Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883) is a world-famous Russian prose writer, poet, playwright, critic, memoirist and translator of the 19th century, recognized as a classic of world literature. His pen belongs to many outstanding works, which became literary classics, the reading of which is mandatory for school and university curricula.
Born Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev from the city of Orel, where he was born on November 9, 1818 in noble family at his mother's family estate. Sergei Nikolaevich, father - a retired hussar, who served before the birth of his son in a cuirassier regiment, Varvara Petrovna, mother - a representative of an old noble family. In addition to Ivan, there was another eldest son Nikolai in the family, the childhood of the little Turgenevs passed under the vigilant supervision of numerous servants and under the influence of their mother's rather heavy and unbending temper. Although mother was distinguished by her special dominance and severity of temper, she was known as a rather educated and enlightened woman, it was she who interested her children in science and fiction.
At first, the boys were educated at home, after the family moved to the capital, they continued their studies with local teachers. Then follows new round the fate of the Turgenev family is a trip and subsequent life abroad, where Ivan Turgenev lives and is brought up in several prestigious boarding houses. Upon arrival at home (1833), at the age of fifteen, he entered the Faculty of Literature of Moscow State University. After the eldest son Nikolai becomes a guards cavalryman, the family moves to St. Petersburg and the younger Ivan becomes a student of the philosophical faculty of a local university. In 1834, the first poetic lines appeared from the pen of Turgenev, imbued with the spirit of romanticism (a trendy trend at that time). Poetic lyrics was appreciated by his teacher and mentor Pyotr Pletnev (a close friend of A. S. Pushkin).
After graduating from St. Petersburg University in 1837, Turgenev left to continue his studies abroad, where he attended lectures and seminars at the University of Berlin, traveling in parallel across Europe. Returning to Moscow and successfully passing the master's exams, Turgenev hopes to become a professor at Moscow University, but due to the abolition of philosophy departments in all Russian universities, this desire will not come true. At that time, Turgenev was becoming more and more interested in literature, several of his poems were published in the newspaper Otechestvennye Zapiski, in the spring of 1843, the time of the appearance of his first small book, where the poem Parasha was published.
In 1843, at the insistence of his mother, he becomes an official in the "special office" at the Ministry of the Interior and serves there for two years, then retires. The imperious and ambitious mother, dissatisfied with the fact that her son did not live up to her hopes both in career and personal terms (he did not find a worthy party for himself, and even had an illegitimate daughter Pelageya from a seamstress), refuses to support him and Turgenev has to live from hand to mouth and get into debt.
Acquaintance with the famous critic Belinsky turned Turgenev's work towards realism, and he begins to write poetic and ironic moral poems, critical articles and stories.
In 1847, Turgenev brought the story “Khor and Kalinych” to the Sovremennik magazine, which Nekrasov prints with the subtitle “From the Notes of a Hunter”, this is how Turgenev’s real literary activity begins. In 1847, because of his love for the singer Pauline Viardot (he met her in 1843 in St. Petersburg, where she came on tour), he left Russia for a long time and lived first in Germany, then in France. During his life abroad, several dramatic plays: "Freeloader", "Bachelor", "A Month in the Village", "Provincial".
In 1850, the writer returned to Moscow, worked as a critic in the Sovremennik magazine, and in 1852 published a book of his essays called Notes of a Hunter. At the same time, impressed by the death of Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, he wrote and published an obituary, officially banned by the tsarist caesura. This is followed by arrest for one month, deportation to family estate without the right to leave the Oryol province, a ban on traveling abroad (until 1856). During the exile, the story "Mumu", "Inn", "Diary extra person”,“ Yakov Pasynkov ”,“ Correspondence ”, novel“ Rudin ”(1855).
After the end of the ban on traveling abroad, Turgenev leaves the country and lives in Europe for two years. In 1858, he returned to his homeland and published his story "Asya", around which critics immediately flared up heated debates and disputes. Then the novel "The Nest of Nobles" (1859), 1860 - "On the Eve" is born. After that, there is a break between Turgenev and such radical writers as Nekrasov and Dobrolyubov, a quarrel with Leo Tolstoy and even the challenge of the latter to a duel, which eventually ended in peace. February 1862 - printing of the novel "Fathers and Sons", in which the author showed the tragedy of the growing conflict of generations in the context of a growing social crisis.
From 1863 to 1883, Turgenev lives first with the Viardot family in Baden-Baden, then in Paris, never ceasing to be interested in the events taking place in Russia and acting as a kind of mediator between Western European and Russian writers. During his life abroad, "Notes of a Hunter" were supplemented, the novels "The Hours", "Punin and Baburin", the largest of all his novels "Nov", were written.
Together with Victor Hugo Turgenev was elected co-chairman of the First International Congress of Writers, held in Paris in 1878, in 1879 the writer was elected an honorary doctor of the oldest university in England - Oxford. In his declining years, Turgenevsky does not stop studying literary activity, and a few months before his death, "Poems in Prose" were published, prose fragments and miniatures differing a high degree lyricism.
Turgenev dies in August 1883 from a serious illness in the French Bougival (a suburb of Paris). In accordance with the last will of the deceased, recorded in his will, his body was transported to Russia and buried at the Volkovo cemetery in St. Petersburg.
Lesson presentation.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.
"Poems in Prose".
The purpose of the lesson: 1. Show the features of the genre of poetry in prose. 2. Reveal artistic features poems in prose, identify topics, their role in moral education. 3. Help students understand philosophical meaning poems.Methodical techniques: teacher's explanation, expressive reading, text analysis.
During the classes.
slide 1
I. Announcement of the topic and objectives of the lessonII. Word of the teacher.
Today at the lesson we will continue our acquaintance with the work of I.S. Turgenev. Let's remember what we know about the biography of this truly Russian writer. (2-8 slides).
slide 2
famous writer born October 28, 1818 in Orel. It is difficult to imagine a greater contrast than the general spiritual appearance of Turgenev and the environment from which he directly emerged.slide 3
His father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a retired cuirassier colonel, was a remarkably handsome man, insignificant in his moral and mental qualities. The son did not like to remember him, and in those rare moments when he spoke to friends about his father, he characterized him as "a great fisher before the Lord."slide 4
The writer's mother, Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, was the sovereign ruler of the house. It typically expressed that intoxication with power, which was created by serfdom. Genus was a mixture of cruelty, greed and voluptuousness.slide 5
Until the age of 9, Turgenev lived in the village of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo (10 versts from Mtsensk, Oryol province). His upbringing went under the guidance of frequently changing tutors. Varvara Petrovna had the deepest contempt for everything Russian. The members of the family spoke only French among themselves. Love for Russian literature was secretly inspired in Turgenev by one of the serf valets Punin.Slides 6,7,8
All the best memories of I.S. Turgenev will be connected with Spassky-Lutovinovo. For many years the writer will live away from Russia, first in Germany, then in France, but his thoughts and heart will always be with his homeland. Despite a long stay abroad and an excellent knowledge of several foreign languages, in his entire long life he did not write a single work in any other language than his native.I.S. Turgenev began his career as a poet. And before the "Notes of a Hunter" he wrote poems and even poems. The wonderful poem "Mistful Morning" formed the basis for the creation of the famous Russian romance.
Slide 9
Sounds of the romance "Misty Morning"
Wonderful poetry, wonderful music ... However writing genius Turgenev fully revealed himself in prose! But his prose never, as we were convinced by studying the stories from the cycle "Notes of a Hunter", did not break with its poetic beginning. At the end of his life and creative way aged Turgenev, tormented serious illness, feeling that his days are numbered, as if returning to his creative youth, heals himself with the life-giving currents of poetry native word and native spaces.Prose poetry is a genre that you probably don't know yet.Do you remember what a poem is?(A poem is a small lyrical work written in verse)- What is the peculiarity of poems in prose, how do they differ from ordinary poems?(A poem in prose is also a lyrical work, but its form is prose)
Turgenev's "Poems in Prose" is an innovative genre that borders between poetry and prose and unites them.
Slide "Poems in prose"
Poems in prose do not rhyme, they are not written in the way we usually write poetry, but they convey to us the thoughts and feelings of the writer. "Poems in prose" - latest works I. S. Turgenev. For many years he collected notes, notes, and at the end of his life published them under the title "Poems in Prose". It's a kind of poetic testament great master, wise man. The cycle consists of 51 works, which is a series of accumulated over long years individual thoughts and pictures cast into a surprisingly elegant, sincere form. An artist's thoughts eternal questions life is colored by personal experiences. Hence the lyricism characteristic of the entire cycle, the increased expressiveness of artistic speech, which combines the emotionality and laconism of prose. In the genre of poetry in prose, the main thing is the feelings, thoughts, emotions of the artist. Each poem is built in the form of a miniature, at the end of each work we see the main idea, the idea.In the cycle "Poems in Prose" I.S. Turgenev reflected all the main themes and motives of the writer's work.Slide "Themes of poems in prose"
- - thoughts of insignificance human life before the eternity of nature;
- the writer's reflections on the Russian people;
-humanity of human relations;
- triumphant love;
- opposition of good and evil;
- reflections on the inevitability of death;
- homeland;
- happiness and beauty;
- memories of old love;
- about feat and cowardice;
-about the Russian language, its role.
Slide "Russian language"
"Russian language"(Reading teacher)
In days of doubt, in days of painful reflections about the fate of my homeland - you are my only support and support, O great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language! Without you - how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that happens at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!What is the idea behind this poem?(The idea of the greatness of the Russian language and the Russian people.)What feeling is the author trying to convey here? What tone dominates here?(The feeling of love and admiration is conveyed by a solemn, upbeat intonation.)What do you think this work is: lyrical or epic?(This work is lyrical, because it expresses the feelings of the author).
Teacher: The prose poem "Russian Language" was written in 1882. After the assassination of Tsar Alexander II, the Provisional Rules on the Press were adopted, according to which the government had the right to close any publications; gendarmerie bodies specializing in undercover activities began to operate. In the words “days of doubt”, “days of painful reflection”, “how not to fall into despair”, we see the feelings of the poet and his reaction to events in Russia. This poem is a hymn to the Russian language and the Russian people. - There are only 3 sentences in the poem. What are these sentences in terms of the purpose of the utterance, in terms of intonation? What does it matter?(Two sentences are exclamatory in terms of intonation, one is interrogative in terms of the purpose of the statement. This is a rhetorical (oratorical) device that gives the text a pathetic, solemn sound, conveying the sincere emotion of the author)- Which artistic techniques used in the poem?(Epithets. There are only four of them, but they are given by a whole clip, and 1 of them sounds again, but not in relation to the language, but to the people - its carrier: “ great language"-" great people ".
Slide "Gemini"
"Twins"(Reading teacher)
I saw a dispute between two twins. Like two drops of water, they resembled each other in everything: facial features, their expression, hair color, height, body type - and they hated each other irreconcilably. They were equally writhing in rage. Strangely similar faces leaned close to each other in the same way; similar eyes flashed and threatened in the same way; the same swear words, uttered in the same voice, escaped from the same twisted lips. I could not stand it, I took one by the hand, led him to the mirror and said to him: “It’s better to scold here in front of this mirror ... It won’t make any difference for you ... but it won’t be so terrible for me.” - What struck the author in the episode he described? Why did he get scared?- What is the meaning of "multiple repetition of the word" the same "?What feeling does the author want to evoke in readers?What is the philosophical meaning of this poem?(The main, key phrase of this work is “... but I won’t be so scared.” The author is terrified because people are blind, cannot appreciate each other, are not enlightened by reason and morality)Slide "Two rich people"
"Two rich men"(Reading teacher)
When the rich man Rothschild is extolled in my presence, who, out of his enormous income, devotes whole thousands to the upbringing of children, to the treatment of the sick, to the care of the old, I praise and am touched. But, both praising and touching, I cannot help but recall one wretched peasant family who adopted an orphan niece into their ruined little house. “We’ll take Katya,” the woman said, “our last pennies will go to her, there will be nothing to get salt, to salt the stew ... - And we have her ... and not salty, - answered the man, her husband. Rothschild is far from this guy.-What is the main idea of this poem?(moral superiority common man who is spiritually rich)- What, in your opinion, is the superiority of a peasant over Rothschild?(The help of a peasant is more valuable, since he is poor, but the main thing is that the help of a peasant is a natural impulse, something ordinary, not deserving special emotions, for example, “tenderness”)Teacher: the author uses the technique of opposing characters. We see people with compassion: one of them is a rich man who donates part of his income, the other is a peasant; he is ready to share the last for a good cause. IV. Conclusion. "Poems in prose" by I.S. Turgenev became a kind of farewell swan song. This is a kind of testament of a wise man left to his descendants.
Slide "Good Reader"
“My good reader, do not run through these poems in a row: you will probably get bored - and the book will fall out of your hands. But read them piecemeal: today one thing, tomorrow another, and one of them, perhaps, will plant something in your soul.- wrote I.S. Turgenev. The variety of form, combined with the beauty and elegance of the style, testifies to the high skill of the artist. I.S. Turgenev enriched Russian literature with new visual means and paved the way for such writers as I.A. Bunin, V.G. Korolenko, A.I. Solzhenitsyn. In the works of these Russian writers, the genre of poetry in prose received a new development. An example of this is the poem by A.I. Solzhenitsyn from the cycle "Tiny" - "Dashing Potion". VI. Homework: 1. Individual task. Message on the topic “The development of the genre of poetry in prose in the work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Dashing Potion" 2. General task. 1) Artistic retelling of the poem you like. 2) Try to write your poem in prose.
5
Annex 2
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF G. KOVROV
MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL №9
Lesson notes
based on the work of I.S. Turgenev (Grade 10)
Teacher Gladskikh N.M.,
Kovrov
2013
Lesson 1.
Subject: Stages of the biography and creativity of I.S. Turgenev. "Genius of culture".
Target: 1. to get acquainted students with the personality of I. S. Turgenev and the main stages of his life and work;
2. learn students to choose and take notes main information from lecture;
3. to arouse in students an interest in the life of I.S. Turgenev.
Lesson type: introduction to new material based on previously learned material.
Form of organization of work with students: lecture with elements of conversation.
Lesson equipment: multimedia presentation, workstation (workstation).
In Russia, in the country of every revolutionary
and religious maximalism, the country of self-immolation,
country of the most violent excesses, Turgenev barely
is not the only one after Pushkin, a genius of measure and, consequently,
consequently, the genius of culture. For what is culture?
as not the measurement, accumulation and preservation of values.
D. Merezhkovsky
During the classes:
Organization of students
I learning situation. Introduction of students to a new topic.
introduction teachers.
During 10 lessons we will get acquainted with the life and work of I.S. Turgenev. Write down the topic of the lesson and an epigraph that applies not only to this lesson, but to the entire topic. This means that we will repeatedly refer to the words of D. Merezhkovsky. And only after studying the topic, we will be able to answer its main question. Let's write it down.
? Why
Let's leave two pages to answer this question, your conclusions on these pages will open with the words "For me, Turgenev is ..."
Acquaintance of students with the information on slide No. 1 (or written on the board). Students' answers and writing conclusions in a notebook.
Briefly write down the answers to the questions:
1.What historical events entered the context of Turgenev's works?
2. What contributed to the formation spiritual world And artistic experience"genius of culture"?
Material on slide number 1 or on the board:
1. When I. Turgenev was born, A. Griboyedov was 23 years old, A. Pushkin - 19, F. Tyutchev - 15, N. Gogol - 9, V. Belinsky - 7, I. Goncharov - 6, M. Lermontov - 4 .
A. Fet will be born in 2 years, F. Dostoevsky and N. Nekrasov - in 3, A. Ostrovsky - in 5, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin - in 8, L. Tolstoy - in 11, N. Leskov - in 13 years.
2.I. Turgenev was 7 years old when the Decembrist uprising took place in 1825. Later he witnessed greatest events that shook Russia and Europe:
uprisings in Poland in 1830;
revolution in France in 1848;
the Crimean War in 1853 - 1856;
the abolition of serfdom in 1861;
the Franco-Prussian War of 1 1870;
Russian-Turkish war in 1877 - 1878;
development of the populist movement in Russia in the 60s.
Conclusion (written by students in notebooks):
Reading output by students. The formation of the personality of the "genius of culture" took place in a complex historical era, rich in cataclysms that took place in the world and in Russia. At this time in the arena public life and the struggle came out a generation of democrats-raznochintsev. It was the time of the rise of Russian literature, the time when the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Goncharov, Dostoevsky,
L. Tolstoy.
II learning situation. Teacher's lecture with elements of conversation. Task for the students: to outline the lecture, answering the question: “What personality traits of Turgenev allowed D. Merezhkovsky to call him a “genius of culture”? chronological table the life and work of the writer.
Lecture plan:
Biography of I.S. Turgenev.
Ideological and aesthetic position of the writer.
The special sensitivity of the writer to the new trends of the times.
The world of novels by I.S. Turgenev.
Heroes and heroines of I.S. Turgenev.
Chronological table of the life and work of I.S. Turgenev.
date
Event
The answer to the question about the personality traits of the writer, heroes, works
1818, 28.04.
Born in Orel. He spent his childhood years in the estate of his mother, Spassky-Lutovinovo.
1827 – 1829
Studying at a boarding school, Moscow.
1833
Entered the University,
Moscow city.
1834
Transferred to St. Petersburg University.
1837
Finished university. Petersburg.
1838 – 1841
Studying at the University of Berlin.
1841
Return to Russia.
1843
Acquaintance with Pauline Viardot. Rapprochement
with Belinsky. Petersburg.
1852
"Notes of a hunter" Sovremennik, arrest and exile in Spasskoe-Lutovinovo.
1856
The novel "Rudin", the story "Faust". Petersburg.
1858
The novel "The Noble Nest", the story "Asya".
1860
The novel "On the Eve", a break with the "Contemporary".
1862
The novel "Fathers and Sons" "Russian Bulletin".
1864
The story "Ghosts".
1865
The story "Enough".
1867
The novel "Smoke".
1876
The novel "New".
1878 – 1882
"Poems in Prose".
1883, 03.09.
He died in Bougival and was buried at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg.
III learning situation.
What conclusions about Turgenev's personality did you write down?
D / task: 1.leading individual tasks: messages about the novels "Rudin", "The Nest of Nobles", "On the Eve";
2. read "Notes of a Hunter", analysis of one of the stories of the cycle 1) "Khor and Kalinich", 2) "Singers", 3) "Yermolai and the Miller's Woman", 4) "Burgeon"; 5) "Living relics" 6) "Chertop-hanov and Nedopyuskin" according to the plan: theme, idea, heroes;
3. messages by groups:
features of the "Hunter's Notes" genre;
human types in the Hunter's Notes;
the image of the narrator in the "Notes of a hunter".
Lesson 2
Subject: I.S. Turgenev. "Notes of a hunter" (1847 - 1874). The genre of the work, the types of people in the stories, the image of the narrator.
Target: get acquainted with the genre concept of "cycle", with the cycle of Turgenev's stories;
learn to compare, analyze the characters of the characters, to see the motives of their actions;
Learn how to organize group work independently.
During the classes:
Organization of students.
I learning situation. Introduction by the teacher.
Pay attention to the dates of creation of the "Hunter's Notes". Turgenev gave them 27 years of his life. They also brought him worldwide fame.
Turgenev recalled how, on the way from the village to Moscow, at one small station, he came to the platform. Suddenly, two young people approached him, philistine or artisans in costume and manner, and asked:“Let me know, will you be Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev?” - "I". “The same one who wrote the Hunter’s Notes?” - "The same one ..." They both took off their hats and bowed to me at the waist, saying: "We bow to you as a sign of respect and gratitude on behalf of the Russian people."
In the autumn of 1847, I. Panaev asked Turgenev to provide him with material for the “Mixture” section in the Sovremennik magazine. In January 1847, the first essay “Khor and Kalinich” appeared. Panaev, in order to win over the reader to the young author, published an essay with the subtitle "From the notes of a hunter." But condescension was not needed: the essay was received enthusiastically by the public. Turgenev decided to continue his work, especially since he had a lot of impressions from the life of the people. The writer himself confessed: “”Notes of a hunter” accumulated in me for ten whole years.” And in 1877 he wrote to the Italian scientist and writer A. Gubernatis "... the direction of my literary path was determined by the environment of serfdom in which I spent my youth and which aroused in me the strongest hatred. He drew material not only from his trips to his homeland when he hunted, but also from his mother's letters "to his son Ivan." The letters frankly talked about the dramas played out between the serfs and their mistress. During the first months of 1847, Turgenev wrote 4 new stories. And in May, he sketched out a plan for the future cycle ... All stories and essays were published in Sovremennik. Sovremennik was the first to inform readers in April 1852 of the imminent appearance of a separate edition of the Hunter's Notes, in which much has been revised, supplemented and corrected by the author. Then there was a story with an article about the death of Gogol, which ended with a link. "Notes", ready for publication in April, appeared only in August and quickly sold out. The cycle was finally formed in 1874, when it included three new stories: “The End of Chertopkhanov”, “Living Powers” and “Knocking!” So determined full squad Hunter's Notes.
II learning situation. Student messages.
Message response plan. (According to I. Fogelson,)
1. Is the message relevant to the topic? Is the topic well covered?
2. Is the information presented consistently? Is there any logic in their presentation? Is it redundant information?
3. What thoughts are missing? What should be added? What do you agree with?
4. Are there speech, grammatical errors?
5.Is "visual aid" appropriate?
6. What assessment corresponds to the work of the group?
1 . Message 1 group. (The second and third groups are preparing an oral review of the answer of the 1st group.) Features of the "Hunter's Notes" genre.
Material for the 1st group.
In the stories and essays of The Hunter's Notes, readers immediately noted a single liberation idea. Their inner integrity is determined not only by the main idea and moral point of view of the author on Russian life, but also by the very way artistic image reality., cross-cutting motives, the relationship of stories and essays that create a single poetic context.
Cycle (from the Greek circle) - a group of works consciously united by the author by genre, thematic, ideological principle or community of characters. (The students have an informer card on the tables, and there is also a card on the screen.)
There are cycles of poems, stories, short stories, novels.
"Notes of a Hunter" is a cycle of stories and essays in which a sense of the changeability of life is created with the help of "open" endings and "picking" beginnings of Turgenev's stories. The endings of Turgenev's essays are not suspended needed by the artist the changeability of life, they are constantly moving towards the beginning of new and new meetings, giving rise to the attraction of one story to another, “rhyming” frames in a changing picture of the world.
According to Turgenev, individual stories became fragments of the whole - the life of the people in an era when the abolition of serfdom from below or from above was brewing. (Review of the second and third groups)
Visual aid of the first group
"Notes of a hunter" - a cycle of stories
Story title
Themes
Heroes
Narrator's position
Ideas
"Khor and Kalinich"
Types of peasants, landlords. Life, peasants. Nature.
Khor, Kalinich, landowner Polutykin, hunter-storyteller
Active: gets acquainted with the peasants, the landowner, delves into their life and problems.
The peasants are no less interesting than the landowners. They are smart, proud, hospitable, talented.
Yermolai and the Miller's Woman
Hunting, the interests of the peasants, family life peasants. Yard peasants. The position of a woman. The manners of the landowners.
Ermolai, Arina, landowner Zverkov, narrator.
Seriously interested in the moral and spiritual life of the peasants.
Peasants have the right to privacy, they are not slaves.
"Burmister"
The type of an educated landowner, his relationship with the courtyards, with the headman, and the peasants.
Landowner Penochkin, headman Sofron, peasant Antip, narrator.
Explains to us true essence relationship between landowners and slaves.
Serfdom corrupts both landowners and peasants.
"Singers"
The life of a kisser, the inhabitants of a tavern - people of different classes.
Yashka Turk, Wild Master, hawker, Nikolai Ivanovich, narrator.
Watching the competition of singers, he experiences a true emotional shock.
The talent of singers puts them above class differences.
"Chertop-hanov and Nedopyuskin"
The life of poor nobles, their relationship with the noble circle, hobbies: hunting, horses, dogs. Love and friendship.
Chertop-hanov, Nedopyuskin, Yermolai, narrator.
Meets new people, their way of life, gets close to them.
Pride and feeling dignity, devotion and generosity do not depend on wealth.
"Living Powers"
The fate of the courtyard girl Lukerya.
Lukerya, Yermolai, narrator, Pyotr Petrovich.
Talking with Lukerya, Pyotr Petrovich was shocked by the greatness of the spirit of the sufferer.
No one knows his fate, and the one who humbly accepts and endures all hardships is truly wise.
2 . Message 2 groups. (The first and third groups prepare an oral review of the answer of the 2nd group.) human types in Hunter's Notes.
All stories and essays from the cycle "Notes of a Hunter" tell about serfs and represent psychological research relationships between people and their characters. Sometimes the sketching of images of peasants comes to the idealization of serfs as opposed to their cruel landowners. Following Pushkin and Gogol, he saw in the Russian people a strong living beginning, a talent that will allow the people to do great things in the future. Turgenev's types of peasants are very diverse, but they also carry national features. It was completely A New Look to the Russian people. Saltykov-Shchedrin later wrote that Turgenev introduced readers not so much to the peasant environment as to Russian national character: thanks to the “Notes of a Hunter”, “some mysterious, inaccessible depth” was revealed in him.
Belinsky wrote in one of his letters that "Turgenev discovered high moral traits that made the peasants related to the nobles."
The stories express the deep sympathy of the author-narrator for the oppressed peasantry, which is revealed in the loving image of the individuality of each peasant - the hero of the stories. Their spiritual wealth is revealed with different parties: here are the economic ingenuity of Khory, and the search for justice by Kasyan, and the daydreaming of Kalinich, who subtly feels nature, and the deep humanity of Lukerya's long-suffering. Turgenev also shows different forms of peasant protest against serfdom. With all the “Notes of a Hunter”, the author, as it were, calls for the liberation of the peasantry.
Turgenev saw among the peasants not only talented and freedom-loving natures, but also people with a slave psychology, spiritually crippled and corrupted. (Review of the first and third groups)
Visual aid of the second group.
Human types in the Hunter's Notes
Hero name
Appearance hero
Social status hero
Psychological type hero
Relationships with other people
ferret
“The old man is bald, short, broad-shouldered, dense”, “the warehouse of his face resembled Socrates.”
A rich man, lives on quitrent, trades in oil and tar, "settled down, saved up some money."
Clever, with a sense of dignity, “on his own mind”, “positive, practical, administrative head, rationalist”, close to society.
“He got along with the master and other authorities,” had a large family, treated the master soberly, and loved Kalinich.
Kalinich
About 40 years old, tall, thin, good-natured swarthy face, with rowans.
The poor man did not follow the household, although it was in order, “he got by somehow”, talented: “he spoke blood, fear, rabies, drove out worms; bees were given to him."
"The most cheerful, most meek disposition"; kind, helpful, sensitive, attentive, belonged to the type of "idealists, romantics, enthusiastic and dreamy people"; closer to nature.
Once there was a wife, but there were no children; reverent before Polutykin; loved Horya.
Yermolai
Forty-five years old, tall, thin, "with a long and thin nose, a narrow forehead, gray eyes, tousled voices and wide, mocking lips.
A hunter, a serf, unfit for any work, "staring", a bad owner - he has a dilapidated hut; tramp.
“Carefree, like a bird, rather talkative, absent-minded and awkward in appearance, did not get along on the spot ... he fled sixty miles a day”; loves adventure, "looked like an eccentric."
"Loved to chat with a good man", with his wife is rude; men treat him condescendingly and friendly.
Arna Timofeevna
“Thirty years old, thin and pale face still retained traces of wonderful beauty”, “eyes, large and sad.”
The miller's wife, formerly Mr. Zverkov's serf woman, was a maid, now a freewoman; competent.
A sick woman with a broken fate: first blessed by the masters, and then unhappy, humiliated, lost love; it combines timidity and determination.
She is frank with Yermolai, whom she knows well, apparently, dared with her husband; timid and secretive with strangers.
Lukerya
"Living human being"; “the head is completely dried up, one-color, bronze - you can’t give it or take an icon of an old letter; the nose is narrow, like a knife blade; you can hardly see the lips - only the teeth and eyes turn white, and thin strands of yellow hair are knocked out from under the scarf onto the forehead ”; “a face ... even beautiful, but terrible, extraordinary.”
Former yard girl, and now "living relics" - sick, immovable.
Humble, "quiet", patient sufferer, kind, all-understanding, all-forgiving, loving people, nature, beauty, wise; cares about others, sympathizes with those who are harder than her; asks not for himself, but for the peasants.
Feel sorry for everyone; not only does not burden people, but helps them, they become kinder next to her; her gratitude and humility win her over; people help her a little.
Yashka Turk
“A thin and slender man of about twenty-three”; “he looked like a daring factory fellow and ... could not boast of excellent health” ... “sunken cheeks, large restless gray eyes, a straight nose with thin moving nostrils, a white sloping forehead with light blond curls thrown back, large, but beautiful, expressive lips.” sunken cheeks
Best Singer in the neighborhood; by rank - "scooper at a paper factory with a merchant."
“His whole face revealed an impressionable and passionate person”; he is constantly worried; “was to my liking - an artist in every sense of the word ... having won, he enjoys his victory like a child; listeners are strict but fair; shocked by his talent, they sincerely admire him; the narrator is just as shocked as the others.
Wild Barin
“A man of about forty, broad-shouldered, broad-cheeked, with a low forehead, narrow Tatar eyes, a short and flat nose, a quadrangular chin and black shiny hair, as hard as stubble. The expression of his swarthy, leaden face ... could be called almost ferocious if it were not so calmly thoughtful ”; "He was burned clumsily, we will knock him down."
“He didn’t look like a courtyard, or a tradesman, or an impoverished clerk, or a small-scale ruined nobleman - a kennel or a fighter; he was certainly on his own”; “It was rumored that he came from the same palace and had been in the service somewhere before,” he had money.
His appearance gave the impression of "some kind of rough, heavy, but irresistible force»; confidence in one's own power; behaved quietly; passionately loved singing; "a mixture of some kind of innate ferocity and the same innate nobility."
He did not need anyone, did not notice anyone; enjoyed great influence throughout the district, everyone obeyed him, submitted.
3 . Message 3 groups . (The first and second groups are preparing an oral review of the answer of the 3rd group.) The image of the narrator in the "Notes of a Hunter".
The narrator organizes the entire text with his personality, and in the "Notes of a Hunter" he not only tells about what he saw and heard, but also evaluates everything, tries to understand the characters, interpret the behavior of the characters, giving them the author's description. He introduces the reader to his point of view. Turgenev's narrator is an eyewitness, an observer of events, but not an active participant in them.
Turgenev's narrator is in contact with the characters and with the readers, that is, he has a two-way connection. He can interrupt the story at any time and give his own characterization of the hero or event, speculate on some topic related to the story. The author never ceases to amaze people's representatives, their mind, talent, spiritual delicacy - in a word, the spiritual wealth of the people. The hunter is endowed with the ideal features necessary for a narrator: he is good, devoid of features that would prevent him from telling about what happened with great certainty, he is sincerely interested in the life of the people, he is a good observer and psychologist, he does not lead the reader away from the main idea of the story.
Visual aid of the third group.
Comparative characteristics author and narrator
Narrator, Peter Petrovich
Age
From 26 to 58 years old (from 1846 to 1874)
Young, 30 years old
Social status
Writer, landowner, owner of Spassky and other estates, the most educated person of his time; most stories written in France. He loved hunting and was an avid hunter.
The master is the owner of Spassky and other estates, an educated person, a writer, a landowner, lived abroad, the fact that he is a hunter does not erase the social differences between him and the peasants, but, as it were, reconciles them. Understands hunting, but he only talks about hunting, does not shoot. More interested in people and nature. Doesn't talk about himself.
Character and interests
Modest, subtle, considerate, charming person, very friendly, observant, success and world recognition did not spoil his character, a brilliant interlocutor, a debater, living by literary interests, a lover of poetry, always surrounded by society.
He is kind, subtle, attentive, observant, everything is interesting to him, a psychologist, he knows how to see the deep roots in the actions and behavior of people, analyzes everything that happens, loves and understands nature, admires the beautiful, does not put himself in the forefront, listens more often.
Relationships with people
A good friend, had many friends and admirers in Russia and abroad; non-conflict person; got into difficult situations, even under critical fire in the process of literary controversy.
Peaceful, easy to find mutual language with everyone, can talk to anyone, dear, has a true interest in people, he communicates openly with readers, sympathizes with the humiliated.
III learning situation. Conclusions.
Having become acquainted with one of the most famous works of I.S. Turgenev, let us turn to the main question of our topic:Why Merezhkovsky brings these two names together: Pushkin and Turgenev? What features of Turgenev's personality and creativity allowed him to draw this parallel, and also to call him the only “genius of measure”, “genius of culture” after Pushkin?
Open a blank page in your notebook and make your first entry.
Sample record.
Acquaintance with the "Notes of a Hunter" allows us to conclude that Turgenev is characterized by brevity and capacity of the narrative, like Pushkin. Therefore, one can agree with R. Rolland's opinion that a whole Tolstoy novel could come out of each Turgenev's "story". Turgenev touches on serious philosophical problems: man and nature, man and society, life and death, fate, happiness. The same philosophical questions were solved by Pushkin in his lyrics and the novel "Eugene Onegin". The extraordinary sense of proportion inherent in Turgenev allowed him to reach universal assessments. This cycle of stories and essays predetermined the traditions of Russian literature for decades: Dostoevsky's psychologism, Nekrasov's lyrics, Tolstoy's epic.
IV Summary of the lesson. Self-reflection of students. Estimates for groups for work based on reviews.
D / task: 1. a written answer to the question: “Why did the “Notes of a Hunter” bring fame and fame to Turgenev?”;
3. prepare an expressive reading of excerpts from the statements of contemporaries about the novel.
Lesson 4
Subject: Ideological and moral positions of P.P. Kirsanov and E. Bazarova.
Analysis of the episodes “Dispute between Bazarov and P.P. Kirsanov" and "Duel of Bazarov and P.P. Kirsanov".
Goals: find out the ideological and moral positions of P.P. Kirsanov and E. Bazarov, to find something different and common in their views and characters;
develop the skills of analyzing an episode from prose text; develop the ability to see significant details in the text: gesture, facial expressions, replicas of characters, comments of the author and determine their role;
arouse interest in the study of the novel "Fathers and Sons".
Lesson equipment: multi-presentation, text of the novel "Fathers and Sons", plan for analyzing the episode (application "Cards").
During the classes:
Organization of students.
IMessage by the teacher of the topic, purpose and objectives of the lesson.
II Analysis of the episode “Dispute between E. Bazarov and P.P. Kirsanov for evening tea. (Students have an episode analysis plan on their cards: appendix.)
1. When there is a dispute between E. Bazarov and P.P. Kirsanov?
2. With what mood did Pavel Petrovich “go into the living room”?
3. How did Bazarov feel that evening?
4. How did E. Bazarov behave at the table?
5. How did P.P. feel at the same time? Kirsanov?
6.What does the word "principle" mean? Why are the heroes arguing so violently about principles? (principle - from lat.principum- basis, beginning; ideas in the aggregate - a person's worldview; guiding idea, basic rule of conduct)
7. Why does the dispute begin with the question of the aristocracy? Is this a matter of principle and why? What is the point of view of those arguing about the aristocracy and its principles?
8. Is P.P. right? Kirsanov, reproaching the youth for unscrupulousness?
9. What is behind the disputes between the heroes (new demands of life or old traditions)?
10. Is E. Bazarov right when he claims that he denies all principles? Does he have principles?
11. What do the heroes mean by the word "everything"?
13. On whom do nihilists rely in their struggle? What is the attitude of the heroes towards the people? In which of the arguing "a man is more likely to recognize a compatriot"? (In Kirsanov P.P., since Bazarov was for the peasants "something like a jester".) How to prove this in the text?
14. Do those who argue convince each other?
16. How do you assess the persuasiveness of the characters' statements and the style of their speech?
17. Why does Nikolai Petrovich, without arguing, believe that the song of the fathers is “sung”?
18. How does Arkady behave in a dispute? Does he have his own principles?
III Conclusions. Bazarov, despite the fact that he denies the existence of principles, lives by certain principles. Pavel Petrovich tries to live according to the principles of aristocrats, speaks of their superiority. Nikolai Petrovich believes that the life of the fathers is over. Arkady is trying to support Bazarov, but it is clear that he is closer life ideals uncle and father. This episode reveals the characters of the characters, their life credo. The episode is important for revealing the meaning of the novel.
IV Analysis of the episode "Duel of Pavel Petrovich and Evgeny Bazarov".
1. What precedes a duel?
2. Why did Pavel Petrovich take a cane? (So that if Bazarov refuses to duel, hit him with a cane.)
3. Do you feel the tragedy of the situation - after all, the heroes can die? (Ironic remarks by Bazarov. Turgenev, from a letter: “... the duel with Pavel Petrovich was introduced precisely to demonstrate the emptiness of the elegantly noble chivalry, exhibited almost exaggeratedly comically ...”)
4. What are the feelings and thoughts of Pavel Petrovich before the duel?
5. What is the nature of Pavel Petrovich's speech when explaining, what does this indicate? What do you understand by the term "seminary rat"? (A hint at the spiritual origin of Bazarov.)
6. What does Turgenev notice about the nature of such politeness of Pavel Petrovich?
7. How does Bazarov feel about being challenged to a duel? (Ironically.)
8. Does Pavel Petrovich feel the irony of Bazarov? (He feels, but cannot oppose anything.)
9. Who does Bazarov offer as witnesses? Who is it? (“Dim eyes”, “turquoise earring”, “pomaded multi-colored hair”, “suave gestures”, “a man of the latest, improved generation.” Proud, stupid, with tense wrinkles on his forehead. Dignity is that he looked courteous, read it word for word and often brushed his frock coat.)
10. What words justify Bazarov, who agreed to a duel? ("Stupid position from which there is no way out.")
11. Is the position of the author in this scene clear to us? What does Turgenev emphasize with the picture of a beautiful morning, on the one hand, and the comic figure of Peter, on the other? (The pointlessness of the duel. Pyotr is a parody of Pavel Petrovich: he watches his appearance and says “tyupyur”, “obyupyun”, showing his “education”. The comical figure of Peter, very frightened.)
12. Why is the image of a peasant introduced into this scene? With what detail does the author emphasize the worthlessness, the emptiness of the duel? (A man with two horses: "On business, and we?")
13. Why did Pavel Petrovich bow to Peter before the duel? (It is supposed to bow to the second - Pavel Petrovich bows to the footman, "in whom at that moment he respected something like a second", solely for the sake of maintaining form.)
14. What gives the duel scene a comical sound, depriving it of tragedy? What thoughts of Bazarov just before the shot cause laughter and why? (If P.P. observes the form, then Bazarov’s caustic mockery destroys this solemn form all the time, emphasizing its absurdity and emptiness: he picks up the last words of Pavel Petrovich’s remarks, he himself measures the steps, since his “legs are longer”, uses in an ironic sense the word “discussion”: there was no “discussion yesterday” about the number of steps, uses the word “exterminate”, thinks when Pavel Petrovich aims at him: “He aims right at my nose ... and how diligently he squints, robber!”. Usually during duels aim at the heart or forehead).
15. What feelings are mixed in Bazarov after the injury of Pavel Petrovich? (The mocking attitude towards the enemy is replaced by natural desire doctor to help the wounded. Then, when Bazarov sees that the wound is not dangerous, Pavel Petrovich's fainting arouses bewilderment and contempt in him.)
16. What does Pavel Petrovich feel after the duel? (And Pavel Petrovich was “ashamed of the whole business he had started”: he noticed Peter’s “stupid physiognomy”, he was ashamed of his arrogance, failure. He no longer needed to play the role of a duelist.)
17. What remained with Pavel Petrovich after he abandoned his lifeCredo? (“I’m starting to think that Bazarov was right when he reproached me for being aristocratic.” There was nothing left to live. I decided to leave for Dresden or Florence: “... and I will live there until I die.” complete indifference to one's own life.)
18. How does Turgenev write about Pavel Petrovich after the duel? (“Pavel Petrovich wet his forehead with cologne and closed his eyes. Illuminated by bright daylight, his beautiful, emaciated head lay on a white pillow, like the head of a dead man ... Yes, he was a dead man.” The author pronounces a harsh sentence on his hero.)
IV Conclusions. The duel is pointless. Even such an aristocrat as Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov was convinced of this. Bazarov felt embarrassed, because he did not want to show himself as a coward, and the duel was contrary to the views of the nihilist. The duel helped the heroes to better understand themselves. The duel scene in the novel is parodic, and Turgenev himself at that time was already an opponent of duels. The episode helps to better understand the views of the characters, their attitude to life, the attitude of the author to the characters. It (episode) reveals the position of the characters and the author in relation to the conflict between "fathers" and "children".
V Summary of the lesson. Is it necessary to analyze the episodes of the work?
Homework. 1. Written analysis of one of the episodes.
2. The history of the life of the heroes and the historical events of this period (each group performs a task for its own hero).
I.Introduction.
The place of the episode in the work, the nature of the depicted event, the characters.
Thesis-suggestion about the role of the episode in connection with the themes and problems of the work.
II.Main part. Analysis of the episode as an independent fragment of the work.
a brief description of characters and events at the start of the episode.
Participation of characters in the depicted event (2-3 moments in the development of the action).
Characteristics of the characters, their behavior and experiences at the moment of climax and denouement.
Conclusion about the revealed character traits, moral qualities, ideals, life goals characters.
"Clutches" of the episode with other episodes of the epic work.
III.Conclusion on the role of the episode as a stage in the development of the conflict, which is important for understanding the ideological meaning of the work.
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev was born in 1818 and died in 1883.
Representative of the nobility. Was born in small town Eagle, but later moved to live in the capital. Turgenev was an innovator of realism. By profession, the writer was a philosopher. On his account there were many universities in which he entered, but not many managed to finish. He also traveled abroad and studied there.
At the beginning of his career, Ivan Sergeevich tried his hand at writing dramatic, epic and lyrical works. Being a romantic, Turgenev wrote especially carefully in the above areas. His characters feel like strangers in a crowd of people, lonely. The hero is even ready to admit his insignificance in front of the opinions of others.
Ivan Sergeevich was also an outstanding translator, and it was thanks to him that many Russian works were translated into a foreign way.
He spent the last years of his life in Germany, where he actively taught foreigners about Russian culture, in particular, about literature. During his lifetime, he achieved high popularity both in Russia and abroad. The poet died in Paris from a painful sarcoma. His body was brought to his homeland, where the writer was buried.
6th grade, 10th grade, 7th grade. Grade 5 Interesting facts from life
Biography by dates and Interesting Facts. The most important.
Other biographies:
- Vasily I Dmitrievich
The Grand Duke of Moscow was the successor of the family business - collecting the Russian land and overcoming feudal fragmentation. His reign was squeezed between the glorious deeds of his father, Dmitry Donskoy
- Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub
Ivan Kozhedub - Soviet pilot, hero Soviet Union, who fought during the Great Patriotic War, participated in the conflict on the Korean Peninsula.
- Lavr Kornilov
Lavr Kornilov - the greatest commander of the Russian army, participated in the First World War, one of the first founders of the detachments white movement in the Kuban.
- Cardinal Richelieu
In Paris, in the family of an important government official, on September 9, 1585, a son appeared, who was named Armand Jean du Plessis. He received his education at Navarre College.
- Zhitkov
Boris Stepanovich Zhitkov was a great writer who devoted all his works to children. Boris Zhitkov was not only a writer, but also a teacher. He was born in 882 on August 30, in the city of Novgorod.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a famous Russian prose writer, poet, classic of world literature, playwright, critic, memoirist and translator. Many outstanding works belong to his pen. The fate of this great writer will be discussed in this article.
Early childhood
Turgenev's biography (short in our review, but very rich in fact) began in 1818. The future writer was born on November 9 in the city of Oryol. His father, Sergei Nikolaevich, was a combat officer in a cuirassier regiment, but soon after Ivan's birth, he retired. The boy's mother, Varvara Petrovna, was a representative of a wealthy noble family. It was in the family estate of this imperious woman - Spasskoe-Lutovinovo - that the first years of Ivan's life passed. Despite her heavy unbending disposition, Varvara Petrovna was very enlightened and an educated person. She managed to instill in her children (in addition to Ivan, his older brother Nikolai was brought up in the family) a love for science and Russian literature.
Education
Elementary education future writer received at home. So that it could continue in a dignified manner, the Turgenev family moved to Moscow. Here, the biography of Turgenev (short) made a new round: the boy's parents went abroad, and he was kept in various boarding houses. At first he lived and was brought up in the institution of Weidenhammer, then in Krause. At the age of fifteen (in 1833), Ivan entered the Moscow State University at the Faculty of Literature. After the arrival of the eldest son Nikolai in the guards cavalry, the Turgenev family moved to St. Petersburg. Here the future writer became a student at a local university and began to study philosophy. In 1837 Ivan graduated from this educational institution.
Pen trial and further education
Turgenev's work for many is associated with writing prose works. However, Ivan Sergeevich originally planned to become a poet. In 1934, he wrote several lyrical works, including the poem "The Wall", which was appreciated by his mentor - P. A. Pletnev. Over the next three years, the young writer has already composed about a hundred poems. In 1838, several of his works were published in the famous Sovremennik (“To the Venus of Medicius”, “Evening”). The young poet was inclined to scientific activity and in 1838 went to Germany to continue his education at the University of Berlin. Here he studied Roman and Greek literature. Ivan Sergeevich quickly became imbued with the Western European way of life. A year later, the writer briefly returned to Russia, but already in 1840 he left his homeland again and lived in Italy, Austria and Germany. Turgenev returned to Spasskoe-Lutovinovo in 1841, and a year later he turned to the Moscow State University requesting that he be allowed to take the exam for a master's degree in philosophy. He was denied this.
Pauline Viardot
Ivan Sergeevich managed to get a scientific degree at St. Petersburg University, but by that time he had already lost interest in this kind of activity. In search of a worthy field in life in 1843, the writer entered the service of the ministerial office, but his ambitious aspirations quickly faded away. In 1843, the writer published the poem "Parasha", which impressed V. G. Belinsky. Success inspired Ivan Sergeevich, and he decided to devote his life to creativity. In the same year, Turgenev's biography (short) was marked by another fateful event: the writer met an outstanding French singer Pauline Viardot. Seeing the beauty opera house Petersburg, Ivan Sergeevich decided to get to know her. At first, the girl did not pay attention to the little-known writer, but Turgenev was so struck by the charm of the singer that he followed the Viardot family to Paris. For many years he accompanied Polina to her foreign tours despite the apparent disapproval of his relatives.
The heyday of creativity
In 1946, Ivan Sergeevich took an active part in updating the Sovremennik magazine. He meets Nekrasov, and he becomes his best friend. For two years (1950-1952) the writer is torn between foreign countries and Russia. Creativity Turgenev during this period began to gain serious momentum. The cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter" was almost completely written in Germany and glorified the writer throughout the world. In the next decade, the classic created a number of outstanding prose works: "The Nest of Nobles", "Rudin", "Fathers and Sons", "On the Eve". In the same period, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev quarreled with Nekrasov. Their controversy over the novel "On the Eve" ended in a complete break. The writer leaves Sovremennik and goes abroad.
Abroad
Turgenev's life abroad began in Baden-Baden. Here Ivan Sergeevich found himself in the very center of the Western European cultural life. He began to maintain relations with many world literary celebrities: Hugo, Dickens, Maupassant, France, Thackeray and others. The writer actively promoted Russian culture abroad. For example, in 1874 in Paris, Ivan Sergeevich, together with Daudet, Flaubert, Goncourt and Zola, organized the famous "bachelor dinners at five" in the capital's restaurants. The characterization of Turgenev during this period was very flattering: he turned into the most popular, famous and widely read Russian writer in Europe. In 1878, Ivan Sergeevich was elected vice-president of the International Literary Congress in Paris. Since 1877, the writer has been an honorary doctor of Oxford University.
Creativity of recent years
Turgenev's biography - brief but vivid - testifies that the long years spent abroad did not alienate the writer from Russian life and its pressing problems. He still writes a lot about his homeland. So, in 1867, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the novel "Smoke", which caused a large-scale public outcry in Russia. In 1877, the writer wrote the novel "Nov", which became the result of his creative reflections in the 1870s.
demise
For the first time, a serious illness that interrupted the writer's life made itself felt in 1882. Despite severe physical suffering, Ivan Sergeevich continued to create. A few months before his death, the first part of the book Poems in Prose was published. great writer died in 1883, September 3, in the suburbs of Paris. Relatives fulfilled the will of Ivan Sergeevich and transported his body to his homeland. The classic was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovo cemetery. IN last way he was accompanied by numerous admirers.
Such is the biography of Turgenev (short). This man devoted his whole life to his beloved work and forever remained in the memory of his descendants as an outstanding writer and famous public figure.
