Modernism is a movement in art characterized by a departure from the previous historical experience artistic creativity up to its complete denial. Modernism appeared at the end of the 19th century, and its heyday came at the beginning of the 20th century. The development of modernism was accompanied by significant changes in literature, fine arts and architecture. Culture and art do not always lend themselves to spontaneous change, but the need for modernism as a means of change was already felt at the beginning of the 20th century. For the most part, the process of renewal went smoothly, but sometimes modernism took on militant forms, as was the case with the young artist Salvador Dali, who tried to elevate surrealism to the rank of art without delay. However, culture and art have the property of timeliness, so no one can speed up or slow down the process.
The evolution of modernism
The paradigm of modernism became dominant in the first half of the 20th century, but then the desire for radical changes in art began to decline, and the French Art Nouveau, German Art Nouveau and Russian Art Nouveau, which preceded modernism as a revolutionary phenomenon, took on a calmer form. .
Modernism in art or the art of modernism?
It was up to the writers, artists and architects of all civilized world. Some representatives of the elite in the field of art believed that modernism was a long-awaited change and should be put at the forefront. further development the whole civilization, others assigned to modernism the role of updating certain trends in the field of art and nothing more. The debate continued, no one was able to prove their case. Nevertheless, modernism in art came, and this became an incentive for its further development in all directions. The changes were not immediately noticeable, the inertia of society affected, as is usually the case, discussions of new trends began, someone was for change, someone did not accept them. Then the art of modernism came to the fore, directors, famous writers, musicians, everyone who thought progressively, began to promote everything new, and gradually modernism was recognized.
Modernism in the visual arts
The main directions of modernism in natural painting, portrait drawing, sculpture and others were formed in the second half of the nineteenth century. The beginning was laid in 1863, when the so-called "Salon of the Rejected" was opened in Paris, where avant-garde artists gathered and presented their work. The name of the salon spoke for itself, the public did not accept abstract painting, rejected her. Nevertheless, the very fact of the appearance of the "Salon of the Rejected" indicated that the art of modernism was already waiting for recognition.
Directions of modernism
Soon modernist tendencies took concrete forms, there were following directions in art:
- - a special style of painting, when the artist spends a minimum amount of time on his work, scatters paint on the canvas, randomly touches the painting with brushes, randomly applies strokes.
- Dada - works of art in the style of a collage, the layout on the canvas of several fragments of the same subject. The images are usually imbued with the idea of denial, a cynical approach to the topic. The style arose immediately after the end of the First World War and became a reflection of the sense of hopelessness that prevails in society.
- Cubism - randomly arranged geometric shapes. The style itself is highly artistic, genuine masterpieces in the style of cubism were created by Pablo Picasso. The artist approached his work somewhat differently - his canvases are also included in the treasury of world art.
- Post-impressionism is the rejection of visible reality and the replacement of real images with decorative stylization. A style with great potential, but only Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin realized it to the fullest extent.
Surrealism, one of the main strongholds of modernism
Surrealism - dream and reality, authentic art, reflecting the most extraordinary thoughts of the artist. The most notable Surrealist artists were Salvador Dali, Ernst Fuchs and Arno Breker, who together made up the "Golden Triangle of Surrealism".
Painting style with an extreme touch
Fauvism is a special style that evokes a feeling of passion and energy, distinguished by the exaltation of color and the "wild" expressiveness of colors. The plot of the picture is also in most cases on the verge of extreme. The leaders of this trend were Henri Matisse and André Derain.
Organics in art
Futurism - an organic combination artistic principles cubism and fomism, a riot of colors mixed with intersections of straight lines, triangles and angles. The dynamics of the image is all-consuming, everything in the picture is in motion, energy can be traced in every stroke.
Style of Georgian artist Niko Pirosmani
Primitivism - artistic image in the style of deliberate and deliberate simplification, resulting in a primitive drawing akin to the creativity of a child or wall paintings in the caves of primitive tribes. The primitive style of a picture does not at all reduce its artistic level if it is drawn by a true artist. bright representative primitivism was Niko Pirosmani.
Literary modernism
Modernism in literature has replaced the established classical canons of storytelling. Formed at the beginning of the 20th century, the style of writing novels, novels and short stories gradually began to show signs of stagnation, a certain monotony of presentation forms appeared. Then the writers began to turn to other, previously unused interpretations artistic intent. The reader was offered psychological and philosophical concepts. This is how the style appeared, which received the definition of "Stream of Consciousness", based on a deep penetration into the psychology of the characters. The most striking example of modernism in literature is the novel by the American writer William Faulkner called The Sound and the Fury.
Each of the heroes of the novel is analyzed from the point of view of his life principles, moral qualities and aspirations. Faulkner's technique is justified, because it is precisely because of a conscientious and in-depth analysis of the character's character that interesting story. Due to his research style of writing, William Faulkner is included in the "golden five" of US writers, as well as two other writers - and Scott Fitzgerald, who try to follow the rule of deep analysis in their work.
Representatives of modernism in literature:
- Walt Whitman is best known for his poetry collection Leaves of Grass.
- Charles Baudelaire - collection of poetry "Flowers of Evil".
- Arthur Rambo - poetic works"Insights", "One Summer in Hell".
- Fyodor Dostoyevsky with The Brothers Karamazov and Crime and Punishment is Russian modernism in literature.
The role of guiding vector forces influencing the writers - the founders of modernism, was performed by philosophers: Henri Bergson, William James, Friedrich Nietzsche and others. Sigmund Freud did not stand aside either.
Thanks to modernism, in the first thirty years of the 20th century, the literary forms.
The era of modernism, writers and poets
Among the most famous writers of the period of modernism, the following writers and poets stand out:
- Anna Akhmatova (1889-1966) - Russian poetess with a tragic fate, who lost her family in the years. She is the author of several poetry collections, as well as the famous poem "Requiem".
- Franz Kafka (1883-1924) is a highly controversial Austrian writer whose works were considered absurd. During the life of the writer, his novels were not published. After Kafka's death, all his works were published, despite the fact that he himself categorically objected to this and, even during his lifetime, conjured his executors to burn the novels immediately after his death. The writer could not personally destroy the manuscripts, since they went from hand to hand, and none of his admirers was going to return them to the author.
- (1898-1962) - laureate Nobel Prize in Literature of 1949, who became famous for creating an entire fictional county in the American outback called Yoknapatofa, populated it with characters and began to describe their lives. Faulkner's works are of an incredibly complex structural nature, but if the reader manages to grasp the thread of the narrative, then it is already impossible to tear him away from the novel, short story or short story of the famous American writer.
- Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) is one of the most faithful followers of modernism in literature. His novels and stories amaze with their life-affirming power. Throughout his life, the writer was an irritant to the American authorities, he was bothered by ridiculous suspicions, the methods used by the CIA to win Hemingway to their side were absurd. It all ended with a nervous breakdown of the writer and temporary placement in a psychiatric clinic. The writer had only one love in life - his hunting rifle. On July 2, 1961, Hemingway committed suicide by shooting himself with this gun.
- Thomas Mann (1875-1955) - German writer, essayist, one of the most active political authors in Germany. All his works are permeated with politics, but his artistic value they don't lose out on it. Eroticism is also not alien to Mann's work, an example of this is the novel "Confession of the Adventurer Felix Krul". Main character The piece is reminiscent of Oscar Wilde's character, Dorian Gray. Signs of modernism in the works of Thomas Mann are obvious.
- (1871-1922) - author of the seven-volume work "In Search of Lost Time", which is rightfully considered one of the most significant examples of literature of the 20th century. Proust is a staunch follower of modernism as the most promising way of literary development.
- Virginia Woolf (1882-1942) - English writer, is considered the most reliable follower of the "Stream of Consciousness". Modernism was for the writer the meaning of her whole life, in addition to numerous novels in the asset Virginia Woolf several adaptations of her works.
Literary modernism had a significant impact on the work of writers and poets in terms of improvement and development.
architectural modernism
The phrase "modernism in architecture" refers us to the term "modern architecture", since there is a logical connection here. But the concept of modernism does not always mean "modern", the word "modern" is more suitable here. Modernism and modernism are two different concepts.
The architecture of modernism implies the beginning of the creativity of the pioneers modern architecture and their activities over a certain period of time, from the 20s to the 70s of the last century. Modern architecture dates from later figures. The indicated fifty years is the period of modernism in architecture, the time of the emergence of new trends.
Directions in architectural modernism
Architectural modernism is a separate direction of architecture, such as the European functional building of the 1920s and 30s or the immutability of rationalism Russian architecture twenties, when thousands of houses were built according to one project. This is the German Bauhaus, Art Deco in France, international style, brutalism. All of the above are branches of the same tree - architectural modernism.
Representatives of modernism in architecture are: Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Richard Neutra, Walter Gropius, Frank Lloyd Wright and others.
Modernism in music
Modernism is a replacement of styles in principle, and in the field of music, changes primarily depend on general directions ethnographic culture of society. The progressive currents of cultural segments are inevitably accompanied by transformations in the world of music. Modernity dictates its conditions to musical institutions that are in circulation in society. At the same time, the culture of modernism does not imply a change in classical musical forms.
Instruction
Philosophical origins modernism at the turn of the century became new ideological concepts, which were based on the principle of irrationalism, i.e. recognition of the impotence of the human mind in the knowledge of the universe, the recognition of its "chaotic" beginning. This understanding corresponded to the disturbing attitude of a person of that era, a premonition of events close to a catastrophe or apocalypse. The general designation of crisis, decadent moods was called decadence. long time the concepts of "modernism" and "decadence" were identified, but understanding greatly simplifies the meaning of these concepts.
Modernism as a new art of modernity was generally opposed to traditional art in the choice of topics for creativity, forms, means and techniques for embodying reality. The ideas of the absurdity and illogicality of the world have penetrated into different types creativity and changed general ideas about the role of the artist, who could perceive the world only subjectively. Modernists presented themselves as creators new reality and new art, which is in keeping with the trends of the times.
cultural space era of modernism included many independent directions which were different in their significance and influence on the development of art in general: symbolism, existentialism, expressionism, futurism, cubism, imagism, surrealism, etc. Common to them were the principles of rejecting academic culture, the traditions of the art of the past era and, like, the rejection of the traditional language and the active search for new techniques in depicting the world and man. Sometimes such experiments led to absolutely meaningless forms of presentation. creative material, for example, the "abstruse" language created by the Cubo-Futurists, which fundamentally destroyed the verbal text, or a complete rejection of the principles of linear reproduction of phenomena in painting.
Conventionally, the era of the existence of modernism can be divided into several stages. Early modernism, which took shape in the currents of symbolism, acmeism, futurism in the 10s of the twentieth century, was distinguished by a special power of negation of the traditional, shocking and extreme extravagance of works of art. A striking illustration is the monostych of the leader of the Moscow Symbolists V. Bryusov “O close your pale legs”, which became a concentrated manifestation of the formal experiments of the modernists.
During the First World War, a movement of Dadaism arose in European and painting, which became the embodiment of the extreme absurdity of life, denying both man and art in general. Dada formed the most important tricks modernist technique: "dismemberment" of reality into incomplete fragments, "kaleidoscopic" random events and their chaotic connection.
In the 20-30s, one of the most significant trends in the art of modernism arose - surrealism. The theorist of the current Andre Breton proclaimed the absolutely rebellious nature of surrealism against the foundations of life, morality,. Louis Aragon, Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali “came out” from the bowels of this direction.
In the years after the Second World War, modernism was embodied in the directions of the "theater of the absurd", the schools of the "new novel", "pop art", in kinetic art, etc. In the 60s and 70s
fr. modernisme) - 1) common name trends in art and literature of the 20th century, which are characterized by the rejection of traditional forms and aesthetics, reliance on the conventions of style, the search for new aesthetic principles, a break with realism; 2) one of the forms of adaptation of religion to the new conditions of its existence; modernism redefines outdated traditional religious performances and concepts that have come into obvious conflict with the new scientific notions believers, with their changed consciousness.
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Modernism
fr. - modernisme, from moderne - modern, eng. - modernism) An ambiguous concept used in science in several senses. In the broadest of them, it is used in Western aesthetics and art history of the 20th century. to denote great circle phenomena of culture and art of an avant-garde-modernizing nature that arose under the influence of NTO in the technogenic civilization of the second. floor. XIX - perv. floor. 20th century (or even somewhat wider), from symbolism and impressionism to all the latest trends in art, culture and humanitarian thought of the 20th century, including all avant-garde movements (see: Avant-garde), up to its antipode - postmodernism. Lessing, Kant, and the romantics are often named among the main theoretical forerunners of M.; the immediate theoretical leaders include Nietzsche, Freud, Bergson and many non-classical philosophers and thinkers of the 20th century, in particular, existentialists and structuralists. As the main features of art, they point to the aesthetic strategy of the autonomy of art, the fundamental independence from any extra-artistic contexts (social, political, religious, etc.); to the ultimate obscuration or complete rejection of the mimetic principle (see: Mimesis) in art; emphasis on art form(a trend that has reached its logical limit in formalism of any kind - both artistic and research), understood as the essential basis of a work of art and identical to its content; and as a result of all this - to the absolutization of the visual (or audio) representation of the work as a fundamentally new quantum of being, original and self-sufficient. In Russian-Soviet aesthetics and art history, the concept of M. was most often used to refer to the entire complex of avant-garde-modernist phenomena (see: Vanguard) from the position of a biased negative assessment. Basically, this is the position of the conservative line (see: Conservatism) in traditional culture in relation to everything innovative; in Soviet science, it was primarily determined by party-class ideological guidelines. M. was the object of not so much scientific analysis as a comprehensive, often indiscriminate criticism. M. was criticized for departing from the traditional (within the framework of 19th tradition in., first of all) culture - for anti-realism, aestheticism, a departure from socio-political engagement, for merging with mysticism, for the absolutization of artistic and expressive means, for an appeal to the irrational sphere, alogism, absurdity and paradoxicality, for pessimism and apocalypticism, for formalism, for blurring the line between art and life, etc. More stringent is the narrowed meaning of the term "M." as one of the three main stages in the development of art in the 20th century: avant-garde, M. and postmodernism (see also: Artistic culture of the 20th century). Typologically and phenomenologically, M., along with the main features listed in the first (broad) semantic mode, inherits many achievements and findings of the avant-garde itself, but refuses its rebellious, outrageous, scandalous manifestation. M. is, as it were, an academicized avant-garde; he affirms many of the avant-garde innovative artistic and aesthetic discoveries already as, as it were, a self-evident classic. For M. cubism, abstractionism, expressionism, surrealism, constructivism, dodecaphony, Joyce's literature is a classic that organically continued centuries of history world art. Chronologically, the apogee of M. falls somewhere in the late 40s - 70s, that is, it partially captures both the late avant-garde and early postmodernism, representing a kind of intermediate link between them. If the avant-garde in many ways brought to the logical limit (often to the point of absurdity) the autonomization of means and methods of artistic expression traditional arts, as a rule, still within their framework (painting, music, sculpture, literature) and only outlined some fundamentally new search moves for art presentation (Duchamp's ready-made, spatial collages, photomontages, etc.), then M. mainly developed precisely these strategies, unconventional for classical art, of art production. Starting with pop art, kineticism, minimalism, all kinds of actions, installations, concept art(see: Conceptualism), M. environmental artists take art objects beyond the scope of art itself in the traditional sense, destroy the boundaries between art and surrounding reality, often actively involve the recipient in the process of creativity-contemplation-participation in art projects (see: Happening). The creators of modernist objects and conceptual spaces or actions, as a rule, abandon the aesthetic (= artistic) significance traditional for art and state only their original and unique existence at the moment of presentation-reception. Paradoxes, absurd moves, illogical combinations of seemingly incompatible elements, etc. techniques performed by the assembly method based on collage-montage, often from materials that are far from traditional for art (usually used household items and their fragments, used machines, mechanisms, devices industrial civilization, less often - newly created certain technological non-utilitarian simulacra that do not have real prototypes and any functional purpose), are designed to activate the perception of the recipient and are designed for a very wide and subjective semantic polysemy. With M. in the sphere artistic culture environmental aesthetics begins to form, and it contains the main sources of POST culture (see: POST-); in a number of his art directions M. from the 60-70s. flows into postmodernism. Lit.: Modernism. Analysis and criticism of the main directions. M., 1980; The Gender of Modernism. An anthology. Ed. B.K.Scott. Bloomington, 1990; Eysteinsson A. The Concept of Modernism. Ithaca, 1990; Stevenson R. Modernist Fiction. An introduction. N.Y., London, 1992; Drucker J. Theorizing Modernism. visual art and the Critical tradition. N.Y., 1994; Nicholls P. Modernism. A Literary Guide. London, 1995; From Modernism to Postmodernism. An anthology. Ed. L.E.Cahoone. Cambridge/Mas., Oxford, 1996. V.B.
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etc.), so it is necessary to distinguish between these two concepts in order to avoid confusion.
Modernism in the visual arts
Modernism- aggregate artistic directions in the art of the second half of the 19th - mid-20th centuries. The most significant modernist trends were impressionism, expressionism, neo- and post-impressionism, fauvism, cubism, futurism. As well as later currents - abstract art, Dadaism, surrealism. In a narrow sense, modernism is seen as an early stage of avant-garde, the beginning of a revision of classical traditions. The date of the birth of modernism is often called 1863 - the year of the opening in Paris of the Salon of the Rejected, where the works of artists were accepted. In a broad sense, modernism is “another art”, the main goal of which is to create original works based on inner freedom and a special vision of the world by the author and carrying new means of expression pictorial language, often accompanied by outrageousness and a certain challenge to established canons.
Modernism in literature
In literature, modernism has come to replace classic novel. Instead of a biography, the reader was offered literary interpretations of various philosophical, psychological and historical concepts(not to be confused with psychological, historical and philosophical novel, which are classical), a style called Stream of Consciousness (Eng. stream of consciousness), characterized by deep penetration into inner world heroes. An important place in the literature of modernism is occupied by the theme of understanding the war, the lost generation.
The main forerunners of modernism were: Dostoevsky (1821-81) ( Crime and Punishment (1866), Brothers Karamazov(1880); Whitman (1819-92) ( grass leaves) (1855-91); Baudelaire (1821-67) ( The flowers of Evil), A. Rimbaud (1854-91) ( Insights, 1874); Strindberg (1849-1912), especially his late plays.
Modernism did away with the old style in the first three decades of the 20th century and radically redefined possible literary forms. The main writers of this period:
Modernism in architecture
The expression "modernism in architecture" is often used as a synonym for the term "modern architecture", but the latter term is still broader. Modernism in architecture covers the work of the pioneers of modern architecture and their followers in the time period from the early 1920s to the 1970s-1980s (in Europe), when new trends arose in architecture.
In specialized literature, the term "architectural modernism" corresponds to the English terms " modern architecture», « modern movement" or " contemporary" used in the same context. The expression "modernism" is sometimes used as a synonym for the concept of "modern architecture"; or as the name of the style (in English Literature - « contemporary»).
Architectural modernism includes architectural trends such as European functionalism in the 1920s and 1930s, constructivism and rationalism in Russia in the 1920s, the Bauhaus movement in Germany, the architectural art deco style, international style, brutalism, organic architecture. Thus, each of these phenomena is one of the branches of a common tree, architectural modernism.
The main representatives of architectural modernism are the pioneers of modern architecture Frank Lloyd Wright, Walter Gropius, Richard Neutra, Ludwig Mies van Der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Alvar Aalto, Oscar Niemeyer, and some others.
Modernist trends in art
Criticism
The opponents of modernism were Maxim Gorky and Mikhail Lifshits.
see also
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Notes
Literature
- Nilsson Niels Oke. Archaism and modernism // Poetry and painting: Collection of works in memory of N. I. Khardzhiev / Compilation and general edition of M. B. Meilakh and D. V. Sarabyanov. - M .: Languages of Russian culture, 2000. - S. 75-82. - ISBN 5-7859-0074-2.
Links
- Lifshits M. A.
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An excerpt characterizing Modernism
Pierre was led into a lighted large dining room; a few minutes later steps were heard, and the princess and Natasha entered the room. Natasha was calm, although a stern expression, without a smile, was now again established on her face. Princess Marya, Natasha, and Pierre equally experienced that feeling of awkwardness that usually follows the end of a serious and heartfelt conversation. It is impossible to continue the previous conversation; it is shameful to talk about trifles, but it is unpleasant to be silent, because you want to talk, but it is as if you are pretending to be silent. They silently approached the table. The waiters pushed back and pulled up the chairs. Pierre unfolded the cold napkin and, deciding to break the silence, looked at Natasha and Princess Mary. Both, obviously, at the same time decided on the same thing: in both eyes, contentment with life shone and the recognition that, in addition to grief, there are also joys.- Do you drink vodka, Count? - said Princess Marya, and these words suddenly dispersed the shadows of the past.
“Tell me about yourself,” said Princess Mary. “Such incredible miracles are being told about you.
“Yes,” Pierre answered with his now familiar smile of meek mockery. - They even tell me about such miracles, which I have never seen in a dream. Marya Abramovna invited me to her place and kept telling me what had happened to me, or was about to happen. Stepan Stepanitch also taught me how I should tell. In general, I noticed that being an interesting person is very calm (I now interesting person); They call me and they tell me.
Natasha smiled and wanted to say something.
“We were told,” Princess Mary interrupted her, “that you lost two million in Moscow. Is this true?
“And I became three times richer,” said Pierre. Pierre, despite the fact that his wife's debts and the need for buildings changed his affairs, continued to tell that he had become three times richer.
“What I have undoubtedly won,” he said, “is freedom…” he began seriously; but decided not to continue, noticing that this was too selfish a subject of conversation.
- Are you building?
- Yes, Savelich orders.
- Tell me, did you know about the death of the countess when you stayed in Moscow? - said Princess Mary, and immediately blushed, noticing that, making this question after his words that he was free, she ascribed to his words such a meaning that they, perhaps, did not have.
“No,” answered Pierre, obviously not finding awkward the interpretation that Princess Mary gave to his mention of his freedom. - I learned this in Orel, and you can not imagine how it struck me. We were not exemplary spouses, ”he said quickly, looking at Natasha and noticing in her face the curiosity about how he would respond about his wife. “But this death shocked me terribly. When two people quarrel, both are always to blame. And one's own guilt suddenly becomes terribly heavy in front of a person who is no longer there. And then such a death ... without friends, without consolation. I’m very, very sorry for her, ”he finished, and with pleasure noticed the joyful approval on Natasha’s face.
“Yes, here you are again a bachelor and a groom,” said Princess Mary.
Pierre suddenly blushed crimson and for a long time tried not to look at Natasha. When he ventured to look at her, her face was cold, stern, and even contemptuous, as it seemed to him.
“But you definitely saw and spoke with Napoleon, as we were told?” - said Princess Mary.
Pierre laughed.
- Never, never. It always seems to everyone that being a prisoner means being visiting Napoleon. Not only have I not seen him, but I have not heard of him either. I was in much worse society.
Dinner was over, and Pierre, who at first refused to tell about his captivity, gradually became involved in this story.
“But is it true that you stayed behind to kill Napoleon?” Natasha asked him, smiling slightly. - I then guessed when we met you at the Sukharev Tower; remember?
Pierre admitted that this was true, and from this question, gradually guided by the questions of Princess Mary and especially Natasha, he became involved in a detailed account of his adventures.
At first he spoke with that mocking, meek look that he now had on people, and especially on himself; but then, when he came to the story of the horrors and sufferings that he saw, he, without noticing it, got carried away and began to speak with the restrained excitement of a man who experiences strong impressions in his memory.
Princess Mary, with a meek smile, looked first at Pierre, then at Natasha. She saw only Pierre and his kindness in this whole story. Natasha, leaning on her arm, with a constantly changing expression, along with the story, watched Pierre, not looking away for a minute, apparently experiencing with him what he was telling. Not only her look, but the exclamations and short questions that she made showed Pierre that from what he was telling, she understood exactly what he wanted to convey. It was evident that she understood not only what he said, but also what he would like and could not express in words. About his episode with a child and a woman, for whose protection he was taken, Pierre told this way:
- It was a terrible sight, the children were abandoned, some were on fire ... They pulled out a child in front of me ... women, from whom they pulled things, pulled out earrings ...
Pierre blushed and hesitated.
- Then a patrol came, and all those who did not rob, all the men were taken away. And me.
- You, right, do not tell everything; you must have done something…” said Natasha and was silent for a moment, “good.”
Pierre went on talking. When he talked about the execution, he wanted to bypass terrible details; but Natasha demanded that he should not miss anything.
Pierre began to talk about Karataev (he had already got up from the table and was walking around, Natasha followed him with her eyes) and stopped.
“No, you cannot understand what I have learned from this illiterate fool.
“No, no, speak,” said Natasha. – Where is he?
“He was killed almost in front of me. And Pierre began to tell Lately their retreat, Karataev's illness (his voice trembled incessantly) and his death.
Pierre told his adventures as he had never told them to anyone before, as he himself had never yet remembered them. He now saw, as it were, a new meaning in all that he had experienced. Now, when he told all this to Natasha, he experienced that rare pleasure that women give when listening to a man - not smart women who, while listening, try to either remember what they are told in order to enrich their mind and, on occasion, retell the same or adapt what is being told to their own and quickly communicate their clever speeches developed in their small mental economy; but the pleasure that real women give, gifted with the ability to choose and absorb into themselves all the best that is only in the manifestations of a man. Natasha, not knowing it herself, was all attention: she did not miss a word, not a fluctuation of her voice, not a look, not a twitch of a facial muscle, not a gesture of Pierre. On the fly, she caught the word that had not yet been spoken and directly brought it into her open heart, guessing secret meaning all the spiritual work of Pierre.
Princess Mary understood the story, sympathized with it, but now she saw something else that absorbed all her attention; she saw the possibility of love and happiness between Natasha and Pierre. And for the first time this thought came to her filled her soul with joy.
It was three in the morning. Waiters with sad and stern faces came to change the candles, but no one noticed them.
Pierre finished his story. Natasha, with sparkling, animated eyes, continued to look stubbornly and attentively at Pierre, as if wanting to understand something else that he had not expressed, perhaps. Pierre, in bashful and happy embarrassment, occasionally glanced at her and thought of what to say now in order to transfer the conversation to another subject. Princess Mary was silent. It never occurred to anyone that it was three o'clock in the morning and that it was time for bed.
“They say: misfortunes, suffering,” said Pierre. - Yes, if now, this minute they told me: do you want to remain what you were before captivity, or first survive all this? For God's sake, once again captured and horse meat. We think how we will be thrown out of the usual path, that everything is gone; And here only begins a new, good. As long as there is life, there is happiness. There are many, many ahead. I’m telling you this,” he said, turning to Natasha.
The art of the modernist period was characterized by a sharp breakthrough in the development of many styles. Many changes have been made to all art forms, and the process of change late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century touched quite tangibly on Russia of that time.
In the Soviet state, Art Nouveau became the direct beginning for the development of modernism, and experts speak of the need to distinguish between these concepts in order to avoid confusion.
Modernism had the strongest impact on the fine arts both in the USSR and abroad. The concept of modernism includes various directions:
- expressionism;
- neo-impressionism;
- impressionism;
- post-impressionism;
- fauvism;
- futurism;
- cubism.
A little later, things like abstract art and Dadaism, as well as Surrealism. Modernism can be seen as an early stage of the avant-garde, and it was during this period that the foundations were laid for the revision of classical traditional foundations in art.
(Wassily Vasilyevich Kandinsky "Squares with Concentric Circles")
The influence on architecture was also quite serious, since such drastic changes in art could not be ignored. this area creativity. During this period, completely new trends emerged, and the very definition of architectural modernism means modern architecture.
Among the main architectural directions are:
- European functionalism;
- constructivism;
- rationalism;
- "Bauhaus";
- Art Deco;
- international style;
- organic style;
- brutalism.
Constructivism and rationalism are more characteristic of Russia, but the "Bauhaus" remained popular only in Germany mainly.
The main trends of modernism in art
Modernism is characterized by a sharp change in trends. Creative people sought to create unconventional new styles. The modernist paradigm is characterized by the abstraction and schematization of style.
You can list quite a lot of trends and styles that relate to modernism, but you should stop your attention on the main ones:
Symbolism in art
A major direction, originating in France in the 70-80s of the nineteenth century, and received greatest development closer to the beginning of the twentieth century in France, as well as Belgium and Russia at that time. The Symbolists sought to develop innovative ideas, actively used symbolism and innuendo, as well as mystery and allusions....
Impressionism in art
The Impressionists tried to give naturalness and life to the image real world in their works. At the same time, the mobility and variability of reality - the world itself and human feelings - were emphasized.
To this end, they actively used bright colors, as well as midtones and transparent shadows. It is worth noting that Rubens abandoned the use of black during this period, and this became a popular technique among other impressionists....
Surrealism in art
This style is distinguished by a fairly active use of allusions, as well as paradoxical combinations of a wide variety of forms and images. It is believed that the idea of surrealism is based on the combination of reality and dream, which in itself is absurd and contradictory.
The works of the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud had a great influence on this direction in the process of its development, and the goal of the surrealists was to demonstrate spiritual elevation and separation of the living spirit from material values....
Cubism in art
This style was quite widespread in Europe at one time, and it is characterized by the use of various geometric shapes and precise clear lines. Most often, real objects were divided into different figures and stereometric primitives.
In Russia, cubism mixed with Italian futurism, and this style of painting was called "crystal". However, there were opinions of experts of that period regarding the fact that this was not a completely new trend, and that there had already been something similar in the motives of the Scythian creators before....
Futurism in art
This direction is a fairly large offshoot of modernism, based on the ideas of the cult of the future, as well as the discrimination of past stereotypes. It implied the rejection of the traditional foundations of grammar, word creation or rhythm. During this period there were enough a large number of new words and techniques, and the main theme of art was technical progress and the latest technology.
All works are filled with a pronounced pathos of destruction and the philosophy of explosion. They are sung revolutionary ideas and the need for change around the world as a whole. Dynamic movement replaced static figures in paintings or sculptures, and the active development of technology allowed many creative people to move into new ones at that time. creative directions including cinema and photography....
Abstractionism in art
Abstractionists in their works sought to demonstrate an absolute rejection of traditional forms and images. realistic elements. For this, bright colors were used and geometric shapes, and a lot of emphasis was placed on white in combination with bright contrasting shades.
This direction is characterized by non-objectivity. All abstractionism is built on the basis of an exclusively associative series, and complex philosophical plots can have quite different interpretations depending on the reader’s or viewer’s vision of the situation, as well as mood ....
Postmodernism in art
He essentially completed the era of modernism, and is characterized by the same philosophical orientation, but at the same time he changes the style to one closer to the classical and realistic. Partially, the direction turned towards traditional concepts and methods, representing a kind of rethinking of past trends with the realization that it would be impossible to completely eradicate them.
At its core, this is a kind of antithesis to modernism, dressed in a playful or sarcastic form, which was designed to destroy the difference between the strata of society, equalizing their rights and reducing the elite to the usual mass of inhabitants...
