To the 155th anniversary of the birth of G.E. Vereshchagin
Bear-hero
Three sisters went to the forest in the summer to pick cranberries. In the forest they parted, and one was lost. They searched, searched for two sisters for a third - they did not find it. So they both went home. They waited, waited for her at home - she did not come. They mourned for the unfortunate sister and forgot. Meanwhile, the sister, lost in the forest, wandered until the very night and landed for the night; climbed into the hollow of a large linden and sleeps. At night, a bear came up to her and began to caress her like a man: either stroking her on the head, or rubbing her on the back, letting them know that he would not do anything harm to her. The bear inspired confidence in himself, and the girl did not become afraid of him. The girl cried, sobbed, and resigned herself to her fate. In the morning the sun has risen, and the bear leads her to his lair. The girl went and began to live in a bear's lair. The bear fed her first with berries, and then began to feed her with all sorts of things. The girl from the bear adopted her son, and he began to grow by leaps and bounds. A year later, the son says to the bear:
- Come on, baby, fight!
- Let's.
They fought, fought - the bear overcame.
- Feed me sweeter, tya! - says the bear cub to the bear.
The bear feeds his son sweetly, and the son grows by leaps and bounds.
The next year, the bear cub again offers the bear to fight.
They fought, fought - again the bear overcame.
- Feed me sweeter, tya! - says the teddy bear to his father.
The bear feeds his son, and the son grows by leaps and bounds.
In the third year, the son again says to his father:
- Come on, baby, fight!
- Let's!
They fought, fought - the son took his father by the leg and threw him up. The bear fell and died.
"Didn't you kill your father, you shooter?" - asks the son's mother.
- We fought with him, I overcame him, and he died, - says the son.
The mother sends her son to the snakes to weave bast shoes from bast. The son took the patch and went. He came to the snakes and sees their multitude. He beats them and tears off their heads, which he puts in the pestle. He put a full motley of snake heads and goes to his mother.
- Nu, that, wove? the mother asks.
- Spilled.
- Where?
- In the pestle.
The mother put her hand into the pestle and cried out in fright.
- Go and take it back to where you got it! - says the mother.
The son carried off the heads and returned.
The next day, the mother sends her son for bast shoes to the neighbors (brownies). The son has gone to the housewives and sees a lot of housewives. He beats them and tears off their heads, which he puts in the pestle. He put a lot of pester and goes to his mother.
- Well, did you bring it?
- Brought.
- Where?
- In the pestle.
The mother put her hand into the motley and was even more frightened.
“Go, shoot, carry them back to where you took them,” the mother says to her son and scolds him.
The son carried off the heads and returned.
The son did not want to live with his mother and wished to travel around the world, to measure his strength with whom it would be possible.
He went to the smithy and ordered a cane worth forty pounds. He took a cane and went to seek adventure.
He goes and meets a tall man.
- Who are you? he asks the man.
- I am a rich man! - answers the latter. - And who are you?
- I'm a strongman.
- Prove your strength.
The strong bear cub took a strong stone in his hand, squeezed it - and water flowed from it.
- Well done! - the hero exclaimed and called the hero-strongman, and himself - only the hero.
They go further and meet a man.
- Who are you? - they ask the man, declaring to him that one of them is a strongman, and the other is a hero.
- I am also a hero, but with small forces.
- Go with us!
The three of them went along the road. They walked, walked, many, many, few - they reached the hut. We went into the hut, but it was empty; looked everywhere - found meat in the closet.
- Well, for now we will live here, and we will see what to do there, - the heroes consult among themselves.
- We will go to the forest to work, and you cook dinner for us here, - two heroes say to the third, with little strength.
- Well, your order will be executed, - says the hero.
Two went into the forest, and the third remained to cook in the hut. He cooks dinner for the heroes from ready-made provisions and does not think that the owner will come. Suddenly, the owner enters the hut and begins to drag the hero by the hair. He dragged, dragged him - almost pulled out all his hair; ate dinner and left. Bogatyrs come from work and ask:
- Well? Have you prepared lunch?
- No.
- Why?
- There is no dry firewood, nothing to cook with.
We cooked ourselves and ate.
The next day, the hero with whom the strong man met for the first time remained to cook dinner.
Two heroes went to the forest to work, and the rest cooks dinner from ready-made provisions. Suddenly the owner appears and starts beating him. Beat, beat - left a little alive; ate dinner and left. Bogatyrs come from work and ask:
- Well? Have you prepared lunch?
- No.
- Why?
- There is no clean water; there is, but cloudy.
We cooked our own dinner and ate.
On the third day, the strongman remained to cook dinner. He put a cauldron full of meat and cooks. Suddenly the owner of the hut appears and begins to beat the hero. As the hero hit the owner on the seat, he shouted with a good obscenity: "Oh, don't beat me, I won't do that." The owner got out of the house and disappeared. Bogatyrs come home from work and ask for food. The strongman fed them and told the story of the owner of the hut; then those heroes confessed that they had the same story. We ate and went to look for the owner. They found a large board in the yard, lifted it up - and there turned out to be a large hole, and a belt was lowered into the hole, serving as a ladder. The bogatyr-strongman descended on the belt into the hole, ordering his comrades to wait for him at the hole, and found himself in a different world. Under the earth was the realm of three twelve-headed snakes. These snakes held in captivity the three daughters of the king of this world. The hero walked and walked through the kingdom of snakes and reached a huge palace. He went into the hall and there he saw a beautiful girl.
- I am a strongman, - he answers, - I came to look for a villain who offends us, heroes, in a hut.
- He is the devil, in this kingdom he seems like a twelve-headed serpent, and there - a man-man. I have lived in his captivity for several years. Will you defeat him?
The girl gives the strongman a sword and says: “With this sword you will defeat him.” And the snake was not at home at that time. Suddenly he appears and says: “Fu! Ugh! Ugh! Smells like an unclean spirit."
The strong man raised his sword, hit the serpent on the heads and cut off twelve heads at once.
The hero-strongman took the princess with him and goes to another twelve-headed snake. We went into the house, and there the hero sees an even more beautiful girl.
- Who are you? - the princess asks the strongman hero.
- I am a strongman, - he answers, - I came to look for a villain who offends us, heroes, in a hut.
- He is the devil, in this kingdom he seems to be a twelve-headed serpent, and there - a simple man-man. I have lived in his captivity for several years. Will you defeat him?
The girl handed the sword to the hero and said: “With this sword you will defeat him.” And the snake was not at home at that time. Suddenly he appears and says: “Fu! Ugh! Ugh! Smells like an unclean spirit." The strong man raised his sword, struck the serpent's heads and cut off all twelve heads in two blows.
The strongman took another girl, even more beautiful, and went to the last twelve-headed snake, which was stronger than the others.
We went into the house and there they see a girl of extraordinary beauty.
- Who are you? - the girl of the hero-strongman asks.
The strongman answers the same as the first two girls.
“They are all devils,” says the girl, “one is stronger than the other, here they seem like snakes, and there they look like people.” This last serpent is the strongest of all. I have lived in his captivity for several years. Will you defeat him?
The girl hands the sword to the hero and says: “With this sword you will defeat him.” And the snake was not at home at that time. Suddenly, the strongman in the hallway hears a voice that says: “Fu! Ugh! Ugh! Smells like an unclean spirit." He went out with a sword into the vestibule. There he met with a snake and entered into a fight with him. The strong man cut off only one head of the snake, and the snake returned back to gather his strength. The strong man says to the beautiful princess: “If the snake defeats me, the kvass on the table will turn red, then you throw your shoe in front of me, and I will kill the snake.”
Here, having gathered his strength, the serpent again appeared and said: “Fu! Ugh! Ugh! Smells like an unclean spirit."
The hero came out to meet the snake and entered into battle with him. The serpent began to win. The princess looked into the vessel with kvass and saw that the kvass turned into blood, then she took her shoe, left the house and threw it in front of the hero. The bogatyr struck and immediately took down all eleven heads of the snake. The hero collected the heads of all the snakes and threw them into the crevice of the stone rock.
The hero-strongman took the girls and went to the hole in order to climb the belt to the local world. He shook the belt and put the girl on it. The comrades-heroes raised the girl, and the girl said that there were three more people in the other world. They lifted all the girls one by one. Having raised the girls, the heroes decided not to raise the comrade, thinking that he would take the girls for himself, and did not raise him. The heroes left and cannot resolve the dispute - who owns one of the girls who was with the strongest of all snakes: she was so beautiful that she could not be told in a fairy tale or described with a pen. The bogatyrs came with three maidens to their tsar-father and they say that they freed the maidens from the snakes, and at the same time each one asks for a beauty for himself. The girls said that the heroes only raised them from another world, and another freed them from the snakes, which remained below under the hole. The king sent his swift-winged eagle for the hero. The eagle put a strong man on himself and flew to the king. There, with the king, a dispute arose between the three heroes because of the beauty: everyone wanted to marry the beauty. The king sees that one is not inferior to the other and says: “I have a big bell with which I inform the people about major events in my kingdom. Whoever casts this bell further, for that I will give my daughter. The first one came up - he did not touch the bell, another one came up - too, finally a strong athlete came up ... he kicked the bell with his foot - and the bell flew off behind the royal palace.
- Take my daughter - she's yours! - said the king to the strong man.
And the hero-bear cub took the royal daughter for himself, took it and lived happily ever after, and his comrades were left without wives. The cane is 40 pounds and now lies in the hut.
(Yakov Gavrilov, village Bygi.)
finger and tooth
The two brothers went into the woods to cut wood. Chopped, chopped, chopped up a big pile. It is necessary to chop wood, but there are no wedges. One began to make wedges and inadvertently cut off a finger; the finger jumped along the forest path. Another brother began to chop wood ... The wedge bounced off - and right in the teeth; one tooth was knocked out by a wedge, and the tooth jumped after the finger.
They walked for a long time, whether you never know, whether close, how far - they reached the priest's house. It was already night, and the priest's family was immersed in a sound sleep. Here is a finger with a tooth consulting among themselves on how to steal a knife from a priest and stab his bull. Suddenly I saw a fan in one of the windows and climbed into the hut. Looking for a knife there - does not find it.
- Well, will you be back soon? - asks a tooth under the window.
- I can not find! finger answers.
Pop heard in the house human voice, got up and searches, and the finger got into the shoe of the hit, and the priest does not see him. Again the priest lay down and fell asleep. The finger has come out of the shoe and is looking for the knife.
- Well, how long? - asks the tooth again.
“I can’t find it,” replies the finger.
Pop heard the cry again and woke up; he took out the fire and is looking for; the finger again crawled into the toe of the shoe and looked out from there if it saw a knife somewhere. Searched, searched for a pop man - did not find; meanwhile, the finger spotted the knife on the bench by the cupboard. So, when the priest went to bed, he got out of his shoe, took a knife and jumped out into the street.
- Well, which one shall we stab? - ask each other a finger and a tooth, going to the bulls in the barn.
“The one who looks at us, we will stab him,” says the finger.
- Okay, but we won’t stab here, we’ll take the bull into the forest, and no one will interfere with us there, - the tooth expresses its opinion.
They caught the bull that looked at them, and took him into the forest; there they stabbed him, and the finger was left to gut, and the tooth went for firewood to cook meat. He dragged a tooth full of firewood, tied them up, but he couldn't carry them. Suddenly a bear comes and says to him a tooth:
- Clubfoot! Take the burden on your shoulder and carry it.
And the bear was as hungry as a wolf and ate a tooth. The tooth went through the bear and shouts to the finger:
- Brother, help me out soon, the bear ate me.
The bear was frightened and ran, jumped the deck and hurt himself to death. They both went for firewood and somehow dragged the burden. While the finger was laying the fire, the tooth went to the hut of the votyak to fetch the cauldron and began to cook. They boiled a whole bull and ate it. Having eaten to the full - to satiety, went to bed. A hungry wolf came and ate both of them while sleeping.
(Vasily Perevoshchikov, honorary Vorchino.)
Fearless nobleman
The soldier served twenty-five years and saw neither fear nor the king. The authorities send him to his homeland. Having seen neither fear nor the king during his service, he says to his superiors:
- What would it cost you to show me at least once the king!
They reported this to the king, and the king demanded a soldier to his palace.
- Hello, officer! the king tells him.
- I wish you good health, Your Majesty! - answers the soldier.
- Well, why did you come to me?
- I served, Your Majesty, twenty-five years and did not see either fear or you; I have come to see you.
- Well, - said the king, - go to the front porch and touch my hens!
And this meant not letting any generals without money into the palace to the king.
The soldier went out and stood at the door of the front porch. Various high-ranking officials, generals, etc. come. The soldier does not let them in without money. Nothing to do, they give him money.
The next day, the king calls the soldier to him and says:
- Well? Lost my chickens?
“He messed up, Your Majesty, he’ll be on my way,” the soldier answered.
- Well done, be you for the courage "Fearless nobleman". In addition to this rank, I give you Yermoshka as a servant, a pair of horses from my royal stable and a golden carriage; I supply you with a ticket - go to all four corners of the world.
The Fearless nobleman got into a golden carriage, took Yermoshka on the goats and went to another kingdom. We drove, we drove - we reached two roads, and between them stands a pillar with the inscription: "If you go to the right, you will find happiness, if you go to the left, you will be killed." Where to go? The fearless nobleman thought for a moment and said to Yermoshka:
- Go left.
Yermoshka was frightened, but there was nothing to be done: you would not be higher than the master. And they went on the left road.
We drove, we drove - we saw on dead road body. The fearless nobleman says to Yermoshka:
- Bring this dead body here.
Yermoshka is coming... coming up to the body and shaking all over with fright. The Fearless nobleman sees that Yermoshka is afraid dead body, like a cowardly woman, and went after the dead body himself. I took it and put it in the carriage beside me.
Again they go. They drove, they drove and they see a hanged man on a birch already dead. The fearless nobleman sends his servant:
- Go, Yermoshka, cut the rope and bring the body here.
Yermoshka is walking - all shaking with fear. Fearless got out of the carriage and went to the dead body himself; crossed the rope on which the body hung, took the body, brought it and put it in the carriage on the other side of himself.
- Well, don't be afraid now, Yermoshka: there are four of us, - says Fearless.
They all go through the forest. We arrived at a huge house, which, as it turned out, belonged to the robbers. Fearless, without asking anyone, drove into the yard; Yermoshka ordered the horses to be taken to the stable, and he himself went into the hut. At the table in the hut, robbers dine, as can be seen from the ferocious mugs; in the front corner sits the ataman himself with a large spoon in his hand. Ataman says to the Fearless:
- You are Russian, we will make you hot: the meat of the hare is delicious - he eats a lot of bread.
Fearless, without saying anything, comes up to the table, snatches a large spoon from the ataman's hands and tastes the cabbage soup.
- Sour, rubbish! .. Here's a roast for you! - Fearless says to the ataman, hitting him on the forehead with a spoon.
Ataman goggled his eyes and looks, what kind of person is so impudent? Yermoshka enters the hut ...
“Bring me, Yermoshka, a good zander from the carriage,” says the Fearless Yermoshka.
Yermoshka dragged the dead body. Fearless took a knife from the table of the robbers and began to cut the dead body ... he cut off a piece, sniffed it and said:
- It smells! Rubbish! Bring another.
Yermoshka brought something else. Fearless cut off a piece, sniffed and spat:
- Ugh! And this pike smells.
The robbers were mad with fear.
- Come on fresh! shouted the Fearless to Yermoshka... Yermoshka himself shuddered in fright, and his trousers slipped down.
- Come on quickly! shouts Fearless.
Yermoshka goes to the table, raising his pants, and shaking like aspen leaf. The robbers ran out of the hut, only one chieftain remained. Fearless hit the ataman on the forehead with a large spoon and killed him; then he scooped up all the stolen gold from them, sat down and rode ahead.
We drove, we drove - we reached the kingdom. They drive up to the city, and there, on the balcony of the palace, the king looks through a telescope and wonders: who is this in a golden carriage? We reached the palace, and the king asks Fearless what kind of person he is, where he came from and what was given to him? Dauntless, calling himself the Dauntless Noble, said that he travels to other realms looking for adventure.
“I need such and such,” says the king. - Not far from here, on an island, I have an excellent palace, but the devil settled in it and stole from me eldest daughter which I loved the most; go to the island, get the devil out of my palace, bring my daughter to me. If you do this, take any of my three daughters and in addition you will receive half of my kingdom; if you do not fulfill - say goodbye to the head.
- All right, - says the Fearless, - I will fulfill your order.
Fearless left the carriage with money and horses with the king and went with Yermoshka to the lake, among which the palace was located: he got into the boat and sailed on the lake, and Yermoshka remained on the shore. He swam across the lake and reached the palace. He went into the palace and sees in the hallway on the window a copper pipe of the devil. He picked up his pipe and lit a cigarette and smoked; smoke passed into other rooms. Suddenly, in one of the rooms, he hears the voice of the devil, who says:
- Ah, Russian! The Russian spirit has not yet been heard here. Go on, little devil, remember his sides well.
The little devil ran to Fearless. Fearless took him by the tail and threw him out the window. The devil sends another imp. Fearless threw that one too; sends a third - the third suffered the same fate. The devil sees that the little devils are not returning, and he went himself. Fearless, taking him by the tail and by the horns, bent him into a ram's horn and threw him out the window. Then he went from room to room looking for the king's daughter. I found her sitting by the bed and next to her was a watchman - an imp. He threw the devil out the window, and took the royal daughter by the hands and led him out of the hut. I got into the boat with her and sailed back. Suddenly, a lot of imps grabbed the boat to capsize it. Fearless, to frighten the devils, shouts:
- Fire! Let's quickly fire, I'll burn the whole lake!
The little devils got scared and dived into the water.
Fearless brought his daughter to the king. And the king says to the Fearless:
- Well done, Fearless! Choose any of my three daughters and get half of my kingdom.
Dauntless chose the younger daughter and received half of the kingdom. He lived a little with a young woman and says:
- Why do I live at home? I'll go wandering around the world again, if I see any passions.
Wife says:
What other passions do you have? There are no passions worse than devils in the world, and it was not worth the devil to survive from the palace and spitting.
“However, I’ll go for a walk, maybe I’ll see something.”
And the Fearless went to look for terrible adventures. He wanted to rest on the banks of the river; lay down not far from the river, laid his head on a block of wood, and fell asleep. During his sleep, a cloud arose, and heavy rain poured down. The river overflowed its banks, and the water surrounded him too; a few more minutes passed - and water covered him, only one head remained at the top. Here is one brush sees a good place in the bosom of the Fearless; went there and lives there. Meanwhile, the rain stopped falling, the water went to the banks, and it became dry everywhere, but the Fearless still sleeps. Suddenly he turned over on the other side, and the ruff's fin began to prick him. Fearless jumped off the spot - and let's run, shouting at the top of our lungs:
- Oh, fathers! Oh, fathers! Someone is.
A ruff fell out of the bosom.
- Well, no one has seen such passion, I think! he says, walking back to his wife.
And they live, they live, and they make good.
(This tale was written down from the words of a peasant named Arlanov Pavel Mikhailov.)
kukri baba
In the spring, the mother sent her three daughters to the forest to get brooms for sweeping rubbish, and the girls got lost in the forest. Wandered, wandered in the forest and got tired. What to do? Here one of the sisters climbed on tall tree and looks around - if he sees any clearing. She looked and said:
- Far from here, blue smoke rises to the sky, like a thread.
The second sister did not believe it and climbed up the spruce. Looks in one direction and says:
“Far away from here, a finger-thick blue smoke goes up to the sky.
The third sister did not believe it and climbed up the spruce. Looks and says:
- Far from here goes to the sky a blue smoke as thick as an arm.
We noticed this place, got off the spruce and went. They walked and walked and reached the hut. We went into it.
An old woman, Kukri Baba, of a disgusting appearance, is sitting on the stove and breastfeeding a child, and the child has a strong scab on his head. She saw the girls and says:
- Do not want to eat, girls?
- Would eat, perhaps, - the girls answer her.
Kukri-baba came down from the stove ... scraped off the scab from the head of the child and treated the girls, saying:
- Well, eat, girls.
The girls turn their eyes away from the ugly scab that makes them vomit. kukri baba says:
If you don't eat, I'll eat you myself.
What to do? Here one took - she vomited; took another, the third - also vomited. The girls want to leave.
“No, I won’t let you in,” says Kukri Baba. - Jump over a large stupa - Pushcha.
At the door in the corner she has a large wooden mortar, and that's where she brought the girls and orders to jump over it. Two sisters jumped and left, but the third could not jump and stayed with Kukri Baba.
Kukri Baba went out of the hut and said to the girl:
- You, girl, rock the baby and sing: “Eh! E! ABOUT! ABOUT! Sleep, sleep." Do not come out of the hut.
She left the hut, and the girl was shaking the baby and crying. Suddenly a rooster comes to the girl and says:
- Sit on me, girl, I'll take you away.
The girl sat down and rides on a rooster.
Kukri Baba came home and sees one child, but the girl is not there. And she went in pursuit of the girl. She caught up and threw a wooden pestle at the rooster, the rooster dropped the girl. Kukri Baba took the girl and took her back to her hut.
The hare comes and says:
- Sit on me, girl, I'll take you away.
The girl sat on the hare and rides. Kukri Baba caught up with them and threw a wooden pestle at the hare - and the hare dropped the girl.
Again the girl shakes the child and cries.
A thin horse comes, covered in mud and droppings.
- Get on me, girl, - says the horse.
The girl sat on a dirty horse and rides. They see that Kukri Baba is chasing them. We reached the water, and a large log lies on the water. The girl got off the horse and walked along the log. So Kukri Baba is walking along a log ... The girl went ashore, shook the log - and Kukri Baba fell into the water. So she, the villain, ended.
The girl came home at night, when all her family were sleeping. She took hold of the ring of the door... she knocked, she knocked - they didn't open it: no one heard. She went to sleep on the sennik, and there someone ate her at night, leaving only her hair.
In the morning, the girl's father and the boy went to the hayfield to feed the horses. The boy found the hair and says to his father:
- I, darling, found the strings.
“All right, child, take it if you find it,” the father replies.
The boy brought the hair into the hut and laid it on the table. Suddenly, the hair began to lament in the plaintive voice of the eaten girl:
- Father, mother! Hands, fingers knocked on the door - you did not unlock it.
Everyone got scared and threw their hair into the oven. In the furnace and the ashes speak too. What to do? The family is not happy with life, even if you leave the house.
Here the women raked out all the ashes ... took out the rest - and threw the ashes into the forest. From that time on, there were no lamentations in the oven.
(Recorded from Pavel Zelenin.)
There were two neighbors in the same village. Both had one daughter. Their daughters grew up and became brides. One neighbor's daughter is being wooed by the rich and the poor, but he still does not want to give his daughter away; at the other, no one woo, despite the fact that his daughter is the most beautiful of beauties; and her father wanted to give her away.
- If only the devil would come to woo my daughter! - says the latter, when he saw matchmakers from a neighbor.
The very next day, matchmakers in rich outfits, like city merchants, came to him and wooed his daughter.
- How can I marry you, the rich, when my means are beggarly? After all, to give out to the rich, it is necessary to start a rich feast, ”says the peasant.
- We do not understand who is what, we would only have a suitable, hard-working bride, and we found such a person in the person of your daughter, - the matchmakers answer.
The man agreed and betrothed his daughter to a merchant groom who was right there. They played a wedding and go home with the bride, or rather, with the young.
- Where are you from? We wooed the girl, played the wedding, you are already taking the bride away, but we don’t know where you are from, who you are, - the quick-witted old woman, the grandmother of the bride, decided to ask.
- In fact, we don’t know at all where our fiancé and our matchmakers are from. We sold our daughter anyway. This is not right, we need to find out everything, - all the family say and ask the matchmakers.
- We are from Moscow-city, we are engaged in trade, - the matchmakers say.
The old woman called herself to see her granddaughter even before the ferry, which was not far from the village. The grandmother got into the cart, and drove off; we reached the river, and the grandmother was ordered to get out of the cart. As soon as the grandmother left, the whole train went down into the water and was like that. Grandma then howled like a wolf, but there’s nothing to do, you can’t turn back.
“We gave the poor thing for a wumurt, we won’t see her again,” grandmother lamented, returning home.
She returned home and with tears in her eyes told her family about what she had seen. The family grieved and stopped.
Seven years passed, and they began to forget their daughter.
Suddenly, at this time, the son-in-law appears and invites the grandmother to be a midwife during the birth of her granddaughter, who, the son-in-law says, walks in the last time of pregnancy. The grandmother got into the carriage of her son-in-law and left. The son-in-law drove to the same river and went down into the water. Grandmother had only time to gasp when she found herself in the river, but did not drown; there, in the water, the same road as on land. We drove, we drove - we drove up to a big house; got out of the carriage and entered the house. There they took the grandmother to her granddaughter's room, and they threw themselves into each other's arms. It's time to give birth. Fired up the bath. The pregnant woman was resolved, and the grandmother accepted the baby. They went to the bathhouse, and there other women gave the grandmother a bottle of ointment to smear the child's eyes, and warned the grandmother that she should not smear her eyes with this ointment, otherwise she would go blind.
When there was no one in the bath, the grandmother smeared her right eye, and suddenly a miracle happened: the grandmother began to walk in the water and on the water, like a special animal. After visiting her granddaughter, she began to get ready to go home. She calls her granddaughter with her, but she says that she cannot go to them; go yourself more often. Grandmother began to say goodbye to matchmakers and matchmakers, but they did not let her walk: "Let's harness," they say, "a cart." They harnessed the cart and sent grandmother.
At home, the grandmother told about the life of her granddaughter, about her visit to the matchmakers, praised them in the best possible way, and the family could not be surprised.
The next day, Grandma went shopping. Entering the store, she asks the merchant about the price of the goods, but no one sees her. They look back and forth - there is no one.
“What a marvel,” says the shopkeeper. - Who is speaking?
The grandmother guessed that she was invisible to a stranger and that she became invisible from the ointment. She took from the shop what she needed, without money, and went home. Grandmother was glad that she took everything for nothing.
The next day she went back to the store. In the shop he sees people taking out and putting goods into the cart.
- Where are you delivering the goods? - asks the grandmother.
- Another merchant, - people answer and ask her how she sees them?
- So I see, as you see, - answers the grandmother.
- Which eye?
- Right.
Then one went up to the grandmother and tore out her right eye, and then a miracle happened again: the grandmother became visible to everyone, and with her left eye she did not see the goods carried out of the shop. The grandmother howled from the pain in her right eye and went home crooked. It was only then that she guessed that they were wumurts, with whom, perhaps, she was visiting, but for some reason she did not recognize them.
Now let's say something about wumurts. These Wumurts transported goods from shop to shop. Whoever believed in the faith of the Wumurts, they dragged goods from the shop of the unbeliever, and they dragged only the goods that were placed without blessing, that is, without prayers. In this way, the goods passed from shop to shop, and from this one merchant became poorer, and the other became richer.
(Elizar Evseev.)
Grigory Yegorovich (Georgievich) Vereshchagin (1851-1930)
The first Udmurt scientist and writer who left a rich and diverse creative legacy. His pen belongs widely famous poem“Chagyr, chagyr dydyke…” (“Glue-gray, dove-gray…”), spread in the form folk song, the centenary of whose publication was celebrated by the public in 1989 as the anniversary of the first original printed artwork in the Udmurt language and all Udmurt literature.
G.E. Vereshchagin wrote poems, poems, plays in the Udmurt and Russian languages. Of these, during his lifetime he published only more than a dozen poems on mother tongue. Four of his poems (“Ruined Life”, “Skorobogat-Kashchey”, “ gold fish” and “Clothes of a batyr”) were first seen in our days, thanks to the efforts of researchers.
During his lifetime, G.E. Vereshchagin became famous not only in Russia, but also abroad (in particular, in Hungary, Finland) as an ethnographer and folklorist who collected, researched and published materials related to history, language, customs, traditions, beliefs and practices, and artistic culture(songs, legends, stories, fairy tales, riddles, proverbs, sayings, etc.) of Udmurts and Russians, who lived mainly in the Glazovsky and Sarapulsky districts of the Vyatka province, located between the Vyatka and Kama rivers. His ethnographic essays include not only the necessary scientific information. Despite the fact that they were written in Russian, they were in fact the first works of the Udmurt fiction and received high recognition, however, not like artistic experiments, but as scientific works. In particular, each of his monographs: “Votyaks of the Sosnovsky Territory”, “Votyaks of the Sarapulsky Uyezd of the Vyatka Province” are original essays (or even stories, as some researchers call them) of an encyclopedic nature about the life of the Udmurt people of that time, which were awarded a silver medal Imperial Russian Geographical Society, known at that time scientific center for the study of the ethnography of the peoples of Russia. At the age of thirty-seven, in 1888, being a teacher in an elementary provincial school, taking into account the value of the materials provided by him from the place of observation, G.E. Vereshchagin was honored to be an elected member of this most authoritative scientific society at that time.
G.E. Vereshchagin's linguistic research turned out to be fruitful. He compiled the Udmurt-Russian and Russian-Udmurt dictionaries, which remained unpublished, published the book "A Guide to the Study of the Votsky Language" - "the first original research work in the field of observation of the Votsky language", as stated in the preface to the book, signed by the Votsky Academic Center. Regarding the works of G.E. Vereshchagin, the words “first”, “first” have to be used quite often.
G.E. Vereshchagin was not a scientist in our traditional sense: he did not defend dissertations, did not receive academic titles and degrees; being simple school teacher(later - a priest), actively collected ethnographic and folklore material, and these scrupulous and systematic studies of local lore formed him as an ethnographer of a wide profile. The Udmurt people, the region inhabited by them, became for him a kind of "training ground", where he comprehended the science of complex study folk culture. It was this desire that turned G.E. Vereshchagin into a scientist with a wide range of interests, combining an ethnographer, folklorist, religious scholar, researcher of onomastics.
The good name of G.E. Vereshchagin also went down in history in connection with the Multan Trial (1892-1896), which made a world-famous shameful for the tsarist authorities, during which he acted as an expert ethnographer on the side of the defense at two sessions of the district court. The very fact that he was involved in this role testified to the recognition of his competence in the field of Udmurt ethnography. V.G. Korolenko, who took an active part in defending the defendants, the honor and dignity of the entire Udmurt people and in exposing the criminal actions of the authorities during this process, highly appreciated the role of G.E. Vereshchagin's expertise in the court's acquittal.
In the extensive scientific heritage of Grigory Egorovich Vereshchagin, the book "Votyaks of the Sosnovsky Territory" occupies a special place. It marked the beginning of an intense and purposeful scientific search, to which the scientist devoted his whole life.
The work was first published in 1884. Since at that time the department of ethnography at scientific institutions and universities were absent, all research in the field of Russian ethnography was concentrated in learned societies. One of these centers was the ethnographic department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, in the Izvestia of which the scientist's monograph was published.
Exactly 120 years ago, in 1886, G.E. Vereshchagin's book was republished with minor additions. It was highly appreciated by contemporaries and still has not lost its value as a collection of the richest ethnographic material about the Udmurt people. Due to the uniqueness of the materials contained in the work, the reliability and detail of the actual descriptions, the monograph by G. Vereshchagin constantly continues to attract the attention of Udmurt scholars. References to this work, reference to his factual material we can meet in a significant number of modern publications, dedicated to farms and material culture, public and family life, religion, spiritual culture and art of the Udmurt people. It has become almost a rule to check one's knowledge of the facts of Udmurt ethnography “according to Vereshchagin”.
(Reprinted according to: Vereshchagin G.E. Collected works: In 6 vols. Izhevsk: UIIYAL Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1995. Vol. 1. Votyaki of the Sosnovsky Territory / Responsible for the issue of G.A. Nikitin; Word to the reader: V. M.Vanyushev; Afterword by V.M.Vanyushev, G.A.Nikitina, V. 2. Votyaks of the Sarapul district of the Vyatka province / Responsible for the issue L.S. Khristolyubov.)
There once lived a wealthy merchant. He hired workers and from the very early morning until late in the evening he starved them at work, he did not give them a minute of rest.
The sun will set, the workers will disperse for the night, and the merchant, out of vexation, cannot find a place for himself.
Once this merchant decided to build himself a new house. He hired workers and says:
- I'll pay you by the day!
And he himself thinks: “I will make them build a house in one day! But how to do it? How to lengthen the day?
The merchant went to look for a man who would teach how to lengthen the day.
Whomever he asks - it's all to no avail. Some say: "We don't know!" Others laugh, others are surprised.
A merchant walked and walked and went into one village. And in this village lived Lopsho Pedun, a master of all sorts of cunning inventions.
Lopsho Pedun saw the merchant and asked:
- What are you looking for here? Is there anything I can help you with?
- Yes, - the merchant answers, - I am looking for a person who would teach how to lengthen the day. Otherwise, it’s a real problem with the workers: they don’t have time to get up, they immediately go to bed. And I know pay them and feed them.
– Ah-ah-ah! - says Lopsho Pedun. “And how did you get right to me?” I will help your grief! I'll teach you how to lengthen the day! It's very simple!
And he thinks to himself: “Wait, fat-bellied! Wait, greedy! I will ridicule you all over the district!”
Lopsho Pedun brought the merchant to his hut, seated him at the table and said:
- I will teach you how to lengthen the day, I will teach you! That's all you have to pay me for!
- All right, - says the merchant, - so be it, I will pay you, I will not be stingy.
- Well, listen. Dress yourself warmer: put on a shirt, a vest on a shirt, a jacket on a vest, a sheepskin coat on a jacket, a fur hat on your head, felt boots on your feet, mittens on your hands. After you get dressed, take a sharp pitchfork, climb the highest tree, sit on a bough - sit and support the sun with a pitchfork. So it won't move! The day won't end until you wish! Got it?
The merchant rejoiced.
“Understood,” he says, “understood!” How not to understand! Well, now my employees will know that the money is not in vain! Thank you for science!
The merchant returned home and said to the workers:
You will work tomorrow until the sun goes down.
And he himself thinks: “I won’t let him sit down! I won't let him sit! I’ll keep him until the house is put up!”
In the morning, the merchant put on a warm shirt, a vest on the shirt, a jacket on the vest, a sheepskin coat on the jacket, a fur hat on his head, felt boots on his feet, mittens on his hands, picked up a pitchfork and climbed the tallest tree. People look at the merchant, wonder, they cannot understand what he started.
And the merchant sat down on a thick bough, raised his pitchfork and shouted:
Well, carpenters! Until I get off the tree, don't quit your job!
Workers carry logs, saw, cut, plan, and the merchant sits, holds a pitchfork in his hands, looks at the sun himself.
And the sun bakes him stronger and stronger, stronger and stronger. The merchant became hot, sweat runs from him in streams.
I looked down: how are my employees? And they know they saw, cut, plan.
Noon came, and the merchant was so frazzled, so exhausted that he could hardly hold his pitchfork. He himself thinks:
“And when does the day end? That and look, I'll fry here. I have never seen such a long day in my life!”
He could not stand it. He threw the pitchfork on the ground, somehow climbed down from the tree and said:
- Well, there is nothing to hold back the sun! Let him go his way!
And he trudged home, he was barely dragging his legs.
Learned about it in everyone neighboring villages, began to laugh at the stupid merchant. He was gone!
Regional and ethno-cultural directions in the activities of educational organizations.
Vyzhykyl (fairy tale) is an epic oral work, mostly of a magical, adventurous or everyday nature, with a fantasy setting. The nature of the story is always entertaining. It is the entertaining and imaginative attitude that distinguishes the fairy tale from other narrative genres of folklore.
The Udmurt fairy tale repertoire is rich and varied.As in the folklore of other peoples, the Udmurts have fairy tales: about animals, social or short stories, and magical.
We now call fairy tales what for the first listeners were the lessons of hunting, natural history, which taught them to respect the strength of the bear, calling him the “master of the forest” and even worshiping him in order to appease, win over. On occasion, however, he can be deceived: he is strong, but unsophisticated. The wolf is weaker than the bear, but more impudent and stupider. In addition, he is always hungry, or rather, insatiable. The wolf is so stupid that even such harmless animals as a hare or a goat can outwit him. The long-tailed fox Vassa in the Udmurt fairy tale is cunning, as in the fairy tales of other peoples, flattering with the strong and arrogant with the weak, but she is also stupid. A rooster, a dove, a cat easily defeat it. Over time, these tales ceased to be lessons in natural history: humanity has stepped far forward towards true knowledge. But fairy tales remained fairy tales.The main ones in the mythology of the Udmurts were Inmar, who lives in the sky and gives light and warmth, and Kyldysin, the patron of the earth, who gives people bread and food. There were also many other deities. In the water, the master was Vumurt (water), Vukuzyo (master of water), Wuperi (spirit of water).
Fairy talesyounger than fairy tales about animals. They have what is achieved by man, andThat,which seemed so far unrealistic. In other words, fairy tales depict the people's dream of an all-powerful, all-powerful man living on earth and conquering time, space, fire, and water. He succeeded in this with the help of magical means, inherited by labor and good-heartedness.
The world of the Udmurt fairy tale strikes with its everydayness and fantasy. Her heroes experienced hunger and cold, injustice and deceit. Struggling with want and untruth, they work miracles: they climb into the sky, descend underground, do not burn in fire, do not drown in water. Thanks to miraculous items and helpers, they defeat the strongest opponents. These tales reflect one of the first stages of man's struggle with the evil forces of nature, the victory of the tireless seeker and worker over them, the wealth of the soul and moral beauty his.
The hero of the Udmurt fairy tale is not a king and not a prince, not a king and not a prince. Most often - just Ivan or Ivan the poor. Sometimes this is a nameless soldier who served a long soldier's service to the tsar and remained an orphan in this world: not a stake, not a yard, not a penny for a rainy day. And this is what is characteristic: the destitute hero is not embittered, not bitter, but on the contrary, his heart is kind and sympathetic, his mind is bright and clear, his hands are dexterous and skillful. Such a hero opposes enemies strong and powerful. Yes, not only opposes, but also wins, as, for example, in the fairy tales "Poor Ivan", "Gundyrinmar and Prok the headman).Some Udmurt fairy tales reflected in themselves the traces of a long-gone matriarchy. Udmurt fairy tale knows the image strong women who cannot be defeated in competitions by male heroes. In the fairy tale “Museim and Marsalim”, the image of the daughter of the Fiery King reflects that era, when a woman had great power and unlimited power in society.
The youngest of all fairy tales in science are consideredrealistic, or everyday . When man was completely dependent on nature, when success in hunting or fishing depended on his next tomorrow, legends, myths, tales about animals served him as a living book of life, they reflected his experience. Experience was replenished, replenished and oral book about him. In a fairy tale ancient man he begins not only to share life experience, but also to dream of such helpers, objects, such skills that could make him many times stronger and more powerful. But how far was it from the dream - self-propelled bast shoes - to airplanes! From a self-tapping ax to the Druzhba electric saw! The dream remained a long, very long dream.
The themes of everyday fairy tales are exceptionally diverse. Literally for all occasions, you can find an example in the Udmurt everyday fairy tales. There are among them fairy tales on favorite topics, they have their favorite heroes. So, in most fairy tales, the themes of the hero's marriage, happiness, fate vary.
Especially popular among the Udmurt people are the tales of the dexterous Aldar Ivan or Aldaragai.This is certainly a poor, but quick-witted man. IN Lately he was somewhat pressed by LopshoPedun. Interesting story happening before our eyes with this amazing hero. He was born modest and moderately active, Soviet power, but long before the revolution, somewhere within the current Udmurtia.
How to make learning most effective? What methods, means to maintain interest in learning? Everyone knows that the use game moments and lessons in a playful way, especially in primary school, are a necessary means of activating cognitive activity students. The lesson-excursion, the lesson-journey, the lesson-performance, the lesson-fairy tale are especially interesting. They allow you to make learning accessible, helps to increase the activity of children. I will talk about using today Udmurt fairy tales on lessons literary reading V primary school. Skillful use of texts of fairy tales allows you to make the lesson brighter, more meaningful, more interesting. Completing "fabulous" tasks will help to form learning motivation team building, ability to work in a team. There are many ways to use fairy tales. Here are some of them. If you need to do a lot of repetitive exercises, you need to include them in the game shell in which they are performed to achieve the game goal. In such cases, I use the following methods:
Reception "Attractive goal". Children can be given a goal - to help Noodles Pedun restore his good name.
- "Magic wand" - a pen (pencil) is passed around the class in random order. The transmission is accompanied by speech according to some predetermined order-rule. For example, the transmitter calls the name of a fairy tale, story, story - one of the characters in this work;
Reception "Fabulous puzzles. Puzzles are aimed at creating a creative and in many ways playful environment. Children can be offered the following tasks: - retelling this episode of the fairy tale shown in the picture; - description of the character; -composing your own continuation of the tale;
Reception “Familiar heroes in new circumstances” Circumstances can be purely fantastic, incredible (animals live on flying saucers), or they can be close to the life of children (with the help of a magic wand they ended up in one cage of the city zoo);
Children love to travel. Therefore, the "Journey with a fairy tale hero" technique will not let the child get bored in the lesson. Let's hit the road. On the way we will meet various obstacles. To overcome them, one must be bold, quick, quick-witted, attentive. Such lessons contribute to the development of interest in the subject, attention and empathy. literary heroes. IN modern conditions to enhance the cognitive activity of students in the classroom and after school hours, it is advisable to use computer technology.
On lessons extracurricular reading after getting acquainted with the Udmurt fairy tales and fairy tale characters, the guys draw illustrations for fairy tales.
Department of Public Education of the Administration of the Karakulinsky District
"Journey into the world of fairy tales of the Udmurt people
in extracurricular reading lessons"
The work was completed by: S.A. Kiryanova
teacher primary school
2015
UDMURT- this is the people in Russia, indigenous people Udmurtia (476 thousand people). Udmurts also live in Tataria, in Bashkiria, in Perm, Kirov, Sverdlovsk regions. The total number of Udmurts in Russia is 676 thousand people. 70% of Udmurts consider their native National language. The Udmurt language belongs to the Finno-Ugric language group. In the Udmurt language, several dialects are distinguished - northern, southern, Besermyan and median dialects. Writing Udmurt language created on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet. The majority of Udmurt believers are Orthodox, but a significant proportion adhere to traditional beliefs. On religious beliefs Udmurts living among Tatars and Bashkirs were influenced by Islam.
The past of the Udmurts dates back to the Finno-Ugric tribes of the Iron Age of the 1st millennium AD. The territory of modern Udmurtia has long been inhabited by Udmurt or Votyak tribes (3-4 centuries AD). In the 10th-12th centuries, the Udmurts were under economic and cultural influence Volga-Kama Bulgaria. In the 13th century, the territory of Udmurtia was conquered by the Mongol-Tatars.
In 1489, the northern Udmurts became part of the Russian state. In Russian sources, the Udmurts have been mentioned since the 14th century as ares, aryans, votyaks; southern Udmurts experienced Tatar influence, tk. Until 1552 they were part of the Kazan Khanate. By 1558, the Udmurts completely became part of the Russian state. Under their own name, the Udmurts were first mentioned in 1770 in the work of the scientist N.P. Rychkov.
The traditional occupation of the Udmurts was agriculture and animal husbandry. Hunting, fishing, and beekeeping were of an auxiliary nature. Udmurt villages were located along the banks of the rivers and were small - a few dozen households. In the decoration of the dwelling there were many decorative woven products. Udmurt clothes were sewn from canvas, cloth and sheepskin. In clothing, two options stood out - northern and southern. Shoes were woven bast shoes, boots or felt boots. Numerous were ornaments made of beads, beads, coins. traditional dwelling Udmurts had a log hut with a cold vestibule under a gable roof. The diet of the Udmurts was dominated by agricultural and livestock products.
IN public life villages big role the community of the neighboring type played, at the head of which was the council - kenesh. For a long time tribal divisions of the Udmurts - Vorshuds - were preserved.
The religion of the Udmurts was characterized by a numerous pantheon of deities and spirits, among them Inmar - the god of heaven, Kaldysin - the god of the earth, Shundy-mummy - the Mother of the Sun, there were about 40 of them in total. plow, vyl beetle - ritual eating of porridge from the grain of the new crop. Since the 19th century, the celebration of many holidays began to coincide with the dates of the Christian calendar - Christmas, Easter, Trinity. The Udmurts often had two names - a pagan one, given when they were called a midwife, and a Christian one, received at baptism.
Leading position in applied arts occupied embroidery, patterned weaving, patterned knitting, wood carving, weaving, embossing on birch bark. Singing and dancing, accompanied by playing the harp and flute, were widely developed among the Udmurts.
In the 18th century, the largest Udmurt factories, Izhevsk and Votkinsk, were built in Udmurtia, which have retained their significance in a transformed form to this day. The region has become a major industrial center of Russia. Highest value received metallurgy, engineering and weapons production.
Udmurt tales.
Tales about animals.
Magic tales.
Realistic tales.
"When a person's inquisitive gaze begins to penetrate into what surrounds him, fairy tales about animals and plants appear. In them, an ancient person tries to explain the reason for one or another feature of the representatives of the surrounding world. This is how fairy tales arise about why a bear hides in a den for the winter, why rye does not have a full stem, why a pea consists of two halves, etc. Of course, these explanations are still pure fantasy, but they are already evidence that a person wants to know everything that it has become impossible for him to live in ignorance .
In ancient times, man was largely dependent on the ability to recognize the habits and customs of animals. In fairy tales about animals, the Udmurt, a hunter and nature lover, has preserved and conveyed to this day observations of the natural behavior of animals and animals. He treated them like his smaller brothers, although sometimes in something - in strength, dexterity, speed - and superior to man. Observing the successes and failures in communicating with the animal world, he began to pass on his experience to other generations through fairy tales about animals.
We now call fairy tales what for the first listeners were the lessons of hunting, natural history, which taught them to respect the strength of the bear, calling him the "master of the forest" and even worshiping him in order to appease, win over. On occasion, however, he can be deceived: he is strong, but unsophisticated. The wolf is weaker than the bear, but more impudent and stupider. In addition, he is always hungry, or rather, insatiable. The wolf is so stupid that even such harmless animals as a hare or a goat can outwit him. The long-tailed fox Vassa in the Udmurt fairy tale is cunning, as in the fairy tales of other peoples, flattering with the strong and arrogant with the weak, but she is also stupid. A rooster, a dove, a cat easily defeat her. Over time, these tales ceased to be lessons in natural history: humanity has stepped far forward towards true knowledge. But fairy tales remained fairy tales.
Why do we still love fairy tales about animals? Is it because, firstly, they help us to get to know our "little brothers" - animals better and, secondly, allow us to critically and not without humor evaluate our own behavior and the actions of the people around us. Arrogance, bragging, arrogance, cowardice, deceit, attributed in fairy tales to a bear, a wolf, a fox and other animals, do not help us to take a stricter look at ourselves and our circle of acquaintances? Don't they instill in us modesty, benevolence, adherence to principles, selflessness? Yes, yes and yes! Not by chance characteristic feature The modern Udmurt fairy tale about animals is the victory of a weak character over a strong and cruel one: a goat defeats a wolf, a rooster or a dove - a fox, a cat - a bear. The heroes of fairy tales about animals, having retained their traditional habits and characters, today have gained new life and perform a noble task: they help to educate a new person as kind, strong, generous, ridiculing everything inert, alien, backward.
Fairy tales are younger than animal tales. They have what has been achieved by man, and what seemed so far unrealizable. In other words, fairy tales depict the people's dream of an all-powerful, all-powerful man living on earth and conquering time, space, fire, and water. He succeeded in this with the help of magical means, inherited by labor and good-heartedness. The world of the Udmurt fairy tale strikes with its everydayness and fantasy. Her heroes experienced hunger and cold, injustice and deceit. Struggling with want and untruth, they work miracles: they climb into the sky, descend underground, do not burn in fire, do not drown in water. Thanks to miraculous items and helpers, they defeat the strongest opponents. These tales reflect one of the first stages of man's struggle with the evil forces of nature, the victory of the indefatigable seeker and worker over them, the richness of the soul and its moral beauty.
The wonderful gift received by the hero of a fairy tale, by cunning and deceit, is taken away from him by envious and evil people: merchants, priests, rich people. However fairy tale hero in the end, he achieves the punishment of the offenders and again becomes the owner of the magical gifts intended for him. Why? Yes, because the people-creator and worker at the time of lack of rights and oppression believed in their creative forces and in the inevitable triumph of justice. True, he did not know in what ways this would be achieved, but he dreamed about it in fairy tales. He dreamed of wonderful helpers: a self-cutting ax, an invisible scarf, rejuvenating apples, self-assembled tablecloths, self-dance pipe, self-propelled bast shoes and others. They promised him a worthy reward for his work, easing hard work, longevity, shortening distances, good rest, and much, much more, which would make life wonderful and amazing.
The hero of the Udmurt fairy tale is not a king and not a prince, not a king and not a prince. Most often - just Ivan or Ivan the poor. Sometimes this is a nameless soldier who served a long soldier's service to the tsar and remained an orphan in this world: not a stake, not a yard, not a penny for a rainy day. And this is what is characteristic: the destitute hero is not embittered, not bitter, but on the contrary, his heart is kind and sympathetic, his mind is bright and clear, his hands are dexterous and skillful. Such a hero opposes enemies strong and powerful. Yes, not only opposes, but also wins, as, for example, in the fairy tales "Poor Ivan", "Gundyr Inmar and Prok the headman."
Why is the hero of a fairy tale omnipotent, omnipotent? Is it only because he became the owner of fantastic gifts-helpers? After all, these same gifts, falling into unkind hands, almost lose their good power. Probably, the point is not in them, but in the fact that the hero of a fairy tale usually acts not only on his own behalf, but also on behalf of those whose interests he defends more than his own - on behalf of the family, fellow villagers, people. This makes him invincible and omnipotent. Evil forces opposing the hero in fairy tales either appear as traditional fairy-tale kings or merchants, or they are personified in the form of a snake, shaitans and the god Inmar himself. These forces stand in the way of the hero to happiness, interfere with life honest people dooming them to disaster and extinction. But the hero overcomes them.
So, we can say that in a fairy tale, the main and indispensable moments are struggle, exploits, getting. Therefore, all the forces acting in it are sharply divided into two camps: the heroes themselves, the heroes in literally and their enemies. A feature of fairy tales is the technique of exaggeration, hyperbolization. The difficulties in them are exaggerated so much that they seem impossible, the carriers of the evil inclination are insurmountable, the possibilities of magic items are innumerable or inexhaustible. But main character for the time being, mind-reason, power-skill is not particularly distinguished. He has everything kind heart sensitive to injustice and people's grief. It is this kind heart that makes it all-powerful. Thanks to him, he is rewarded with magical assistants, magical items, or a magical skill. That is why fairy tales are called magical.
The youngest of all fairy tales in science are considered realistic, or everyday. When a person was completely dependent on nature, when his next tomorrow depended on luck in hunting or fishing, legends, myths, fairy tales about animals served him as a living book of life, they reflected his experience. Experience was replenished, and the oral book about him was replenished. In a fairy tale, an ancient person begins not only to share life experience, but also to dream of such helpers, objects, such skills that could make him many times stronger and more powerful. A poor person, in order to achieve a little bit of well-being, had to be dexterous and cunning, resourceful and quick-witted. Then tales began to appear about the poor - deceivers and cunning, deftly inflating the self-satisfied and greedy rich. The heroes of these tales have neither magical helpers nor miraculous gifts or skills. They do not need to make their way to the sun or descend into underworld. And their goals are earthly and the means to achieve them are also everyday. They, driven to the extreme by need, achieve elementary justice, forcing the rich man against own desire return to the poor what he or his fellows have earned. At the same time, their only wealth helps them: dexterity, quick wit.
The themes of everyday fairy tales are exceptionally diverse. Literally for all occasions, you can find an example in Udmurt everyday fairy tales. There are among them fairy tales on favorite topics, they have their favorite heroes. So, in most fairy tales, the themes of the hero's marriage, happiness, fate vary.
Especially popular among the Udmurt people are the tales of the dexterous Aldar Ivan or Aldar agai. This is certainly a poor, but quick-witted man. Recently, Lopsho Pedun has somewhat pressed him. An interesting story is happening before our eyes with this amazing hero. The tricks of Lopsho Pedun remained as a memory of past times, as an example of humor, testifying to the moral health of the Udmurt people.
Everyday fairy tale is a generalization, a typical reflection of life phenomena. And yet she is a fairy tale. Not a true story, not a separate fact of reality. It clearly traces the fabulous beginning, fabulous essence. What is told, perhaps, in some details, somewhere happened to someone in life, more precisely, it could happen. A dexterous, quick-witted worker, for example, could outsmart the owner once, twice, several times. But this happened very rarely. In the vast majority it was the opposite: the owner would not be the owner if he did not profit at the expense of others, that is, at the expense of those who worked.
Some fairy tales give out their age, that is, according to individual details, one can speak approximately of the time of their creation. However, for the most part, the tale does not show age. Only a specialist can sometimes solve it. The fairy tale itself does not need this: it is always young, always beautiful, like the people who created it.
Candidate philological sciences N Kralin.
