened in war, they do not always make the right choice. Hundreds of examples testify to this.

Thus, a person in war is constantly faced with a choice: the preservation of his life or his own dignity, devotion to an idea or self-preservation.

Conclusion.

In the center artistic world The writer remains a man in space and time of war. Circumstances associated with this time and space induce and compel a person to true being. It has something that causes admiration, and something that disgusts and frightens. But both are real. In this space, that fleeting hour has been chosen when a person has nothing to hide for and no one to hide behind, and he acts. This is a time of movement and action. Time of defeat and victory. Time to resist circumstances in the name of freedom, humanity and dignity.

Unfortunately, even in peaceful life a person does not always remain a person.
Perhaps, after reading some works of military prose, many will think about the issue of humanity and morality, they will understand that remaining human is the most worthy goal of life.

Our country won a victory over Germany only thanks to the courage of the people, their patience and suffering. The war crippled the lives of everyone who had anything to do with it. Not only the Great Patriotic War brought so much suffering. Today, the same suffering is caused by the war in
Chechnya and Iraq. Young people are dying there, our peers, who have not done anything yet either for their country or for their families. Even if a person comes from the war alive, he still cannot live ordinary life. Anyone who has ever killed, even against his will, will never be able to live like a common person They are called the "lost generation" for a reason.
I believe that there should never be a war at all. It only brings pain and suffering. Everything must be settled peacefully without blood and tears, suffering and grief.

In the park near Mamaev Kurgan.

In the park near Mamaev Kurgan

The widow planted an apple tree

I attached a plank to the apple tree,

Wrote the words on the board:

“My husband was a lieutenant at the front,

He died at 42

Where is his grave, I don't know

So I'll come here to cry."

The girl planted a birch:

“I didn’t know my father,

I only know that he was a sailor

I know that I fought to the end."

A woman planted a mountain ash:

In the hospital he died of his wounds,

But I have not forgotten my love

That's why I go to the mound."

Let the inscriptions be erased over the years

The tree will reach for the sun

And birds fly in the spring.

And the trees stand like soldiers

And they stand in the storm, and in the heat.

With them those who died once,

They come alive every spring.

(Inna Goff).

Bibliography:

1. Agenosov V.V. "Russian literature of the twentieth century" - a textbook for general education educational institutions. Moscow "Drofa" 1998

2. Krupina N.L. "Literature at school" - a scientific and methodological journal.

Moscow "Almaz-press" 272000

3. Krupina N.L. "Literature at school" - a scientific and methodological journal.

Moscow "Almaz-press" 372000

4. Dukhan Ya.S. The Great Patriotic War in the prose of the 70-80s.

Leningrad "Knowledge" 1982

5. Mikhail Silnikov. In honor of the fallen, in the name of the living. Moscow "Young Guard", 1985

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Efremova Evgenia

VII SCIENTIFIC - PRACTICAL CONFERENCE

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THE THEME OF WAR IN THE RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE XX CENTURY VII Scientific and practical conference Prepared by Evgenia Efremova, student of class 11 "A" of the secondary school No. 69

War - there is no crueler word, War - there is no sadder word, War - there is no holier word. In the anguish and glory of these years, And on our lips there can be no other. /A. Tvardovsky/

War is the misfortune of not one person, not one family, and not even one city. This is the problem of the whole country. And just such a misfortune happened to our country when, in 1941, the Nazis declared war on us without warning. I must say that in the history of Russia there were many wars. But perhaps the most terrible, cruel and merciless was the Great Patriotic War. ... The Great Patriotic War has long died down. Generations have already grown up who know about it from the stories of veterans, books, and films. The pain of loss subsided over the years, the wounds healed. It has long been rebuilt and restored destroyed by the war. But why did our writers and poets turn and turn to those ancient days? Maybe the memory of the heart haunts them...

The first to respond to this war were poets who published many wonderful poems, and already in late 1941 - early 1942, such works about the war as A. Korlichuk's "Front" and Alexander Beck's "Volokolamsk Highway" appeared. And, I think, we are simply obliged to remember these masterpieces, because there is nothing more valuable than those works about the war, the authors of which themselves went through it. And it was not in vain that Alexander Tvardovsky wrote in 1941 such lines that reveal the real character of the Russian writer-soldier: “I accept my share like a soldier, because if death were to be chosen by us, friends, then it would be better than death for our native land, and you can’t choose …” I would like to note that the main character of military prose is an ordinary participant in the war, its inconspicuous worker. This hero was young, did not like to talk about heroism, but honestly performed his military duties and turned out to be capable of a feat not in words, but in deeds. And the purpose of my essay is to get acquainted with the heroes of the war presented in the works of Russian writers and to consider different views on the war. I will try to take a closer look at the military prose of Viktor Nekrasov, Konstantin Vorobyov and Yuri Bondarev, because I think it is very important to understand the war not superficially, but from the inside, having been in the place of a simple soldier who fought desperately for the Motherland...

A MAN AT WAR Chapter 1. “The fate of the country is in my hands” (based on the story “In the trenches of Stalingrad” by Viktor Nekrasov)

The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 opened a new page in the history of modern literature. Together with it, the theme of patriotism enters the works of writers, literature inspires to fight the enemy, the government often helps to keep the front, common people- survive. Perhaps one of the most interesting and most significant works about the war is the story of Viktor Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad", which is diary entries young fighter. Descriptions of battles and military life alternate with the hero's reflections during the rest, before the battle, with memories of pre-war life.

Before us looms the difficult path of a man in the war, the path from a yellow-mouthed graduate of the institute to an experienced battalion commander. But more important, perhaps, is how, through the fate of individual people, the writer reveals to us the tragedy of the war, which brought grief to our entire huge country. Viktor Nekrasov spoke for the first time about this tragedy in truthful, frank words. And I recall the words of one of the heroes of the story, an engineer who believed that one should not be deceived by arguments about patriotism: "Heroism is heroism, and tanks are tanks." But still, heroism remains heroism... According to Russian customs, only conflagrations Scattered behind us on Russian soil, Comrades are dying before our eyes, In Russian, tearing their shirt on their chests. Bullets with you still have mercy on us, But, having believed three times that life is all, I was still proud of the sweetest, For the bitter land where I was born ... (Konstantin Simonov)

Chapter 2

Books may or may not be liked. But there are those among them who do not fall into any of these categories, but represent something more, which are engraved in memory, become an event in a person's life. Such an event for me was the book by Konstantin Vorobyov “Killed near Moscow”. It was as if I heard that voice: ... We do not wear our military orders. You - all this, the living, We - one joy: That it was not in vain that We fought for the Motherland. Let our voice not be heard - You must know it. These lines are taken by the author as an epigraph from Tvardovsky's poem “I was killed near Rzhev”, which, in terms of title, mood, and thoughts, echoes Konstantin Vorobyov's story. The author of the story himself went through the war ... And this is felt, because it is impossible to write like that from other people's words or from imagination - only an eyewitness, participant could write like that.

Konstantin Vorobyov is a writer-psychologist. Even the details “speak” in his works. Here the cadets bury their dead comrades. Time has stopped for the dead man, and on his hand the clock keeps ticking and ticking. Time is running, life goes on, and the war continues, which will take away more and more lives as inevitably as this clock is ticking. Both life and death are described with terrifying simplicity, but how much pain sounds in this stingy and compressed style! Devastated by terrible losses, the human mind begins to painfully notice the details: here is a hut burned down, and a child walks on the ashes and collects nails; here Alexei, going on the attack, sees a torn off leg in a boot. “And he understood everything, except for the main thing for him at that moment: why is the boot worth it?” From the very beginning, the story is tragic: the cadets are still marching in formation, the war has not yet really begun for them, and over them, like a shadow, is already hanging: “Killed! Killed!” Near Moscow, near Rzhev ... ”And in this whole world Until the end of his days Neither hothouses, nor stripes From my tunic. My heart contracts at the thought that they were only a little older than me, that they were killed, and I am alive, and immediately it is filled with inexpressible gratitude that I did not have to experience what they experienced, for the precious gift of freedom and life. To us - from them.

MAN AND WAR Chapter 1. "One for all ..." (based on the story of Vyacheslav Kondratiev "Sasha")

The story "Sasha" was immediately noticed and appreciated. Readers and critics have placed her among the greatest successes of our military literature. This story, which made up the name of Vyacheslav Kondratiev, and now, when we already have a whole volume of his prose, is undoubtedly the best of all that he wrote. The difficult period of the war is depicted by Kondratiev - we are learning to fight, this study costs us dearly, science has been paid with many lives. A constant motive for Kondratiev: to be able to fight is not only, having overcome fear, to go under bullets, not only not to lose self-control in moments of mortal danger. That's half the battle - don't be a coward. It is more difficult to learn something else: to think in battle and to ensure that losses - they are, of course, inevitable in war - are still smaller, so as not to put your head in vain, and not to put people down. We had a very strong army against us - well-armed, confident in its invincibility. An army distinguished by extraordinary cruelty and inhumanity, not recognizing any moral barriers in dealing with the enemy. How did our army treat the enemy? Sasha, whatever it is, will not be able to deal with the unarmed. For him, this would mean, among other things, losing the feeling of unconditional rightness, absolute moral superiority over the fascists.

When Sasha is asked how he decided not to follow the order - he didn’t shoot the prisoner, didn’t he understand what it threatened him with, he simply answers: “We are people, not fascists.” In this he is unshakable. And his simple words are filled with the deepest meaning: they speak of the invincibility of humanity. Lived whole life, and four years - whatever they may be - is still only four years, But for some reason, contrary to such obvious arithmetic, it seems that the war years took half a life, what was there to survive at a time when every day was infinitely long and could be the last for you, much more than in the rest of your life. And when you read Kondratiev’s military prose, you constantly feel it, although it didn’t occur to his heroes at that time, it couldn’t come to mind that nothing is more important in their fate, more and higher than these very difficult, filled to the brim with ordinary soldier worries and anxieties. days.

Chapter 2

Yes, no one likes war... But for thousands of years people have suffered and died, killed others, burned and broken. To conquer, to seize, to exterminate, to seize - all this was born in greedy minds both in the mists of time and in our days. One force collided with another. Some attacked and robbed, others defended and tried to save. And during this confrontation, everyone had to show everything they are capable of. . But there are no superheroes in war. All heroes. Everyone performs his own feat: someone rushes into battle, under bullets, others, outwardly invisible, establish communications, supplies, work in factories to exhaustion, save the wounded. Therefore, it is fate individual person especially important for writers and poets. Mikhail Sholokhov told us about a wonderful man. The hero experienced a lot and proved what power a Russian person can possess.

Much difficult, terrible was the fate of Sokolov. He lost loved ones. But it was important not to break down, but to endure and remain a soldier and a man to the end: “That’s why you are a man, that’s why you are a soldier, to endure everything, to demolish everything ...” And Sokolov’s main feat is that he did not become stale soul, did not get angry at the whole world, but remained able to love. And Sokolov found himself a “son”, the very person to whom he would give all his fate, life, love, strength. He will be with him in joy and in sorrow. But nothing will erase this horror of war from Sokolov’s memory, he will be carried with them by “eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such inescapable mortal longing that it is difficult to look into them.” Sokolov lived not for himself, not for fame and honors, but for the lives of other people. Great is his feat! A feat in the name of life!

THE FEAT OF THE RUSSIAN SOLDIER IN YURI BONDAREV'S NOVEL "HOT SNOW"

Our everything! We were not cunning We were in a severe struggle, Having given everything, we left Nothing with us ... Among Yuri Bondarev's books about the war, "Hot Snow" occupies a special place, opening up new approaches to solving the moral and psychological problems posed in his first stories - "Battalions ask fire" and "Last volleys". These three books about the war are an integral and developing world, which in "Hot Snow" has reached its greatest completeness and figurative power. The novel "Hot Snow" expresses the understanding of death as a violation of higher justice and harmony. Recall how Kuznetsov looks at the murdered Kasymov: “now there was a shell box under Kasymov’s head, and his youthful, beardless face, recently alive, swarthy, turned deathly white, thinned by the terrible beauty of death, looked in surprise with moist cherry half-open eyes at his chest , on a torn to shreds, excised quilted jacket, as if even after death he did not comprehend how it killed him and why he could not get up to the sight. the calm mystery of death, into which the burning pain of the fragments overturned him when he tried to rise to the sight.

In "Hot Snow", with all the intensity of events, everything human in people, their characters are not revealed separately from the war, but interconnected with it, under its fire, when, it seems, one cannot even raise one's head. Usually the chronicle of battles can be retold separately from the individuality of its participants - the battle in "Hot Snow" cannot be retold except through the fate and characters of people. highest ethical height, philosophical thought of the novel, as well as its emotional intensity reaches in the finale, when there is an unexpected rapprochement between Bessonov and Kuznetsov. This is a rapprochement without close proximity: Bessonov rewarded his officer on an equal footing with others and moved on. For him, Kuznetsov is just one of those who stood to death at the turn of the Myshkov River. Their closeness turns out to be more sublime: it is the closeness of thought, spirit, outlook on life. Divided by the disproportion of duties, Lieutenant Kuznetsov and the army commander, General Bessonov, are moving towards the same goal - not only military, but also spiritual. Unaware of each other's thoughts, they think about the same thing and seek the truth in the same direction. Both of them demandingly ask themselves about the purpose of life and about the correspondence of their actions and aspirations to it. They are separated by age and have in common, like father and son, and even like brother and brother, love for the Motherland and belonging to the people and to humanity in the highest sense of these words. And all the places where the German passed, Where he entered the inevitable misfortune, With rows of enemies and their own graves We marked on our native land. (Alexander Tvardovsky)

CONCLUSION More than sixty years have passed since the end of the Great Patriotic War. But no matter how many years pass, the feat accomplished by our people will not fade, will not be erased in the memory of grateful humanity. The fight against fascism was not easy. But even in the most difficult days of the war, in the most critical moments, it did not leave Soviet man confidence in victory. Both today and our future are largely determined by May 1945. The salute of the Great Victory instilled in millions of people faith in the possibility of peace on earth. Without experiencing the same that the fighters experienced, the fighting people experienced, it was impossible to speak truthfully and passionately about this ...

The issue of war is still relevant today. It cannot be said with certainty that the war of 1941-1945 was the last. This can happen anywhere, anytime and with anyone. I hope that all those great works written about the war will warn people against such mistakes, and that such a large-scale and merciless war will not happen again. Ah, is it my own, someone else's, All in flowers or in snow ... I bequeath to you to live, - What can I do more? (Alexander Tvardovsky)

Have you heard the expression? "When the cannons rumble, the muses are silent." During the Great Patriotic War, the muses were not just not silent - they shouted, sang, called, inspired, stood up to their full height.

The years 1941-1945 are probably one of the most terrible in the history of the "Russian state". Tears, blood, pain and fear - these are the main "symbols" of that time. And despite this - courage, joy, pride in yourself and your loved ones. People supported each other, fought for the right to life, for peace on earth - and art helped them in this.

Suffice it to recall the words spoken by two German soldiers many years after the end of the war: “Then, on August 9, 1942, we realized that we would lose the war. We felt your strength, capable of overcoming hunger, fear and even death ... "And on August 9, in the Leningrad Philharmonic, the orchestra performed the seventh symphony of D. D. Shostakovich ...

Not only music helped people to survive. It was during the war years that amazingly good films were shot, for example, "Wedding" or " Hearts of four". It was during these years that beautiful, immortal songs were sung, like "The Blue Handkerchief".

And yet a huge role, perhaps the main one, was played by literature.

Writers and poets, writers, critics, artists knew firsthand what war is. They saw it with their own eyes. Just read: K. Simonov, B. Okudzhava, B. Slutsky, A. Tvardovsky, M. Jalil, V. Astafiev, V. Grossman ... It is not surprising that their books, their work became a kind of chronicle of those tragic events - a beautiful and terrible chronicle .

One of the most famous poems about the war is the short student four lines of Yulia Drunina - the lines of a frightened, excited front-line girl:

I've only seen melee once,
Once upon a time. And a thousand - in a dream.
Who says that war is not scary,
He knows nothing about the war.

Forever the theme of the Great Patriotic War will remain in her work.

Perhaps one of the most terrible poems will be the work "Barbarity", which was written by the poet Musa Jalil. So much atrocity that the invaders showed, it seems, is not found in all wild animals in the world. Only man is capable of such unspeakable cruelty:

My land, tell me what's wrong with you?
You often saw human grief,
You bloomed for us for millions of years,
But have you ever experienced
Such a shame and barbarism?

Many more tears were shed, many bitter words were said about betrayal, cowardice and meanness, and even more about nobility, selflessness and humanity, when, it would seem, nothing human could remain in the souls.

Let's remember Mikhail Sholokhov and his story "The Fate of Man". It was written after the war, in the mid-50s, but its realism is amazing even modern reader. This is a short and, perhaps, not unique story of a soldier who lost everything he had in terrible years. And despite this, main character, Andrey Sokolov, did not get embittered. Fate dealt him blows one after another, but he coped - he carried his cross, continued to live.

Other writers and poets dedicated their works to the years of the Great Patriotic War. Some helped the soldiers survive in battle - for example, Konstantin Simonov and his immortal "Wait for me" or Alexander Tvardovsky with "Vasily Terkin". These works went beyond the boundaries of poetry. They were copied, cut out of newspapers, reprinted, sent to relatives and friends ... And all because the Word - the strongest weapon of the world - instilled in people the hope that a person stronger than war. He knows how to cope with any difficulties.

Other works told the bitter truth about the war - for example, Vasil Bykov and his story "Sotnikov".

Almost all the literature of the 20th century is somehow connected with the theme of wartime. From books - huge novels, short stories and short stories, we, a generation that has not experienced years of horror and fear, can learn about greatest events our history. Find out - and pay tribute to the Heroes, thanks to whom the peaceful sky turns blue over our heads.

Municipal educational institution

basic comprehensive school in the village of Baksheevo

Shatura municipal district

Moscow region

Round table of teachers of Russian language and literature on the topic:

"The Great Patriotic War in the works

poets and writers of the late 20th - early 21st centuries.

Report:

“... If there is nothing human in the world, if there is no mercy and gratitude in it, the only worthy path is the path of a lonely feat that does not need a reward…”

(N. Mandelstam).

(Speech at the RMO teachers of the Russian language and literature)

Skorenko Natalya Nikolaevna -

teacher of Russian language and literature

2014

The depiction of a man's feat in war has been traditional since the time of The Tale of Igor's Campaign and Zadonshchina. The personal heroism of a soldier and an officer in L. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" gives rise to a "hidden warmth of patriotism" that breaks the "backbone of the enemy."

But in Russian literature of the 20th century - the beginning of the 21st century, the feat of a person in a war is depicted not only through the fight against the enemy and victory over him, but also through the struggle of each person in a war with himself in a situation of moral choice and victory over himself, in a period when, at times, the price of victory depended on the actions of each person.The beginning of the Great Patriotic War for Soviet people became and people's war". Throughout the history of Russia, any encroachment on Russian independence and integrity caused a nationwide protest and staunch resistance. And in this war, the entire Soviet people, with rare exceptions, rose to war with the enemy, the personification of which was German fascism.Among those who went through the war there were many future poets and writers: Yu. Bondarev, V. Bykov, K. Vorobyov, B. Vasiliev, V. Astafiev, D. Samoilov, S. Orlov, S. Gudzenko, B. Okudzhava. Basically, their works were published after Stalin's death, and many attempts at writing received sharp criticism for showing not so much the power of the state and weapons as the suffering and greatness of a person thrown into the heat of war.

The theme of the Great Patriotic War, which appeared from the very beginning of the war in Russian (Soviet) literature, still excites both writers and readers. Unfortunately, authors who knew firsthand about the war are gradually dying, but they left for us in talented works their penetrating vision of events, having managed to convey the atmosphere of bitter, terrible, and at the same time solemn and heroic years.Front-line writers are a whole generation of courageous, conscientious, experienced, gifted individuals who have endured military and post-war hardships. Front-line writers are those authors who in their works express the point of view that the outcome of the war is decided by the hero, who recognizes himself as a particle of the warring people, who carries his cross and common burden.

Here is how our contemporary responded to the events of those memorable times -Tatyana Kobakhidze (Kharkov. 2011)
We inherited memory from grandfathers,
As time passes the baton.
A long time ago in the fog that fire
Sunset scarlet glows in the sky.
A wedge of cranes flying into the clouds,
Remained the frame of a lived film.
All our earth breathes with excitement,
They salute the Motherland-Fatherland
For every life not lived
We will remain in debt forever.
Let this story echo
And all the poppies on the planet will bloom!
Cool breathes blue in the sky
And with pride break tears.
Bow to you low, low from me
May eternity not extinguish your life!

What is death to us? We are even higher than death.
In the graves we lined up in a detachment
And we are waiting for a new order. And let
Don't think the dead can't hear
When their descendants talk about them.Nikolai Mayorov

Novels by Boris Polevoy "Deep Rear" and the story "Doctor Vera" are dedicated to the events of the Great Patriotic War, the heroic actions of Soviet people in the rear and in the territory occupied by the enemy.

The prototype of the heroine of the story "Doctor Vera" by B. Polevoy was Lidia Petrovna Tikhomirova, an intern at the first city hospital in Kalinin.

The story of Boris Polevoy "Doctor Vera" may, perhaps, seem like a thrilling adventure. But it once again confirms the fact long established by Soviet literature that life sometimes creates such situations, and a person in his service to the cause of communism rises to such heights of feat that even bright creative fantasy. As in "The Tale of a Real Man", the writer tells in the new book about a specific, living hero, about real events that took place during the days of the Great Patriotic War. This time the heroine of the book is a young surgeon, a woman difficult fate, who remained with the wounded in the occupied city, in the hospital, which they did not have time to evacuate.

This story in unwritten letters begins with a terrible plot. As if in slow motion, people are running, dragging their belongings and grabbing their children, running across the river, where there is still a retreat, and this run is like a powerful stream of blood escaping from a torn artery of a large organism ... She alone - Vera Treshnikova - stands and escorts them everyone's eyes, and the icy winter wind lifts the floor of her coat, from under which a white robe is visible. She is a Soviet doctor who, in the ruins of a hospital deployed in a rush of civil evacuation right in the basements of the former hospital, is waiting for dozens of wounded, two of her assistants - a nanny and a hostess, and her two children. She is waiting for the moment when cars will come from the other side of the river of Darkness to evacuate her wards, but the bridge is blown up and last paths cut off for retreat. Now they are in German-occupied territory. Now they are on their own.
The fascist command appoints her head of a civilian hospital.During the long months of the occupation, she, saving the wounded, leads a dangerous duel with the Gestapo and the occupation authorities, lives double life without dropping the honor and dignity of the Soviet people. The seriously wounded division commander Sukhokhlebov, a communist, in many ways reminiscent of Commissar Vorobyov from The Tale of a Real Man, is brought to the hospital. Vera performs the most difficult operation, saving him from death. Sukhokhlebov creates an underground group in the hospital. Saving people, risking every minute her life and the lives of her children who stayed with her, Vera re-operates on the wounded soldiers in order to keep them longer in the hospital. The Nazis begin to suspect her and appoint a test of all patients. Dr. Vera and her assistants - paramedic Nasedkin, aunt Fenya and others - get documents from civilians to the military.On the eve of Christmas night, a sabotage group led by Sukhokhlebov blows up a building where the most prominent officials of the city have gathered, among them - former actors Lanskaya and her husband. Lanskaya is admitted to the hospital. Mass arrests begin in the city. Arrest Nasedkin. Vera tries to save him, asks Lanskaya to help, but she refuses. Then the doctor goes to the commandant of the city, but he orders her to appear at the public execution of the patriots. Among the convicts, Vera sees her father-in-law and Nasedkin.But she wins together with her comrades-in-arms, this victory is moral, based on virtue, mercy to those who need help. And this victory is brought to it by faith in the great and inevitable victory of the forces of peace and socialism over the forces of fascism and war. We read the story and we are convinced that the theme of the past war has by no means exhausted itself in literature, that even now, 70 years later, it sounds modern to us and excites us no less than in works created in the wake of the war.

The Great Patriotic War is reflected in Russian literature of the 20th - early 21st centuries deeply and comprehensively, in all its manifestations: the army and the rear, the partisan movement and the underground, the tragic beginning of the war, individual battles, heroism and betrayal, the greatness and drama of the Victory. The authors of military prose, as a rule, front-line soldiers, in their works rely on real events, to your own front-line experience. In books about the war written by front-line soldiers, the main line is soldier friendship, front-line camaraderie, the severity of camp life, desertion and heroism. Dramatic human destinies unfold in war, sometimes life or death depends on a person’s act.

« Obelisk» - heroic Belarusian writer created in . IN for the stories "Obelisk" and " » Bykov was awarded . In 1976 the story was . Can teacher Frost be considered a hero if he did nothing heroic, did not kill a single fascist, but only shared the fate of the dead students?

How to measure heroism? How to determine who can be considered a hero and who is not?

The hero of the story arrives at the funeral of the village teacher Pavel Miklashevich, whom he knew with a hat. Miklashevich was very fond of children, and all residents remember with great respect:“He was a good communist, an advanced teacher” , "Let his life be an example to us" . However, the former teacher Tkachuk speaks at the commemoration, who demands to remember about a certain Frost and does not find approval. On the way home, the main character asks Tkachuk about Frost, trying to understand what relation he has to Miklashevich. Tkachuk says that Ales Ivanovich Moroz was an ordinary teacher, among whose numerous students was Miklashevich. Frost took care of the guys as if they were his own children: he escorted home late at night, stood up for his superiors, tried to fill up as much as he could. school library, was engaged in amateur performances, bought shoes for two girls so that they could go to school in winter, and settled Miklashevich, who was afraid of his father, at home. Frost said that he was trying to make the guys real people.

During World War II, the territory of Belarus , and Tkachuk joined the partisan detachment. Frost stayed with the children, secretly helping the partisans, until one of the villagers, who became a policeman, began to suspect something and arranged a search and interrogation at the school. The search yielded no results, but devoted to frost The boys decide to take revenge. small group, including Miklashevich himself, who was then 15 years old, sawed the supports at the bridge, where a car with a police chief nicknamed Cain was supposed to pass. The surviving policemen, getting out of the water, noticed the boys running away, who were soon captured by the Germans. Only Frost managed to escape to the partisans. The Germans announced that if Frost surrendered to them, they would let the guys go. He voluntarily surrendered to the Germans in order to support the students in prison. When they were being led to their execution, Moroz helped Miklashevich escape, diverting the attention of the escorts. However, the guard shot Miklashevich, his father went out to him, but then he was ill all his life. The guys and Frost were hanged. An obelisk was erected in honor of the children, but Frost's actions are not considered a feat - he did not kill a single German, on the contrary, he is recorded as having surrendered. At the same time, the disciples of Frost are young boys,like all clean and serious boys of all time, they do not know how to calculate in their actions and do not hear the warnings of their mind at all, they first of all act recklessly, and therefore tragically. heroically, not trying to save himself, because for him in the current situation there was simply no other worthy way out, since this act did not correlate with some abstract rules of behavior, but, on the contrary, with his understanding of human and teacher duty. The story reflects the worthy life of worthy noble people who, in their essence, cannot betray themselves and their principles; reflects those unknown feats and heroism that were not included in the award lists and marked with obelisks:"This - small particle truly popular resistance to the enemy during the war years, this is an artistic image of a human refusal to live like a wolf, according to the laws of the fascist "new order".

Civil and personal, fun and joy from victory and bitterness from irreparable losses, pathetic and lyrical intonations are inseparably combined inmilitary drama based on the storyViktor Smirnov "There is no turning back."

Major Toporkov, who escaped from the concentration camp, joins the partisan detachment. Together with the commander of the detachment, Toporkov is going to support the uprising of prisoners in the same concentration camp, for which they need to hand over weapons. The detachment begins to collect the convoy, which will go to the aid of those languishing in the dungeons. But for a successful operation, they need to identify a traitor in their camp. To deceive the enemy, they equip a secondconvoy, which falls to the share of diverting the attention of spies and scammers.And now a partisan convoy is walking along Polesie, through thickets and swamps, along German rear lines, pursued on the heels of German rangers, diverting the forces of the Nazis and way back he doesn't have. During the operation, the fighters lose one by onecomrades.

Will Is the plan justified, the execution of which was given at such a high price?

Rereading a novelPeter Proskurin “Exodus”, you involuntarily feel how pain, grief unites each person in the fight against a common enemy. Proskurin's heroes are yesterday's teachers, doctors, workers. Commandant Rzhanska Zolding, in a thirst to get rid of the nightmare, will look for the unknown Trofimov, as a legendary man, as the source of all his troubles. And he remained a modest, ordinary person. Is it not possible to call the act of Skvortsov, a former teacher, who voluntarily went to his death, a feat, he came to the commandant Soldeng to convince him to disperse the forces that cordoned off the detachment, to decide on an operation to destroy the partisans. With torment and blood, he convinced the Starlings of an insidious enemy. He allowed this "aesthetic punisher" to experiment on himself. The commandant blindly believed Vladimir Skvortsov, who led the fascist detachment into a trap. Skvortsov goes in a column of enemies into the forest with a feeling of the infinity of people's life. He sees these hundreds of enemy soldiers doomed with their weapons. with their commander. They are already dead here on this earth. Displacing all fears, his consciousness is filled with one thought-reflection: “... And if he had not been so devastated by the consciousness of his last deed in life, he would surely have cried from self-pity, and from doom, and because , the fragrant earth under him warmed slightly and he felt a living and deep warmth with his whole body. Full of great general meaning last scene: Skvortsov dies in the middle of a minefield, among trees falling on an enemy column, glancing at Zolding, as if past an unnecessary thing, and he just needed to see in Skvortsov a convulsive fear of death. Then he would not have been deceived in his, as it seemed to him, the deepest knowledge of the soul of a Russian person. But, alas, having amputated Zolding's conscience, soul, like a chimera, fascism made his mind a sinister toy. Thus ended the duel of bestial individualism and a lonely feat that does not need a reward ...

The further the war is from us, the more we realize the greatness of the national feat. And the more - the price of victory. I remember the first message about the results of the war: seven million dead. Then another figure will come into circulation for a long time: twenty million dead. More recently, twenty-seven million have already been named. And how many crippled, broken lives! How many unfulfilled happiness, how many unborn children, how many motherly, fatherly, widow's, and children's tears were shed! Special mention should be made of life in the war. Life, which, of course, includes fights, but does not come down to fights only.

Children of war. They met the war in different ages. Some are tiny, some are teenagers. Some were on the verge of adolescence. The war found them in cities and small villages, at home and visiting their grandmother, in a pioneer camp, at the forefront and in the rear. Before the war, they were the most ordinary boys and girls. They studied, helped the elders, played, ran, jumped, broke their noses and knees. Only relatives, classmates and friends knew their names. The time has come - they showed how huge a small children's heart can become when a sacred love for the Motherland and hatred for enemies flare up in it.

Among the most notable front-line writers of the second half of the 20th century, one can name the writerVyacheslav Leonidovich Kondratiev (1920-1993). His simple and beautiful story "Sashka", published back in 1979 in the magazine "Friendship of Peoples" and dedicated to "To All Who Fought near Rzhev - Living and Dead" - shocked readers. The story "Sashka" put forward Vyacheslav Kondratiev among the leading writers of the front-line generation, for each of them the war was different. In it, a front-line writer talks about the life of an ordinary person in a war, several days of front-line life. The battles themselves were not the main part of a person's life in the war, but the main thing was life, incredibly difficult, with enormous physical exertion, hard life.1943 Battles near Rzhev. Bread is bad. No chicken. No ammo., Dirt. The main motive runs through the whole story: a beaten-killed company. There are almost no fellow soldiers left in the Far East. Of the hundred and fifty people in the company, sixteen remained."All the fields are in ours", Sasha says. Around the rusty, swollen with red blood earth. But the inhumanity of war could not dehumanize the hero. Here he climbed to take offkilled German felt boots.“For myself, I wouldn’t climb for anything, damn these boots! But Rozhkov is sorry. His pims were soaked through with water - and you won’t dry out over the summer. ” I would like to highlight the most important episode of the story - the story of the captured German, whom Sashka cannot, following the order, put into consumption. After all, it was written in the leaflet: "Life and return after the war are secured." And Sashka promised the German his life: “Sashka would have ruthlessly shot those who burned the village, those who set fire to these. If you got caught." How about unarmed? Sashka saw a lot of deaths during this time. But the price of human life did not decrease from this in his mind. Lieutenant Volodko will say when he hears a story about a captured German: "Well, Sashok, you are a man!" And Sasha will answer simply: "We are people, not fascists." In an inhuman, bloody war, a person remains a person, and people remain people. This is what the story was written about: about a terrible war and preserved humanity. Decades have not weakened public interest in this historical event. The time of democracy and glasnost, which illuminated many pages of our past with the light of truth, poses more and more questions to historians and writers. Not accepting lies, the slightest inaccuracy in the display historical science of the last war, its participant, writer V. Astafiev, sternly assesses what has been done: “I, as a soldier, have nothing to do with what is written about the war, I was in a completely different war. The half-truth has exhausted us."

The story about Sashka became a story about all the front-line soldiers, tormented by the war, but who retained their human face even in an impossible situation. And then the novels and stories follow, united by a cross-cutting theme and heroes: “The Road to Borodukhino”, “Life-Being”, “Vacation for Wounds”, “Meetings on Sretenka”, “A Significant Date”. The works of Kondratiev are not just true prose about the war, they are true testimonies of time, duty, honor and fidelity, these are the painful thoughts of the heroes after. His works are characterized by the accuracy of dating events, their geographic and topographic reference. The author was where and when his characters were. His prose is eyewitness testimony and can be seen as an important, though peculiar historical source, at the same time it is written according to all the canons of a work of art.

Children play war.

It's too late to shout: "Don't shoot!"

Here you are in an ambush, but here you are in captivity ...

Started playing - so play!

Everyone here seems to be serious

Only no one dies

Let the frost grow a little,

The enemy is coming! Forward!

Whatever happens, hold on.

By evening the battle will be over.

Children go into adulthood...

Their mothers call them home.

This poem was written by a young Moscowpoet Anton Perelomov in 2012

We still don't know much about the war, about true price victory. Work

K. Vorobieva draws such events of the war that are not fully known to an adult reader and are almost unfamiliar to a schoolboy. The heroes of Konstantin Vorobyov's story "This is us, Lord!" and the stories "Sashka" by Kondratiev are very close in worldview, age, character, the events of both stories take place in the same places, return us, in Kondratiev's words, "to the most crumbly war", to its most nightmarish and inhuman pages. However, Konstantin Vorobyov has a different, in comparison with the Kondratiev story, the face of war - captivity. Not so much has been written about this: “The Fate of a Man” by M. Sholokhov, “Alpine Ballad” by V. Bykov, “Life and Fate” by V. Grossman. And in all works, the attitude towards prisoners is not the same.

There is nothing more valuable than those works about the war, the authors of which themselves went through it. It was they who wrote the whole truth about the war, and, thank God, there are many such people in Russian Soviet literature.Writer Konstantin Vorobyov he himself was a prisoner in 1943, and therefore the story "This is us, Lord! ..." is somewhat autobiographical. It tells about thousands of people who were captured during the Great Patriotic War. K. Vorobyov describes the life, or rather the existence, (because what we used to call life is difficult to attribute to prisoners) of captive people. These were days that dragged on like centuries, slowly and equally, and only the lives of prisoners, like leaves from an autumn tree, fell with amazing speed. That, indeed, was only existence, when the soul was separated from the body, and nothing could be done, but it was existence also because the prisoners were deprived of elementary human conditions for life. They lost their humanity. Now they were old people, exhausted by hunger, and not soldiers full of youth, strength and courage. They lost their comrades, walking along with them along the stage, only because they stopped from the wild pain in the wounded leg. The Nazis killed and killed them for a hungry stagger, killed for a raised cigarette butt on the road, killed "for the sake of sporting interest." K. Vorobyov tells a horrific incident when the prisoners were allowed to stay in the village: two hundred voices of begging, pleading, hungry rushed to the basket with cabbage leaves that the generous old mother brought, "those who did not want to die of hunger attacked her." But a machine-gun burst rang out - it was the escorts who opened fire on prisoners who had huddled together .... That was a war, that was a prisoner, and so ended the existence of many doomed people captured. K. Vorobyov chooses the young lieutenant Sergei as the main character. The reader knows practically nothing about him, perhaps only that he is twenty-three years old, that he has a loving mother and a little sister. Sergey is a man who managed to remain a man, even with the loss of a human appearance, who survived when it seemed impossible to survive, who fought for life and held on to every tiny opportunity to escape ... He survived typhus, his head and clothes were full of lice, with him three or four prisoners huddled on the same bunk. And once he found himself under the bunks on the floor, where colleagues threw off the hopeless, for the first time he declared himself, declared that he would live, would fight for life at all costs. Dividing one stale loaf into a hundred small pieces, so that everything was even and honest, eating one empty gruel, Sergei harbored hope and dreamed of freedom. Sergei did not give up even when there was not even a gram of food in his stomach, when severe dysentery tormented him. The episode is poignant when Sergei's friend, Captain Nikolaev, wanting to help his friend, cleared his stomach and said: "There is nothing more in you" . But Sergei, “feeling the irony in Nikolaev’s words,” protested, because “there really is too little left in him, but what is there, in the very depths of his soul, Sergei did not jump out with vomit.” The author explains why Sergei remained a man in a war: “This very “that” can be snatched out, but only with the tenacious paws of death. Only “that” helps to move one’s feet through the camp mud, to overcome a mad feeling of anger ... It makes the body endure until the last blood is used up, it requires you to take care of it, without soiling it and without spoiling it with anything! Once, on the sixth day of his stay in the next camp, now in Kaunas, Sergei tried to escape, but was detained and beaten. He became a penitentiary, which means that the conditions were even more inhuman, but Sergey did not lose faith in the “last opportunity” and fled again, straight from the train that was rushing him and hundreds of other penitentiaries to bullying, beatings, torture and, finally, death. He jumped out of the train with his new friend Vanyushka. They hid in the forests of Lithuania, walked through the villages, asked for food from civilians and slowly gained strength. There are no limits to Sergey's courage and bravery, he risked his life at every turn - he could meet with the policemen at any moment. And then he was left alone: ​​Vanyushka fell into the hands of the police, and Sergei burned down the house where his comrade could be. “I will save him from torment and torture! I will kill him myself,” he decided. Perhaps he did this, because he understood that he had lost a friend, wanted to alleviate his suffering and did not want a fascist to take the life of a young guy. Sergei was a proud man, and self-esteem helped him. Still, the SS men caught the fugitive, and the worst began: the Gestapo, the death row ... Oh, how amazing it is that Sergei continued to think about life when there were only a few hours left to exist. Maybe that's why death retreated from him for the hundredth time. She retreated from him, because Sergei was above death, because this “that” is a spiritual force that did not allow surrender, ordered to live. We part with Sergey in the city of Siauliai, in a new camp. K. Vorobyov writes lines that are hard to believe: “... And again, in painful thought, Sergei began to look for ways to get out. Sergey was in captivity for more than a year, and it is not known how many more words: “run, run, run!” - almost annoyingly, in time with the steps, were minted in Sergey’s mind. K. Vorobyov did not write whether Sergei survived or not, but, in my opinion, the reader does not need to know this. You just need to understand that Sergei remained a man in the war and will remain so until his last minute, that thanks to such people we won. It is clear that there were traitors and cowards in the war, but they were overshadowed by the strong spirit of a real person who fought for his life and for the lives of other people, remembering lines similar to those that Sergei read on the wall of the Panevėžys prison:

Gendarme! You are as stupid as a thousand donkeys!

You will not understand me, in vain the mind is power:

How am I from all the words in the world

Mileier I don’t know than Russia? ..

« This is us, Lord! - the work of such artistic value, which, according to V. Astafiev, "even in an unfinished form ... can and should be on the same shelf with Russian classics."What gave strength to fight exhausted, sick, hungry people? Hatred of enemies is certainly strong, but it is not the main factor. Still, the main thing is faith in truth, goodness and justice. Also, the love of life.

The Great Patriotic War is the hardest of all trials that have ever fallen to the lot of our people. Responsibility for the fate of the motherland, the bitterness of the first defeats, hatred of the enemy, steadfastness, loyalty to the motherland, faith in victory - all this is under the pen different artists turned into unique prose works.
The book is devoted to the topic of the war of our people with the fascist invaders.Vitaly Zakrutkina "Mother of Man", written almost immediately after the end of the Great Patriotic War. In his book, the author recreated the image of a simple Russian woman who overcame the terrible blows of fate.
In September 1941, the Nazi troops advanced far into the depths of Soviet territory. Many regions of Ukraine and Belarus were occupied. He remained on the territory occupied by the Germans and a farm lost in the steppes, where a young woman Maria, her husband Ivan and their son Vasyatka lived happily. But war spares no one. Having seized the previously peaceful and abundant land, the Nazis ruined everything, burned the farm, drove people to Germany, and hanged Ivan and Vasyatka. Only Mary managed to escape. Alone, she had to fight for her life and for the life of her unborn child.
Terrible trials did not break this woman. Further events of the story reveal the greatness of the soul of Mary, who has become truly the Mother of Man. Hungry, exhausted, she does not think about herself at all, saving the girl Sanya, mortally wounded by the Nazis. Sanya replaced the deceased Vasyatka, became a part of the life of Mary, which was trampled on by the fascist invaders. When the girl dies, Maria almost goes crazy, not seeing the meaning of her continued existence. And yet she finds the strength in herself to live. With great difficulty overcoming grief.
Feeling a burning hatred for the Nazis, Maria, having met a wounded young German, frantically throws herself at him with a pitchfork, wanting to avenge her son and husband. But the German, defenseless boy, shouted: “Mom! Mother!" And the heart of a Russian woman trembled. The great humanism of the simple Russian soul is extremely simply and clearly shown by the author in this scene.
Maria felt her duty to the people driven to Germany, so she began to harvest from the collective farm fields not only for herself, but also for those who, perhaps, would still return home. A sense of accomplishment supported her in difficult and lonely days. Soon she had a large household, because all living things flocked to Mary's plundered and burned farmstead. Maria became, as it were, the mother of all the land surrounding her, the mother who buried her husband, Vasyatka, Sanya, Werner Bracht, and the political instructor Slava, who was completely unfamiliar to her, killed on the front line. And although she suffered the death of dear and beloved people, her heart did not harden, and Maria was able to take under her roof seven Leningrad orphans, brought to her farm by the will of fate.
This is how this courageous woman met the Soviet troops with children. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burnt farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but also to all the war-deprived children of the world...
V. Zakrutkin's book sounds like a hymn to the Russian woman, a wonderful symbol of humanism, life and immortality of the human race.
The civic and the private, the joy of victory and the bitterness of irreparable loss, socio-pathetic and intimate lyrical intonations are inseparably intertwined in these works. And all of them are a confession about the trials of the soul in the war with blood and death, losses and the need to kill; All of them - literary monument unknown soldier.V. Zakrutkin's book sounds like a hymn to the Russian woman, an excellent symbol of humanism, life and immortality of the human race.

Anatoly Georgievich Aleksin - a famous Russian writer whose books are loved by young and adult readers. Born in Moscow. He began to print early, while still a schoolboy, in the Pioneer magazine and in the newspaper Pioneer Truth»

In Russia, the work of A. G. Aleksin was awarded state awards. The International Council for Children's and Youth Literature1 awarded him the H.K. Andersen Diploma. Aleksin's books have been translated into many languages ​​of the peoples of the near and far abroad.

The war did not give people the opportunity and simply no time to show all their "diverse" qualities. Guns of the main caliber rolled out to the forefront of life. They were everyday, everyday courage and willingness to sacrifice and endure. People became somewhat similar to each other. But it was not monotony and facelessness, but it was greatness.

“... Years... They are long, when they are still ahead, when they are coming. But if most of the way has already been covered, they seem so fast that you think with anxiety and sadness: “Is there really so little left?” I haven't been to this city for a very long time. I used to come often, and then ... everything is business, everything is business. On the forecourt, I saw the same autumn flowers in tin buckets and the same bright cars girded with black checkers. Like last time, like always ... As if he had not left. "Where are you going?" - Tightly, with tension turning on the meter, the taxi driver asked.
“To the city,” I replied.
And I went to my mother, who (it just so happened!) Wasn’t there for about ten years. ”

So begins the story of A.G. Aleksina "In the rear as in the rear." This is not just a story, but a story-dedication to "Dear, unforgettable mother." The stamina, courage, fortitude of a Russian woman are amazing.The action takes place in the harsh times of the Great Patriotic War. The main character, Dima Tikhomirov, shares his memories of his mother. She was a beautiful woman, but faithful to her husband and son. Even at the institute, Nikolai Evdokimovich, an intelligent, sickly man, fell in love with her. He carried his love for her through his whole life, and was never married. Dima's mother, Ekaterina Andreevna, was tormented by remorse, felt her responsibility for this person. She had an incredibly kind heart. Not everyone is able to take care of a stranger on an equal basis with loved ones.Admire the attitude of Ekaterina Andreevna to the people around her and life situations, her actions. Having left with her son to the rear, she did her best to protect her child from the horrors of war. (« In October 1941, we walked with her along this station square in

darkness, falling into holes and puddles. Mom forbade me to touch the old-fashioned, heavy chest: "This is not for you. You will overstrain!"

As if even during the war, an eleven-year-old could be considered a child”).

She worked around the clock, sparing no effort, tirelessly. The selfless work of a woman who is fighting in the rear for the freedom of the country, for the happy future of her own and millions of other children, is no less amazing. than exploits Soviet soldiers at the front.I remember the words of Ekaterina Andreevna about the poster with the inscription: “In the rear as at the front!”. She tells her son:I do not like this slogan: after all, the front is the front, and the rear is the rear .... We, unlike my father, arrived in the security zone. So that you can learn... Understood? I am busy will remind ….» She does not think about herself at all, she is most worried about the fate of her son, husband and Fatherland. She is trying with all her might to return her son's life to the usual cycle with school, lessons, comrades ... .. Her heart hurts for her husband, and although she can do nothing to help, she hopefully waits for letters from the front .... This homeland amazing woman serves selflessly and courageously. Ekaterina Andreevna unloads trains with military equipment around the clock, she devotes herself to hard work.The only thing she was afraid of was losses, especially after the death of Nikolai Evdokimovich ....After some time, from the exhaustion of the body, Ekaterina Andreevna fell ill and died.Dima, the protagonist of the story, recalls: "I looked into my mother's face, and she smiled." Even during a serious illness, she finds the strength not to frighten her son, to reassure him with a warm and soft smile.It is such an amazing, courageous, persistent woman, for her attitude to others, life situations, that deserves to be called a heroine.

"Ekaterina Andreevna Tikhomirov a," I read on the granite slab, "1904-1943."

I came to my mother, who had not been there for about ten years. It just so happened. At first he came often, and then ... all the cases, all the cases. I had in my hands a bouquet bought at the railway station bazaar. "The body is exhausted. Weakly resists ..." Forgive me, mother.

Thus ends the story of Anatoly Aleksin.

In the most terrible war of the twentieth century, a woman had to become a soldier. She not only saved and bandaged the wounded, but also fired from a "sniper", bombed, undermined bridges, went on reconnaissance, took "language". The woman killed. Army discipline, a soldier's uniform many sizes too large, a male environment, heavy physical exertion - all this was a difficult test.

A nurse in the war... When miraculously saved people left the hospitals, for some reason they remembered for the rest of their lives the name of the doctor who operated on him, who returned him "to this world." What about the sister's name? As a special detail of their work, they recall the praise from the lips of the painfully suffering “ward”: “You have gentle hands, girl.” And these hands rolled up thousands of meters of bandages, washed tens of thousands of pillowcases, sets of linen ...

Olga Kozhukhova says this: “... this work requires not only great knowledge, but also a lot of warmth. In fact, it all consists of the consumption of mental calories. In the novel "Early Snow" and in the stories of Kozhukhova, the image of a nurse appears who performed a human, merciful feat during the Great Patriotic War. Here is the unnamed nurse from Early Snow. She cries bitterly and inconsolably - and the girl herself is in a hurry to explain to everyone how bitter everything turned out, how she was carrying the wounded from near Vladimir-Volynsky on a lorry, under shelling, and how a man saw 25 wounded soldiers on the side of the road And she felt so sorry them: “Wait for me, I’ll quickly take these howls and come back for you!” She took him away, but did not return back: an hour later there were German tanks under that tree ... "

Another "nurse" is Lida Bukanova from the story "Two deaths never happen." Just a few moments from the life of this girl who survived the horror of the occupation. Here is another explosion, push. Outside the window - a chain of booming explosions ... "Oh, mommy! ..." A moment - and the nurse is on the street. And the ward already has its troubles.

Sister, oh, rather, I'm dying"

And here she brings in, scratching against the walls, a wounded man from the street, trying to stop the bleeding, not sparing her scarf: “You have to be patient a little.” You can't get used to death...

The whole character of the people's war sharply increases the richness of the moral interrelations of man with man, reveals the everyday episodes of the work of girls in white coats. Nurses Kozhukhova, being where the fighting people went into battle, in which " living dead changed on the go ”(A. Tvardovsky), they realized themselves as part of this moving stream. The people are immortal. but a significant part of his physical immortality is the work of their gentle, stern hands, their will and courage.

Y. Drunina
BANDAGES

The eyes of a fighter are filled with tears,
He lies, springy and white,
And I need adherent bandages
To rip him off with one bold move.
In one motion - so they taught us.
With one movement - only this is a pity ...
But meeting with the look of terrible eyes,
I didn't decide to move.
I generously poured peroxide on the bandage,
Trying to soak it without pain.
And the paramedic became angry
And she repeated: "Woe to me with you!
So to stand on ceremony with everyone is a disaster.
Yes, and you only add flour to him.
But the wounded always marked
Fall into my slow hands.
No need to tear the adherent bandages,
When they can be removed almost without pain.
I got it, you'll get it too...
What a pity that the science of kindness
You can't learn from books in school!

Y. Drunina
A quarter of the company has already mowed ...
Stretched out in the snow
The girl is crying from helplessness
He gasps: “I can’t! »
Heavy caught small,
There is no more strength to drag him ...
Nurse that tired
Eighteen years equaled.
Lie down, the wind will blow.
It will become easier to breathe a little.
centimeter by centimeter
You will continue your way of the cross.

Borders between life and death
How fragile are they...
So come, soldier, to consciousness,
Take a look at your sister!
If the shells don't find you,
The knife will not finish the saboteur,
You will receive, sister, an award -
Save the man again.
He will return from the infirmary,
You cheated death again.
And it's only consciousness
All your life you will be warm.

As a special genre formation they act in song poetry Oleg Mityaev historical sketches addressed to the turning points of the national past, the tragic turns of the 20th century and sometimes having a sharp journalistic sound. The ballad military plot is developed in much more detail in the song "In autumn park"(1982). Combining the "role-playing" narration of the sergeant about the fatal battle with fascist tanks and the "objective" story about the fate of the hero, the poet succeeds through tensely dynamic intonation and a contrast transition from the elegiac-sounding descriptive part ("In the autumn city park // Waltzing foliage of birches") to a military picture - to reproduce the "drama" of the battle. Reducing the "passing" plot links, in the battle episode the author conveyed the culmination of the tragedy of human fate in its weakness before the fatal element of violence and death and at the same time the potential of overcoming tragedy in the life-giving natural It is no coincidence that even in the most bitter works of Mityaev, criticism noted the obvious or hidden presence of light tones:

In the autumn city park
Waltzing birch foliage,
And we lie before the throw,
The leaf fall has almost covered us.

Bring benches and tables
The silent pool brought the pond,
Brought cold trunks
And logs of machine-gun nests.

And dew fell on the gate,
And a merry May is dreaming,
And I want to close my eyes
But don't close your eyes.

"Don't close it!" - the rooks shout, -
There through the birch convoy
An avalanche of locusts is crawling
To the city behind you! "

And the grove will gasp, tilting,
Birds will break into black smoke,
The sergeant will bury his face in the mud,
And he was so young!

And the trunk burns the hands -
Well, how much lead can you pour? !
The platoon did not move an inch,
And here it is, this is the end!

Carry guns on ropes
Everyone says: "Get up, get up" ...
And I want to close my eyes
But don't close your eyes.

"Don't close it!" the rooks shout,
You hear, be patient, dear. "
And doctors are standing over you
And someone says: "Alive".

BookV.T. Aniskova Peasantry against fascism. 1941-1945. History and psychology of achievement. Peasantry against fascism. 1941-1945. History and psychology of achievement. During the course of the Great Patrioticwars in the territory Soviet Union numerous battles were fought. Not only the soldiers of the Red Army were subjected to a real test, but also civilians, peasants, who involuntarily found themselves on the captured Nazi Germany territories and witnessed real repressions carried out by representatives of the Wehrmacht. describes a huge number of events that took place on the territory of one village during the occupation. The author managed to bring to the surface the most important aspects life of peasants in this difficult period. A huge number of interesting facts that influenced the life of ordinary villagers, as well as the development and formation of the peasantry as a whole, are given in this book.

In the center of the writer's artistic world remains a man in the space and time of the war. Circumstances associated with this time and space induce and compel a person to true being. It has something that causes admiration, and something that disgusts and frightens. But both are real. In this space, that fleeting hour has been chosen when a person has nothing to hide for and no one to hide behind, and he acts. This is a time of movement and action. Time of defeat and victory. Time to resist circumstances in the name of freedom, humanity and dignity.

Unfortunately, even in peaceful life a person does not always remain a person. Perhaps, after reading some works of military prose, many will think about the issue of humanity and morality, they will understand that remaining human is the most worthy goal of life.

Our country won a victory over Germany only thanks to the courage of the people, their patience and suffering. The war crippled the lives of everyone who had anything to do with it. Not only the Great Patriotic War brought so much suffering. Today, the wars in Chechnya and Iraq are causing the same suffering. Young people are dying there, our peers, who have not done anything yet either for their country or for their families. Even if a person comes from the war alive, he still cannot live an ordinary life. Anyone who has ever killed, even against his will, will never be able to live like an ordinary person, not without reason they are called the “lost generation”.

Ephraim Sevela

Efim Evelievich Drabkin

March 8, 1928, Bobruisk, Mogilev region, BSSR - August 19, 2010, Moscow, Russian Federation.

Writer, journalist, screenwriter, director.

At the beginning of World War II, the family managed to evacuate, but during the bombing, Yefim was thrown off the train platform by an explosive wave and fought off his relatives. He wandered, in 1943 he became the "son of a regiment" of anti-tank artillery of the reserve of the Headquarters of the High Command; with the regiment reached Germany.
After the war, he graduated from high school and entered the Belarusian State University, after which he wrote scripts for films.
Before emigrating, he wrote scripts for the films Our Neighbors (1957), Annushka (1959), The Devil's Dozen (1961), No Unknown Soldiers (1965), Die Hard (1967) and Fit for Non-Combatant » (1968). The plots of all these paintings are dedicated to the Great Patriotic War or the harsh romance of military service.
Ephraim Sevela was married to the stepdaughter of Leonid Utesov, Yulia Gendelstein. In 1971, the successful and trustworthy screenwriter Sevela took part in the capture of the chairman's office. Supreme Council, arranged by activists of the Zionist movement, who demanded that Soviet Jews be allowed to repatriate to Israel. After the trial of the group, he was exiled to Israel.
Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Israel were interrupted in those years. We flew to Tel Aviv with a stopover in Paris. It was there, in the capital of France, that Sevela wrote his first book, Legends of Invalidnaya Street. The writer wrote it in two weeks, telling stories about the city of his childhood - Bobruisk - and its inhabitants.
In the preface to the German edition of "Legends ..." the following is written: "Ephraim Sevela, a writer of a small people, speaks to his reader with that exactingness, severity and love that only a writer of a very large people can afford."
In Israel and in the USA, Ephraim Sevela wrote the books "Viking", "Stop the plane - I'll get down", "Monya Tsatskes - the standard bearer", "Mother", "Parrot speaking Yiddish".
In 1991, at the invitation of the Union of Cinematographers of the USSR, Ephraim Sevela flew to Moscow for the first time in eighteen years of emigration. “I plunged into an ebullient life. She no longer walked past me, as in the countries where she lived during the years of emigration, the writer said. - I watched with delight how it was born new life, the old one breaks with a bang. My Russian citizenship was restored.”
Ephraim Sevela got the opportunity to direct films based on his own scripts. Behind a short time(1991-1994) "The Yiddish-Speaking Parrot", "Chopin's Nocturne", "Charity Ball", "Noah's Ark", "Lord, Who Am I?" were filmed.
The writer married the architect Zoya Borisovna Osipova, two children were born in the marriage.

prizes and awards
He was awarded the medal "For Courage".

The third short story from the movie "Lullaby"

excerpt

… In the narrow slit of the sight, as in a tight frame, not people, but ghosts appear and disappear. And the ribbed barrel keeps moving, satiatedly choosing, choosing who to stop at, who to throw a deadly piece of lead from the first cartridge of a long tape hanging down to the ground.
And froze, finding. The black hole of the muzzle froze on the silhouette of a woman with a baby in her arms. Painfully familiar silhouette.
SHE stood in the slot of the sight. Mother of God. Madonna. Born by the brush of Raphael.
And no longer a silhouette, but we see it all, illuminated by light from within. And this lovely young face, and this unique smile addressed to the baby in her arms.
Sistine Madonna stands in front of the machine gun. But, unlike the biblical one, she is the mother of not one, but two children. The eldest child - a boy, about ten years old, curly and black-haired, with eyes like cherries and protruding ears, clutched at his mother's skirt and looked in bewilderment at the machine gun.
There is such an oppressive, ominous silence that you want to scream, howl. As if the whole world froze, the heart of the universe stopped. And suddenly, in this terrible silence, the soft cry of a child was suddenly heard.
In the arms of the Madonna, a child began to cry. Earthly, ordinary crying. And so out of place here, at the edge of the grave, in front of the black hole of the machine gun muzzle.
Madonna bowed her face to him, rocked the child in her arms and softly sang a lullaby to him.
Ancient as the world, a Jewish lullaby, more like a prayer than a song, and addressed not to a child, but to God.
About a little white goat that stands under the boy's cradle.
About a little white goat who will go to the fair and bring gifts to the boy from there: raisins and almonds.
And the child calmed down in the arms of the Madonna.
And the lullaby didn't stop. Breaks to the sky, like a prayer, like a cry. No longer one Madonna, but dozens, hundreds of female voices picked up the song. Male voices entered.
The whole chain of people, large and small, scattered at the edge of the grave, threw a prayer into the sky, and their death cry rushed, beat under the moon, choking in the dry, inexorable rumble of a machine gun.
The machine gun fired. Silent, satiated. There is not a single person at the edge of the moat. There is also no moat. He hastily falls asleep. And across the clearing, from end to end along the virgin turf stretches like a scar, a yellow sandy strip.
Gone, shamefully buzzing engines, covered trucks.
At the foot of the oak there is no longer a machine gun. Only piles of empty spent shells cast brass in the moonlight.
Only the echo of a lullaby echoes in the forest, rushing about among the pines numb with horror...

Musa Jalil

BARBARISM

1943 They drove the mothers with the childrenAnd they forced to dig a hole, and they themselvesThey stood, a bunch of savages,And they laughed in hoarse voices.Lined up at the edge of the abyssPowerless women, thin guys.Came drunk major and copper eyesHe threw the doomed... Muddy rainBuzzed in the foliage of neighboring grovesAnd in the fields, dressed in mist,And the clouds fell over the earthChasing each other with rage...No, I won't forget this dayI will never forget, forever!I saw rivers crying like children,And mother earth wept in rage.I saw with my own eyes,Like the mournful sun, washed with tears,Through the cloud went out to the fields,IN last time kissed the childrenLast time...Shumel autumn forest. It seemed like nowHe went crazy. raged angrilyIts foliage. Darkness thickened around.I heard: a powerful oak fell suddenly,He fell, letting out a heavy sigh.The children were suddenly frightened,They clung to their mothers, clinging to the skirts.And a sharp sound was heard from the shot,Breaking the curseWhat escaped from a woman alone.Child, sick little boy,He hid his head in the folds of the dressNot yet old woman. SheI looked full of horror.How not to lose her mind!I understood everything, the little one understood everything.- Hide me, mommy! Do not die! --He cries and, like a leaf, cannot hold back the trembling.Child, which is dearest to her,Bending down, she raised her mother with both hands,Pressed to the heart, against the muzzle directly ...- I, mother, want to live. Don't, mom!Let me go, let me go! What are you waiting for? --And the child wants to escape from the hands,And the cry is terrible, and the voice is thin,And it pierces the heart like a knife.“Don't be afraid, my boy. Now you breatheat ease.Close your eyes but don't hide your headSo that the executioner does not bury you alive.Be patient, son, be patient. It won't hurt now.--And he closed his eyes. And reddened the bloodOn the neck with a red ribbon wriggling.Two lives fall to the ground, merging,Two lives and one love!Thunder boomed. The wind whistled through the clouds.The earth wept in deaf anguish,Oh, how many tears, hot and combustible!My land, tell me what's wrong with you?You often saw human grief,You bloomed for us for millions of years,But have you ever experiencedSuch a shame and barbarism?My country, enemies threaten you,But raise the banner of great truth higher,Wash his lands with bloody tears,And let its rays pierceLet them destroy mercilesslyThose barbarians, those savages,That the blood of children is swallowed greedily,the blood of our mothers...