The oldest Russian surnames. The most ancient Russian surnames

Historians every year expand the list of nominal nicknames of Slavic origin. Many would be interested to know their origin. But sometimes it is impossible to determine this by the sound itself, since various suffixes, prefixes and prefixes have been added to the derivative word for years, distorting its original meaning.

To determine the origin of a person's genus, his passport data is used. The key points are the root of the word, which forms Russian names and surnames. They differ in prevalence.

By sound, you can determine the eminence of the family or the belonging of ancestors to different social groups and castes of society: peasants, boyars, clergy.

The etymology of some includes archaisms and strange foundations; you can use the reference book to determine these yourself.

Derivatives and roots can originate from the nicknames of ancestors, funny nicknames, names, activities. The origin of Russian surnames, in most cases, is unraveled in its etymology.

You should be interested in this clue, because through it you can find out about an outstanding ancestor or eminent family.

For those who want to determine the origins of their family nickname, there are alphabetical collections that are replenished and updated annually; on their pages, almost everyone can find out the history of their name.

The most popular derivatives:

• On behalf of the ancestor (whose? whose will you be?) - Ivanov, Sidorov, Kuzmin, Petrov.
• From geographical names - Vyazemsky, Stroganov, Smolensky.
• From the nicknames of the representatives of the clergy - Rozhdestvensky, Preobrazhensky, Assumption.
• From the names of plants and animals - Sokolova, Orlova, Hare, Lebedev, Golubev.
• From count and boyar titles - Minin, Tikhomirov, Tikhonravov, Godunov.

Meaning

Etymology and the formation of a proper genus name are of interest to an increasing number of people. The meaning of Russian surnames is found out when determining the root part of the word, it indicates the meaning.

The meaning of family names like Bondarev, Kovalev, Shevtsov - indicate the craft that someone from the family was engaged in. Muzzle, Stoyan, Brave - on the external or internal characteristics of an individual.

All members of the family were called by the nickname of the head of the family, and this was passed down from generation to generation.

When did surnames appear in Russia

The assignment of a generic nickname to identify each genus began to take shape from the 15th century. When surnames appeared in Russia, they initially referred to representatives higher strata society: boyars and aristocrats, later, in the 18th century, to church servants.

Until the 19th century, peasants and artisans received their nicknames. Their genus names were derived from the nicknames of one of the members of the family or occupation.

Listings were found in historical scrolls and records explaining this phenomenon: “Vasily, the son of Kuznetsov ... Ivan, the son of Khlebnikov”

How many surnames in Russia

The study of these data is still in question.

An absolutely correct numerical value has not been deduced that could answer exactly the question of how many surnames exist in Russia today.

Researchers undertook such a difficult task only a few times, about 250 thousand meanings are officially included in the collection, and these lists are constantly updated with new forms of nicknames once given.

Declension of surnames in Russian

Rules Russian language strictly determine the spelling and pronunciation of passport data.

The declension of surnames in Russian occurs according to the following basic rules: standard ones are declined as adjectives, and foreign origin- as nouns.

Do not bend over zero ending, or ending in a consonant (Bondar, Nitsevich, Ponomar), ending in -o (Petrenko, Shevchenko, Kovalenko), foreign ones in -a, -ya (Varnava, Okidzhava, Zola).

Boris Ubenhaun was the first to start compiling a directory that lists the names of Russia. There are collected various variations due to the process of transformation of folk nicknames.

Each position has an explanation (highlighted parts of word formation that explain the essence of a particular word). There are positions that can be found more often, there are those that are very rare.

The data were taken on the basis of the census of the population of the city of St. Petersburg.

Common surnames in Russia:

• Vladimirov;
• Sergeev;
• Petrov;
• Ivanov.

Beautiful Russian surnames

There are people whose generic nicknames enchant with their sound. These include those derived from place names or long nicknames given to church officials.

Such an etymology is rare, it sounds aristocratically melodious. Many people change the birth data in the passport in order to get a beautiful name that stands out from the crowd.

Lucky among the people are those to whom it was inherited.

Most beautiful surnames in Russia:

• Preobrazhensky;
• Caesar;
• Christmas;
• Vyazemsky;
• Uspensky.

Slavic

There are genus names that originated from the ancient Slavs. These nicknames are very rare and therefore valuable to historians.

They are not a large number of due to the fact that derivatives originate from the names pagan gods or old Slavic names.

With the advent of Christianity, such nicknames were categorically banned, people were massively baptized and renamed, because those who still have them to this day are a godsend, a vivid example of pagan culture.

Old Slavic surnames, examples:

• Yarilo;
• Dovbush;
• Putyata;
• Lada;
• Saint;
• Dobrynin;
• Peaceful.

Popular

According to a population census conducted in the 1980s, former USSR, about 50% of the rural and 35% of the urban population have generic nicknames formed on the basis of patronymics with the addition of suffixes.

This study is recognized as the highest quality and most detailed up to our times. Popular Russian surnames: Sidorov, Smirnov, Kuzmin, Vasiliev.

The second place in frequency is occupied by nicknames that indicate the type of activity: Kuznetsov, Bondarev, Reznikov, Khlebnikov, etc.

Rare Russian surnames

It is difficult to compile a reliable list that includes all positions. But the main ones have been selected. It is not often possible to meet people who have a family nickname that coincides completely with a geographical name or is formed from a combination of two words. There are few of those who were lucky enough to become the namesake of famous historical figures and heroes of literary novels.

Rare surnames in Russia:

• Astrakhan;
• Kamchatka;
• Eibogin;
• Krutiperets;
• Crusoe;
• Karenin.

funny

Sometimes among acquaintances there are family nicknames that involuntarily cause a smile with their comicality.

They surprise fellow citizens, and especially foreigners, with their pronunciation, they consist of the addition of the foundations of any nouns or verbs, they can denote a funny or strange action, name objects whose name sounds strange in a human name. A person who has to wear them can hardly be called lucky.

Funny Russian surnames:

• Kostogryzov;
• Mozgoedov;
• Popkin;
• Rzhach;
• Login;
• Khachapuri;
• Govnodedov;
• Snot.

Russian noble families

Their owners can be sure of the high title of someone from their family, they were assigned exclusively to nobles, boyars, high-ranking officials. People close to high positions and ruling power.

They can also be merchants. The presence of such titular nicknames among the peasantry, a worker from the common population or artisans is excluded, their mere presence spoke of a high social status its owner.

Russian noble families:

• Stroganov;
• Godunov;
• Tikhomirov;
• Minin;
• Novgorodtsev;
• Tikhonravov;
• Crowned.

Old Russian

This term denotes not only Old Slavonic nicknames from the times of paganism, but also those that, by their etymology, denote obsolete concepts and words. ancient usage eradicated from current speech.

Interesting to consider are generic nicknames that call old monetary units, household items, crafts that are not found in modern world. All these signs indicate the prescription of the genus and the roots that go far.

Old Russian surnames:

• Kunin;
• Altynov;
• Kalita;
• Zlatnikov;
• Pryalkin;
• Kozhemyak;
• Bandurov.

surnames in Russia

The top 100 items have been compiled, which can often be found in the passports of fellow citizens. All of them were selected based on the directory and ordered during the census during the year.

This information will be especially interesting for girls, because everyone wants to meet her man and get married. Statistics show that 89% of women switch to a male generic nickname when they get married.

Such a top will clearly show the most likely options that everyone can face. The section includes 10 first positions.

surnames in Russia:

• Ivanov;
• Smirnov;
• Kuznetsov;
• Popov;
• Sokolov;
• Vasiliev;
• Fedorov;
• Novikov;
• Egorov;
• Kozlov.

Famous Russian surnames

Their list is based on the frequency of use among the population. The most popular surname in Russia - Ivanov. Even foreigners know about it, associating with it all the names of Russian compatriots. She went down in history and became a classic. For example, in German, such a nickname was Muller, in America and Britain - Smith, Poland - Novak or Kovalsky, Georgia - Mamedov.

Famous Russian surnames:

• Sidorov;
• Ivanov;
• Petrov;
• Kozlov;
• Smirnov;
• Popov;
• Sokolov.

Source: https://sovets.net/8521-russkie-familii.html

Cool names and surnames: a list of male and female names, origin, meaning

All Russian names have Slavic origin and differ from others by the presence of two bases. Orthodox are very beautiful and have good good sense. Modern parents choose them as the name of their children. Let's talk about cool names and surnames in this article.

The secret of two foundations

Our ancestors believed that a person and his name are interconnected and inseparable. In ancient times, only his close relatives knew about the real name of the child, a false name was invented for everyone else.

During adolescence, a person already used his real name, which determined his character and outlook on life. Among the cool names and surnames, there were both strong and funny ones.

In the modern world, parents continue the traditions of their ancestors and give other names to their children during baptism, thereby trying to protect their child from damage and the evil eye. Russian names are called children born outside our homeland.

The history of the origin of female names

An interesting fact is that many names are not originally Russian. Most of them have their origin in Christianity. After the adoption of the new faith, Greek, Byzantine and Jewish names began to appear in Russian culture. cool names and surnames partially came to us completely from someone else's history.

Original Slavic female names

Alena, Bogdana, Wanda, Darina, Lada, Love, Hope, Vera, Miroslava, Lyudmila, Yaroslava, Vlad, Svetlana, Oksana. Among the unusual options are such as Yesenia, Berislava, Iskra, Assol, Zabava, Radmila, Radosveta, Milan, Tsvetana, Wanda, Spring.

Cool names and surnames borrowed from the Greeks

A lot of names were borrowed from the Greek peoples. If you look at this list, you can’t even believe that they were once foreign. These are such as Galina, Irina, Evgenia, Angelina, Ekaterina, Veronica, Daria, Elena, Angelica, Xenia, Tamara, Sofia, Nina, Asya, Lydia, Eugene, Timofey, Peter, Alexander, Cyril, Leonid.

Among the rare names that have passed to us from Greek people, we can distinguish: Stephanie, Vasilina, Avdotya, Theodosia, Agnia, Evdokia, Glafira, Kuzma, Arkady.

Greek surnames were formed from personal names. For example, Nikolaev from Nikolaos. Many interesting surnames can be formed from one name.

Roman roots

The names of this people are known not only in Russia, they are worn by women and men all over the world. Among them are: Natalia, Christina, Valentina, Ulyana, Victoria, Inna, Antonina, Rosa, Marina, Valeria, Dina, Julia, Karina, Victor, Pavel, Maxim, Sergey.

Incredibly beautiful, but rare names: Lana, Pavla, Venus, Carolina, Stella, Lolita, Tina, Aurora, Vitalina.

Jewish names

And in Russia you can meet girls and boys with the names of Marta, Evelina, Elizabeth, Maria, Anna, Zhanna, Yana, Rimma. Less common are Leah, Edita, Ada, Seraphim, Amalia, Susanna, David, Daniel, Elizar, Ilya, Maximilian, Michael, Savely, Thomas.

The tradition of choosing a name

Like all ancient peoples, the Slavs believed that the name of a person depends on his further fate. The children were called good names because they believed that they would bring joy, love and a certain meaning into their lives.

The choice was a certain ritual with its own rules and peculiarities. In the modern world, parents choose cool names and surnames for girls and boys according to the principle: what they like in sound and what goes well with the child's middle name.

Sometimes children are called funny names. Associate them with celebrities or relatives.

When choosing a name for a child, it should be remembered that its rough sound will speak of insolence, and its soft sound will speak of tenderness and sensitivity.

Recently, it is customary to call the baby old Orthodox names. These are such as Zlata, Yarina, Milana, Lubomira, Milena.

For the convenience of the reader, the information is collected in a table.

Cool names and surnames for boys

There are many more beautiful male names than female ones, so expectant mothers sometimes have a hard time making the right choice. First of all, you should seriously think about what the name will be with the child all his life. The coolest first and last name should be within reason and not bring discomfort to the child when he grows up.

Some moms in late pregnancy read a list of names out loud. To which the baby will respond with his push in the tummy, then you should choose.

Among the beautiful male names are: Alexander, Andrey, Bogdan, Savely, Zakhar, Ilya, Nikita, Matvey, Grigory, Ivan, Konstantin, Dmitry, Sergey, Timur, Timofey, Vladimir, Nikolai, Miron, Maxim, Alexei, Anton, Roman .

What are children called abroad?

Cool English names and surnames also occur. In England and the USA, they can consist of two words, without the patronymic we are used to. In addition, in these countries, names are divided into official and everyday. Sometimes relatives and acquaintances may not even be aware of the existence of an additional part that is used only in documents.

Popular American names: William, Daniel, Jackson, Joseph, Mason, Noah, Michael, Benjamin, Aiden, David.

Popular nicknames in social networks

Today's youth spends a lot of time online, and it's no secret that everyone wants to stand out with something unusual. Cool names and surnames for boys are not as important here as nicknames. Among the unusual ones are: VERY ALIEN, Dr. Chokopay, Klaviaturovich, LOrik, ~pro100th~.

For girls, this is Shard_of_Happiness, ˜”*° .Glitter” data-author=” “>

To date, there is a huge selection of popular names and nicknames, so everyone can stand out from the crowd, be original. Look for the best for yourself and your child, choose beautiful names and come up with unusual nicknames with us.

The surnames of the Slavic peoples are sometimes difficult to separate according to "national apartments", although recently they have been trying to do this in Ukraine. For centuries, the so-called writing people strove for Slavic unity. They used the same books to study in Russia and Serbia. The Kiev monk Pamvo Berynda, who created an excellent lexicon, believed that he wrote in a "luxurious" language (that is, Russian), although his own language by that time was already Ukrainian. The famous lexicographer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal included in his dictionary the words of all East Slavic languages, not dividing them into Ukrainian and Belarusian, but only marking "Western", "Southern" (East Slavic).

Especially all this applies to surnames. After all, people do not sit still; in the history of our country there were both mass migrations and moving individual people, and marriages between representatives of different branches of the Slavs. It is especially difficult to determine the linguistic affiliation of the surnames of people in the Smolensk region, in Belarus, in Western Ukraine, where Orthodoxy and Catholicism met, where there were significant Polish penetrations, and in some parts of this zone at one time documentation was kept in Polish.

Most clearly Polish (and Belarusian) elements are felt in surnames, including a combination of letters dz , dl , partially - hw . For example, a Belarusian surname Dzianisau corresponds to Russian Denisov and so it is written in Russian. Polish surname Jeshuk formed on behalf of Dzesh , derived from Dzeslav (two-part name formed from the stem of the verb do (Xia ) + component glory ) with suffix -uk , showing them that Jeshuk - the son of a man named Dzesh.

Polish surname Orzhekhovskaya corresponds to Russian Orekhovskaya , Grzhibovskaya - Gribovskaya . Since these surnames end in - skye , they do not come directly from the words mushroom or nut , and, most likely, are formed from the names of localities with such bases.

Polish surname Shidlo corresponds to Ukrainian Awl , Polish Sverdlov - Russian Sverlov .

Polish surname Dzenzelyuk formed from a name or nickname Zendzel derived from the word zenzol - woodpecker. Breaking away from the original word, surnames develop dozens of similar variants. Surnames go back to the same basis. Dzenzelovsky , Dzenzelevsky (with the transformation of the second dz V h ) and mentioned by the author of the letter, Elena Dzenzelyuk , Ukrainianized surname Dzynzyruk .

Polish-Belarusian surname Golodyuk formed from the word hunger (Polish glud ). Polish dictionary of surnames, compiled by Professor Kazimierz Rymut (this is the modern Polish pronunciation of the name, which is traditionally spelled Kazimir in Russian), along with the forms Glud And Glod also gives names Hunger , hunger , hunger . Form Golodyuk indicates that the bearer of this surname is a descendant of a person by the surname Hunger .

Murienko derived from nickname Mury (Ukrainian Murius ), which a person could get by the color of their hair. V. I. Dal explains: mury (about the wool of cows, dogs), - reddish-brown with a black wave, dark motley. In the Ukrainian-Belarusian dictionary of V.P. Lemtyugova, these meanings of the adjective are confirmed and an addition is made - "with a red, swarthy face." Surname Murienko says that its carrier is a descendant of a person with the nickname Murius . Suffix -enko , more common in the eastern part of Ukraine than in the western part, is similar to the Russian patronymic suffix -ovich /-evich . Compare in fairy tales: Russian Ivan Tsarevich corresponds to Ukrainian Ivan Tsarenko.

Ukrainian-South Russian surname Kwitun formed from the verb get even - pay off, avenge an insult, pay a debt; -un - suffix of the person's name, as in screamer , squeaker , talker . With the same basis Polish surnames: Kvit , Kvitash , Kviten , Kvitko .

Surname Sitar most likely Czech. It is formed from a nickname by profession: sitar - one who makes sieves.

Very interesting last name Kutz , which can be matched with the words different languages. I always perceived it as coming from a short adjective kuts corresponding to the full form stubby . But from the semantics of this word "short-tailed, tailless, short-haired" it is far from any characteristic of a person. True, in the XVII-XVIII centuries. a “German dress” was called a short dress or a short caftan, in contrast to Russian long-brimmed caftans, and there was also an expression: the short captain of a plucked team (according to V.I. Dahl), but this does not explain the surname formed from short form adjective.

Surname Kutz is in Polish. It is formed from the same word, which developed some other meanings there. For example, the verb cut - squat down, which indicates small growth. So the nickname Kutz could get a short person. Word kuts Poles call a small horse, including a pony.

Finally, last name Kutz may be of German origin, as formed from one of the many derivatives of the name Conrad. Surname of the same origin Kunz .

Surname What - Greek origin. in Greek kako Means evil , damage, loss, misfortune; cocoa - bad, evil, not good, compare the word cacophony - bad ewuk, bad sound. The surname could be formed from the name given "from the evil eye."

ORIGIN OF SURNAMES, 2003, No. 8

EVDOKIM - EVDOKIMOV - EVDOKIMENKO

I subscribe to the journal "Science and Life" since the sixties. I really want to know the truth about our surname. My grandfather came to Siberia for resettlement in 1910. His last name is Evdokimenko. He said that one of our ancestors, by the name of Evdokimov, participated in the commission for the reunification of Ukraine with Russia. The stamp paper on the diplomatic mission of our ancestor (his surname was changed to the Ukrainian way) was lost during dispossession. Can you find any confirmation?

N. Bochkareva (village of Pomyany, Primorsky Territory).

During Ukrainian-Russian contacts, there were constant transformations of surnames according to types that are more natural for the majority of the inhabitants of this area: Evdokimov turned into Evdokimenko , and the latter even in Evdokimenkov . All these surnames are derived from Orthodox name Evdokim . But even the mention of a surname Evdokimova among the participants in the meetings at which the issue of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia was decided, is not an accurate proof that it was your ancestor - you need to have a list of all the generations of your family, but it is impossible to get it now.

LENTICOL - GERM, KIDNEY

My family subscribes to the journal "Science and Life" for a long time. We read with interest the section of Dr. philological sciences A. Superanskaya about the origin of names and surnames. I would like to know about the origins of our family. In our area, except for relatives, we did not meet the name Chechevichkin. Father comes from the village of Diveevo, in the south Nizhny Novgorod region, which borders on the Mordovian Republic.

M. Chechevichkina (Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod region).

Surname Chechevichkin may come from the name of the plant - lentils and its edible seeds. There are many surnames derived from the names of food products. But another explanation is also possible: in Russian dialects lentil - this is something small, an embryo, a kidney. Old Russian name lentil could have been given at the time of the birth of the child. Then the last name Chechevichkin comes from an ancient Russian name.

KHOKHRYAK - OLD RUSSIAN NAME

Please explain the meaning of the names of my ancestors Khokhryakov (from the Vologda province he left for Siberia in the 19th century) and Cherkashin (according to the stories of my great-grandmother, he came to Siberia with Yermak).

T. Sergeeva (Algeria).

Surname Khokhryakov known in Rus' since ancient times. It comes from an old Russian name or nickname Khokhryak . Word hogryak related to the verb to chuckle, to chuckle . It meant a bump, a hump, a bump, and besides, a frail, weak person who always shudders, hunches over. If Khokhryak was the nickname of your distant ancestor, then he obviously had a hump or some kind of bump. Name Khokhryak could give the child "from the evil eye" so that he would actually be beautiful and healthy.

Word Cherkashin V different places called different people. It comes from the name of the nation Cherkasy/Circassian , but has long lost its ethnographic connection with this people. Cherkasy called Don Cossacks; compare the name of their capital - Novocherkassk. Cherkasy And Cherkashenins in some places they began to call people from the Don; in Zaporozhye, that was the name given to people from Moscow. To say for sure, you need to know the whole history of your family. On the basis of surnames, only a linguistic analysis can be done.

SURNAMES FORMED FROM NICKNAMES AND OLD RUSSIAN NAMES

Nicknames that existed in the 19th-20th centuries can be difficult to separate from ancient Russian names. For example, in ancient times (before the adoption of Christianity), Russians had personal names Bear, Wolf, Hare, Box, etc. After the adoption of Christianity, such names could be given as nicknames: Bear - to a large strong man, Wolf - lonely and to some extent predatory, Hare - a man of small stature, cowardly, Box - dense, striving to save everything. There were also nicknames by profession: Turner, Leatherworker, Carpenter. Such nicknames passed on to the descendants of the named and, taking shape with the corresponding suffixes, turned into surnames.

In the following presentation, no distinction is made between Old Russian names and nicknames (all are given in a single alphabet). But, if the basis of a particular surname was known as an old Russian name, this is noted.

Brylev - bryla, bryla - lip, especially upper; b dug - at least cook jelly (about a thick-lipped person); flew - pendulous lips of dogs like boxers, bulldogs. This feature of a person has long attracted the attention of others, compare the names and nicknames of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: Timofey Nikonovich Wrylo Buturlin; bryla , peasant; Vasily Shumilov Brylkin .

Bolkunov - to chatter, to chatter - to speak out of place, chatter. Surname Bolkunov recorded in 1618.

Vereshak - an ancient Russian name not decorated with a special suffix, more widely known in the form Vereshchaga - talker, talker, grumpy person; screech (about a child) - squeal, squeak, cry. Known: Vereshchaga Blekly, late 15th century, Uglich; Vereshchaga , peasant, 1510, Uglich.

Volts - word volt borrowed from Italian. In Russian, it is accepted in several meanings: turnover, circle, especially in special speech, for example: for musicians - a repetition of some passage; for riders - turning the horse according to special rules. Some musician or equestrian instructor could get the nickname Volt because he often repeated this word. At the sharpers volt It was called card overlay. Nickname Volt could give to someone who did it cleverly. Finally, colloquially, the word volt corresponds to the literary jack . Nickname holder Volt could become a man similar to a jack. The masters sometimes called a lackey and a boor a jack.

Zhugan / beetle - Old Russian name, derived from the name Bug , very common.

Zhigar - an old Russian name not suffixed, formed from the verb burn , (under) burn . Zhigar means "incited, the instigator in the game, revelry, dance, indignation" (V. Dal). Stepan lived in Novgorod in 1495 Zhigar .

Zverev - Beast - Old Russian name: Vasily Semenovich Beast Kutuzov, XVI century, surname Zverev noted in 1497. Perhaps the name Beast it was given as a protective one, so that the named person would not suffer from any beast. In the XIX-XX centuries, the nickname Beast given to evil, ferocious people.

Kozhevnikov - surname from nickname Leatherworker (by profession). The surname is common, since tanners - people involved in leather dressing, were everywhere. Word Leatherworker , given as a name or nickname to a person, met for the first time in the 15th century: Leatherworker Karpovich Holopishchev, Suzdal.

Kolobkov -Kolobok - a diminutive form of an old Russian name Kolob. Kolob - a lump of dough, a thick cake, a small round bread. Everyone knows the story about Kolobok . In 1550, Alabysh lived in the Moscow region Kolobov , son of Perepechin, which indicates that Kolob He doesn't have a nickname, but a name. So:

son - Alabysh / Olabysh - small round bread;

father - Kolob - small round bread or pie, flatbread;

grandfather - Perepecha - a kind of Easter cake, loaf.

Thus, the whole family was named after the names of round bread products.

Kolobok - son Koloba, diminutive form. From here - Kolobkovs .

Korobkin - Box - Old Russian name, derived from the word box - a box, a container for putting something. Perhaps such a name was given as a wish, so that the named person would have everything in abundance. Gogol had one elderly landowner called box . A peasant named Kalina Box lived at the end of the 15th century in Novgorod.

Lomovtsev - Lomovets - a person from the owner's house by name or nickname Scrap . Nickname Scrap could give to a large, physically strong person. Word scrap vanity, turmoil. Old Russian name Scrap could give to a child born during some kind of family commotion.

Meshcheryakov - surname formed from the word meshcheryak - inhabitant Meshchery - geographical area on the Oka River. Word miner designate an ancient Finno-Ugric tribe that lived on the Oka.

Ants - from the old Russian name Ant . In the 15th century, Ivan lived in the Moscow district Ant Olupovsky.

Mushkatov - the surname is formed from the nickname Muscat / Muscat . This is the name of the grape variety, as well as the nutmeg tree - a tropical plant whose fruit, nutmeg, is eaten as a spicy seasoning. Nickname Muscat could give to a person who mispronounced a word muscat . Could give to the one who used nutmeg walnut, grape muscat or wine made from it, which stood out against the background of other people who did not use these rare dishes for Russia.

Polishchuk / Poleshchuk - the surname is formed from the designation of a resident Polissya - a natural area located on the territory of Ukraine, Belarus and partly Russia and Poland. Since different peoples live on the territory of the region (although all Slavic), in some parts of it the names of the inhabitants sound differently: Russian Polisyanye , polesyanin, polesyanka; poleshki, poleshuk; Poleshchuk, Poleshchuk; pole pike ; Ukrainian polishchuks, polishchuk, polishchuk ; Belarusian palyashuki, palyashuk, palyashuk . All this variation is reflected in the spelling of surnames.

Reut - surname without a special suffix, derived from the Old Russian name Reut . Word reut called the big bell. The word is sometimes explained in such a way that at the beginning of the ringing of this bell a note is heard re , gradually turning into before (which is also called ut ). One of the bells on the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in Moscow is called reut or howler . Perhaps it is more correct to explain this word with a verb roar . Old Russian name Reut known already in the 15th century, when the peasant Yuriy lived in Novgorod Reut . Perhaps this name was given to a child who cried in a particularly low voice. Surname Reutov and names of settlements Reutov , Reutovo found in different parts of the country.

Ronzhin - the surname is formed from the old Russian name or nickname ronja . ronja - this is the name of the bird, otherwise it is called the forest funnel.

Solovyov - from an old Russian name Nightingale , widespread. Known, for example, Ilya Elizarovich Nightingale Borshchev, 1558, Yaroslavl. His son - Starling Ilyich Solovyov son Borshchev. god name starling Ilyich was not included in the act records.

united - rare surname, possibly derived from the verb eat (each other), that is, to scold, quarrel, meals, meals - scolding, quarrel. Sedun, seduga - a grumpy person.

Syrokvasha - not specially designed surname suffix formed from the word cheese milk - curdled milk from raw milk. Names or nicknames Syrokvasha was not in my materials. Apparently, it was given to a child with very white skin, similar to the name Sour cream .

Shamarov, Shamarin - a very difficult surname to explain. There is nothing similar in dictionaries. It is known that the sound w often appeared on the spot With , as well as the syllable sha was replaced by she And shea . Based on this, we will try to make a small review.

Samar - the name of the tribal division of the Bashkirs. Samara - the name of a tributary of the Volga and the city that arose at its confluence with the Volga. In the 15th century, the name is attested Samara Stepan Rodionovich Kvashnin. Whether this name is connected with the fact that Kvashnin had Bashkirs in the family is unclear, since V. Dahl's dictionary contains the word Samar in the meaning of "long-brimmed clothes" (in the Vladimir region). IN Old Russian was the word Samar in the meaning of "bag", borrowed from the Turkic languages. So last name Shamarov , apparently, is associated with the name of the Bashkir tribal division. In mixed marriages, these names were usually retained. Borrowing from one language to another With often replaced by Russian w , How muscat - musket, cord - lace . Surname Shamarin , possibly derived from the name of a river or city Samara , can also be associated with long-length clothing or a bag.

Shevyakov - from an old Russian name Shevyak . Such a name was given "from the evil eye." It is derived from the word shevyak - litter of livestock and wild animals. There was a saying: "By shevyakam you recognize every beast." The name was registered in 1624 in Belev: Leo Shevyak , peasant.

Sheko - the surname is formed, obviously, from the old Russian name Cheek with the replacement of the initial sch on w . Name Cheek given to a child with complete cheeks . Could be a nickname Cheek - a lively talker. When a surname was formed from this name or nickname, the final A changed to O , which is more consistent with the names of men.

The name determines the fate of a person. This is the key to his inner self. After all, it was not without reason that in Rus' a person had two names, one - false, for everyone, and the other - secret, only for the person himself and his very close people. This tradition existed as a protection against unkind spirits and unkind people. Often the first Slavic name was deliberately unattractive (Kriv, Nekras, Malice), for even greater protection from the evil. After all, without a key to the essence of man, it is much more difficult to cause evil. The rite of second naming was performed in adolescence, when the main character traits were formed. The name was given based on these traits. Slavic names abounded in their diversity, there were groups of names:
1) Names from the animal and plant world (Pike, Ruff, Hare, Wolf, Eagle, Nut, Borsch)
2) Names in order of birth (Pervusha, Vtorak, Tretyak)
3) Names of gods and goddesses (Lada, Yarilo)
4) Names by human qualities(Brave, Stoyan)
5) And the main group of names - two-basic (Svyatoslav, Dobrozhir, Tikhomir, Ratibor, Yaropolk, Gostomysl, Velimudr, Vsevolod, Bogdan, Dobrogneva, Lyubomila, Miroljub, Svetozar) and their derivatives (Svyatosha, Dobrynya, Tishilo, Ratisha, Putyata, Yarilka , Miloneg).
From the listed names, it is easy to trace the process of creating a derivative name: the second part is cut off from the two-base one and a suffix or ending is added (-neg, -lo, -ta, -tka, -sha, -yata, -nya, -ka).
Example: Svyatoslav: Holy + sha = Holy.
Of course, the names of people carry a significant part of the culture and traditions of the whole people. In Russia, with the advent of Christianity, Slavic names almost completely fell into oblivion. There were lists of Slavic names forbidden by the church. Why this happened is not difficult to guess. One part of the names (Lada, Yarilo) were the names of the Slavic gods, the owners of the second part were people who, even after the Christianization of Rus', tried to restore the cult and traditions (magicians, heroes). To date, only 5% of children in Russia are called Slavic names, which certainly impoverishes the already meager Slavic culture.
The purpose of this section is not only the introduction of the concept of truly Russian names into the people. The following not rare situation can serve as an example: The girl was named Gorislava. Neighbors wondering unusual name they say: “They couldn’t call me Ira or Katya in Russian” - without comment.

LIST OF SLAVIC NAMES:

Bazhen is a desired child, desired.
The names have the same meaning: Bazhai, Bazhan. Surnames arose from these names: Bazhanov, Bazhenov, Bazhutin.
Bazhen is a female form named after Bazhen.
Beloslav - From BEL - white, turn white and GLORY - praise.
Abbreviated names: Belyay, Belyan. Surnames arose from these names: Belov, Belyshev, Belyaev.
Beloslava is the female form named after Beloslav.
Short name: Belyan
Berimir - caring about the world.
Berislav - taking glory, taking care of glory.
Berislav is a female form named after Berislav.
Blessing - glorifying kindness.
Blagoslav is a female form named after Blagoslav.
Abbreviated names: Blaga, Blagana, Blagina.
Fornication - dissolute, unprofitable.
One of the "negative" names. From this name arose the surname: Bludov. historical figure: Fornication - governor of Yaropolk Svyatoslavich.
Bogdan is a child given by God.
The name has the same meaning: Bozhko. Surnames arose from these names: Bogdanin, Bogdanov, Bogdashkin, Bozhkov.
Bogdana is the female form of the name Bogdan.
Short name: Goddess.
Bogolyub - loving God.
From this name arose the surname: Bogolyubov.
Bogomil - dear to God.
The name has the same meaning: Bogumil.
Bozidar - gifted by God.
Bozhidara is a female form named after Bozhidar.
Boleslav - famous.
Historical figure: Boleslav I - Polish king.
Boleslav is the female form named after Boleslav.
Borimir is a fighter for peace, a peacemaker.
Borislav is a fighter for glory.
Abbreviated names: Boris, Borya. Surnames arose from these names: Borin, Boriskin, Borisov, Borisikhin, Borichev, Borischev. Historical personality: Boris Vseslavich Polotsky - Prince of Polotsk, founder of the Drutsk princes.
Borislav is a female form named after Borislav.
Borsch is one of the personalized names of the plant world.
In the literal translation: Borscht is the tops of plants. From this name came the surname Borshchev.
Boyan is a storyteller.
The name was formed from the verb: bayat - speak, tell, sing. The names have the same meaning: Bayan, Bayan. From these names came the surname: Bayanov. Legendary personality: songwriter - Boyan.
Boyana is the female form named after Boyan.
Bratislav - From BROTHER - to fight and GLORY - to praise.
Bratislava is the female form named after Bratislava.
Bronislav is a defender of glory, protecting glory.
The name has the same meaning: Branislav. Short name: Armor.
Bronislava is the female form named after Bronislav.
Bryachislav - from BRYACHI - rattling and SLAV - praise
Historical personality: Bryachislav Izyaslavich - Prince of Polotsk.
Budimir is a peacemaker.
From this name came the surnames: Budilov, Budischev.
Velimir is a big world.
Velimira is a female form named after Velimir.
Velimudr - knowledgeable.
Velislav - great glory, the most glorious.
Velislav is a female form named after Velislav.
Abbreviated names: Vela, Velika, Velichka.
Wenceslas - dedicated to glory, crowned with glory.
Wenceslas is the female form named after Wenceslas.
Faith is faith, true.
Veselin - cheerful, cheerful.
Vesselina is a female form named after Veselin.
The name has the same meaning: Vesela.
Vladimir is the owner of the world.
The name has the same meaning: Volodimer. From this name came the surnames: Vladimirov, Vladimirsky, Volodimerov, Volodin, Volodichev. Historical personality: Vladimir I Svyatoslavich the Red Sun - Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke of Kiev.
Vladimir is the female form named after Vladimir.
Vladislav - owning fame.
The name has the same meaning: Volodislav. Short name: Vlad. Historical personality: Volodislav is the son of Igor Rurikovich.
Vladislava is the female form named after Vladislav.
Short name: Vlad.
Vojislav is a glorious warrior.
Abbreviated names: Voilo, Warrior. Surnames originated from these names: Voeikov, Voinikov, Voinov. Historical personality: Warrior Vasilyevich - from the family of Yaroslavl princes.
Vojislava is a female form named after Vojislav.
The wolf is one of the personified names of the animal world.
From this name came the surname: Volkov.
Raven is one of the personified names of the animal world.
From this name came the surnames: Voronikhin, Voronov.
Vorotislav - returning glory.
Vsevolod is the ruler of the people, who owns everything.
From this name came the surnames: Vsevolodov, Vsevolozhsky. Historical personality: Vsevolod I Yaroslavich - Prince of Pereyaslavsky, Chernigov, Grand Duke of Kiev.
Vsemil - beloved by all.
Vsemila is the female form named Vsemila.
Vseslav - all-glorifying, famous.
The name has the same meaning: Seslav. From this name came the surname: Seslavin.
Historical personality: Vseslav Bryachislavich Polotsky - Prince of Polotsk, Grand Duke of Kiev.
Vseslav - the female form named after Vseslav.
Vtorak is the second son in the family.
The names have the same meaning: Second, Vtorusha. Surnames came from these names: Vtorov, Vtorushin.
Vyacheslav - the most glorious, the most glorious.
The name has the same meaning: Vatslav, Vysheslav. Surnames came from these names: Vysheslavtsev, Vyacheslavlev, Vyacheslavov. Historical personality: Vyacheslav Vladimirovich - Prince of Smolensk, Turov, Pereyaslavsky, Vyshgorodsky, Grand Duke of Kiev.
Vyachko is a legendary person: Vyachko is the progenitor of the Vyatichi people.
Godoslav - The name also matters: Godlav. Historical personality: Godoslav - the prince of the Bodrichi-rarogs.
Dove - meek.
From this name came the surnames: Golubin, Golubushkin
Much - skillful, capable.
From this name came the surname Gorazdov.
Gorislav - fiery, burning in glory.
Gorislava is a female form named after Gorislav.
Gorynya - like a mountain, huge, indestructible.
Legendary personality: hero - Gorynya.
Gostemil - dear to another (guest).
From this name came the surname: Gostemilov.
Gostomysl - thinking about another (guest).
Historical personality: Gostomysl - Prince of Novgorod.
Gradimir - keeping the world.
Gradislav - guarding glory.
Gradislava is the female form named after Gradislav.
Granislav - improving glory.
Granislav is a female form named after Granislav.
Gremislav - famous.
Gudislav is a renowned musician trumpeting glory.
Short name: Gudim. From these names came the surname: Gudimov.
Darren - donated.
Darena is the female form of Daren.
The names have the same meaning: Darina, Dara.
Devyatko is the ninth son in the family.
From this name came the surnames: Devyatkin, Devyatkov, Devyatov.
Dobrognev
Dobrolyub - kind and loving.
From this name came the surname: Dobrolyubov.
Dobromil - kind and sweet.
Dobromila is a female form named after Dobromil.
Dobromir is kind and peaceful.
Abbreviated names: Dobrynya, Dobrysha. From these names came the surnames: Dobrynin, Dobryshin. Legendary personality: hero - Dobrynya.
Dobromir is the female form named after Dobromir.
Goodwill - kind and reasonable.
From this name came the surname: Dobromyslov.
Dobroslav - glorifying kindness.
Dobroslav - female form named after Dobroslav.
Domaslav - glorifying relatives.
Abbreviated name: Domash - one's own, dear. From this name came the surname: Domashov.
Dragomir is more precious than the world.
Dragomir is a female form named after Dragomir.
Dubynya - similar to oak, indestructible.
Legendary personality: hero - Dubynya.
Druzhina - comrade.
It also matters common name: Friend. Surnames came from these names: Druzhinin, Drugov, Drunin.
Ruff is one of the personified names of the animal world.
From this name came the surname: Ershov.
The lark is one of the personified names of the animal world.
From this name came the surname: Zhavoronkov.
Zhdan is a long-awaited child.
From this name came the surname: Zhdanov.
Zhdana is a female form named after Zhdan.
Zhiznomir - living in the world.
The hare is one of the personified names of the animal world.
From this name came the surname: Zaitsev.
Zvenislava - announcer of glory.
Winter - harsh, merciless.
From this name came the surname: Zimin. Legendary personality: Ataman Zima from Razin's army.
Zlatomir - the golden world.
Zlatotsveta - golden-colored.
Short name: Zlata.
Malice is one of the "negative" names.
From this name came the surnames: Zlobin, Zlovidov, Zlydnev.
Izyaslav - who took glory.
Historical personality: Izyaslav Vladimirovich - Prince of Polotsk, founder of the Polotsk princes.
Sincere - sincere.
The name has the same meaning: Iskra.
Iskra is the female form named after Iskren.
Istislav - glorifying the truth.
Istoma - languishing (possibly associated with difficult childbirth).
From this name came the surnames: Istomin, Istomov.
Casimir - showing the world.
Casimir is the female form named after Casimir.
Koschey - thin, bony.
From this name came the surnames: Koshcheev, Kashchenko.
Krasimir - beautiful and peaceful
Krasimira is a female form named after Krasimir.
Short name: Beauty.
Curve is one of the "negative" names.
From these names came the surname: Krivov.
Lada - beloved, dear.
The name of the Slavic Goddess of love, beauty and marriage.
Ladimir - getting along with the world.
Ladislav - glorifying Lada (love).
Swan is a personified name of the animal world.
The name has the same meaning: Lybid. From this name came the surname - Lebedev. Legendary personality: Lybid is the sister of the founders of the city of Kyiv.
Luchezar - a luminous beam.
We love - beloved.
From this name came the surname: Lyubimov.
Love is beloved.
The name has the same meaning: Lyubava. Surnames originated from these names: Lyubavin, Lyubimtsev, Lyubavin, Lyubin, Lyubushin, Lyubimin.
Lyubomila - beloved, dear.
Lubomir is a loving world.
Lubomir is a female form named after Lubomir.
Curiosity - loving to think.
Lyuboslav - loving glory.
Lyudmil is dear to people.
Ludmila is the female form named after Ludmila.
Historical personality: Ludmila - Czech princess.
Mal - small, younger.
The name has the same meaning: Malay, Mladen. Surnames came from these names: Maleev, Malenkov, Maltsov, Malyshev. Historical personality: Mal - Drevlyansky prince.
Malusha is a female form named after Mal.
The name has the same meaning: Mlada. From these names came the surname: Malushin. Historical personality: Malusha is the wife of Syatoslav Igorevich, the mother of Vladimir Svyatoslavich.
Mechislav - glorifying sword.
Milan is cute.
The name has the same meaning: Milen. Surnames originated from these names: Milanov, Milenov.
Milana is the feminine form of Milan.
The names have the same meaning: Milava, Milada, Milena, Milica, Umila. From these names came the surname: Milavin. Historical personality: Umila is the daughter of Gostomysl.
Milovan - caressing, caring.
Milorad - sweet and joyful.
From this name came the surname: Miloradovich.
Miloslav - nicely glorifying.
Short name: Miloneg.
Miloslava is the female form named after Miloslav.
Peaceful - peace-loving.
From this name came the surname: Mirolyubov.
Miroslav - glorifying the world.
Miroslava is a female form named after Miroslav.
Molchan - taciturn, silent.
From this name came the surname: Molchanov.
Mstislav - glorifying revenge.
Historical personality: Mstislav Vladimirovich - Prince of Tmutorakansky, Grand Duke of Kiev.
Mstislava is a female form named after Mstislav.
Hope is hope.
The name has the same meaning: Hope.
Nevzor is one of the "negative" names.
From this name came the surname Nevzorov.
Nekras is one of the "negative" names.
From this name came the surname: Nekrasov.
Nekras is the female form of Nekras.
The eagle is one of the personified names of the animal world.
From this name came the surname: Orlov.
The eighth is the eighth child in the family.
The name has the same meaning: Osmusha. Surnames originated from these names: Osmanov, Osmerkin, Osmov.
Ostromir
Peredslava - The name Predslava also matters. Historical personality: Predslava - wife of Svyatoslav Igorevich, mother of Yaropolk Svyatoslavich.
Peresvet - very light.
Historical personality: Peresvet - warrior of the Battle of Kulikovo.
Putimir - reasonable and peaceful
Putislav - praising reasonably.
The name has the same meaning: Putyata. Surnames came from these names: Putilov, Putilin, Putin, Putyatin. Historical personality: Putyata - Kyiv governor.
Radigost - caring for another (guest).
Radimir - caring about the world.
The name has the same meaning: Radomir. Short name: Radim. Surnames came from these names: Radilov, Radimov, Radishchev. Legendary personality: Radim is the progenitor of the Radimichi.
Radimira is a female form named after Radimir.
The name has the same meaning: Radomira.
Radislav - caring about glory.
The name has the same meaning: Radoslav.
Radislava is the female form of Imney Radislav.
Radmila is caring and sweet.
Radosveta - sanctifying with joy.
Joy is joy, happiness.
The name has the same meaning: Rada.
Razumnik - reasonable, reasonable.
From this name came the surname: Razin. Historical personality: Razumnik is a student of Cyril and Methodius.
Ratibor is a defender.
Ratmir is the defender of the world.
Rodislav is a glorifying family.
Rostislav - growing glory
Historical personality: Rostislav Vladimirovich - Prince of Rostov, Vladimir-Volynsky; Tmutarakansky; The ancestor of the princes of Galicia and Volyn.
Rostislava is a female form named after Rostislav.
Svetislav - glorifying light.
The name has the same meaning: Svetoslav.
Svetislava is a female form named after Svetislav.
Svetlan - bright, pure soul.
Svetlana is the female form named after Svetlana.
Svetovid - seeing light, perspicacious.
The name has the same meaning: Sventovid. The name of the West Slavic God.
Svetozar - illuminating with light.
Svetozara is a female form named after Svetozar.
The name has the same meaning: Svetlozara.
Svyatogor - indestructible holiness.
Legendary personality: Svyatogor is an epic hero.
Svyatopolk is the leader of the sacred army.
Historical personality: Svyatopolk I Yaropolkovich - Grand Duke of Kiev.
Svyatoslav - sacred glory.
Short name: Saint. Historical personality: Svyatoslav I Igorevich - Prince of Novgorod and Grand Duke of Kiev.
Svyatoslav - female form named after Svyatoslav.
Slavomir - peace glorifier.
The nightingale is a personified name of the animal world.
From this name came the surnames: Nightingale, Solovyov. Legendary personality: Nightingale Budimirovich - a hero from epics.
Som is the personified name of the animal world.
Snezhana - white-haired, cold.
Stanimir - establishing the world.
Stanimira is a female form named after Stanimir.
Stanislav - establishing glory.
From this name came the surname: Stanishchev. Historical personality: Stanislav Vladimirovich - Prince of Smolensk.
Stanislav is the female form named after Stanislav.
Stoyan is strong, unbending.
Tverdimir - from TVERD - solid and WORLD - peaceful, peace.
Tverdislav - from TVERD - solid and GLORY - to praise.
From this name came the surnames: Tverdilov, Tverdislavov, Tverdislavlev.
Tvorimir - creating the world.
Tikhomir is quiet and peaceful.
From this name came the surname: Tikhomirov.
Tikhomir is a female form named after Tikhomir.
Tur is a personified name of the animal world.
Legendary personality: Tur - the founder of the city of Turov.
Brave - brave.
Chaslav - looking forward to glory.
Chaslava is a female form named after Chaslav.
The name has the same meaning: Cheslava.
Chernava - dark-haired, swarthy
The name has the same meaning: Chernavka. Surnames came from these names: Chernavin, Chernavkin.
Pike is a personified name of the animal world.
Yarilo - the sun.
Yarilo - God of fruits in the form of the sun. From this name came the surname: Yarilin.
Jaromir is a sunny world.
Yaropolk is the leader of the solar army.
Historical personality: Yaropolk I Svyatoslavich - Grand Duke of Kiev.
Yaroslav - praising Yarila.
From this name came the surname: Yaroslavov. Historical personality: Yaroslav I Vladimirovich - Prince of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke of Kiev.
Yaroslav is a female form named after Yaroslav.
See also:

Surnames in Russia appeared rather late. In ancient times, before the appearance of surnames, the Slavs had a personal name (they could have several names) and the name of the genus from which a person comes (for example, Vinitarkh from the Oriya clan). But since the number of members of the genus has increased tremendously, it became necessary to introduce the concept of "Surname", which reflects which family of this genus a person belongs to. Most of the surnames come from first names (the baptismal or worldly name of one of the ancestors), nicknames (according to the occupation or some other feature of the ancestor) or generic names. Much less often - from the names of the area (for example, Belozersky from White Lake). As a rule, Russian surnames were single and passed only through the male line.

Researchers have found that the vast majority of Russian surnames come from dedychestvo, that is, the name of the grandfather (or great-grandfather), thus fixing the hereditary name in the third (fourth) generation. This made it easier to designate families of the same root, because usually each clan had its own most commonly used names. The born children were named after the deceased grandfathers and great-grandfathers, in order to give them the opportunity to be born again (suddenly they did not complete all the work on this earth). But to call born child the name of a living family member was not allowed, since it was believed that the guardian legs (it's like the Greek guardian angels) would not be able to protect several family members with the same name at once.

The history of the origin of Russian surnames

In different social strata, surnames appeared at different times. The first in the XIV-XV centuries. they appeared among princes and boyars. As a rule, they were given by the names of their patrimonial estates: Tver, Zvenigorod, Vyazemsky. Among these surnames, there are many of eastern or western (Karamzin, Lermontov, Fonvizin) origin, due to the fact that many nobles came to serve the tsar from foreign countries. Methods of education noble families(surnames of ancient noble families and clans that served the nobility as ranks after the introduction of the Table of Ranks) were diverse. small group made up the names of the ancient princely families, which, as mentioned above, came from the names of their principalities.

A little later, surnames appeared among service people, including those who switched to the service tsarist Russia Cossacks. As a rule, they came from worldly names (native Vedic, not Christian) - Kirpa, Daremka, Strikha, Sokur, Khribut, Rizhaba, Trush; generic names - Lega, Bily; and nicknames - Shcherbina, Klochko, Halves, Lifeless, Naida, Zima, Mustache, Lyzhebko.

In the middle of the 19th century, especially after the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the surnames of peasants were formed, and before that their function was performed by nicknames and patronymics. So, for example, in the archival documents of that time one can find such entries: “Ivan Mikitin is the son, and the nickname is Menshik”, an entry of 1568; "Onton Mikiforov's son, and the nickname is Zhdan", a document of 1590; “Luba Mikiforov, son of Crooked cheeks, landowner”, entry of 1495; "Danilo Snot, peasant", 1495; "Efimko Sparrow, peasant", 1495.

In the XVII - the first half XVIII centuries peasants did not have hereditary surnames at all. The peasant surname lived only in the course of one life. For example, he was born in the family of Ivan Procopius, and in all metric records he is called Procopius Ivanov. When Vasily was born to Procopius, the newborn Vasily Prokopiev became, and not Ivanov at all. And only from the middle of the nineteenth century did hereditary surnames of peasants begin to form:

1. From the names of the landowners. Some peasants were given the full or changed surname of their former owner, landowner - this is how entire villages of the Polivanovs, Gagarins, Vorontsovs, Lvovkins appeared.
2. At the root of the surnames of some lay the names settlements. Basically, these are surnames ending in -sky, -sky. Gorodetsky, Polotsk, Uluzhsky
3. The bulk of the peasants in the document recorded a “street” nickname, which a different family could have more than one. Nicknamed surnames appeared much earlier than the universal surnames that occurred after the abolition of serfdom. It was these nicknames that first fell into the census sheets.
4. For some, a patronymic was recorded as a surname.

The first census in 1897 showed that up to 75% of the population did not have a surname. This whole process was very complicated and lengthy, often people continued to do without surnames, and for some they appeared only in the 30s of the 20th century during the era of passportization.

Under Peter the Great, by the Senate Decree of June 18, 1719, in connection with the introduction of the poll tax and recruitment duty, the earliest documents of police registration of foreigners were officially introduced - travel letters, some prototypes of modern passports. The travel letter contained information: name, surname, where he left, where he was going, place of residence, a description of his type of activity, information about family members who traveled with him, sometimes information about his father and parents.

By decree of January 20, 1797, Emperor Paul I ordered the compilation of a General Armorial of Noble Families, where more than 3,000 noble family names and coats of arms were collected. But the register of surnames in Russia is not limited to this number, therefore, in order to restore a single family connection with our ancestors, we all need to conduct a study of the appearance of our own family name.

An example of a study of the appearance of the surname "Trush"

All my life I considered my last name "Trush" not common enough. Having started collecting information on the history of the surname, I found out that the main geography of the settlement of representatives of my surname is Ukraine (there was even a village of Trushka in the Kiev province), the south of Belarus, the Kuban and the Volga. If so, does this mean that Old Slavic name"Trush", which was the basis of the surname, was once very common in one of the Slavic clans, which, when surnames were formed, settled precisely in these territories? Where was the original center of settlement of this genus and its name, the area of ​​​​its origin? And can we, based on the data historical sources, find it? Until what century will we have to continue our genealogical search?

Gorbanevsky's book gives 5 main ways of forming Russian surnames:

1. Surnames formed from canonical and various folk forms of Christian baptismal names.
2. Surnames that have preserved worldly names in their basis. Worldly names came from the Vedic times of our ancestors, when there was a native faith and church names did not exist. After all, Christianity did not immediately captivate the minds, and even more so the souls of the Slavs. Old traditions were kept for a long time, the covenants of ancestors were revered sacredly. In each family, they remembered the names of their ancestors up to the 7th generation and even deeper. Traditions from the history of the family were passed down from generation to generation. Instructive stories about the past deeds of the ancestors were told at night to the young successors of the family. Many of the worldly ones were proper names (Gorazd, Zhdan, Lyubim, Trush), others arose as nicknames, but then became names (Dur, Chertan, Neustroy).
3. Surnames formed from professional nicknames of ancestors, telling which of them did what. Hence the Goncharovs, Ovsyannikovs, Cherepennikovs, Bondarchuks, Kovalis, etc.
4. Surnames formed from the name of the area where one of the ancestors came from (the basis of such surnames was various geographical names - cities, villages, villages, rivers, lakes, etc.): Meshcheryakov, Semiluksky, Novgorodtsev, Moskvitinov, etc.
5. The most interesting group Russian surnames - belonging to the Orthodox clergy: Apollonov, Gilyarovsky, Troitsky, Rozhdestvensky.

Before the adoption of Christianity, the Slavs had names that called a person according to some essential feature, external or internal, reflecting his belonging to a certain genus, the order in which new family members appeared and the relationship to them - Bel, Mal, Buyan, Molchan, Lyubim, Zhdan, Pervusha, Tretiak, etc.

The researcher of the process of formation of surnames Tupikov made a very interesting conclusion: secular (non-Christian) Russian names in the southwestern regions of Russia could be used independently (without mentioning the name given at baptism). Another interesting conclusion of Tupikov: “..in the 17th century. Russian names began to lose their meaning of personal names and began to pass from father to son, i.e. began to become family names ... "

From this we conclude that most likely until the seventeenth century "Trush" was a name common in one of the Slavic clans, and this conclusion is confirmed by documents.

1. Year 1490 Trush - voit (head of the city) of Lutsk (Ukraine). Year 1563, Trush is mentioned in the city of Kremenets (Ukraine, not far from Lutsk). - materials are taken from the dictionary of A. Bazhenova.
2. “List from the scribe and boundary book of the city of Sviyazhsk. Letters from Dmitry Andreev, son of Kikin, and comrades in the summer of 7076 (1567) November ”:“ In the village in Burundukovo, Poloneniki and newly baptized people live with Chuvash and Tatars, in the courtyard of Mitko, in the courtyard of Malaiko, in the courtyard of Mikhalko, in the courtyard of Rothko a shoemaker, in in the courtyard of Ivanko a polonenik, in the courtyard of Belyayko Trusha is newly baptized .. ”(Volga)
3. In the registry Cossack Troops Zaporozhye from 1649. (Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky) two people with the name "Trush" are mentioned, these are Trush Moskal from the Zhabotinsky hundred and Trush Yaschenko from the Veremievsky hundred because of the Dnieper. (Ukraine) And in all these documents, "Trush" is recorded as a name, but already in documents dated to the 18th century, "Trush" is recorded as a person's surname:
4. Pivovar A.V. in his work "Settlements of the Zadneprovsky places in the documents of the middle of the 18th century" lists the apiary belonging to Trokhim Trush (Ukraine).
5. When settling by Zaporizhzhya Cossacks North Caucasus Bryukhovetsky hut arrived in the Kuban, named after the Zaporizhzhya ataman - Ivan Martynovich Bryukhovetsky. During the drawing of places for smoking in the winter of 1794, ataman Bryukhovetsky got the territory at the mouth of the Beisuzhok River, near the so-called Great Kurgan. Cossack Demko Trush is listed at number 184 in the register of kuren.

That is, we see that the fact is confirmed that most Russian surnames come from dedychestvo, that is, the name of the grandfather (or great-grandfather), who, as we have established, was most likely a Zaporozhye Cossack. But let's move on and see where the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks appeared in Ukraine. Historical documents tell us the following: The Zaporizhzhya Cossacks are directly connected with the hero of the Battle of Kulikovo, Mamai. Mamai had two sons. One of them, Prince Mansur Kiyat, after the death of his father, continued to lead mixed detachments of Cherkasy Cossacks, Kiyat Cossacks, and descendants of other Slavic families who lived in the North Caucasus and part of the Chernihiv region and professed Rodnoverie (revered native Gods). This association in history is called the Sevruks and many historians call them the ancestors of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. Mansur Kiyat was the founder of three fortresses - Glinskaya, Glinishchevskaya and Poltava. The son of Mansur is Oleksa (very common Cossack name, often mentioned in the register of the Zaporizhzhya army of Khmelnitsky and the register of the Kuban army) in 1390 was forced to be baptized in Kyiv. Oleksa Mansurovich in baptism was named Alexander. At the same time, the grandson of Mansur, the son of Alexa, named Ivan, was baptized. It was this Ivan Alexandrovich who in 1399 obtained for himself the title of Prince Glinsky from the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt. Grand Duke Vitovt married Prince Ivan Alexandrovich Glinsky to the Ostrog princess Nastasya Danilovna, but their grandson Ivan Mamai is considered the founder of the Zaporizhian Sich.

But who is Mamai himself? Attention is drawn to the long-term and constant support provided to Mamai in the Crimea, the Don and Kuban. There he more than once escaped after defeats in the Horde strife, and from there he reappeared with fresh forces. And the point was not only in the financial (and in 1380 - in military) assistance of the Genoese, but also in the fact that it was there that Mamai recruited the main, shock part their troops. Even after huge losses on the Kulikovo field, he immediately recruited another army there and fought Tokhtamysh, but the forces after the Kulikovo duel were no longer the same (and the age of the ataman, who already had adult grandchildren and great-grandchildren) and he lost again. It is unlikely that such selected military contingents at that time could be supplied only by Crimea, where there was not yet any Crimean Khanate, nor the Crimean Tatars in the form in which they became known in the next century. Apparently leading role played here former population Ruskolani: hordes of Cherkasy Cossacks, Kiyat Cossacks, descendants of the Goths-Polovtsy and ancestors of the North Black Sea Russ, who roamed in the strip from the northern part of the Crimea and adjacent parts of Tavria and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, along the left bank of the Dnieper in the region of rapids and further north to Vorskla.

For them, Mamai was not just an administrator sent from Saray, but also his hereditary local prince, one of whose close ancestors was considered almost the direct successor of the pre-Horde rulers of these places (Ruskolani).

The text of the genealogy of the Glinsky princes: “And Mamai Tsar has a son Mansur-Kiyat, and Mansur-Kiyat Prince has children, two sons: Prince Alexa (Oleksa is a very common name among the Cossacks), and another Skidir Prince. And after the Battle of the Don, Mamaev, the son of Mansur-Kiyat, the Prince, cut down three cities of Glinesk, yes Poldova (Poltava), and Glechenitsa (Glinitsa). The children of Mansur-Kiyatov, the younger son of Skider (Skidyr) Prince, having caught a herd of horses and camels and wandered in Perekop, and big son its Alexa Prince, stayed on those
cities of the predestined."

From the next phrase of the above quoted text, it can be seen that the heirs of Mansur divided themselves and divided the remnants of their army. And this division, as we will see below, was due to Faith. Some stayed with Alexa. Others went south with Skider, because they did not want to change their native Vedic Faith and, like Mamai, were idolaters (that is, they revered the idols of their Gods). In "The Tale of Mamaev massacre”(in another way“ Zadonshchina ”) it says: “By God's permission for our sins, from the obsession of the devil, the prince will rise from the western country, named Mamai ellin (as the Old Believers were called in our annals or in another way - a pagan), by faith an idolater (that is, worshiping idols Gods) and an iconoclast, an evil Christian reproacher.

Further, in the same place, we see which Gods Mamai calls for help during his flight: “The godless king Mamai, seeing his death, began to call on the Gods of his Perun and Raklia and Khors.” God Perun is the patron Slavic princes, and God Horse (together with Kolyada) is the patron of the Cossacks. Khors was always imagined surrounded by white dogs or wolves, which are called Horts on the Cossack balachka. The island of Khortytsya, the main base of the Cossacks, is also named in honor of this God. And the fact that part of the Mamayevites went south with Skider is indirectly confirmed by the fact that much later, in late XVIII century, when Suvorov captured the Kuban, many Kuban Cossacks in order not to accept someone else's Christian faith, they were forced to emigrate to Turkey and among them there was a group that the Muscovites called "Mamaevites".

In the XVIII-XIX centuries in the Ukrainian folk painting there was a characteristic plot: a Zaporozhian Cossack was depicted, sitting with his legs crossed and playing the bandura. Poems were written under the picture, most often containing a description of the Zaporizhzhya Cossack in general, often ironic, but always quite benevolent. Sometimes this Cossack was the only hero the whole composition, in other cases other figures and entire scenes were added, but in all scenes there was certainly a Cossack bandura player in his stereotypical pose. Often the name of a Cossack was written. The names were different, but among them the “Cossack Mamai” was more common, and among the people in general all paintings of this type were known as portraits of the “Cossack Mamai”. “Cossack Mamai” is generally known throughout Ukraine, but this picture was most common in Chernihiv, Poltava and Kharkiv regions, that is, in the territory whose center is Poltava region.

And so we see that Zaporozhye Cossacks moved to Ukraine from the territory of the North Caucasus. But what kind of Slavic families lived in these places in ancient times. To this we are given the answer by the Book of Veles:

“The Goths that remained after Galarekh left at midnight and disappeared there, and Deterich led them. After that, we don't know anything about them. And the Berendeys came before us, and spoke to us about a very great oppression from the Yagis, who followed the trail of the Huns. And so that Beloyar told them to wait, and unexpectedly came to them with 50,000 (warriors), and Yagov defeated them, whom he scattered on all sides like the blessed ... .. after all, the husband of the Beloyar clan went on the other side of the Ra (Volga) river and warned the Sintsev there coming from the Fryazians, like the Huns on the islands, they will wait for the guests and rob them. It was 50 years from Aldorekh. And the ancient Beloyar family was strong ... .. Beloyar Krivorog was at that time the prince of Rushti (in the Veles book of Russians, they are often called the name "Rush" - Russian, in English our name is still written only in this way, hence the name in this family T-rush, That is Russian). And he releases a white dove. Where it flies, go there. And he flew to the Greeks. Krivorog attacked them and defeated them. Here the Greeks twirled their tails like foxes. Dali Krivorg The Golden Fleece with a silver horse. And that Krivorog held on to Surozh (a city in the Crimea) ... "

So everything fell into place, people from the ancient Slavic family Rush roamed these places, and the surname Trush only speaks of belonging modern descendants to this genus.

Trush name meaning

• In the "Veles Book" written by Slavic priests in the 9th century, Russians are called by the generic name "RUSH". Also in the 10th century, the name "Rushav" was mentioned among the southern Slavs, in the 11th century the name "Rush" was mentioned in Bohemia and Moravia, in the 13th century Rushkovichev was the prince of Lithuania. It follows that "Trush" simply means - That Russian, a descendant of Rush.
• If we read this name from the Glagolitic alphabet or from the Slovenian Letter with the help of figurative meanings, we get: T - firmly, approved by the gods, unshakable; R - rivers, wisdom flowing from the world of Rule which we speak. That is, what they received from above, then they said it. U - uk, (wok) connection of heavenly and earthly, connection on the verge of contacts. Ш - Breadth of aces, their wisdom, three channels of forces (soul, spirit, conscience), that is, the connection of man with heaven, the divine level. It follows that Trush is the one who must have a connection on the verge of contact with heaven and firmly convey to people the wisdom received from the gods (the numerical value of the name = 800).
• If we read this name from the runes with the help of figurative meanings, we get: T - approved by the gods Ru - an active influencing principle, both destroying and creating, bringing the divine forces into action Ш - Divine forces of life.

That is, Trush is a person who must firmly and actively influence life with the help of divine forces.

Now put it all together and get more full value ancient generic name.

Trush is a person belonging to a Russian clan-tribe who is able to: 1) establish a connection with the forces of the three worlds (Reveal, Navi and Rule) on the verge of contact; 2) firmly without distortion to convey to people the wisdom received from the gods; 3) to firmly and actively influence life with the help of divine forces (but we must not forget that all these are potentialities that still need to be realized).

Some well-known representatives of the Trush family who managed to realize, to one degree or another, their capabilities inherent in the name of Rod:

• Trush Ivan Ivanovich Born in 1869 - Ukrainian painter, paintings - ("Hutsulka with a child"), portraits (I. Franko), lyrical landscapes. A monument to him was erected in Lvov.
• Famous genealogist late XIX century K. A. Trush
• Vladimir Yakovlevich Trush (1869 -193 ...). "one of the resolute and fearless fighters and pioneers in the complete initiation of Galician Rus' to the all-Russian culture", he "turned out after the war one of the first wakers of the fallen, it was, folk spirit in the edge." In 1923, the Russian School society was founded in Lvov, the founding member of which was the same V.Ya.Trush ...

This material has been prepared in order to, through the study of surnames, encourage the living to restore the interrupted connection with their ancient clans. Therefore, I wish everyone good luck on this path.

Each of us has our own surname, it appears with us at birth, is recorded in the passport and in the birth certificate, accompanies us for life. Often we don’t have questions at all where such a surname comes from, why this particular one, and so on. This is what people most often think about. dissonant surname those who really want to make a difference. It is interesting that children most often stop their attention over the sound of the surname, hence nicknames and nicknames arise. A surname is an affiliation to one family or to one clan. The clan nobility of Ancient Rome already had surnames. Among the Romans, the surname was given primarily to slaves. This was the surname of the slave owner. But throughout Europe and in Russia, this word has spread precisely in the meaning of "family".

Speaking of Slavic surnames, first of all, we mean the surnames of the peoples inhabiting Russia. Russia was and remains a multinational state, therefore, echoes of various nationalities are heard in the surnames. Some even retained their original nationality. The main part of Russia was Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples, therefore, there are a lot of surnames of this origin. In general, surnames appeared in Russian empire only in the sixteenth century, but they got to Ukraine a little earlier. This is due to the proximity to European country Poland. Therefore, in Ukraine, a large number of surnames have an ending - sky. Some Ukrainian and Belarusian surnames acquired a touch of Russianism over time. Such surnames end in -ov or -in. For this category of Slavic surnames, the ending -ovich or -evich is typical, the affectionate ending -enko, -ik, -anko, -onko is also very common. Due to the fact that Ukrainian surnames are very diverse, they are not repeated as often as Russian ones. Some of them correspond to activities or professions, but in Polish or German, such as coachman, Oleinik, Kramar and so on.

If we take purely Russian surnames, then they are very often repeated. The repetition is connected with the fact that when serfdom fell, the government began to give the peasants surnames. Therefore, in the countryside, where Samusenok or Kravchukov. maybe a whole village. Such repetition of surnames indicates that these people were once relatives. If you look from the point of view of genetics, then the incidence among residents with the same surnames will be increased, as well as genetic abnormalities at the birth of a child. There is an opinion that the Slavic surnames Ivanov, Petrov and Sidorov are the most common. So this opinion is wrong. There are other surnames that have long pushed the above-mentioned to distant places. The first places are occupied by Smirnov, Kuznetsov and Ivanov. The most common surname is Smirnov, probably among the Slavic surnames, she will also take one of the first places. The first mention of people with such a surname dates back to the sixteenth century. This does not mean that they are all related. No, it's just that the scribes for the peasants themselves came up with a surname, not particularly fantasizing. That is why there are so many Smirnovs. Although in big cities it was as if the Smirnovs from different clans had mixed up, but in the village, most likely, they would be relatives. Moreover, scribes in each locality were guided by one surname, so there are practically no Ivanovs in the south of the country. Smirnov is the first surname, indicating a character trait of its bearer. Smirnov means "humble", "submissive". Then they began to form from names and nicknames. There are also a lot of animal surnames among the Slavic ones: mole, Ershov, beavers, Busel, and so on. Who among us does not know at least one person with a similar animal, bird or fish surname? All fish and fauna is reflected in these names. In Europe, the first surnames appeared in the fourteenth century. And if both the nobility and commoners had them there, then in Russia everyone had surnames only after the reforms of 1861. And even then the people, losing them, forgot, modified them into a form convenient for themselves.

The surnames of the Slavic peoples have a lot of interesting things. They are closely intertwined with each other. So Bulgarian surnames similar to Great Russian, Macedonian have much in common with Western Polish. The Bulgarian system of surnames appeared only in the nineteenth century and it completely copied the Great Russian one, but the surname itself was often absent, and the patronymic was the main one. Many Bulgarian surnames have Turkish roots translated into Bulgarian language. Later, the Macedonian surname system was invented in order to distinguish it from the Bulgarian one.

In Germany, the same many surnames are of Slavic origin, because our peoples were mixed in the Middle Ages, many also emigrated from Poland. In general, Slavic surnames. Like Slavic peoples difficult to separate completely by nationality. And this is primarily due to the fact that the desire for the same writing has developed over the centuries. Our ancestors studied according to the same books in Bulgaria, in Russia, in Ukraine. When the languages ​​were separated, only the western and southern directions were noted. Surnames changed due to the fact that people move, do not sit still, marry between different nationalities. It is especially difficult to determine the belonging of surnames in Ukraine, Belarus and the Smolensk region. This is due to the fact that the documentation was also conducted in Polish. Therefore, many Polish surnames correspond to Belarusian and Russian surnames. For example, Shidlo - Shilo, Murienko - Mury.

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