As long as there is a person, so many disputes continue about what constitutes human life, what it should be. According to philosophers, psychologists, culturologists, and simply not indifferent people, life is more than just eating food, going to bed on time, washing Marya Ivanovna's bones from accounting or switching to new level even in the most addictive computer game.
Rise above everyday life, make your life active, bright, rich interesting events you can, if you understand and imagine what you live for, adhere to certain values. What exactly to focus on in life, everyone decides for himself. Life ideals different people may differ. At the same time, there are universal human values (truth, goodness, beauty, love for one's neighbor), to which everyone should be involved.
Throughout history, people have developed different ideas about what ideals are and what should be an ideal person.
The ideal of man in culture
Ideas about the essence of a person are not the same in cultures of different historical eras.
Ancient world
For the first time they began to think about a person in time immemorial. So, ancient Greek philosophers considered the concept of kalokogaty, the essence of which was self-knowledge and perfection. Aristotle paid special attention to the fact that the perfect man adheres to moral standards, does not allow himself to commit evil deeds and strives for the beautiful for the sake of the beautiful.
Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, the ideal of man was considered in the context of serving God. It was believed that perfection is achieved through discipline, meekness, obedience, asceticism. This ideal of education was preached by the ministers of the church. However, at this time there were also natural Sciences, education gradually acquired a secular character, and accordingly, ideas about a person and his capabilities also changed. It was believed that a person can master the secrets of nature and acquire new knowledge through experience.
Another ideal of man in this period was the noble and valiant knight. Knights united in orders, created their own codes of honor, and organized tournaments. Each knight had his own Beautiful lady”(real or imaginary), to which victories on the lists and accomplished feats were dedicated.
Renaissance
Ideas about the omnipotence of man were developed in the Renaissance (Renaissance). At the forefront is a person from the point of view of his nature and capabilities. But people still realized that not everything depends on them, and this contributed to the emergence of ideas about freedom and necessity. Similar views existed in the era of Antiquity, but now they are being actively rethought and put into practice.
During this period, the relationship between man and God is explained differently. It is still believed that God created man, but man from birth is endowed with activity, the desire to transform the world and himself, therefore, he can and should become the master of his life. At the same time, initial ideas about the differences between people are formed.
new time
In the Enlightenment, the formation of ideas about the ideal of man had a German classical philosophy. So, Immanuel Kant wrote that the main thing in life is to be able to use your mind. The ideal of that time was a reasonable person, arranged according to the laws of logic and capable of changing the world in accordance with reason. The people of this era still believe in God, but ideas of freethinking appear in the minds of some of them.
With the development of capitalism, a working man becomes ideal, and labor discipline, diligence, professionalism and relatively healthy competition become true values.
Ideal Soviet man- is a hero. During those years, actively promoted utopian idea construction of communism, and for this construction it was necessary to be "always ready", that is, to fight, to go forward to the detriment of own desires, needs or even at the cost of their lives. A similar view of reality was demonstrated by the example of pioneer heroes, leaders in production and other individuals who were able to sacrifice themselves to achieve a common goal.
However, such ideas about the ideal person were rather official. In reality, conscience was the ideal, when it is much more important to "be" than "to have." People helped each other, shared the last piece of bread, empathized not only with relatives and friends. However, life in conditions of fear, repression, restrictions on freedoms was also a kind of heroism.
Man in the culture of different peoples
Ideas about the ideal of a person depend on the living conditions of a particular people and are reflected in the works of folklore: fairy tales, legends, traditions, epics, songs. So, a Russian girl is certainly a beauty, for the Circassians (and not only for them), the main thing in a person is his honor and dignity. The peoples of the Caucasus are famous for their hospitality, and the Chukchi for their ability to hunt. But, whatever the differences, all peoples agree on one thing: the ideal of man is national hero, possessing good health, fortitude, intelligence, diligence, and responsiveness.
The ideal of man in art
Historically established ideas about the ideal of man are reflected in works of art.
Antiquity
The ideas of this period about the perfect man are embodied in the statues of gods, heroes and winners. Olympic Games. In fact, the ancient Greek gods were ideal people, and people were likened to gods. The statue of Myron "Discobolus" is widely known. The prototype of the sculpture is a real man, strong, healthy and self-confident, as a true citizen of Hellas should be.
The unlimited possibilities of man were sung by Sophocles, Homer and other poets. Image beautiful hero, the bearer of moral ideals, was also demonstrated in the ancient Greek theater.
Art of the Middle Ages
As mentioned above, the life of people in the Middle Ages was greatly influenced by the church. Therefore, in contrast to the ancient tradition, a person was understood as a blade of grass, a grain of sand, a small particle of the Universe, subject to the will of God. Similar views are also reflected in works of art: it is not the man himself that rises, but the spiritual power that makes him related to God. A striking example ideal of man in the art of the Middle Ages - the iconographic image of Job - a sick biblical character who meekly accepts the will of God.
Somewhat later, ideas about a person became more optimistic. Gradually, in the minds of people, the image of a worker, a creator, a creator begins to form. Labor is no longer perceived as a punishment for sins, but as the main duty of a person. These views are reflected in the images of Christ the Martyr, the description of his life on Earth. Jesus Christ on the canvases of the painters of those years personifies a humiliated, suffering, but inherently divine person.
The Man in Renaissance Art
During the Renaissance, artists were no longer interested in the divine, but in the earthly essence of people. Art is gradually becoming secular, and the ways of creating portraits and works visual arts other genres are substantiated scientifically. This leads to the fact that a person on the canvases of masters becomes natural. The viewer can determine the character and mood of the hero of the picture. An example of this is the world-famous Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci.
Despite the development of the ideas of humanism, the masters of the Renaissance continued to use religious themes, but the images of Christ, the apostles and the Virgin Mary were more reminiscent of real people. Probably, this was done in order to show a person his essence through well-known plots. So, Raphael in the form of the Sistine Madonna embodied beautiful woman who loves her son and worries about him.
Man of the New Age
Realistic art continued to develop during the Age of Enlightenment. The replacement of the feudal system by the capitalist system, the development of industry contribute to the emergence of the so-called new breed of people. A person becomes more down to earth, preoccupied with his own problems, but at the same time, educated, trying to use his own mind to solve life problems. This is how it is shown in paintings and in literary works. An example is the canvases of J.B. Chardin, W. Hogarth, A. Watteau, treatises by Diderot, Rousseau, novels by J.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, etc.
The image of a person in socialist realism
IN Soviet times workers-shock workers, advanced collective farmers, noble milkmaids, caring mothers of families looked at people from pictures, propaganda posters and TV screens. Representatives of the authorities positioned the USSR as a country in which there is no exploitation of man by man, and people show heroism exclusively voluntarily, guided by the desire to build a brighter future as soon as possible. Therefore, in the art of socialist realism, the worker became the ideal. In addition, a Soviet person must have wealthy family, good TRP performance, as well as excellent combat and political training.
All of the above is reflected in the paintings of P. Smurkovich "On Skis", V. Kutilin "First Field", T. Yablonskaya "Bread", poems by V. Mayakovsky, A. Tvardovsky, K. Simonov, prose by M. Gorky, M. Sholokhov, A. Fadeev, songs to the words of V. Lebedev-Kumach, etc.
The ideal of man in religion
In addition to culture, art, the ideal of man is represented in all religions of the world. Common to religious teachings is love for one's neighbor, the victory of good over evil, truth over lies and light over darkness. These values must be professed by a person. But each religion has its own ideas about the ideal. Let's dwell on this in more detail.
Christianity
The ideal person in this religion corresponds to the image of Jesus Christ. The virtues of a Christian are kindness, meekness, humility. confessor Christian faith, strives for God, and therefore fulfills his will, tries to keep peace in his soul, build benevolent relations with relatives and friends, and not harm anyone.
Islam
According to Muslim ideas, an ideal person should drive away sinful thoughts from himself, commit good deeds, strive for knowledge, be kind, modest, patient and clean. Also, a true believer does not smoke, drink alcohol or gamble.
Buddhism
Here, the Buddha, who was originally ordinary person, but was able to achieve enlightenment (Nirvana). Followers of Buddhism believe that you can get closer to this state if you engage in spiritual practices and do good deeds. In Islam and Christianity, the ideal of man is unattainable.
Hinduism
The followers of this doctrine believe that the ideal being can be achieved only by being freed from karma - the cycle of events, births and deaths in which a person is. Once free, the soul reunites with one of the deities or remains on its own. Yoga helps to achieve liberation faster. Only the chosen ones are capable of true freedom. It remains for mere mortals to purify karma (prayers, good deeds) in order to be born more successfully in the next life than in this one.
The ideal of modern man
Define the ideal modern man does not seem possible. Our time is quite complex and contradictory in terms of values, moral norms, permissions and prohibitions.
Today it is "not fashionable" to be highly moral, to build one's life in accordance with spiritual values and lofty ideals. Pragmatism, the thirst for consumption, the desire to have fun and not make efforts come to the fore.
Modern society makes high demands on a person. Today, it is simply necessary to look in the latest fashion, have a super-prestigious job, and succeed in business. Anyone who does not try to reach career heights causes misunderstanding.
At the same time, it is still impossible to call all those living on Earth inveterate pragmatists. A significant number of people read fiction, visit temples, do charity work, practice downshifting. It seems that the ideal of modern man has not yet been formed, but I want to believe that this will happen in the near future.
The theme of the relationship between a person and the community of people is one of the most relevant, both in classical Russian literature and in modern world. Society is a part of the world that lives, develops, has certain time frames, values and traditions. And the unit of society is none other than man. He cannot choose to unite people specifically for himself: he becomes part of society from birth. It is he who subsequently forms the personality, its interests and way of thinking. But is a person capable of turning the lives of those around him? Can it develop outside its structure? How does social pressure affect individuals? In this selection, we have collected arguments from the literature for the final essay in the direction "Man and Society", which can help answer these questions.
- In his epic novel "War and Peace" Leo Tolstoy reveals the duality of the nature of Russian high society in the early 19th century. On the one hand, the reader observes life high society Petersburg and sees the whole world, with its own laws and moral principles, focused on Europe. However, in all high relationships, Tolstoy emphasizes one striking detail - unnaturalness. Sugary strained smiles, ladies in beautiful dresses, but cold and deathly pale, as if made of marble, and behind all this imaginary splendor, emptiness and indifference are hidden. The discussion of foreign news at high-society receptions quickly bored a thinking person, and he soon became disillusioned with the outward splendor of pompous gentlemen. On the other hand, Tolstoy paints portraits of such noble and sensitive representatives of the upper class as Pierre Bezukhov, Andrei Bolkonsky, Natasha Rostova and others. A lively mind glimmers in them, there is an interest in the world and people, they are opposed to the dead from St. Petersburg salons. However, they all felt like strangers in high society, and were even deceived and disgraced by it more than once. Their individuality, which favorably differed from the dullness and hypocrisy of society, was able to form only at a distance from it, thanks to exceptional families or education abroad.
- Mine romantic ideal M. Gorky sang in the work "The Old Woman Izergil". He was embodied in the beautiful young man Danko, to whom the author contrasted the image of the young man Larra. Larra, son of an eagle and a woman, incapable of true love, pity, self-sacrifice. Life, a great value kept by a person, becomes a living hell for him. He is not able to understand its fragility and transience. Selfish Larra can only receive, but not give in return. And Gorky emphasizes that Larra will never find freedom, since true freedom must be shared with other people in order to establish harmony. Danko, on the contrary, spares nothing for society. He is open to the world and, without hesitation, sacrifices his life for the sake of salvation. native tribe. He obviously does not expect gratitude, because his entire existence is aimed at the human good. Gorky saw the meaning of life in serving society.
- M.A. Bulgakov in the novel "The Master and Margarita" sharply raises the question of the relationship between society and a single person. His hero is true genius who wrote amazing romance. However, after the publication, the Master does not gain popular love, but, on the contrary, is subjected to persecution in the press. And from whom does he get these infuriated reviews and pamphlets? From a society of miserable graphomaniacs from MASSOLIT, pseudo-writers and envious people. The author presents a group of “artists” as caustic and insidious, knowing himself firsthand about him. And in the end, this very society, with endless attacks and harassment, forces the Master to destroy his beautiful creation and brings it to crazy house. He is no longer a part of this nasty gathering, and his beloved Margarita becomes his entire society, and his soul finds eternal peace.
- Any society must develop. In comedy A.S. Griboyedov's "Woe from Wit" demonstrates the ossified Famus society - a gathering of noble people, miserable and ignorant. Famusov's guests, like exaggerated Westerners, go dumb with delight when Frenchmen from Bordeaux, Parisian milliners and rootless foreign crooks call in. Chatsky is opposed to them, denouncing their pernicious worship Western world and rejection of one's own path. He is bright, hot, eager to learn something new, impatient and passionate. It is he who stands up for freedom, art, mind and brings a new high morality to the Famusov world, however, the prim world of Famusov does not accept change and cuts any rudiments of the new, bright and beautiful in the bud. Such is the age-old conflict between the progressive individual and the crowd, which gravitates towards conservatism.
- Rebellious spirit is full and main character novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time". Pechorin does not accept many established public rules, but still trying to find a common language with the world around him. His personality, like the personalities of many others, is formed under the action of several forces: the first is his will, the second is the society and the era in which he exists. Internal torment makes Pechorin seek harmony among other people. He rips off their masks, gives them inner freedom, but invariably each of them fails. That is why the hero remains alone every time, immersed in deep introspection and the search for his own "I". In such a society, he simply cannot find himself and realize his inner potential.
- In the novel by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin's "Lord Golovlev" on the example of one prosperous family shows the life of the nobility. The Golovlev family, as a direct cell of high society, reflects all of its most monstrous vices: greed, idleness, ignorance, laziness, hypocrisy, stupidity, inability to work. Arina Petrovna Golovleva managed the estate all her life, thoughtlessly accumulated wealth, and at the same time morally and morally corrupted her offspring. She constantly used the word “family” in her speech, but when she saw how all the property she had acquired was snatched away by her insidious children, Arina Petrovna realized that she lived for the sake of a ghost, and real family never happened in her life. So the "higher" society, greedy, helpless and lazy, will certainly find its death in its own sins, as history has shown.
- The world of A. And Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" is bleak, stingy with colors, hopeless. Here people no longer have names, the main determinant is the camp number. Human life has lost its value, and the habits of the inhabitants of the camp are more like animals: all they think about is satisfying their biological needs in order not to die. Among them, Ivan Denisovich Shukhov himself should have gone berserk long ago, lost human qualities. However, despite all the difficulties of fate, he rejoices at every day he lives on Earth. His small fortunes turn into big ones on the scale of the enclosed space of the camp. Prisoner number eight hundred and fifty-four did not sour or squint. He is still capable of sympathy and pity for his neighbor. In contrast to Ivan Denisovich, camp guards were placed who provided for themselves wonderful life by turning prisoners into slaves. They put themselves above the inhabitants of the camp, thereby violating human laws, excluding themselves from human society.
- Contrasts the hero with society and A.P. Chekhov in the story "Ionych". At the beginning of the work, Dmitry Ionych Startsev appears before us, a zemstvo doctor, who is opposed to the heroes of the city of S., gray and ignorant people. This is especially evident in the example of the Turkin family, whom Startsev visits. The whole family strives to show off their imaginary "talents", which actually do not exist, and each of them revels in their stupidity. Turkins are static, there is no development in their images. But Startsev is not trying to change anything, but on the contrary, he slowly begins to adapt to the world around him. Under the influence external forces he also degrades, sinks to the moral bottom, is carried away by hoarding, grows fat, becomes stupid, ceases to be interested in anything. And at the end we see simply Ionych, a man without a name and without a core, reshaped to fit the low standards of the society of the city of S.
- In the novel by M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don» protagonist passes long haul in search of his place in the troubled society of revolutionary times. Grigory Melekhov rushes about, trying to figure out which camp he should join and whom to support in a brutal fratricidal war. "Mad World" frightens the hero, internal torments torment him. In addition to this, there are also love ups and downs. His feelings for Aksinya, forbidden, but deep, push Melekhov to serious actions - he leaves his family, goes against generally accepted norms, in order to finally solve all the troubles and storms of the soul. He, tired of constant thoughts and discord, wants peace and tranquility. That is why, returning home, Melekhov throws the gun into the water. However, a short-sighted society does not accept his search, sticks the yoke of a "traitor" and persecutes an already unarmed and broken person, not knowing compassion.
- F.M. Dostoevsky in his novel "Crime and Punishment" shows what the decline of society is pushing ordinary citizens to. There are several reasons why Rodion Raskolnikov decided to kill the old pawnbroker. One of them, of course, has roots in the personality of Rodion. But society, mired in poverty and sins, also played a significant role in the student's decision. Raskolnikov himself was choked by lousy poverty, and he, susceptible to other people's suffering, went to a terrible crime. Nothing else makes sense in a society where main value there was money, simple pieces of paper, and everyone had long forgotten about high morality. Ordinary girl Sonya Marmeladova takes the path of a prostitute in order to earn money for her family. And her father, not thinking about his relatives, drinks everything in those who stink of rot human souls taverns, while the fat moneybags revel in their wealth earned from the lives of ordinary people. So the author shows that it is impossible to live in society and be free from it: its problems automatically become yours.
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Main character brilliant novel F.M. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov asks himself whether it is allowed to commit a small evil for the sake of a great good, does a noble goal justify a criminal means? The author portrays him as a generous dreamer, a humanist, eager to make all mankind happy, who comes to the realization of his own impotence in the face of world evil and in desperation decides to “transgress” moral law- to kill for the love of humanity, to do evil for the sake of good. However normal person, which, undoubtedly, is the hero of the novel, bloodshed and murder are alien. To understand this, Raskolnikov needed to go through all the circles of moral hell and go to hard labor. Only at the end of the novel do we see that the hero realizes the absurdity of his crazy idea and gains peace of mind.
In contrast to the doubting and rushing Raskolnikov, Dostoevsky draws in his novel the image of Svidrigailov, a man who does not think about the means to achieve his goals. Falling into the abyss of debauchery, losing faith, Svidrigailov commits suicide, thereby showing the dead end of Raskolnikov's theory.
Based on real history novel American writer T. Dreiser " American tragedy» tells about the fate of the ambitious young man
Clyde Griffiths, who dreams of breaking out of the framework of his environment, rapidly and stubbornly walking up the steps of his career, up to the world of money and luxury. Having seduced an honest girl and being sure of his love for her, the hero soon realizes that this relationship is the main obstacle on the way to high society. Formed classical love triangle, the third "corner" of which is a girl from high society, who opens up all kinds of exits to material wealth for Clyde. Unable to resist such a temptation, the young man carefully considers the possibility of getting rid of his first love, which interferes not only with ambitious plans, but simply prevents him from living for his own pleasure. This is how a crime is committed - thought out, seriously prepared and cowardly. After the death of the girl, the police go on the trail of Clyde and accuse him of premeditated murder. The jury sentences him to capital punishment and Clyde spends the rest of his life in prison. As a result, he confesses, admits his guilt. He is executed in the electric chair.
good, kind, talented person Ilya Oblomov failed to overcome himself, his laziness and licentiousness, did not reveal his best features. Absence high purpose in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov.
In his late novel The Razor's Edge, W.S. Maughamdraws the life path of a young American Larry, who spent half of his life behind books, and the other - in travel, work, search and self-improvement. His image clearly stands out against the background of young people of his circle, who spend their lives and outstanding abilities in vain on the fulfillment of fleeting whims, on entertainment, on a carefree existence in luxury and idleness. Larry chose his own path and, ignoring the misunderstanding and censure of loved ones, searched for the meaning of life in hardships, wanderings and wanderings around the world. He gave himself completely spirituality to achieve enlightenment of the mind, purification of the spirit, to discover the meaning of the universe.
Main character novel of the same name American writer Jack London Martin Eden - a working guy, a sailor, a native of the lower classes, about 21 years old, meets Ruth Morse - a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. Ruth begins to teach the semi-literate Martin the correct pronunciation of English words and awakens in him an interest in literature. Martin learns that magazines pay decent fees to the authors who are published in them, and firmly decides to make a career as a writer, earn money and become worthy of his new acquaintance, with whom he managed to fall in love. Martin is putting together a self-improvement program, working on his language and pronunciation, and reading a lot of books. Iron health and unbending will moves him to the goal. Finally, after a long and thorny path, after numerous failures and disappointments, he becomes famous writer. (Then he becomes disillusioned with literature, his beloved, people in general and life, loses interest in everything and commits suicide. This is so, just in case. An argument in favor of the fact that the fulfillment of a dream does not always bring happiness)
A shark, if it stops moving its fins, will go to the bottom like a stone, a bird, if it stops flapping its wings, will fall to the ground. Similarly, a person, if aspirations, desires, goals fade away in him, will collapse to the bottom of life, he will be sucked into a thick quagmire of gray everyday life. A river that stops flowing turns into a fetid swamp. Similarly, a person who stops searching, thinking, torn, loses "the soul's wonderful impulses", gradually degrades, his life becomes an aimless, miserable stagnation.
I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.
The novel by the famous English writer W.S. Maugham "The Burden of Human Passions" touches on one of the most important and burning questions for every person - is there a meaning in life, and if so, what is it? The protagonist of the work, Philip Carey, painfully searches for the answer to this question: in books, in art, in love, in the judgments of friends. One of them, the cynic and materialist Cronshaw, advises him to look at the Persian carpets and refuses to explain further. Only years later, having lost almost all his illusions and hopes for the future, Philip understands what he meant and admits that “life has no meaning, and human existence is aimless. Knowing that nothing makes sense and nothing matters, a person can still find satisfaction by choosing the various threads that he weaves into the endless fabric of life. There is one pattern - the simplest and most beautiful: a person is born, matures, marries, produces children, works for a piece of bread and dies; but there are other, more intricate and amazing patterns, where there is no place for happiness or striving for success - perhaps some disturbing beauty is hidden in them.
During the existence of mankind, many historical eras have passed. The stormy winds of change swept away the sand castles of ancient foundations and the story of life began new round spirals. Each time formed its own ideal of a person, who was glorified for centuries by his contemporaries. Since today our eyes have turned towards those years that historians called the Middle Ages, we will first try to define what the Middle Ages is.
According to the dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, the millennium is called the Middle Ages.
476 - 1492, from the fall of the western Roman Empire to the discovery of America.
Development of feudalism and Catholicism. On the one hand, the kings, in alliance with the townspeople, go to war with the feudal lords and win, on the other hand, Renaissance humanism puts forward ideas about the rights of the individual against the Catholic spiritual tyranny, the principles of free thought against the principles of the authority of blind faith, ancient cheerfulness against Christian asceticism. Science is developing - printing has been invented, gunpowder has been discovered, ships are sailing towards the American mainland. A controversial and romantic time, isn't it?
What should be the ideal of a person - a personality at such a moment, as the servants of the lyre and simple people? Of course, first of all free.
Free physically and spiritually. Heroes go on long journeys, looking for glory, good luck, happiness. The musty world of the feudal farmstead is alien to them, even if they themselves are feudal lords. Prince Igor goes to the Polovtsian lands. Who is he - the conqueror, the liberator? This is almost unimportant to a contemporary, the main thing is that the prince is a great Warrior, ready to challenge any formidable enemy.
Fearless Tristan travels to distant Ireland, despite the dangers that threaten him. Of course, the medieval hero is brave and easy-going. If earlier example the lives of the saints were supposed to serve as imitations, but now the boys' eyes burn at the mention of living people of flesh and blood.
It is not a fanatical faith in some non-material and abstract ideals that leads to the goal. In the image of the hero, a new distinguishing feature, inherent besides living person - love. Love, as the most sublime and strong of all feelings, pushes to even more daring and desperate deeds than the thirst for adventure.
Consider Romeo and Juliet. Love makes you forget the many years of bloody feud between the two clans. And, paradoxically, although it is difficult to think of a more tragic end for this amazing story, in the reader, in addition to sadness, to last page some kind of huge bright feeling is born, ready to pick up a person on its mighty wings and make it a hundred times stronger.
The honor of the title, uniform, clan, name means a lot to our hero. Any careless word and even a glance can become the basis for a bloody duel. There is a rather strange contradiction here. On the one hand, the power of love, on the other hand, the power of strength. It is no secret that not everyone who owns a sword better than others, in fact, often turns out to be right. But the contradiction is only apparent. In fact, that's why they often end literary works with a happy ending that the author puts an all-destroying sword into the hands of the right one for the sole purpose
- to punish the guilty.
throughout Europe goes witch-hunts, disease and ignorance rage, the fires of the Inquisition burn. In such a situation, people need a life-saving straw, grasping which one can escape from the madness of the surrounding world. And here comes the hero. Strong, brave, honest, kind, fair, all-conquering. And everything immediately falls into place. The defeated villain trembles, order and justice reign in the world. Many examples of such miraculous salvation from all misfortunes can be found in the stories of the time of the war of the Scarlet and White Roses.
Don't you think that this situation is very reminiscent of our present day? At the moment when people lose their moral guidelines, they definitely need a hero - a savior. However, bitter historical experience shows that the longer you wait for a miraculous deliverance, the harder it will be to get it later with your own hands. This is exactly what would not hurt to understand as early as possible. Otherwise, it may turn out that for six centuries the fires of the Inquisition have not cooled down as much as it might seem at first glance.
- true beauty man does not depend on him appearance
- Beautiful is the one who performs moral deeds
- The most important thing in a person is sometimes impossible to see with your eyes.
- Outer beauty is not always a reflection of the wealthy spiritual world personalities
- It happens that people who seem attractive outwardly commit absolutely immoral acts.
- The man with the real beautiful soul with its presence creates a special, incomparable atmosphere
Arguments
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". As a child, Natasha Rostova, one of the heroines of the great epic novel, was not beautiful. The attention riveted to her is impossible without inner beauty: both in childhood and in adulthood, she was distinguished by her love of life, spontaneity, pure soul. Another heroine that should be paid attention to is Princess Marya Bolkonskaya. In appearance, she was clearly inferior to the beauties, only her eyes were beautiful. But people who can feel real beauty, appreciated its internal qualities. Marya Bolkonskaya and Natasha Rostova can be contrasted with Helen Kuragin: her beauty was admired in society. But this beauty is only external. In fact, Helen Kuragina is a stupid, callous, selfish, prudent, self-serving person. The external charm of the heroine does not compensate for her immoral behavior.
A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryona Dvor". Matryona has a completely ordinary appearance. The only part of her appearance that attracts attention is her beautiful smile. But for us, it is not external beauty that is important, but internal. It is not for nothing that the author writes that the face is good only for someone who is at odds with his own conscience. Matryona - the person from whom it comes Inner Light, warmth. This is much more important than external attractiveness.
F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Svidrigailov, a rather rich and well-groomed man, in fact, does not have good spiritual qualities: he is ready to go to any meanness for the sake of his own whim. Physical beauty and ugly inner world are in no way compatible with each other: at first, in this tyrant and rapist you can see beautiful person. The image of Sonya Marmeladova is opposite. Due to malnutrition, poverty, the appearance of the girl suffers greatly: pale, thin, intimidated, wears terrible clothes. But the inner world of Sonya Marmeladova is beautiful, despite her lifestyle and appearance.
O. Wilde “Portrait of Dorian Gray”. IN this work the problem of inner and outer beauty is the main one. At the beginning of the work, we see in Dorian Gray a timid, bashful and incredibly handsome young man. Beauty is his source of power: no matter what the hero does, his appearance does not change. All changes affect only the portrait of a young man, painted by Basil Hallward. Gradually, Dorian Gray turns into an inhuman, immoral monster who has committed many nasty things, including even the murder of the artist. He is still as handsome as he was many years ago, only the state of his soul is depicted in the portrait. Dorian Gray wants to do away with a terrible image of himself and dies, plunging a dagger into a portrait. External beauty was fatal to him.
Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince" Wise Thoughts little prince can teach even an adult a lot. Our hero said: “Only the heart is vigilant. You can’t see the most important thing with your eyes.” And we can say without a doubt that he is right. True beauty is inside a person, in his soul, in his right deeds.
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" In the work, we do not see the description of Pyotr Grinev. It doesn't really matter if he looks good or not. All the beauty of this man is expressed in his moral qualities, noble deeds. Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor who did not allow himself to betray his homeland, to leave his beloved girl in danger. His actions are beautiful, which means that he himself is beautiful.
M. Sholokhov “The fate of man”. The fact that it is impossible to judge a person by appearance is proved by the image of Andrei Sokolov, the protagonist of the work. He was called to the German Müller while he was in captivity. Exhausted by labor, hungry Andrey Sokolov could not at that moment be beautiful in appearance. All its beauty is revealed in moral deeds: Sokolov refused to drink for the victory of German weapons, in spite of the enemy he did not bite, despite the hunger and lack of strength. By these actions, one can judge that a person is beautiful in soul.
