Pierre Bezukhov was the illegitimate son of one of the richest people in Russia. In society, he was perceived as an eccentric, everyone laughed at his beliefs, aspirations and statements. No one reckoned with his opinion and did not take him seriously. But when Pierre received a huge inheritance, everyone began to curry favor with him, he became the desired groom for many secular coquettes ...
While living in France, he was imbued with the ideas of Freemasonry, it seemed to Pierre that he had found like-minded people, that with their help he could change the world for the better. But soon he nevertheless became disillusioned with Freemasonry, although his desire for equality among people and justice in everything was ineradicable.
Pierre Bezukhov is still very young and inexperienced, he is looking for the purpose of his life and being in general, but, unfortunately, he comes to the conclusion that nothing can be changed in this world and falls under the bad influence of Kuragin and Dolokhov. Pierre begins to simply “burn through life”, spends his time on balls and social evenings. Kuragin marries him to Helen.
Bezukhov was inspired by passion for Helen Kuragina, the very first secular beauty, he rejoiced at the happiness of marrying her. But after a while, Pierre noticed that Helen was just a beautiful doll with an icy heart, a painted smile and a cruel hypocritical disposition. Marriage with Helen Kuragina brought Pierre Bezukhov only pain and disappointment in the female field.
Tired of a wild life and inaction, Pierre's soul is eager to work. He begins to carry out reforms in his lands, tries to give freedom to the serfs, but, which is very regrettable, people do not understand him, they are so used to slavery that they can’t even imagine how one can live without it. People decide that Pierre is "quirky".
When the war of 1812 began, Pierre Bezukhov, although he was not a military man, went to the front to see how people were fighting for their Fatherland. Being on the fourth bastion, Pierre saw real war, he saw how people suffer because of Napoleon. Bezukhov was struck and inspired by patriotism, zeal and self-sacrifice ordinary soldiers, it hurt him along with them, Pierre was imbued with a fierce hatred for Bonaparte, he wanted to personally kill him. Unfortunately, he did not succeed, and instead he was captured.
Bezukhov spent a month in prison. There he met a simple "soldier" Platon Karataev. This acquaintance and being in captivity played a significant role in Pierre's life search. He finally understood and realized the truth that he had been looking for for a long time: that every person has the right to happiness and should be happy. Pierre Bezukhov saw true price life.
Pierre found his happiness in marriage with Natasha Rostova, she was not only his wife, mother of his children and beloved woman for him, she was great - she was a friend who supported him in everything.
Bezukhov, like all Decembrists, fought for truth, for the freedom of the people, for honor, it was these goals that caused him to join their ranks.
A long way of wandering, sometimes erroneous, sometimes funny and ridiculous, nevertheless led Pierre Bezukhov to the truth, which he had to understand, having passed the difficult trials of fate. We can say that, in spite of everything, the end of Pierre's life searches is good, because he achieved the goal that he originally pursued. He tried to change this world for the better. And each of us should also strive for this goal, because the house consists of small bricks, and they are made of small grains of sand, and grains of sand are our good and fair deeds.
- L. N. Tolstoy worked on the novel "War and Peace" from 1863 to 1869. The creation of a large-scale historical and artistic canvas required enormous efforts from the writer. So, in 1869, in the drafts of the Epilogue, Lev Nikolayevich recalled the "painful and joyful perseverance and excitement" experienced by him in the process of work. The manuscripts of "War and Peace" testify to how one of the world's largest creations was created: over 5,200 finely written sheets have been preserved in the writer's archive. They trace the whole history of […]
- Tolstoy considered the family the basis of everything. It contains love, and the future, and peace, and goodness. Families make up society, the moral laws of which are laid down and preserved in the family. The writer's family is a society in miniature. Almost all of Tolstoy's heroes are family people, and he characterizes them through their families. In the novel, the life of three families unfolds before us: the Rostovs, the Bolkonskys, and the Kuragins. In the epilogue of the novel, the author shows the happy "new" families of Nikolai and Marya, Pierre and Natasha. Each family is endowed with characteristic […]
- In War and Peace, Tolstoy traces the life of three generations of several Russian families. The writer rightly considered the family the basis of society, saw in it love, the future, peace and goodness. In addition, Tolstoy believed that moral laws are laid down and preserved only in the family. The family for the writer is a society in miniature. Almost all the heroes of L.N. Tolstoy are family people, so the characterization of these characters is impossible without analyzing their relationships in the family. After all, a good family, the writer believed, is […]
- Leo Tolstoy in his works tirelessly proved that the social role of women is exceptionally great and beneficial. Its natural expression is the preservation of the family, motherhood, the care of children and the duties of a wife. In the novel "War and Peace" in the images of Natasha Rostova and Princess Marya, the writer showed women rare for the then secular society, the best representatives of the noble environment early XIX century. Both of them devoted their lives to the family, felt a strong connection with it during the war of 1812, […]
- The very title of Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" speaks of the scale of the topic under study. The writer created a historical novel in which major events in world history are comprehended, and their participants are real historical figures. These are Russian Emperor Alexander I, Napoleon Bonaparte, Field Marshal Kutuzov, Generals Davout and Bagration, Ministers Arakcheev, Speransky and others. Tolstoy had his own specific view of the development of history and the role individual in her. He believed that only then can a person influence […]
- In the novel "War and Peace" L. N. Tolstoy showed Russian society during the period of military, political and moral trials. It is known that the nature of time is made up of the way of thinking and behavior of not only statesmen, but also ordinary people, sometimes the life of one person or family in contact with others can be indicative of the era as a whole. relatives, friends, love relationship connect the characters of the novel. Often they are divided by mutual hostility, enmity. For Leo Tolstoy, the family is the environment […]
- N. G. Chernyshevsky in his article “On the work of Count Tolstoy” called the “dialectics of the soul” the main method of Tolstoy’s work: “Psychological analysis can, take on more and more the outlines of characters; the other is influence public relations and clashes on characters, the third - the connection of feelings with actions ... Count Tolstoy is most of all - the mental process itself, its forms, its laws, the dialectics of the soul ... ”L. N. Tolstoy is interested in the dialectics of the soul both in general and in each of its individual manifestations. The writer follows […]
- Tolstoy in his novel widely uses the technique of antithesis, or opposition. The most obvious antitheses: good and evil, war and peace, which organize the whole novel. Other antitheses: “right - wrong”, “false - true”, etc. According to the principle of antithesis, he describes L. N. Tolstoy and the Bolkonsky and Kuragin families. The main feature of the Bolkonsky family can be called the desire to follow the laws of reason. None of them, except, perhaps, Princess Marya, is not characterized by an open manifestation of their feelings. In the image of the head of the family, the old […]
- After the French left Moscow and moved west along the Smolensk road, the collapse of the French army began. The army was melting before our eyes: hunger and disease pursued it. But worse than hunger and disease were partisan detachments that successfully attacked carts and even entire detachments, destroying the French army. In the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy describes the events of two incomplete days, but how much realism and tragedy in that narrative! Death is shown here, unexpected, stupid, accidental, cruel and […]
- The central event of the novel "War and Peace" is the Patriotic War of 1812, which stirred up the entire Russian people, showed the whole world its power and strength, put forward simple Russian heroes and a brilliant commander, and at the same time revealed the true essence of each specific person. Tolstoy in his work depicts the war as a realist writer: in hard work, blood, suffering, death. Here is a picture of the campaign before the battle: “Prince Andrey looked with disdain at these endless, interfering teams, wagons, […]
- "War and Peace" is a Russian national epic, which reflects the national character of the Russian people at the moment when their historical fate was being decided. L. N. Tolstoy worked on the novel for almost six years: from 1863 to 1869. From the very beginning of work on the work, the writer's attention was attracted not only by historical events, but also by private family life. For Leo Tolstoy himself, one of his main values was the family. The family in which he grew up, without which we would not know Tolstoy the writer, the […]
- The novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" is, according to famous writers and critics, greatest novel in the world". "War and Peace" is an epic novel of events from the history of the country, namely the war of 1805-1807. And Patriotic War 1812 The central heroes of the wars were generals - Kutuzov and Napoleon. Their images in the novel "War and Peace" are built on the principle of antithesis. Tolstoy, glorifying Commander-in-Chief Kutuzov in the novel as the inspirer and organizer of the victories of the Russian people, emphasizes that Kutuzov is […]
- L. N. Tolstoy is a writer of enormous, worldwide scale, since the subject of his research was man, his soul. For Tolstoy, man is part of the universe. He is interested in what path the human soul goes in striving for the high, ideal, in striving to know oneself. Pierre Bezukhov is an honest, highly educated nobleman. This is a spontaneous nature, capable of keenly feeling, easily excited. Pierre is characterized by deep thoughts and doubts, the search for the meaning of life. His life path is complex and tortuous. […]
- The meaning of life ... We often think about what can be the meaning of life. The path of searching for each of us is not easy. Some people understand what is the meaning of life and how and what to live, only on their deathbed. The same thing happened with Andrei Bolkonsky, the most, in my opinion, bright hero novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". For the first time we meet Prince Andrei at an evening in the salon of Anna Pavlovna Sherer. Prince Andrei differed sharply from all those present here. There is no insincerity, hypocrisy, so inherent in the highest […]
- This is not an easy question. Painful and long is the path that must be passed in order to find the answer to it. And can you find it? Sometimes it seems that this is impossible. Truth is not only a good thing, but also a stubborn thing. The further you go in search of an answer, the more questions arise in front of you. And it's not too late, but who will turn halfway? And there is still time, but who knows, maybe the answer is two steps away from you? Truth is tempting and many-sided, but its essence is always the same. Sometimes it seems to a person that he has already found the answer, but it turns out that this is a mirage. […]
- Leo Tolstoy is a recognized master of creating psychological images. In each case, the writer is guided by the principle: “Who is more human?” Does his hero live real life or devoid of moral principles and spiritually dead. In the works of Tolstoy, all the characters are shown in the evolution of characters. Women's images are somewhat schematic, but this manifested the attitude towards women that has developed over the centuries. IN noble society the woman had the only task - to give birth to children, to multiply the class of nobles. The girl was beautiful at first […]
- Epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" is a work grandiose not only in terms of the monumentality of the historical events, deeply researched by the author and artistically processed into a single logical whole, but also by the variety of created images, both historical and fictional. In depicting historical characters, Tolstoy was more of a historian than a writer, he said: "Where historical figures speak and act, he did not invent and used materials." Fictional images are described […]
- In the epic novel "War and Peace", Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy skillfully portrayed several female images. The writer tried to get into mysterious world female soul, to determine the moral laws of the life of a noblewoman in Russian society. One of the complex images was the sister of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, Princess Marya. The prototypes of the images of the old man Bolkonsky and his daughter were real people. This is Tolstoy's grandfather, N. S. Volkonsky, and his daughter, Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya, who was no longer young and lived in […]
- "War and Peace" is one of the the brightest works world literature, which revealed the extraordinary wealth of human destinies, characters, an unprecedented breadth of coverage of the phenomena of life, the deepest image major events in the history of the Russian people. The basis of the novel, as L. N. Tolstoy admitted, is “the thought of the people”. “I tried to write the history of the people,” said Tolstoy. The people in the novel are not only peasants and peasant soldiers in disguise, but also the Rostovs’ courtyard people, the merchant Ferapontov, and army officers […]
- Character Ilya Rostov Nikolai Rostov Natalya Rostova Nikolai Bolkonsky Andrey Bolkonsky Marya Bolkonskaya Appearance The curly-haired young man is not tall, with a simple, open face Does not differ external beauty, has a large mouth, but black-eyed Short stature with dry outlines of the figure. Very handsome. She has a weak, not very beautiful body, thin-faced, attracts attention with large, sadly veiled, radiant eyes. Character Good-natured, loving [...]
The young hero lived and studied abroad, returning to his homeland by the age of twenty. The boy suffered from the fact that he was an illegitimate child of noble birth.
The life path of Pierre Bezukhov in the novel "War and Peace" is a search for the meaning of human existence, the formation of a consciously mature member of society.
Petersburg Adventures
The first appearance of the young count took place on the soiree of Anna Scherrer, with a description of which the epic work of Leo Tolstoy begins. The angular guy, resembling a bear, was not dexterous in court etiquette, he allowed himself behavior that was somewhat impolite towards the nobles.After ten years of strict upbringing, devoid of parental love, the guy falls into the society of the unlucky Prince Kuragin. Begins wild life without the restrictions of tutors, prejudice and control.
Alcohol flows like water, children of wealthy representatives of the nobility are walking in a noisy company. Rarely there are cases of lack of money, few dare to complain about the hussars.
Pierre is young, the awareness of his own personality has not yet come, there is no craving for any occupation. The revelry eats up time, the days seem eventful and cheerful. But once the company, in a drunken stupor, tied a sentry to the back of a trained bear. The beast was released into the Neva and laughed, looking at the yelling law enforcement officer.
The patience of society came to an end, the instigators of hooliganism were demoted in rank, and the stumbled young man was sent to his father.
Legacy fight
Arriving in Moscow, Pierre learns that Kirill Bezukhov is ill. The old nobleman had many children, all illegitimate and without inheritance. Anticipating a fierce struggle for the wealth left by him after his death, his father asks Emperor Alexander I to recognize Pierre as his legitimate son and heir.Intrigues related to the redistribution of capital and real estate begin. The influential prince Vasily Kuragin enters the struggle for the Bezukhovs' inheritance, planning to marry the young count to his daughter.
After losing his father, the young man falls into depression. Loneliness makes him withdraw, he is not happy with wealth and the title of count, which fell unexpectedly. Demonstrating concern for the inexperienced heir, Prince Kuragin arranges for him a prestigious place in the diplomatic corps.
Love and marriage
Helen was beautiful, seductive, able to make eyes. The girl knew what men liked and how to attract attention. Catch the sluggish in your nets young man was no big deal.Pierre was inspired, the nymph seemed to him so fantastic, inaccessible, secretly desired. He wanted to possess her so much that he had no strength to voice his feelings. Having developed passion and confusion in the soul of the gentleman, Prince Kuragin with an effort organized and announced the engagement of Bezukhov with his daughter.
Their marriage was a disappointment for the man. In vain did he look for signs female wisdom in your chosen one. They had absolutely nothing to talk about. The wife did not know anything of what the husband was interested in. On the contrary, everything that Helen wanted or dreamed about was petty, not worthy of attention.
Severance of relations and return to St. Petersburg
The connection between Countess Bezukhova and Dolokhov became known to everyone, the lovers did not hide it, they spent a lot of time together. The Count challenges Dolokhov to a duel, offended by the painful situation. Having wounded an opponent, the man remained completely unharmed.Realizing, finally, that he connected his life not with a chaste modest woman, but with a woman, cynical and depraved, the count goes to the capital. Hatred tormented his heart, desolation filled his soul with pain. The collapse of hopes for a quiet family life plunged Pierre into despondency, existence lost all meaning.
An unsuccessful marriage brought misfortune to the count, he turned away from his religious views by becoming a member of the Masonic Society. He really wanted to be needed by someone, to turn his life into a stream of virtuous deeds, to become an impeccable member of society.
Bezukhov begins to improve the life of the peasants, but he does not succeed, it is more difficult to restore the desired order in the estates than he thought. With the estate, the count becomes the head of the St. Petersburg Masonic Society.
Before the war
The reunion with Helen took place in 1809 under pressure from her father-in-law. The wife loved social life, circled the heads of men at balls. Pierre was accustomed to consider her his punishment from the Lord and patiently carried his burden.A couple of times, through the efforts of his wife's lovers, he was promoted to public service. This made me feel completely disgusted and embarrassed. The hero suffers, rethinks life and changes internally.
Pierre's only joy was friendship with Natasha Rostova, but after her engagement to Prince Bolkonsky, friendly visits had to be abandoned. Fate made a new zigzag.
Disillusioned with Once again in his human purpose, Bezukhov leads a hectic life. The shocks suffered radically change the appearance of the hero. He returns to Moscow, where he finds noisy companies, champagne and nightly fun to drown out his heartache.
War changes mindset
Bezukhov goes to the front as a volunteer when the French army approaches Moscow. The battle of Borodino became significant date in Pierre's life. A sea of blood, a field strewn with the bodies of soldiers, the patriot Bezukhov will never forget.Four weeks of captivity became a turning point for the hero. Everything that had previously seemed important seemed insignificant in the face of enemy aggression. Now the count knew how to build his life.
Family and Children
After being released from captivity, it became known about the death of Helen. Remaining a widower, Bezukhov renewed his friendship with Natasha, who in grief experienced the death of Andrei Bolkonsky. It was another Pierre, the war cleansed his soul.In 1813, he married Natasha Rostova in the hope of finding his own happiness. Three daughters and a son made up the meaning of the life of a hero who could not calm down his craving for the common good and virtue.
Leo Tolstoy loves his hero, who in some ways resembles the author. For example, his aversion to war, true humanism and a benevolent attitude towards the whole world.
"War and Peace"The lesson is designed to create didactic conditions for the positive emotional nature of the learning process: attracting a bright actual material, the urge to evaluate and express own opinion in relation to the studied events, facts; stimulation to develop their worldview, creating a situation of success.
At the beginning of the study of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" the students were oriented to the final lesson-generalization " Moral quest Pierre Bezukhov. In the course of the work, the stages of the hero's life path were singled out, it was proposed to pick up quotes from the novel, use the material of literary critical studies. In the process of research activity, along with the analysis of key scenes, a basic diagram of the stages of the life path of Pierre Bezukhov is drawn up. The attitude to drawing up a reference scheme is ambiguous: is this or that episode of life rising or falling? Participation in the entertainment of secular youth, passion for the ideas of Napoleon, Freemasonry - this is a fall or the logic of character development on the way to improvement, understanding and affirming one's meaning in life. Thus, the broken line of the stages of life is not ups and downs - this is another step towards finding the main and only true thing in life.
During the classes
Everyone - a diamond that can purify and not purify itself. To the extent that he is purified, eternal light shines through him. Therefore, the business of man is not to try to shine, but to try to purify himself.
L. N. Tolstoy
At the stage of assimilation of the material, the student’s message “The mastery of psychological analysis of L.N. Tolstoy".
Lecture of the teacher “The concept of man and psychologism L.N. Tolstoy"
The concept of man and psychologism L.N. Tolstoy
“All Tolstoy’s works are a “story of the soul” over a certain period of time,” writes researcher A.P. Skaftymov. What happens in this interval? The character goes through a series of states. Moreover, these states are not mutually indifferent. They are given not only in alternation, but also in mutually evaluative comparison. They are shown as due or not, false or natural, false or true. Each state has different artistic ways expressed value judgment, and through mutual contrast or parallelism, they all lead a system of substantiation and disclosure of the final author's beliefs and appeals.
Tolstoy does not retell the results of the internal movement human personality but penetrates into the very process of her thinking, her feeling. Not satisfied with the depiction of the external movements of feeling, he turns to the disclosure of the very process of mental life, the continuous flow of the emergence and change of the contradictory state of various thoughts, feelings, sensations, conscious aspirations and subconscious impulses. The task of the writer is to show “the fluidity of a person; that he is one and the same, now a villain, now an angel, now a sage, now an idiot, now a strong man, now a powerless being.
S.G. wrote interestingly and correctly about the nature of psychological analysis. Bocharov: “... it is the process, and not the result, that Tolstoy pays the main attention to. In one of the letters late period Tolstoy expressed his view on the tasks of psychological analysis: "The main thing is inner, spiritual work, and that not the final work is shown, but the actual process of work."
Tolstoy deeply believes in the spiritual potential of the individual: some of Tolstoy's characters manage to overcome the instinct of self-will, the individualistic assertion of oneself as opposed to others. In many ways, they are saved by the task of the selflessserving others, dissolving oneself in others. The "dialectic of the soul" is revealed as the universal form of inner life. Tolstoy discovers the "general" in people, the positive spiritual basis of their inner being, being interested in those moments of freedom when the possibility of choice, decision, determination of one's actions, one's behavior opens up. But most often the dialectical processes of mental life are depicted by Tolstoy when he refers to the image goodies consciously striving for the knowledge of the meaning of life.
Through the struggle of opposing motives, Tolstoy's man rises in certain life situations to a higher stage of consciousness, when unconditional moral values are revealed to him, not without loss, not without returning to his former state of health in the future.
Tolstoy is not limited to depicting the interweaving of good and evil in the human soul, he leads him to the separation of opposite principles, to a moral judgment on himself.
Moments of moral elevation are then replaced by new quests, disappointments and falls. The interweaving of good and evil remains the law of human existence. But at the same time, once experienced insight already makes the hero spiritually sighted, spiritually mobile.
Drawing up a reference scheme “The moral quest of Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (conversation with elements of analysis).
What are the stages of the life path of Pierre Bezukhov
First meeting with Pierre . Salon Sherer
- Which characters look like strangers in Scherer's salon? Why? (portrait and demeanor)
Pierre's violation of the etiquette instituted by Anna Pavlovna, his clumsiness once again confirms that he is a foreign body in the high society living room.
“Shortly after the little princess, a massive, fat young man with a cropped head, glasses, light trousers in the fashion of the time, with a high frill and in a brown tailcoat entered. This young man was the illegitimate son of Catherine's grandee, Count Bezukhov ... Anna Pavlovna greeted him with a bow, which belongs to the people of the lowest hierarchy in her salon. ... this fear (of Anna Pavlovna) could relate to that intelligent and at the same time timid, observant and natural look that distinguishes him from everyone in this living room.
Enthusiasm revolutionary ideas, Napoleon.
“The people gave him (Napoleon) power only so that he would deliver him from the Bourbons, and because the people saw him as a great man. The revolution was a great thing, Monsieur Pierre continued, expressing his great youth and desire to express everything as soon as possible with this desperate and defiant introductory sentence.
Tolstoy captures throughout the novel the naturally changing and deepening sides of his character and intellect.
At the beginning of the novel, Pierre expresses exorbitant absent-mindedness, gullibility, shyness, "inability to enter the salon"; his "good nature, simplicity and modesty" are still quite naive: he is morbidly sensitive, cannot bear "the sight of tears" and is easily ready to cry himself; but he is still a little thoughtful, often "spreads his mouth into a carefree, cheerful smile" and without reasoning succumbs (in the words of Prince Andrei) to "revels" and "hussars".
Entertainment secular youth
- What are the entertainments of the society of Kuragin and Dolokhov? What role do these scenes play in the novel?
These scenes reveal new aspects of the life of the aristocracy, introduce new heroes (Dolokhov, A. Kuragin). Pierre's preaching of freedom-loving views and participation in revels representis a psychological plot in the development of Pierre's storyline.
- Wasting life in carousing.
One of the important tasks of Tolstoy the psychologist was to depict and reveal the involuntary insincerity that is characteristic of people, their subconscious desire to see themselves better, and therefore, intuitively seek self-justification.
“... It would be nice to go to Kuragin,” he thought, but immediately remembered his word of honor given to Prince Andrei not to visit Kuragin. But immediately, as happens with people who are called spineless, he so passionately wanted to once again experience this dissolute life so familiar to him that he decided to go.
Dominance is clearly marked here internal state: Pierre really wants to experience this pleasure again, despite given word despite the fact that he knows that he is doing wrong. This desire dominates and everything else psychological world imitates him - this is how Pierre's naive casuistry is perceived: “And immediately the thought came to his mind that this word did not mean anything because even before Prince Andrei, he also gave Prince Anatole the word to be with him; finally, he thought that all these honest words- such conditional things that do not have any certain meaning, especially if you consider that perhaps tomorrow he will die, or something so unusual will happen to him that there will no longer be either honest or dishonorable.
Pierre - Count Bezukhov, the richest and most noble person
- Euphoria from feeling like "the center of some important social movement"
“Pierre, having unexpectedly become a rich man and Count Bezukhov, after recent loneliness and carelessness, felt himself surrounded and busy to such an extent that he only managed to remain alone in bed with himself. He had to sign papers, deal with government offices, the meaning of which he did not have a clear idea, ask the chief manager about something, go to an estate near Moscow ... ". “It seemed so natural to Pierre that everyone loved him ... that he could not help but believe in the sincerity of the people around him.”
Entering gradually into society, he realizes his role in it and even begins to feel himself "the center of some important general movement", forcing to be "in a state of meek and cheerful intoxication"; he already thinks about his “career” and experiences “a feeling of haziness, haste and some good that is coming, but not happening”, and if earlier his own speeches seemed to him “stupid”, “now everything that he did not say, everything came outCharmant(charming).
- Marriage to Helen
Tolstoy strives to ensure that every element of the inner life is indicated by the word as accurately as possible. In the above passage, Pierre's feeling for Helen is characterized by the words "nasty", "forbidden", again "nasty", "unnatural" and, finally, "dishonest".
“He realized that this woman could belong to him.
“But she is stupid, I myself said she was stupid,” he thought. “There is something nasty in the feeling that she aroused in me, something forbidden ...” he thought; ... and realized that at the same time he thought about her insignificance and dreamed of how she would be his wife ... ”And again he told himself that something nasty, unnatural, as it seemed to him, dishonest was in this marriage ... and horror came over him, whether he had already bound himself with something in the performance of such a thing, which is obviously not good and which he should not do. But at the same time, as he expressed this decision to himself, from the other side of the soul her image surfaced with all its feminine beauty.
The scenes are of great importance for understanding the character of Pierre, his inexperience, naivety, inexperience, sincerity and spontaneity, and at the same time, she also reveals the subservience inherent in the representatives of the aristocracy (the attitude of others towards Pierre the heir). On the one hand, the marriage was arranged by Prince Vasily, becausePierre was a very advantageous suitor; on the other hand, this marriage was natural for Pierre: not only because he had to be deceived, but also because he had to be deceived.
- A lot of duties that cannot be avoided - and empty ones.
Marriage with Helen and relationship with Dolokhov taught Pierre a lot. He became quite "adult". Tolstoy devotes strong pages to how Pierre, having married, "processed his grief alone in himself." The writer reveals new aspects of the hero's character: the rapid development of moral exactingness, deep indignation at the unworthy behavior of people and temper (“I'll kill you!” He shouts to Helen). Pierre is getting husband. His ingenuous carelessness disappears. More and more he is occupied with the disturbing questions of life, its meaning and goals, - “as if in his headcurled up
Pierre moves away from the "secular" circle of people, he sees all the vanity of nobility and wealth ("and why is this money needed?" - he thinks); he feels all the inevitable “susceptibility” of a person to “evil and death” and painfully overestimates his past concepts and aspirations (“everything in himself and around him seemed to him confused, meaningless and disgusting. But in this very disgust for everything around Pierre found a kind irritating pleasure.”) By 1812, his demands to find some lofty meaning in life become more and more powerful; he approaches the ideas of Freemasonry, in which he is tempted by the illusory "pleasure to believe in the possibility of achieving perfection and the possibility of brotherly ... love between people."
- Duel with Dolokhov
After the duel, Pierre is in a difficult moral and psychological state: “What's wrong? What well? What should you love, what should you hate? Why live and what am I? What is life, what is death? What power governs everything?” he asked himself. And there was no answer to any of these questions ... "
Describing the moral and psychological state of Pierre at the time of the ideological crisis, the author says: "Everything in him and around him seemed to him confusing and disgusting." It is no coincidence that Osip Alekseevich Bazleev condemns Pierre's way of thinking as "the monotonous fruit of pride, laziness and ignorance", "a sad delusion". Pierre's life, passing in "violent orgies and debauchery", gives rise to a psychology of doubt in everything and disbelief in the ideal. Tolstoy convinces the reader that the social practice of a person is of great importance for his inner spiritual world.
Reflections after the duel: “What happened? he asked himself.I killed a lover, yes, he killed his wife's lover. Yes, it was. From what? How did I get to this?
Firstly, Pierre did not kill Dolokhov, but in his mind the situation is exactly like this: he killed, or almost killed, or could have killed - for Pierre, by and large morally, it doesn’t matter. Secondly, it is noteworthy that almost immediately, having fully realized the fact of the duel, Pierre asks himself the key question: “How did I get to this? "He is seized with moral confusion: the feeling of irreparableness, the falsity of his life, which has vaguely wandered in him since the declaration of love, becomes definite and painfully sharp, causing an urgent need to understand the causes of evil.
Note that Pierre focuses on himself: not “what brought me to a duel”, but how did I, Pierre Bezukhov, get to the point that I could kill a person? Pierre is looking for evil in himself - this is very evident for the moral orientation of Tolstoy's best heroes.
“But what is my fault? he asked. “The fact that you got married without loving her, that you deceived both yourself and her ...” Then he remembered the rudeness, clarity of her thoughts and the vulgarity of expressions ... “She is to blame for everything, she alone is to blame. .. But what of it? Why did I associate myself with her? ... It's my fault... "
BRUTAL CRISIS
- Complete internal devastation
He suffers after marriage, realizing that he was not only deceived, but also deceived others. Alater, the fact that he almost killed Dolokhov because he himself was to blame, having married, not loving, plunges Pierre into the deepest crisis. These reflections on the meaning of life are characteristic of Tolstoy's positive heroes.
Pierre was inevitably moving towards complete internal devastation, turning into a good-natured retired chamberlain, "whose type he so deeply despised seven years ago." True, Pierre had the ability "to see the evil and lies of life too clearly in order to be able to take a serious part in it." In Moscow living rooms, Pierre comes to a feeling of his loneliness, the "ghostliness" of all the life around him, and therefore cannot enter into an internal meaningful interaction with it. He escaped life with wine, women, entertainment. He bitterly mourned himself and his hopes for a reasonable and fruitful activity: “Didn’t he see the opportunity and passionately desired to regenerate the vicious human race and bring himself to the highest degree perfection?" He fought, suffered, searched for a new path in life, he believed in the triumph of the highest truth on earth, but “by the force of circumstances” he was brought to this soulless existence, dramatically experiencing the gap between religious and moral views and the practice of his life. Pierre could not come to terms with this break, could not "unravel that tangled, terrible knot of life that terrified him ...".
Whatever he began to think about, he returned to the same questions that he could not resolve and could not stop asking himself. As if in his headcurled up the main screw on which his whole life rested.
- Entry into Freemasonry, violent activity.
Freemasonry from the position of "dialectics of the soul"
The moral and psychological state of Pierre at the moment of rapprochement with the Masons and initiation into the "brotherhood of free masons" is complex and contradictory. On the one hand, he dreams of an "active and virtuous life", of loving brotherly harmony on earth, he feels the need to promote this harmony. But imperceptibly for himself, Pierre gives himself up to the proud dream of "Fixing the whole human race."
According to Tolstoy, the initiative activity of the individual is a manifestation of that pride and ambition that are associated with the "separation" of human existence, selfish competition with others.
Thus, the “dialectic of the soul” manifests itself as an image of two inextricably linked psychological processes in the inner world of the hero-character: the sharpening of moral forces merges with the dream of the role of a preacher and comforter.
To give up “arbitrariness” means to get rid of an exaggerated sense of personality, of the impossibility of acting in accordance with the dictates moral law owing to his "unreason", to voluntarily submit "his will to this and that. who knew the undeniable truth."
- Why does Pierre, being an atheist and considering religion "unjust", join the Masonic society?
Because he was attracted by the formulation of the goals of this society: by purifying and correcting the heart and mind of individual members of society, thereby correcting the human race and "opposing the evil that reigns in the world." Pierre perceives in Freemasonry not the religious, but its moral side.
Pierre's activity in the Masonic society convinces that many Freemasons entered the society for the sake of acquiring connections with strong and wealthy people. Seeing the social injustice of the world, he does not accept the thought of the social transformation of society.
So Tolstoy leads Pierre to the idea of non-resistance to evil by violence, offering an abstract sermon of "good and truth."
The metaphysical teaching of the Freemasons was of little interest to Pierre: this "some kind of sacrament" did not seem to him essential. He did not join the number of brothers "employed exclusively
the mysteries of the science of the Order... or about the three principles of things...”. "His heart did not lie to the mystical side of Freemasonry." The tasks of moral perfection also did not interest Pierre, because already at the first moment of "conversion" he "felt with pleasure already completely corrected from his former vices and ready for only one good." The content of his future activities, he put the "correction of the human race."
- Disappointment, Freemasonry Crisis
Soon after joining the order, Pierre's divergence with the Masons became apparent: he could not confine himself to the tasks of contemplative immersion in himself and demanded active assistance to others. He sought to "oppose the evil that reigns in the world." Pierre goes to his Kyiv estates.
But reality turns out to be stronger than philanthropic orders and private interventions. In addition, Pierre is deprived of a sober practical consciousness, a keen interest in the processes economic life, "practical tenacity".
Reunion with Helen
Tolstoy introduces the reader to inner world searching, reflecting hero. “He was so used to obeying this tone of careless self-confidence of Prince Vasily that even now he felt that he could not resist her; but he felt that his whole future fate would depend on what he said now ... "
Feeling his inner freedom, Pierre overcomes kindness, a tendency not to deceive the interlocutor's expectations, not to offend him with a refusal. He struggles with his fundamental peculiarity, so as not to repeat the mistake, not to return to the previous conditions of existence.
The final link in this story is reconciliation with Helen. This reconciliation was also both an act of good will and a causal act. Pierre then found himself in a state of complete disillusionment with Russian Freemasonry, returning to his wife became possible in conditions of melancholy and moral impasse. At the same time, Pierre is still aware of his will only as free. He explains his decision this way: “I should not refuse the one who asks and I should give a helping hand to everyone, especially the person who is so connected with me, and I should carry my cross.”
Way out of moral impasse. Patriotic War of 1812
Pierre on the eve of the Patriotic War
The approaching catastrophe pleased Pierre, as it could change her whole life, lead him out of the "enchanted, insignificant world of Moscow habits" and turn him to "great feat and great happiness."
The catastrophe became morally necessary for Pierre: only she could turn him to a new life content. No wonder he experienced “a pleasant feeling of consciousness that everything is. what constitutes the happiness of people, the comforts of life, wealth, even life itself, is nonsense, which is pleasant to put aside in comparison with something ... ".
The internal moral break that Pierre is experiencing is not accidentally connected with the national-historical events of the Patriotic War of 1812.
The task of expelling the invaders unites Pierre, like other best people from the nobility, with the people. It took a heroic state of the world for Pierre to get closer to the people who are performing the feat of expelling the invaders. He finds himself spiritually, because the folk content of life is revealed to him. He gains ground for overcoming egoistic isolated existence, fruitless self-centeredness. The need for higher truth and goodness that lives in him finds complete satisfaction, and he wants only "to be a soldier, just a soldier."
- Borodino Pierre, on the Raevsky battery
By moral responsiveness, Pierre could not remain outside historical conflict, not to be among those who defended the cause of the motherland and therefore became participants in the national liberation war. Once among the soldiers and militia, Pierre experiences joyful excitement and renewal: “The deeper he plunged into this sea of \u200b\u200btroops, the more he was seized by the anxiety of anxiety and a new joyful feeling he had not experienced. It was... the feeling of having to do something and sacrifice something." A cursory meeting with a soldier who declared the people's readiness to defend Moscow enters Pierre's inner world. In this accidental episode, for the first time, the direction of the hero’s evolution is indicated: that open cordial communication between Pierre’s secular environment free from prejudice and people from the people, which in the future will lead him to a qualitatively new experience and understanding of life, is clearly manifested. Rich in human potentialities, Pierre's soul is gradually filled with Russian folk content.
How do you understand Pierre's thoughts about the hidden warmth of patriotism? Why are the heroes of the novel so eager for the people? Why does Pierre want to be a "soldier, just a soldier"?
"They in Pierre's concept there were soldiers - those who were on the battery, and those who fed him, and those who prayed to the icon.They - these strange, hitherto unknown to him people, -They clearly and sharply separated in his thoughts from other people. "To be a soldier, just a soldier!" thought Pierre.
The people are the bearer of the best human qualities. “... They were firm, calm all the time to the end ... They don’t speak, but they do,” thinks Pierre.
Hidden warmth of patriotism
Shocked by the bloody tragedy, Pierre leaves the battlefield. Hungry, exhausted, he sits down by the soldier's fire. In a moment of national disaster, the master unites with the soldiers, while Pierre felt "the need to belittle his social position as much as possible in order to be closer and more understandable to the soldiers." Pierre Bezukhov with such clarity correlates his life as a representative of the noble class with the life of people from the social lower classes and with all sincerity gives preference to the latter. “They amaze him with their moral courage in the war, in a moment of danger: “But they were firm, calm all the time to the end.” He condemns himself for weakness: “Oh, how terrible fear is and how shamefully I gave myself to it!”.
Pierre feels in the soldiers a wise and direct knowledge of the meaning of life, which explains their calmness, their readiness to submit to necessity.
Only in the circumstances of war and captivity does the relationship between Pierre and people from the people change: He finds the highest satisfaction in an undivided merger with millions of "drops" of the human peasant sea.
In occupied Moscow: saving a child, intercession for the Armenians, the decision to kill Napoleon
“Running out behind the house onto a sandy path, the Frenchman pulled Pierre's hand and pointed him to the circle. Under the bench lay a three-year-old girl in a pink dress. Pierre ... grabbed her with a feeling of pity and disgust, clutching the suffering sobbing and wet girl as gently as possible, ran ... Pierre at that moment felt even more strongly that feeling of youth, revival and determination that seized him when he ran save the child." “While Pierre ran those few steps that separated him from the French, a long marauder in a hood was already tearing a necklace from the Armenian woman’s neck ...
Leave this woman, - Pierre croaked in a frantic voice, grabbing a long, round-shouldered soldier by the shoulders and throwing him away. But his comrade, throwing down his boots, took out a cleaver and menacingly advanced on Pierre. Pierre was in that ecstasy of fury in which he did not remember anything and in which his strength increased tenfold. He rushed at the barefoot Frenchman, and before he couldtake out his cleaver, already knocked him down and pounded on him with his fists.
“He had to, hiding his name, stay in Moscow, meet Napoleon and kill him in order to either die or end the misfortune of all of Europe, which, according to Pierre, came from Napoleon alone.” "Two are the same strong feelings irresistibly attracted Pierre to his intention. The first was the feeling of the need for sacrifice and suffering in the realization of a common misfortune ... the other was that indefinite, exclusively Russian feeling contempt for everything conventional, artificial, human, which is considered by most people to be the highest good of the world.
Captivity, execution of Russian prisoners by the French. Condition after the shooting
“He remembered that he was beating someone, he was being beaten, and that in the end he felt that his hands were tied, that a crowd of French soldiers were standing around him and searching his dress.”
The whole scene of the execution is given through the perception of a morally shocked Pierre: “On all the faces of Russians, on the faces of French soldiers, officers, all without exception, he read the same fear, horror and struggle that were in his heart.” The French soldiers, together with Pierre, experience the execution of prisoners as senseless cruelty, as an evil to which moral nature can only react with disgust.
The author conveys the moral and psychological state of the hero by means of figurative comparison: “From the minute Pierre saw this terrible murder committed by people who did not want to do this, it was as if in his soul that spring was pulled out, on which everything rested and seemed alive, and everything fell into a heap of meaningless rubbish. In him, although he did not realize himself, faith in the improvement of the world, and in the human, and in his soul, and in God, was destroyed. ... He felt that it was not in his power to return to faith in life.
The execution of captured Russians by the French is perceived by Pierre as meaningless and brutal murder. As a result of what he saw and experienced, he found himself in a state of complete devastation, internal disintegration and chaos: "The world collapsed in his eyes, and only meaningless ruins remained."
This state of meaninglessness and absurdity of life is removed thanks to a meeting with Platon Karataev.
Meeting with Platon Karataev
In a moment of complete disgrace of everything, confusion, only love for goodness was required. The love of Platon Karataev, like precious moisture, revived Pierre and brought him back to life. “And such an expression of affection and simplicity was in the man’s melodious voice that Pierre wanted to answer, but his jaw trembled and he felt tears.” That same night, Pierre felt "that the previously destroyed world is now being erected in his soul with new beauty, on some new and unshakable foundations." Karataev, thus, helped Pierre in a difficult moment of an internal crisis.
“Pierre learned not with his mind, but with his whole being, with his life, that man was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself, in the satisfaction of natural human needs, and that all misfortune comes not from lack, but from excess.”
“The more difficult his position became, the more terrible the future was, the more independent of the position in which he was, joyful and soothing thoughts, memories and ideas came to him.” Pierre Bezukhov accepted the mental health of the people, agreement with himself, the ability to spiritually overcome circumstances.
Why did Karataev have such an effect on Pierre? Does he look like other men?
At the key moments of moral turning points, when something extremely important is revealed to the hero from Tolstoy's point of view, the author generally refuses to reproduce inner voice hero, - all psychological processes are depicted exclusively innarrator's story.
Depiction of the moral shifts that occurred during the captivity: “He received that calmness and self-satisfaction, for which he had vainly sought before. For a long time in his life he searched from various sides for this peace, for harmony with himself... he searched for this in philanthropy, in Freemasonry, in the Diaspora. secular life, in wine, in the heroic feat of self-sacrifice, in romantic love for Natasha; he sought this by way of thought - and all these searches and attempts deceived him. And he, without thinking about it, received this peace and this harmony with himself only through the horror of death, through deprivation and through that. what he understood in Karataev. Those terrible moments that he experienced during the execution seemed to have washed away forever from his imagination and memories the disturbing thoughts and feelings that had previously seemed important to him.
Kindness becomes in him forgiveness (and to enemies too), unpretentiousness - the absence of all sorts of requirements for life (everywhere he feels good), faith in the reasonableness of the natural course of events in life - obedience to fate (“rock is looking for a head”), intuitive behavior - an absolute absence reason (“not by his own mind - by God’s judgment”), the main thing in Karataev is forgiveness, adaptability to life, and it is precisely for these qualities that Tolstoy idealizes him, makes him the material of vitality for Pierre, his favorite hero.
Reflection on happiness, understanding "the whole force of vitality"
In dramatic trials of need, extreme hardships in captivity, he acquires the long-desired inner freedom. Then, throughout the rest of his life, “Pierre thought with delight and spoke about this month of captivity, about those irrevocable, strong and joyful feelings and. most importantly, about that complete peace of mind, about perfect inner freedom, which he experienced only at that time. The break experienced in captivity comes down to "a new, untested feeling of joy and strength of life."
Pierre, having experienced "almost the extreme limits of deprivation that a person can endure", with his whole being comes to an understanding of life as the highest good and possible harmony on earth. Life in his perception is love, i.e. God: “Life is everything. Life is God. Everything moves and moves, and this movement is God. And as long as there is life, there is the enjoyment of the self-consciousness of the deity. Love life, love God. It is most difficult and most blessed to love this life in one's suffering, in the innocence of suffering. The writer conveys the dialectic of life itself in this depiction of Pierre's severe physical suffering, which, however, led him to life affirmation.
“The absence of suffering, the satisfaction of needs and, as a result, the freedom to choose occupations, that is, a way of life, now appeared to Pierre as the undoubted and highest happiness of a person ... Pierre felt a new, untested feeling of joy and strength in life.”
“In captivity, in a booth, Pierre learned not with his mind, but with his whole being, with his life, that man was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself, in satisfying natural human needs, and that everythingunhappiness does not come from lack, but from excess; but now, in these last three weeks of the campaign, he has learned another new comforting truth - he has learned that there is nothing terrible in the world.
"Now only he understood the whole force of human vitality and the saving power of shifting attention, invested in a person." “The more difficult his position became, the more terrible the future was, the more independent of the position in which he was, joyful and calming thoughts, memories and ideas came to him.
Moral renewal in captivity
Forced in real life to obey those superior to him. Pierre, at the same time, experiences his inner moral freedom with unusual sharpness, which is manifested in his ability to romantically rise above hostile reality, to overcome it spiritually, to thrill its "timelessness". In it at this moment, something is activated and becomes valid.“consciousness”, which, according to Tolstoy, reveals to a person his absolute spirituality, i.e. "I" is out of time, "out of cause", and itself is the cause of all manifestation of life.
Understanding his inseparability with nature comes to Pierre in a whirlpool of events, in severe trials of war and death. Here he experiences a moral rebirth, manifested in a joyful sensation of the higher meaning of life.
The position of a prisoner only sharpens in him the consciousness of his indestructibility, of his organic connection with universal processes.
The method of "dialectic of the soul" suggests that the inner freedom of the hero-character manifests itself as an instant flash of self-consciousness, an undeniable feeling of belonging to world harmony.
Post-war update. Pre-Decembrist activity
- Release from captivity. Change in worldview.
The year of the Patriotic War awakens in him ardent patriotic feelings and, turning away from Masonic metaphysics, fully connects him with the real needs, tasks and aspirations of the people. He feels "impossible to continue former life” and wants to “get rid of the complex confusion of the requirements of life”, which has overcome him for a number of years. In Chapter XIII, Part 4, Volume 4, Tolstoy devotes whole pages to explaining the changes that have become apparent in the character and worldview of his hero, who has survived turbulent external events and personal trials, and now, after the war and the "people's defense," who has already seen "an extraordinarily powerful force of vitality ”, which “supported the life” of the whole “special and united” Russian people.
"A joyful feeling of freedom - that complete, inalienable, inherent freedom of a person, the consciousness of which he first experienced at the first halt when leaving Moscow, filled Pierre's soul during his recovery."
“Now he has learned to see the great, eternal and infinite in everything ... Now the question is - why? A simple answer was always ready in his soul: then, that there is a god, that god, without whose will a hair will not fall from a person’s head.
Meeting with Natasha, love, marriage
The big child is called Pierre and Nikolai and Andrey. Bolkonsky will entrust the secret of love to Natasha to him, Pierre. He will entrust Natasha - the bride. He advises her to contact Hard time. "Heart of gold", a nice fellow, a true friend will be Pierre in the novel. It is with him that Natasha's aunt, Akhrosimova, will consult regarding her beloved niece. But it is he, Pierre, who will introduce Andrei and Natasha.
At first in her adult life At the ball, he will notice the confusion of Natasha's feelings, whom no one will invite to dance, and will ask his friend, Andrei, to engage her. Pierre was horrified when he learned about Natasha's attempt to escape with Anatole, but then he would be shocked by the depth of her repentance, suffering, and an attempt to poison herself. He admired her ability, even in such terrible moments of her life, to think more about others than about herself.
The structure of the souls of Natasha and Pierre is in many ways similar. Love will revive their souls. There will be no room for doubt, everything will be filled with love.
Finding the meaning of life in the family, social activities.
“And out of old habit, he asked himself the question: well, then what? What will i do? And immediately he answered himself: nothing. I will live. Oh, how nice!
In the epilogue to the novel, Pierre already lives in a "big house"; he is engaged in progressive social activity, he thinks in new concepts, characteristic of the pre-Decembrist era, and this "most absent-minded, forgetful person, now, according to the list compiled by his wife," like a sedate husband and father, buys everything for the house, not forgetting any "gifts ", nor"toys".
So, considering the difficult life path of his hero. Tolstoy realistically judges the stages of the long development of his personality.
L.N. Tolstoy shows two main paths that people choose: for some, the main thing is external well-being, wealth, career; for others - spiritual values, i.e. life is not only for themselves. In the epilogue, the heroes found true happiness along the way. Pierre, after a long and difficult search, found happiness in the confluence of social activities and a happy family life. Home Wisdom, to which he came: “... if vicious people are interconnected and constitute a force, then honest people need only do the same. After all, it's so simple."
After the war, in peaceful conditions, Pierre was in a new round of ideological and creative development. "IN spiritual development Pierre's Decembrism marks both a step forward and backward. Forward in the sense that it means leaving the sphere of moral speculation in the field of practical activity and civic selflessness. Back because it means the rejection of the moral truth revealed to him by Karataev.
On the one hand, Pierre retains the deep moral content acquired in the war and defends the service of “good”: “But I say: take hand in hand, those who love good. And let there be one banner: active virtue.
But on the other hand, once outside the people, he returns in Decembrism, it would seem, to the overcome sense of personality. Pierre develops self-confidence, which manifests itself in his story about his political activity In Petersburg. Thought about it. that the fate of not only the “society” he leads, but also the fate of Russia, depends on him, Pierre, is connected with the belief in the possibility and fruitfulness of the revolutionary, voluntaristic according to Tolstoy. Civic activity leads the hero to an exaggerated idea of the possibilities of conscious, arbitrary influence on the course of the historical process.
4. In the conclusion can be offered written works according to the studied material:
a) Why can Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky be called the best people of their time?
b) “In order to live honestly, one must tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again, and quit again, and always struggle and lose. And peace is a spiritual meanness?
How do you understand the words of L. Tolstoy?
To what extent does Pierre's life path reflect this motto of the writer himself?
APPLICATION
Esin A.B. Psychologism of Russian classical literature / A.B. Esin.- M: Enlightenment, 1988.
Kurlyandskaya G.B. The moral ideal of L.N. Tolstoy and F.M. Dostoevsky / G.B. Courland. - M.: Enlightenment, 1988.
Bocharov S.P. The novel by L. Tolstoy "War and Peace" / S.P. Bocharov. - M.: Enlightenment, 1976.
Russian literature. Grade 10. Reader of historical and literary materials; reference scheme to the image of the hero; illustrations for the novel.
In the novel "War and Peace" we see a description of the life and work of a large number of people, but only a few of them follow the path of their moral growth, spiritual evolution. These heroes include Tolstoy's favorite character, Pierre Bezukhov, whose life path was complex and difficult, full of disappointments, losses, but at the same time discoveries and gains. true values human.
Growing up abroad, the illegitimate son of a prominent Catherine's nobleman, he brought to Russia the freedom-loving ideas of the French enlighteners that he had assimilated, which have nothing in common with Russian reality. That is why, in relation to him, secular society shows distrust and alertness, which only intensify with every misconduct of the naive, direct Pierre. Every person has their own mistakes and misconceptions in life. The young Count Bezukhov, not seeing a goal in life, indulges in revelry and atrocities in the circles of Kuragin and Dolokhov, follows carnal desires and does not resist the marriage to the beautiful Helen, cleverly arranged by Prince Vasily. This marriage of convenience was the cause of Pierre's deepest disappointments, increasing his dismay. The count is aware of the meaninglessness of his existence, devoid of ideals, faith, hope. And a painful search begins for what could become the meaning of life, give new strength. "What's wrong? What well? What should you love, what should you hate? Why live, and what am I? , Pierre asks himself and does not find answers to these questions. In this state of mental confusion, he joined one of the Masonic lodges. In the religious and mystical revelations of the Freemasons, Bezukhov was interested in their commandment about the need to "with all their might to resist the evil that reigns in the world." Being a person who is fond of, Pierre is actively involved in a new activity for him. He creates a project for the transformation of the order of Freemasons, where he calls for activities for the good of man, makes proposals for practical help to his neighbor. Having met with protest from the members of the Masonic lodge, Bezukhov understands that the true views of the Masons on life diverge from those that they express in sermons. And here, as in secular society, from which he fled, pursued the same goals of profit, careerism and self-interest in everything.
Like almost any person of his time, Pierre Bezukhov was interested in the image of Napoleon - a strong man, an invincible commander, going ahead. But the Patriotic War of 1812 becomes the stage of rethinking the count's views and beliefs. He sees that his idol is a selfish despot who sheds the blood of millions of people in order to assert his world domination.
Of decisive importance in shaping Pierre's views was his rapprochement with the people, with Russian soldiers. He admires their courage, reckless courage, true patriotism that lives in their souls. Being impressed by the heroism of the Russian people he saw, Bezukhov decides to participate in the Battle of Borodino.
The description of the landscape of the Borodino field before the start of the battle is very revealing - “the strengthening freshness of the morning frost”, “magic-crystal brilliance”, and even unsightly paintings in this atmosphere seemed “something soothingly beautiful”. As usual, Tolstoy reveals the mood of the hero through his perception of the beauty and majesty of nature. It is the picture of the landscape that helps Pierre to realize the greatness and significance of what is happening.
The turning point in the fate of Pierre Bezukhov is his meeting with Platon Karataev, who seemed to Pierre to be the personification of the spirit of simplicity and truth, which for Bezukhov, at that moment especially desiring wholeness and harmony in his life, was a revelation. “I lived for myself and ruined my life. And only now, when I live ... for others, only now I understand the happiness of my life. According to Natasha Rostova, who saw Pierre after a long separation, “he became somehow clean, ..., fresh; as if from a bath ... morally from a bath.
Pierre did not become an adherent of Karataev's non-resistance philosophy, but communication with him served as an impetus for further moral development hero. He finds his own path of moral renewal both for himself and for society, which is mired in vice and evil. Exit from spiritual crisis a person, a country, according to Pierre, will be helped by united efforts honest people: "If vicious people are interconnected and constitute a force, then honest people need to do only the same."
Even a happy family life with Natasha Rostova does not stop Pierre's activities for the benefit of society. He believes in the revival of Russia, believes in the strength of the people. And he sees the meaning of life only in selfless service to the motherland, to his people.
This is about him and about people like him, Tolstoy said: “In order to live honestly, one must tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again and quit again, and always fight and lose. And peace is spiritual meanness.
The highest spiritual moral values, the realization of which leads the heroes to harmony with the world - this is what the Russian classic literature XIX century. In the novel “War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy, using the example of Pierre Bezukhov, shows a person who seeks the truth and does this not with his mind, but with his heart. In my opinion, it is no coincidence that the writer refers to 1812 in his work. The events of this time affected people of different classes, made them rethink life, understand what is most valuable and dear in it. That is, the very heroic era of 1812 helps a person to come to full agreement with life, to find its meaning.
Pierre Bezukhov is one of Tolstoy's most beloved and dear heroes. The writer shows him in constant motion, in doubts and searches, in continuous internal development. Tolstoy traces how the character of Pierre Bezukhov changes, forms a worldview advanced man era - the Decembrist. But Pierre's life path, full of discoveries and disappointments, is not a typical Decembrist path, but only a special, Tolstoyan version of this path.
At the beginning of the novel, we see a fat, massive young man with an intelligent, timid and observant look. Pierre Bezukhov is emotional, soft, supple, easily influenced by others, he stands out among other visitors to the secular salon with his naturalness, sincerity, and simplicity.
First, Pierre defends ideas french revolution, admires Napoleon, wants to either “create a republic in Russia, or be Napoleon himself ...” Having not yet found the meaning of life, Pierre rushes about, and because of his naivety, gullibility, and inability to understand people, he makes mistakes. It seems to me that one of these mistakes was his marriage to Helen Kuragina. By this thoughtless act, Pierre deprives himself of any hope of happiness. He realizes that real family he doesn't have. Pierre grows dissatisfied with himself. He disagrees with his wife, gives her a significant share of his fortune, after which he seeks to find application for his strengths and abilities in other areas of life.
Having broken with his wife, Pierre, on the way to Petersburg, waiting for horses at the station in Torzhok, asks himself difficult questions: “What is wrong? What well? What should you love, what should you hate? Why live, and what am I...” The search for truth and the meaning of life leads him to the Freemasons. He passionately desires to "regenerate the vicious human race." In the teachings of the Freemasons, Pierre is attracted by the ideas of “equality, brotherhood and love”, it gives the hero the belief that there should be a kingdom of goodness and truth in the world, and the highest happiness of a person is to strive to achieve them. Therefore, Pierre Bezukhov begins to search for opportunities to translate fair and humane ideas into a concrete case.
First of all, he decides to alleviate the fate of the serfs. He sympathizes with them and makes sure that the punishments are only exhortations, and not corporal, so that the peasants are not burdened with overwork, and hospitals, shelters and schools are established in each estate. It seems to him that he has finally found the purpose and meaning of life: “And only now, when I ... try ... to live for others, only now I understand all the happiness of life.” This conclusion helps Pierre find the real path in his further searches. But soon disappointment sets in in Freemasonry, since Pierre's republican ideas were not shared by his "brothers", and besides, Pierre sees that hypocrisy, hypocrisy, and careerism exist among Freemasons. All this leads Pierre to a break with the Masons and to the fact that he falls into dead end and plunges into a state of hopeless longing and despair.
"For what? For what? What is going on in the world?” - these questions did not cease to disturb Bezukhov. This never ending inner work prepared his spiritual revival during the Patriotic War of 1812. Not being a military man, like Andrei Bolkonsky, wanting to share the fate of the country, to express his love for the fatherland, Pierre takes part in the battle of Borodino. He forms a regiment at his own expense, takes it to support, and himself remains in Moscow to kill Napoleon as the main culprit of national disasters. And it is here that we see how Pierre's kindness is fully revealed. He cannot see numerous human dramas, while remaining a passive witness, and therefore, without thinking about his own safety, he protects a woman, stands up for a madman, and saves a child from a burning house. Before his eyes, violence and arbitrariness are being committed, people accused of arson, which they did not commit, are being executed. All these terrible and painful impressions are further aggravated by the atmosphere of captivity, where Pierre's faith in the just structure of the world, in man and God, collapses.
But in a wretched barracks, he meets with Platon Karataev, which brought the hero closer to ordinary people. This soldier makes Pierre again look at the world brightly and joyfully, believe in goodness, love, justice. As a result of communication with Platon Karataev, Pierre finds “that calmness and self-satisfaction, which he vainly sought before”, he “... learned not with his mind, but with his whole being, that a person was created for happiness, that happiness is in himself,
in satisfying natural human needs...” Pierre Bezukhov was always looking for an answer to the question: “What is the meaning of life?” “He was looking for this in philanthropy, in freemasonry, in the distraction of secular life, in wine, in the heroic deed of self-sacrifice, in romantic love for Natasha. He was looking for this by thought, and all these searches and attempts deceived him. The hero naturally comes to the ideas of the Decembrists, joins a secret society in order to fight against everything that interferes with life, humiliates the honor and dignity of a person.
At the end of the novel, we see happy person who has a good family, a faithful and devoted wife who loves and is loved. Thus, it is Pierre Bezukhov who, in War and Peace, achieves spiritual harmony with the world around him and with himself.
The problems raised by Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" are of universal significance. His novel, according to Gorky, is “a documentary presentation of all the searches that a strong personality undertook in the 19th century in order to find a place and a deed in the history of Russia ...”
