Izba

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Hut. In the steppe regions rich in clay, huts (huts) were built instead of huts. In the depths of the hut there was a hearth made of stones. This structure was kept long time. Since the 15th century, stoves with pipes have become widespread. But, basically, among princes, boyars, merchants, etc., and only in cities. Some of these huts have survived to this day. The floors in the peasant hut were earthen, that is, the earth was simply trampled down. The floors were made from logs split in half, in rich houses - from boards. The floors were laid along the hut from the entrance. As already mentioned, the hut did not have windows as such. The hut was installed directly on the ground or on poles. - Izba.pptx

Russian hut

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Russian hut. Hut on the territory of the museum in the Intercession Monastery in Suzdal. Izba, a log dwelling among Russians; heated living space in the house. The construction of the hut. The construction of a house for a peasant was significant event. During construction, the location of the house was important. General form hut. A kind of entrance hall was often attached to the hut - a canopy about 2 m wide. They used the canopy in a different way. The cage served as a summer bedroom, a year-round pantry, and in winter - a kind of "refrigerator". The interior space of the hut. Furniture, utensils and decoration of the Russian hut. Icons were the main decoration of the houses. - Russian izba.ppt

Houses in Rus'

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Educational - Toolkit"traditional life in a Russian house". Main page. Traditional life in a Russian house. Exit. The construction began with felling the forest and a settlement appeared on the cleared land - a "village". It wasn't built in a day or two. First, the area had to be mastered. They prepared the land for arable land, cut down, uprooted the forest. It was they who chopped, not sawed: it was believed that this way the tree would be better preserved. Such was the experience of centuries-old wooden construction. Back. Table. Izba - a wooden (log) log house. The log house was made up of "crowns". From the ground to the roof of such "crowns" it was necessary to collect about 20. - Houses in Russia.ppt

Russian life

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Russian hut. Life of Russian people. Museum "Kanavino at the turn of the century". Russian proverbs (tell): Do you like to ride:…… Hurry up:….. What you sow, then……. Measure seven times: .... Business - time: ... .. The hut is not red in the corners: ... ... Russian stove. Items of Russian life. Millstone. Pots, pots, bowls. Samovars, jugs, krinks… Babi kut. Dishes. The situation of the hut. Riddles: There are four legs under the roof, Soup and spoons on the roof. Table. There is a bullock, akimbo barrel, Hisses and boils, orders everyone to drink tea. Samovar. Walks, walks But does not enter the hut. Door. The borders are wooden and the fields are glass. Window. In the hut - a hut, in the hut - a pipe. - Russian life.ppt

Life of the Russian people

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Project. There are also photographs of household items, costumes, production tools. Winter. FORTUNE about one of the most ancient rites of the Russian people. Fortune-telling most often took place on Christmas, Epiphany and St. Basil's Day. Nativity. Spring. The Annunciation is the holiday of the Annunciation - one of the most revered for the Russian people. SOWING about the rules and stages of sowing grain. Summer. Haymaking. Autumn. Collection of berries and mushrooms. EXCELLATION about the holiday of the Exaltation of the Honest and Life-Giving Cross Lord's. Spinning. Tree Origins and roots of the Russian people Traditions and rituals of the Russian people. - Life of the Russian people.ppt

Culture and life of Rus'

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Culture and life Ancient Rus'. Europeans called Rus' "Gradariki" - a country of cities. Medieval cities were centers of culture. The largest in Europe were Kyiv, Novgorod, Galich. Behind the fortress walls, crafts developed, which numbered about 70. Many items were for sale. Urban development. Torzhok. Engraving of the 16th century. Plan of Kyiv in the middle of the 12th century. As a rule, the Golden Gate was built at the entrance. On the walls, on birch bark, scientists find many inscriptions. Golden Gate in Vladimir. Reconstruction. A typical view of the boyar choir. Most of the buildings of Kievan Rus were wooden. - Culture and life of Russia.ppt

Russian national cuisine

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Russian National cuisine. Old Russian cuisine of the IX-XVI centuries.1. Old Russian cuisine of the IX-XVI centuries.2. Cuisine of the Moscow state of the XVII century. Kitchen of Petrovsky-Catherine epoch XVIII V. Petersburg cuisine late 18th c.-60s XIX years V. All-Russian national cuisine of the 60s of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Modern cuisine from 1917 to the present 1. The main place on the Russian table, especially on the national table, was and is occupied by bread. Soups have been of paramount importance in the history of Russian cuisine. The spoon has always been the main cutlery of Russians. Modern cuisine from 1917 to the present 2. - Russian national cuisine.ppt

Folk costume

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Tula folk costume. Kursk folk costume. Oryol folk costume with pony and red apron. Tambov folk costume with a pommel. Voronezh folk costume with poneva. Nizhny Novgorod folk costume. - Folk costume.pps

National costumes

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National costumes. National men's suit. In the past, the Kyrgyz costume had territorial differences associated with the settlement of tribes. Women's national costume. Conclusion. We met Kyrgyz national costumes. We learned the names of women's and men's hats. All costumes are beautifully decorated with ornaments. - National costumes.ppt

Russian folk costume

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Russian folk costume. The clothes reflect the soul of the people. Russian costume surprises with its diversity. Each pattern and cut has its own story. By clothing you can learn about the traditions and customs of your people. The peasants sewed clothes from simple fabrics - linen, wool. A boyar costume could weigh 15-20 kg. In Rus', the main clothing for women was a sundress and an embroidered shirt. From above they put on a shower warmer. If the sleeves were lowered, then it was impossible to do any work. Hence the expression - to do carelessly. Sundresses could be of different colors: red, blue, brown ... At that time, only natural dyes were used for fabric. - Russian folk costume.pps

Finnish clothing

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Finnish folk clothes. Folk clothes - the result of the creativity of many generations - are an integral part of cultural heritage Finns. Clothing differed in composition, way of wearing, cut, material, colors, ornament. Local features existed in each county, and conceived in a separate church parish (kirchspiel). On turn of XIX– In the 20th century, Finnish folk clothing fell into disuse almost everywhere. Folk clothes of the Finns of the Vyborg province. -

Folklore

Important integral part ancient Russian culture folklore appeared - songs, legends, epics, proverbs, sayings, aphorisms, fairy tales. Many features of the life of people of that time were reflected in wedding, drinking, funeral songs. So, ancient wedding songs also spoke about the time when brides were kidnapped, “kidnapped” (as a rule, with their consent) or ransomed, and in the songs of the Christian time, it was about the consent of both the bride and parents to marriage. The whole world Russian life opens in epics. Their main character is a hero, a defender of the people. The bogatyrs had a huge physical strength. So, about the beloved Russian hero Ilya Muromets, it was said: “Wherever you wave, here the streets lie, where you turn away - with alleys.” At the same time, he was a very peaceful hero who took up arms only when there was no other way out. Folk heroes they also possessed great magical power, wisdom, cunning. So, the hero Volkhv Vseslavovich could turn into a gray falcon, gray wolf. In the epic images of enemies, real foreign policy opponents of Rus' are also guessed, the struggle against which has deeply entered the consciousness of the people. Under the name of Tugarin Zmeevich, a generalized image of the Polovtsy with their Khan Tugorkan is visible. Under the name of Zhidovin, Khazaria is displayed, where Judaism was the state religion. Russians epic heroes faithfully served the epic Prince Vladimir. They fulfilled his requests for the defense of the Fatherland, he turned to them at crucial hours. The relationship between the heroes and the prince was not easy. There were resentments and misunderstandings. But all of them - both the prince and the heroes - in the end solved one common cause - the cause of the people. Scientists have shown that under the name of Prince Vladimir, the generalized image of both Vladimir Svyatoslavich - a warrior against the Pechenegs, and Vladimir Monomakh - the defender of Rus' from the Polovtsy, and the image of other princes - brave, wise, cunning, merged. And in some epics reflected legendary times struggle of ancestors Eastern Slavs with Cimmerians, Sarmatians, Scythians. Epics, telling about the ancient heroes of those times, are akin to the epic of Homer, the epic of other Indo-European peoples.

Life of the people

culture of the people is inextricably linked with his life, everyday life, and the life of the people, determined by the level of development of the country's economy, is closely connected with cultural processes. People lived both in large cities for their time, numbering tens of thousands of people, and in villages with several dozen households, and villages in which two or three households were grouped. by the most big city Kyiv remained for a long time. In terms of its scale, many stone buildings - temples, palaces - it competed with other European capitals of that time. No wonder the daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Anna Yaroslavna, who married in France and arrived in Paris in the 11th century, was surprised by the wretchedness of the French capital compared to Kiev. Here the golden-domed temples shone with domes, the palaces of Vladimir, Yaroslav the Wise, Vsevolod Yaroslavich amazed with grace, they surprised with monumentality, wonderful frescoes Saint Sophia Cathedral, The Golden Gate is a symbol of the victory of Russian weapons.

And not far from the prince's palace were bronze horses taken by Vladimir from Chersonesos; in the old city of Yaroslavl there were courts of prominent boyars, here on the mountain were the houses of wealthy merchants, other prominent citizens, and the highest clergy. The houses were decorated with carpets, expensive Greek fabrics. In palaces, rich boyar mansions, Difficult life- Vigilantes, servants were located here, servants crowded. From here came the administration of principalities, cities, villages, here they judged and ordered, tributes and taxes were brought here. Feasts often took place in the hallways, spacious gridirons, where overseas wine flowed like a river and their own, native “honey”, servants carried huge dishes with meat and game. The women sat at the table along with the men. Women generally took an active part in management, farming, and other affairs. Many women are known - activists of this kind: Princess Olga, sister of Monomakh Yanka, mother of Daniil Galitsky, wife of Andrei Bogolyubsky, etc. At the same time, food and small money were distributed on behalf of the owner to the poor. The favorite pastimes of rich people were falconry, dog hunting. Races, tournaments, various games were arranged for the common people. An integral part of Russian life, especially in the north, was a bathhouse. Below, on the banks of the Dnieper, a merry Kiev market was noisy, where products and products were sold not only from all over Rus', but also from all over the world, including India and Baghdad. On the slopes of the mountains to the Podol descended diverse - from good wooden houses to wretched dugouts - the dwellings of artisans, working people. At the berths of the Dnieper and Pochaina, hundreds of large and small ships crowded. Temples, palaces, wooden houses and semi-dugouts stood on the outskirts in other Russian cities, there were noisy auctions, and on holidays smart residents filled the narrow streets. His life, full of work, worries, flowed in Russian villages and villages, in log huts, in semi-dugouts with stoves-heaters in the corner. There, people persistently fought for existence, plowed up new lands, raised livestock, beekeepers, hunted, defended themselves from "dashing" people, and in the south - from nomads, again and again rebuilt wooden dwellings burned down after enemy raids. Moreover, plowmen often went out into the field armed with spears, clubs, bows and arrows to fight off the Polovtsian patrol. Long winter evenings by the light of the splinters, women spun yarn, men drank intoxicating drinks, honey, remembered days gone by, composed and sang songs, listened to storytellers and storytellers of epics.

Russian people: culture, traditions and customs

The Russian people are representatives of the East Slavic ethnic group, the indigenous inhabitants of Russia (110 million people - 80% of the population Russian Federation), the most numerous ethnic group in Europe. The Russian diaspora has about 30 million people and is concentrated in such states as Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, in countries former USSR, in the US and EU countries. As a result of sociological research, it was found that 75% of the Russian population of Russia are followers of Orthodoxy, and a significant part of the population does not identify themselves with any particular religion. national language Russian people is the Russian language.

Each country and its people have their own meaning in modern world, concepts are very important folk culture and the history of the nation, their formation and development. Each nation and its culture is unique in its own way, the color and originality of each nation should not be lost or dissolved in assimilation with other nations, the younger generation should always remember who they really are. For Russia, which is a multinational power and home to 190 peoples, the issue of national culture is quite acute, due to the fact that over the recent years its erasure is especially noticeable against the background of cultures of other nationalities.

Culture and life of the Russian people

(Russian folk costume)

The first associations that arise with the concept of "Russian people" are, of course, the breadth of the soul and fortitude. But national culture people form, it is these character traits that have a huge impact on its formation and development.

One of distinguishing features The Russian people have always been and are simple, in the old days Slavic houses and property were very often plundered and completely destroyed, hence the simplified attitude to everyday life. And of course, these trials, which befell the long-suffering Russian people, only tempered his character, made him stronger and taught him to get out of any life situations with his head held high.

Kindness can be called another of the traits that prevail in the character of the Russian ethnos. The whole world is well aware of the concept of Russian hospitality, when "they will feed and drink, and put to bed." The unique combination of such qualities as cordiality, mercy, compassion, generosity, tolerance and, again, simplicity, very rarely found in other peoples of the world, all this is fully manifested in the very breadth of the Russian soul.

Diligence is another of the main features of the Russian character, although many historians in the study of the Russian people note both her love for work and huge potential, as well as her laziness, as well as complete lack of initiative (remember Oblomov in Goncharov's novel). But all the same, the efficiency and endurance of the Russian people is an indisputable fact, against which it is difficult to argue. And no matter how scientists all over the world would like to understand the “mysterious Russian soul”, it is unlikely that any of them can do it, because it is so unique and multifaceted that its “zest” will forever remain a secret for everyone.

According to the famous scientist Yu. M. Lotman, “life is the usual course of life in its real-practical forms; life is the things that surround us, our habits and everyday behavior. Life surrounds us like air, and like air, it is noticeable only when it is not enough or it deteriorates. We notice the features of someone else's life, but our own life is elusive for us - we tend to consider it "just life", a natural norm of practical life. So, everyday life is always in the sphere of practice, it is the world of things first of all” (Lotman 1994, 10).

The phrase "traditional life" literally means the course of a person's daily life in the forms defined by tradition - in a society where accepted and established rules of behavior, skills, and a system of ideas are passed on from generation to generation. Naturally, traditional life always has an ethnic coloring. That is why the phrase "traditional life" is often replaced by the words "folk life", "national way of life", "traditional household culture", etc. In the book in question mainly about the everyday way of life of the peasants and the population of small provincial towns, who have maintained contact with countryside. This is due to the fact that in Russia XVIII- the first quarter of the XIX century. it was the peasantry that was the bearer of traditional forms of culture and life.

Russian nobility most of merchants, workers of large industrial enterprises lived within the framework of European culture, urbanistic at its core and supranational in essence. The way of life of a nobleman and a peasant differed so much that this made it possible to speak of the presence of two different civilizations among the Russian people: noble and peasant. According to the famous historian A. A. Zimin, “the differences between civilizations in the XVIII and XIX centuries was so striking that one could get the impression of two worlds, each living its own life” (Zimin 2002, 11). Such a gap in the everyday culture of the Russian people occurred in the Petrine era, at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. Until that time, representatives of all strata of Russian society lived within the framework of traditional culture, characteristic features which were static, isolated, faithful to antiquity.

The reforms of Peter the Great and his successors in the economic and political spheres of life, the development of industry, trade, the establishment of strong contacts with European countries revolutionized the cultural consciousness of the country. The renewal of Russian life was associated with an orientation towards secular culture. Western Europe- the upper strata of Russian society and the townspeople turned out to be ready for its perception and assimilation. Russian peasantry, on the contrary, for the most part gravitated towards the traditional patriarchal way of life. Archpriest Avvakum in the 17th century expressed this attitude as follows: “I hold it to death, as if I had taken it; I do not lay down the limit of the eternal, it has been laid down before us: lie it like this forever and ever!” The desire to live as fathers and grandfathers lived was supported by faith in the once and for all acquired “truth-truth” of Orthodoxy, adopted by Russia in the 10th century.

The appearance of any innovations was considered as a rollback to the side, a violation of the world order established by God. The closedness of the Russian medieval consciousness, unwillingness to communicate with other cultures grew out of faith in the special mission of Russia, in being chosen. Orthodox people. In the peasant environment, a gradual departure from traditions began in the middle - second half of the 19th century. New trends that originated in trade and craft villages, whose population had strong contacts with the city, then reached many villages, including the most remote from large industrial centers. Today, the way of life of Russian peasants is built according to the urban model, but they also have many “remnants of sweet antiquity” that have irretrievably disappeared from the life of the townspeople.

The world of the Russian village is presented in the book through the description peasant dwelling and things that people used in their daily practice. This approach is entirely legitimate. Both the house and any household item are endowed with “memory”, and therefore, by studying them, one can learn a lot about the social, religious, and economic aspects of the life of their owners. The house was the focus vitality man, here he was protected from bad weather and enemies, from the dangers of the outside world. Here, generations of ancestors succeeded each other, here he continued his family, here for centuries Russian traditional life was formed, which included many items necessary for a person to live and work.

First of all, these were tools of labor: arable and for harrowing the soil, harvesting and further processing the crop, with the help of which daily bread was obtained; livestock care equipment; tools used in crafts and trades. Of considerable importance was the winter and summer transport. Life was in the house interior decoration which was organized for work and leisure. The house was filled with things used to decorate it, give it comfort, objects of religious worship, as well as various utensils. A person could not do without clothes: everyday and festive, without shoes, hats, etc. All these items folk life were created either by the peasants themselves, or by village or city craftsmen, who took into account the needs and tastes of their customers.

The things that came out of the hands of the master were well thought out and often struck with amazing beauty. V. S. Voronov, a well-known specialist in the field of Russian folk decorative art, wrote: “All the diverse abundance of everyday monuments - from a powerful carved platband and painted sleigh to a carved pointer, colored clay toys and a top-inch copper figured castle - amazes with the richness of a mature creative imagination, wit, invention, observation, decorative flair, constructive courage, technical dexterity - the fullness of artistic talent, in which it was easy and simple for a peasant artist to construct and richly decorate any household item, turning everyday life in a deep and quiet holiday of living beauty "(Voronov 1972, 32-33).

The objective world of the Russian peasants was comparatively uniform throughout the space they occupied in Russia. This is especially true for agricultural, handicraft tools, Vehicle, furnishings and decoration of the dwelling, which, with rare exceptions, were the same everywhere, which is explained by similar natural and climatic conditions, the agricultural type of the peasant economy. Local originality was distinguished by objects that had little to do with the production activities of people, such as, for example, clothing or festive utensils. So, the costume of a married peasant woman from the Vologda province was not similar to the costume of a woman from the Kursk province; the vessels for serving beer from the Vyatka province were not the same as in the villages of the Voronezh province.

Local differences were due to the vast expanses of Russia, the disunity of its individual territories, the influence neighboring nations and etc. characteristic feature the objective world of the Russian peasant was its relative immutability, stability. In the XVIII - early XX century. it was basically the same as in the 12th-13th centuries: the plow with two coulters and a folding plow, a wooden harrow, a sickle, a scythe, a bucket, a yoke, clay pot, bowl, spoon, shirt, boots, table, bench and many others necessary to a person of things. This is due to the age-old stability of the living conditions of the Russian peasants, the immutability of their main occupation - agriculture, which determined material needs. In the same time object world peasant farmers was not once formed and frozen.

Over the centuries, it gradually included new things, the need for which was determined technical progress and, as a consequence, an inevitable, albeit relatively slow, change in lifestyle. So, at the beginning of the XV-XVI centuries. appeared spit-Lithuanian, in the XVII-XVIII centuries. in peasant everyday life, such an arable tool as a roe deer began to be used in the 19th century. peasants began to drink tea from a samovar, cook food in a cast-iron frying pan, women began to tie their heads instead of an old ubrus with a square scarf, put on a couple instead of a shirt and sundress - a skirt with a blouse. What once seemed alien, gradually took root, became our own, traditional. In parallel with this, things that had become obsolete left out of use.

In the first half of the XIX century. stopped using chests-headrests for storing money and valuables on the road. IN late XIX V. the stapler disappeared from festive use, which from the 12th century. served to serve beer on the table. The change of objects took place imperceptibly; some things were parted without regret, others, losing their functionality, turned into ritual ones, others were left “for a wake” of people who left this world. Every subject of Russian traditional life had a dual nature: in everyday practice, things were used for their direct, utilitarian purpose, in ritual practice they showed the meanings of symbols.

For example, a hut was swept with a broom, on Good Thursday a broom was used to protect the house from evil spirits: a woman mounted her and with certain spells went around her house. In a mortar, cereal grains were crushed with a pestle; in the hands of a matchmaker, a mortar with a pestle turned into a symbol of male and female intercourse. A fur coat was worn in the cold season - a fur coat spread out for the newlyweds on a bench became a sign of their fertility in marriage. The pot was an indispensable attribute of the wedding and funeral rituals, it was broken as a sign of a change in the status of a person. After the wedding night, it was broken by a friend on the threshold of the newlyweds' room, thereby, as it were, showing those present that the night went well. In the funeral ritual, the pot was broken when the deceased was taken out of the house so that the deceased could not return to the world of the living. The kokoshnik remained a women's festive headdress and a symbol of marriage. "Thingness" and "significance" were present in all objects of folk life.

Some objects had a greater semiotic status, while others had a lesser one. High degree Significance was endowed, for example, with towels - panels of ornamented fabric, designed to decorate the interior. In the native-baptismal, wedding, funeral and memorial rites, they acted mainly as signs of a person's belonging to a certain family - "clan-tribe". In some situations, some objects, turning into symbols, completely lost their material nature.

So,. Yu. M. Lotman in the same book gave examples when bread from the usual sphere of use for us passes into the sphere of meaning: in the words of the famous Christian prayer “Give us our daily bread today”, bread turns into food needed to sustain life; in the words of Jesus Christ given in the Gospel of John: “I am the bread of life; whoever comes to me will not hunger” (John 6:35), bread and the word denoting it form a complex symbolic combination. The traditional Russian way of life is so rich and vibrant that it is virtually impossible to present it in its entirety in one book. In that encyclopedic dictionary combined articles on the arrangement of a peasant dwelling, on transport, on tools of labor and on the main objects of peasant use, which make it possible to tell about the life of many generations of people who have gone into the past.

A. Tereshchenko

Life of the Russian people

INTRODUCTION

It is impossible to imagine all the diversity of our amusements: they are so numerous and changeable that it is difficult to collect them into one, to bring them under one level of amusements in order to draw a general conclusion about them. The common people, preserving the beliefs and customs of their ancestors, merged them with their own habits. Foreigners portrayed our games very wrongly; not knowing our language and caring little about the fidelity of the presentation, they included everything in their diaries indiscriminately. It suffices to look at a few modern news from foreigners to be convinced of their ignorant description. Surrounding themselves with books foreign, not worthy of trust, they write out of them what they please, and say,<будто>have seen everything. The amusements of our people, a reflection of their true and genuine joy, can only be described with real picture their lives.

In warm weather, men and women, young people and girls gather in front of the house. First, men greet each other by removing their hats from their heads, and the female sex meets them with a smile or a question about health; Then they sit next to each other on a bench near the house. If there was not enough space for women, then the old men themselves get up and ask them to sit down. Women are respected everywhere, in all conditions. The young whisper among themselves, the old men grin and tell them with simple-hearted laughter that they have been overheard. Then the conversation begins more lively, the conversation is more frank and they cease to be alienated, they approach closer friend to a friend and make a general circle. The balalaika appears, and everyone moves apart. The girls are looking forward to the invitation. Everywhere girls start first, and everywhere they<имеют>your rights.

Well done, who is the boldest of all, steps forward and, taking off his hat, asks the beauty to have fun with him. The whole society is in festive attire: men in caftans, a red shirt with lapels and a hat on one side. Girls in sundresses, long-sleeved white shirts and a white handkerchief. The dance has not yet begun, but they are only eager for it. Here the boys interfere with everyone: they distract everyone's attention with their running around and games, in which adults often take part. The girls disperse, form their own circle, and plot their amusements; married people separate from them, go aside; some old people stay in front of the house and talk about their activities: everyone disperses and, it would seem, the fun is over. Here it is<и>begins: frisky and carefree naughty start their horses and launches, the guys knock down the towns, the girls jump on the boards. When they have fun, then they start general games in which only children are not accepted; the latter do not regret it, because they have their own, belonging to them alone. But girls and men, in addition to common amusements, also have their own separate ones: then the guys do not interfere in the girlish, and the girls in the men's games. Gender and age are separated from each other, and therefore the natural division of games follows in itself.

GAMES FOR CHILDREN

Children's age loves unconcerned, simple games, but they hide either a lesson or an expression of their age.

MAGPIE

Magpie - ubiquitous fun. She amuses toddlers and young children. Mothers or nannies, having put the child on their knees or placing it beside them, finger the child and caress it so that it does not cry, saying: “Magpie, crow, cooked porridge for children: gave one, gave the other, , they say soon, - but didn’t give it to the third. The magpie has flown away! In Little Russia they say: “A magpie, a crow, sat on a drink, cooked porridge for children; I gave it to one, I gave it to another, I gave it to this one, I gave it to this one, but I didn’t give it to this one - hai! guy! Magpie snailed. Having tickled the child, they awaken laughter in him and then make him repeat the same thing. With a successful repetition, the child kisses him every time. This fun continues until the child has fun.

In some places they say: “Magpie, crow, cooked porridge for children, chilled on the threshold. She gave it to him, she gave it to him, she snatched his neck, and flew away! - Dry, dry! .. ”They still amuse like that; “Magpie, magpie, cooked porridge, jumped on the threshold, savvy guests. Guests in the yard - porridge on the table; guests from the yard - porridge from the table. She gave it, she did not give it; this one got it, this one didn’t get it: who is small, who didn’t carry firewood, who didn’t heat the stove, who didn’t cook cabbage soup, who didn’t go for water. Shu, fly! And wagged her tail."

"Okay, okay! Where were you?" - "By Grandma! They ate pancakes." - "What did you eat?" - "Cash". - "What did you drink?" - "Brazhka". - "Kashka slatenka (sweetie), drunken mash." When rocking, children sing in a drawling voice:

Coo, coo, my dear,
Cry, little one.
You fly through the yard, you coo;
You fly like a tent, you listen.
And who is talking in the tent?
Speaks in the tent
Brother with sister
Relatives with relatives.
- My dear sister!
Let's go for a walk in the green garden.
Pick a flower in the garden
Sow yourself on a wreath.
We will carry wreaths to the father,
To the birth mother.
- You are my sir, father,
You are my lady, mother,
Which wreath is alley?
Which one of us is cuter?
- My dear child!
All wreaths are scarlet,
All children are cute.

Sometimes they amuse children with lamentations:

At the cat, at the cat,
There was a stepmother;
She beat the cat
sentenced;
On all sides
The cat turned around.
Give the cat dad
On the hind legs.
- Eat, cat, do not crumble;
Don't ask dad for more

HORSE

IN holidays, especially in summer, you will always and everywhere meet boys with ropes in their teeth, running in twos or threes, holding hands, pretending to be horses. They are ruled by the fight - the coachman, who incessantly slams his whip and shouts at them. This game is one of the favorites for peasant children. As soon as a boy starts walking in the village, he already carries a trampled bast shoe or rides on a stick; waters his horse, puts him in the stable, gives him oats and cleans him. When he can already run along the street, then he enthusiastically equips a troika, which is sometimes harnessed to a cart, and a coachman is placed on it. The troika runs first at a quiet trot, then rushes, beats and overturns the wagon. The bruised coachman forgets about his pain: he runs after the horses, stops them, pats each one on the head and carefully examines whether it has been detected? He wets their feet with water, but does not think about himself. This game expresses the passion of the coachmen for their occupation.

They play horses even more simply: boys and girls sit on a stick and, imagining that they are riding a horse, tie it with a string or rope, whip it, and in the absence of it - with a thin twig, turn their head to the side, gallop or at full speed and shouting: “Go! Fall!” Girls are not as willing to ride a horse as boys, discovering from childhood that this is not characteristic of their sex, - therefore they leave it to men to ride.

DISTILLATION

In older children, it is still a favorite pastime - running in distillation. The players overtake each other, and whoever overtakes whom boasts with complacency. Girls take part in this game. Distillation serves to strengthen the body and develop agility. This game is called in Little Russia vyvydki.

Dumplings

Children who are forbidden to leave the house gather near the gate and play dumplings. Having formed from a large and index finger circle, pass their saliva through it. Who, passing saliva, drops it on any finger, he gets the name dumplings. Then everyone starts teasing him: “Dumpling, dumpling; sour dumpling, dumpling!” He runs after them and catches; whoever he catches becomes a dumpling, who then catches them in the same way as the first. The game continues until there is enough to run. She makes up one kids prank.

Children of both sexes climb new huts with only one ceiling, or any other building with one ceiling. Having climbed the stairs, four stand in the corners, and the fifth, standing in the middle, jumps on both legs and sings:

Stump, stump, give me cannabis.
Troshka, peas -
Oil from a spoon.

At last word everyone changes places, the stump tries to seize anyone's place, while the one who loses it plays the stump. The game continues until she gets bored; but who stayed last time stump, he bears this name for a long time. The game of stump, although there is childish playfulness, is nevertheless expressed by it as a fool.

PICK YOUR NOSE

Naughty children, bored with some kind of game, rush at each other, push, scream, run, fall, hurt themselves - this is not enough, this is not enough for them: they are looking for other sensations. Who is more frisky, he calls for a new fun - to pull his nose. They stand opposite each other and shout: “Start!” - "No, you start." Then one begins to ask, and the other answers him: “Whose nose?” - Savin. - "Where have you been?" - "Slavil". - "What did you exalt?" - "Kopeck". - "Where are you going?" - "Bought a gingerbread." - "With whom did you eat?" - "One". At this word, the questioner grabs his nose, twitches in all directions, saying: "Do not eat alone, do not eat alone." If the twitching one then says: “I ate with you,” then his nose is left alone. It happens that intrusive naughty people stick their noses on so much that they remember them for a long, long time. And who forgets noses? Many lead by the noses, and many pull them so long - what is your German!