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The concept of "art"

What is "art"? This term does not have a simple and intuitive understandable meaning. Most people understand this word completely different, contradictory meanings. And at the same time, it is a very important entity that surrounds us from all sides.

Let's try to figure it out. To begin with, let's look at the meaning of this word in the most popular source of information - in the Wikipedia computer encyclopedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art

Art(from "the temptations to create") - the process or result of the expression inner world in (artistic) imagery, the creative combination of elements in a way that reflects feelings or emotions.

For a long time, the view was considered art. cultural activity that satisfies a person's love for beauty. Along with the evolution of social aesthetic norms and assessments, any activity aimed at creating expressive forms in accordance with aesthetic ideals has gained the right to be called art.

On the scale of the whole society, art - special way knowledge and reflection of reality, one of the forms public consciousness and part of the spiritual culture both of man and of all mankind, the manifold result creative activity all generations.

The concept of art is extremely broad - it can manifest itself as an extremely developed skill in a particular area.

Agree, it is quite difficult to understand. As if they had specially encrypted and hidden the meaning from all the uninitiated. Now let's try to interpret this term in a human way: simpler and more concise.

Art is an instrument of culture

It jumps in the description keyword, but it is buried in a mass of nonsense. This important word- "culture". Art is the main instrument of culture. It is through culture that the term "art" is most easily understood.

Culture is what distinguishes a person from an animal, it is all the accumulated information of mankind, passed down from generation to generation. Animals are in constant development, passing changes to their descendants through genes. Mankind, in addition to genetic development, uses information development. People are born and die, but the information recorded by them remains forever in culture, and is constantly available to new generations. Art is concrete intellectual or physical objects through which culture is transmitted.

It is not necessary to understand culture only as something lyrical, opposed to scientific and technical. Official science is only one of the sections of culture. In science, information about the outside world is carefully dismantled, sorted, sorted into shelves, and turned into formulas. Culture contains not only formulas, but also poorly structured information that has not yet succumbed to scientific analysis. People have already seized on this information, but have not yet fully realized it, therefore they use not exact words to describe it, but numerous examples, situations, actions, similar images.

Doesn't it remind you of anything? This poorly structured information is what art is based on.

Art is the transmission of unstructured information.

Art filtering

Do you not like the stingy scientific formulation? Not surprising. For most people, the word "art" is clearly associated with such words as "beautiful", "creativity", "skill", "skill", "masterpiece", but not with the term "unstructured information". All this can be explained, a little more, by understanding the process of creating works of art.

Modern authors sometimes create things that are terrible in quality and content, but nevertheless they are considered part of the art. For real connoisseurs, these facts do not fit in the head. Art historians have even come up with special categories “contemporary art” and “ high art to separate one from the other. Good, kind, eternal should not be on a par with bad, evil and momentary.

But both are art. And there is no need to think that “modern” is a designation only for what has appeared in our 21st century. Obscene paintings, books, statues have been sold in the markets since time immemorial. Perhaps even in the Stone Age there were cave drawings of this kind. Only all these creations, aimed at meeting current needs, have not survived to this day. When the foam of modernity settles, everything temporary evaporates, leaving only the dry residue of the best masterpieces.

This is how art works: creators create works of the most different styles, directions, qualities, but only the best specimens - masterpieces - get into the treasury of culture. Masters of their craft are initially aimed at such a result - to leave a mark on culture, therefore they consider in their works eternal themes that will be relevant to both contemporaries and posterity. In the memory of people, unpleasant and insignificant events are quickly forgotten, for purely psycho-physiological reasons, only pleasant or vivid memories are remembered for a long time, giving emotional strength with every memory. That is why all classical works seem so wonderful to us, and for the same reason we associate the words "art" and "beautiful" together. The input filters of culture are arranged in such a way that only that which corresponds to universal human values ​​gets into it, contributes to further development humanity.

From this point of view, the entire dispute among art historians boils down to what part of art is considered art: the whole variety of unstructured information, or only that which has already passed through the filters of universal human values.

The pace of our lives is accelerating every year. The period by which it is possible to determine whether a work has become a classic has been reduced to literally 10-20 years. It is definitely necessary to separate the eternal from the momentary, but for this it is necessary to study both sides of art, and not fence off from modern trends. After all, it is we, the entire human community, who decide what descendants will watch, and what will be dissolved in the abyss of time. Every year more and more information appears, and less and less time is given to sort it. Because of this, strange and absurd works suddenly get high title classics. The structure and appreciation of the arts needs to be sorted out so that more people can participate in this process, and so that the cultural filters do their job as well as they did before the advent of the digital age.

Art is the ability to create beauty

Let's consider that same "filtered art" that will ultimately remain in the memory of mankind. To designate it, you can come up with a more elegant and concise formulation:

Art is the ability to create beauty Source of art - Creation(creation).
Art medium - skill(craft).
The purpose of art is beautiful(spiritual pleasure).

Only three words were needed for the definition, but at the same time, the whole meaning fits in them: both the source, and the means, and the goal.

There are also three actions that are important for art: comprehension new (to motivate creativity), expression thoughts and feelings (to use skill, skill), belief(to achieve the consciousness of connoisseurs). The first three components - the very essence of art, these other three components - do not belong to art, but are necessary for it. In pure, disinterested art, no special attention is ever paid to these actions. If, on the other hand, some element (comprehension, expression, conviction) is emphasized, then art becomes a tool for some other action, and ceases to be itself.

Emphasis on comprehension. The goal is the fame of the author, or the notification of the event described, the delivery of information (science, news, PR campaigns, advertising).
Emphasis on expression. The goal is the trust required to beliefs(deception, exploitation of human weaknesses).
Emphasis on persuasion. The goal is to impose one's values, one's point of view, change one's worldview (power, religion).

The figure shows a diagram of art in the form of a regular hexagon. In this diagram, one can notice one similarity, if we move counterclockwise: comprehension, creativity, expression, craft, persuasion, enjoyment. It resembles the cycle of any product: study, modeling, design, production, distribution, consumption. It turns out:

Art is the production cycle of goods for the soul

The hexagon is a closed figure, there is tension inside it. Each facet opposes its opposite facet.

Expression is opposed to pleasure.

Pleasure is a need, a craving for the beautiful and spiritual. An expression is a possibility, something that a person can do. Often there are not enough opportunities to meet the needs. To get new needs, you need to change the possibilities.

Craft is opposed to comprehension.

Production is focused on creating ready-made ideas, they are honed to the ideal, a lot of effort is invested in the finished production. Therefore, the emergence of new knowledge is not beneficial to production: everything will have to be rebuilt to fit new ideas, spending resources on it, and re-achieving the ideal. Changes in production never happen voluntarily, only under the pressure of external circumstances (example: the successful role of an actor closes all other roles for him, he is forced to play what he does best). To comprehend the new, you need to escape from the old.

Persuasion is opposed to creativity.

With the help of persuasion, the products of production are spread and fixed. "Persuasion" is as rigid a structure as "craft." It counteracts new creations, does not allow them to break through to the consumer. (example: real fans of a series of computer games are always met with hostility new game series, no matter how good it is). To create something new, you have to give up on the old.

This internal tension causes the entire system to almost always stand still. Only when one of the three elements of movement (enjoyment, comprehension, creativity) becomes stronger than its opposite (the elements of inertia: conviction, craft, expression), only then do changes occur in the entire cycle. Changes occur, and immediately the elements of inertia begin to stiffen again, until the next change.

Art goods

Now let's analyze what kind of "goods for the soul" art produces.

All goods of art are sensations with which a person perceives the world, namely: smells, tastes, touches, colors, movements, sounds, thoughts. In general, all our sensations about the world can be divided into two groups: sensations of form and sensations of movement. The sensation of color, which is at the junction of these two groups, gives us the most full information about the world.

As can be seen from the diagram, movement and form are two opposites of which the whole world consists. Perhaps consciousness is the third full-fledged component of the world, then again the scheme can be represented as a regular hexagon, but so far this does not work out, there are not enough facts. Try it, maybe you will be able to prove this theory.

Let's consider each sensation separately.

Smell - analysis chemical composition forms at a distance (using gas analysis (individual atoms detached from the analyzed object)).

Taste is a direct analysis of the chemical composition of the form.

Touch is the sensation of encountering form. But the form itself cannot be directly felt.

Acceleration - sensations when changing speed. If we are moving at a uniform constant speed, then there is simply nothing to feel it with. The sensation of the movement itself is inaccessible to consciousness.

Sound is the sensation of air density waves emitted as the form moves. In this case, the sound itself is a movement (wave). Hearing, which perceives sounds, as if analyzes the movements that have occurred around.

Thought - long-term analysis of movements. Represents assumptions about what movements can occur after a while. Assumptions are built on the basis of already happened movements (experience). The more experience, the more difficult and closer to the truth of thought. It's like a scent, but not for objects and their atoms, but for events and their consequences.

The movement of form is light. As mentioned above, we cannot directly feel the form and movement. Also, we cannot fully feel their merging - light. Only a small part of it (called color) is available for perception.

All motion sensations and color sensations are simulated by a human using a computer. Practically a new virtual world, for the completeness of which only the sensations of taste, smell, touch are missing. And people are constantly trying to make the virtual more and more like the real world.

God, who created the world, created man in his own image and likeness. The desire of a person to create and create is that part of God that he endowed us with, having which we become like gods. Art is a manifestation of the desire to create and create your own world like God. Previously, creators created only separate parts of the world they conceived, now well-coordinated teams of creators create entire invented worlds.

There is a general rule: “90% of everything that is created in the world is utter nonsense and not worth your attention”, this rule applies to art, and to all its types separately. In every form: in music, and in films, and in computer games - only about 10% of the works of all created are real masterpieces, everything else is 90% slag. There is nothing good in it, but it is necessary, slag is a dark background against which the remaining 10% of works shine with a bright light.

Classification, types and forms of arts

Let us analyze all the types of art created by mankind according to their composition of sensations.

We start viewing the scheme from the bottom up. We examine a person and highlight all his senses: nose (smell), tongue (taste), skin (touch), eyes (sight), ears (hearing). There is also something with which he evokes feelings: the whole body and mouth (vocal cords). Well, what eventually processes all the received feelings is the brain.

Encoding. All feelings can be encoded: a thought can be encoded into text, sound, movement, color and form; sound can be encoded into text or image; the shape is coded as a color; and in general, everything that has no form, everything that consists only of waves - color (as well as a form encoded in color), movement, sound, thought - everything can be encoded as a sequence of "0" and "1".

The nose perceives odors, and the only form of human activity that works on these senses is perfumery. It is very controversial to call perfumery an art, but it is quite possible to call it a lower art (as opposed to the expression "high art"). Odors in the physical sense are the recognition of chemical elements that are in a gaseous state.

The tongue perceives tastes, and again there is only one form of human activity that works on these feelings - cooking. But cooking is more complex, it involves the creation of smells, tastes, and shapes. The same applies to lower art. Taste in the physical sense is the recognition of chemical elements that are in any state, unlike smells, but only in close proximity.

The skin perceives the touch of other physical objects. The sense of form is used in design all varieties in fine arts, V sports(the art of sports can be attributed cybersport , military art). The form is directly felt only in close proximity, so most often its sensations are perceived at a distance using color coding.

The eyes perceive the color that carries most information about the environment. As already mentioned, form and movement are encoded in it, and all kinds of arts related to them also apply to color. But the main thing for the eyes is art, which, with the advent of special devices, was continued in the form photography art And animations.

At the junction of movements and sounds is theater. The sounds themselves are used in more complex types arts, and at the same time are subdivided according to their form into music , singing, speech. Speech - sounds that carry thought, includes calligraphy. But the main thing is what thoughts are embedded in this text. A special kind of thought is humor. The controversial moment, is it art at all? But in our country it's true special kind art. Includes such forms as jokes, parodies, jokes. The text is used in more complex forms: in literature(books) and press(newspapers, magazines), while images are additionally used in the form of photographs.

The higher in the diagram, the newer the media that store the works of art.

With the advent of videotape, the old art forms have been transformed. The theater has been transformed into movie. Musical compositions in video clips. The rest of the arts of movement and sound: animation, sports, dance, concerts - have not changed, but have become available in the form of recordings.

With the advent of computers and the binary storage system, most of the previous media (such as images, video, audio, text) can be encoded and stored in this binary system without modification. Some old art forms have been transformed into new ones on the computer: design + animation in modeling, text + move in programming. And already on the basis of these new arts, even more complex ones appeared - computer and video games(modeling (design, image, animation), theater (movement, sound, music, speech), programming (movement, text)) and sites(programming (movement, text), press, animation).

At the very top of the diagram are the mediators of information.

Designs, images and photographs can be found in the exhibitions.

Animations and films are created and replicated in film studios.

Musical compositions are replicated in music studios.

Literature and the press are replicated in book publishing houses.

Computer games are created and replicated in computer studios and publishing houses.

Television distributes everything that can be encoded in video.

Radio distributes everything that can be encoded in audio.

The Internet distributes everything that can be encoded into a binary system.

A more correct, but also more difficult to perceive scheme for the arts

Click on image to enlarge

Conclusion

Thus, computer games- a composite art form, consisting of many previous art forms. And the Internet is a huge public museum of almost everyone known species creativity.

The only difference from classical art is that this is new and not yet filtered information. Masterpieces on the Internet are placed on the same shelves next to low-grade works that will be forgotten in a week. So far, only a few specialists can understand the information diversity of the oversaturated market. We, on this site, will help you navigate the turbulent flow of the most modern art form.

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Based on the creative reproduction of the surrounding world in artistic images. In addition, in a broad sense, art can mean highest level skill in any field of activity, not even directly related to creativity (for example, in cooking, construction, martial arts, sports, etc.).

object(or subject) art is the world in general and man in particular, and the form of existence is a work of art as a result of creative activity. Piece of art - highest form the result of creativity.

Aims of Art:

• distribution of spiritual blessings;
• author's self-expression.

Functions of art.

1. Cognitive. Art acts as a source of information about the world or a person.
2. Educational. Art influences the moral and ideological development individual.
3. aesthetic. It reflects the spiritual need of a person for harmony and beauty. Forms the concept of beauty.
4. hedonistic. close to aesthetic function, but does not form the concept of aesthetics, but provides an opportunity for aesthetic enjoyment.
5. predictive. The function of trying to foresee the future.
6. Compensatory. Serves to restore psychological balance; often used by psychologists and psychotherapists (fans of the Dom-2 program compensate for the lack of their own personal life and emotions by watching it; although I would not classify this show as art).
7. Social. It can simply provide communication between people (communicative), or it can call for something (propaganda).
8. Entertaining(for example, popular culture).

Kinds of art.

Kinds of art are different - it all depends on what criterion they are classified by. The generally accepted classification considers three types of art.

1. art:
   • static (sculpture, painting, photography, decorative, etc.);
   • dynamic (for example, silent film, pantomime).

1. expressive art(or non-pictorial):
   • static (architecture and literature);
   • dynamic (music, dance art, choreography).
2. Spectacle art(theater, cinema, opera, circus).

Degree of application in everyday life art can be

• applied (decorative and applied);
• graceful (music).

By creation time:

• traditional (sculpture, literature);
• new (cinema, television, photography).

In terms of time-space:

• spatial (architecture);
• temporary (music);
• spatio-temporal (cinema, theater).

By the number of components used:

• simple (music, sculpture);
• complex (it is also synthetic: cinema, theater).

There are many classifications, and the definition and role of art is still an occasion for incessant disputes and discussions. The main thing is different. Art can destroy the human psyche or heal, corrupt or educate, oppress or give impetus to development. Task human society- to develop and encourage precisely the "light" types of art.

The concept of "art" is known to everyone. It surrounds us throughout our lives. art plays big role in the development of mankind. It appeared long before the creation of writing. From our article you can learn about the role and tasks.

What is art? general information

The concept of "art" is quite multifaceted. Usually, it means a branch of human activity that can satisfy one spiritual need, namely the love of beauty. Art is special form public consciousness. That is the artistic reflection. human life. Thanks to him, you can find out how people lived in that other time period.

The very first author who revealed the concept of "art" was Charles Batyo. He created a whole treatise in which he classified this branch of human activity. His book The Fine Arts Reduced to One Principle was published in 1746. Charles Batyo believes that they can be identified according to several criteria. The author is sure that art brings pleasure, and also it has a spiritual, not bodily character.

The concept of "art" includes painting, music, poetry, architecture and much more that we encounter on a daily basis. Any kind artistic activity has certain positive qualities. Each area of ​​art has a special way of reproducing reality and artistic tasks. All types of artistic activity are divided into genera and genres.
Usually art is divided into three groups:

• tonic (music and poetry);
• figurative (architecture, painting and sculpture);
• mixed (choreography, acting skills, oratory and others).

There are various types of art:

• spatial, in which, thanks to the construction, a visible image is revealed (sculpture, architecture);
• temporary, in which the composition unfolding in real time (poetry, music) acquires significance;
• spatio-temporal - performing arts (circus show, cinema, choreography).

Graphic arts

Graphic art is a type that includes drawing and printed graphics of images (engraving, minotopia, etc.). Her means of expression- outline, stroke, background and spot. It is known that this is the most popular type of fine art. In terms of content and form, graphics have much in common with painting.

Engraving is a type of graphics in which the drawing is a printed impression. It is applied with a special engraver. Engraving can be depicted on metal, wood and linoleum.

Another popular type of graphics is a special type of flat printing, in which the surface of a stone serves as a printing plate. This type invented in 1798. The image is applied to the stone using a special ink or pencil.

The art of graphics is the most ancient of all existing. The first images exist from Neolithic times and bronze age. Our ancestors carved a pattern on the walls of caves and rocks. After some time, images were applied to weapons and household items. After the appearance of writing, graphics were used in the design of letters, books and letters.

Methods for copying drawings were unknown for many years. That is why all images were created in a single copy. It's no secret that today graphic drawings sought after by collectors.

In the middle of the 20th century, specialists began to develop the technique of black and white graphics. More than 20 variants of graphic texture were created. Training manuals have been published. Today, graphics occupies a leading place in art.

Bento

Bento is unusual art for children and adults. It's no secret that many parents do not know how to teach their child to healthy eating. Today on store shelves there is big choice harmful and even dangerous food. A new art form, bento, can come to the rescue. It appeared in China. The Chinese call this term the food that they pack in special boxes and take with them to study or work. Bento is a work of art that can be eaten. Talented housewives and cooks create figurines and small paintings. The main difference between such food is the balance and the presence of a large amount of vitamins. The Chinese create an edible work of art only from wholesome food.

Bento is an art for children and adults, thanks to which the child will enjoy eating healthy foods. It is not yet so popular with us, but several masters who have mastered this technique are already known.

The influence of art on the consciousness and life of a child. How to explain modern works of art to a child?

Art plays an important role in the life of a child and the development of his personality. Today, absolutely every person should have at least basic knowledge about a particular field of activity. Society is developing rapidly, and therefore each person must be multifaceted. Many modern parents try to instill in their child a love of art as early as possible. For this, a considerable number of upbringing methods have been developed that can be used from the first months of a child's life.

The child receives the concept of art forms at school. Usually parents, teachers and educators pay a lot of attention to writing, reading, counting and other subjects for which the left hemisphere brain. To develop the right one, you will need to study music, dance and other arts. It is important to develop both hemispheres of the brain in order to become a fully formed personality in the future.

Thanks to the development of art in a child:

• personality is formed;
• the level of intellectual potential increases;
• moral guidelines are formed;
• the ability of creative thinking develops;
• self-confidence and self-esteem increase;
• develops memory and attention;
• horizons are expanding.

In order to introduce a child to art, it is important first of all to organize a zone in which all the materials necessary for creative activity will be stored. You will need to have several art books at home. From early childhood, the child needs to read them. It is important to discuss everything learned. To get acquainted with art, you will need to visit museums, galleries, theaters and exhibitions with your child at least once a month. In no case should you throw away drawings, applications and crafts created by the hands of children. Thanks to them, you can see creative growth child. It is also important to enroll him in a thematic circle as soon as possible, classes in which he will like.

Some works contemporary art cause bewilderment on the part of not only children, but also adults. It is not uncommon for a particular child to not understand the architecture that was designed by the modernists. It is important to explain to the student that any work of art - milestone in the development of mankind.

Many questions for children abstract paintings. There are a number of special editions that parents can use to show their child how difficult it is to create such a work of art. One of them is Kandinsky himself.

Often children are interested in whether it is possible to compare modern and primitive art. You can find out this and much more in our article.

Art. The history of its development in Russia

Known a large number of diversified different types arts. Each of them has its own characteristics and advantages. Almost everyone knows what fine art is. Children are introduced to it at an early age.

This is a kind of artistic activity, thanks to which the master can, with the help of special tools, reproduce the world around him. Its history in Russia is divided into two periods, the boundary of which was marked by the Petrine reforms. B was closely associated with icon veneration. Icons had their own peculiar art style. The purpose of such works of art is to show prayerful composure and tranquility in communion with God. This is what explains the presence in the icons of the presence of some artistic means. Over time, the masters mastered the opening of schools of icon painting. The most famous work is considered to be "Trinity" by A. Rublev. Icons of the 15th-16th centuries are distinguished by the harmony of colors.

In the 17th century, the icons of "Fryazhsky writing" were popular. They are characterized by elements Western European painting, namely oil paints, likeness of black and white modeling, accurate images of people and nature. Interest in the icon as a work of art arises only in the 19th century.

Old Russian sculpture existed in the form of stone and wood carvings. Most often, the masters depicted images of saints. Particular attention was paid to the face. In the 18th and 19th centuries, sculptors and painters from other countries were in demand. After some time, domestic masters became popular.

In the 18th century, it becomes most popular. It is characterized by the severity of the drawing, the conventionality of color and the use of scenes from the Bible and mythology. Thus, national art was gradually born.

In 1860-1880, the first galleries were opened, and domestic masters became famous all over the world. Gradually, new trends emerge. Each of them took important place in the formation of cultural heritage. In the 18th and 19th centuries, mankind not only knew what fine art was, but also actively used it.

Themes covered in art

Surprisingly, all the themes and problems that the masters reveal in their works of art have been relevant for many centuries. The ancient Romans argued that art, unlike human life, is eternal. This is no coincidence. Themes in art illuminate social problems that are often encountered today. That is why they are of great value to mankind. Masters often reveal the theme of love, nature and friendship in their works.

Over time, trends in art change and new masters appear, but the themes and images remain unchanged. That is why any work remains relevant for many years.

Art and its role

The role of art in the life of society is invaluable. It is based on an artistic and figurative reflection of reality. Art shapes spiritual view people, their feelings, thoughts and worldview. Figurative recreation of reality creates our personality. Art helps to develop and improve oneself. And also to know the world around you and yourself.

Art is cultural heritage. Thanks to works of art, you can find out how people lived at one time or another. IN Lately various art techniques are especially popular. Through art, you can learn to control yourself. By creating an art object, you can forget about problems and get rid of depression.

Art and its tasks

Maxim Gorky believed that the tasks of art are the moral and aesthetic evaluation of all essential phenomena. The writer said that thanks to this, one can learn to understand oneself, fight vulgarity, be able to understand people and find something good in them. Today, three functions of artistic activity are known. The tasks of art are research, journalism and education. Masters believe that the function of artistic activity is to bring beauty into the souls and hearts of people. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol argued that the task of art is to depict reality.

Modern and primitive art

Many are interested, At first glance, this is impossible. However, it is not. If we perceive art as a way of self-expression of the individual, then both modern and primitive are on the same plane. Comparing them, you can understand how the perception of a person has changed.

Human thinking has become more abstract. This indicates the active development of the intellect. Over time, a person has changed priorities and today perceives life differently than primitive ancestors. Previously, craftsmen were interested in the appearance of an object and its shape, but now leading role emotions are involved in the works. This difference has existed since the end of the 19th century.

Summing up

important with early age to develop not only the left, but also right hemisphere brain. To do this, you need to do art. It is especially important to pay due attention to the creative development of the child. We strongly recommend doing this from the first years of his life. Not everyone understands the role, tasks and types of art. Briefly described information in our article allows you to get basic knowledge about various artistic fields of activity.

Experts give different definitions to the term “art”, since it is impossible to fit all the huge meaning that this word carries in one concept, one phrase. It performs a lot of useful functions for mankind. Art forms spiritual values ​​and brings up the understanding of beauty.

What is art

Again, there are several definitions of the concept of "art". First of all, this is a high level of human skill in any field of activity. If explained in more detail, then it can be called the ability to creatively reproduce reality with the help of aesthetic artistic images, objects, actions. The main types of art are the spiritual culture of society.

The subject of art is a set of relations between the world and man. The form of existence is a work of art, the means of manifestation of which can be a word, sound, color, volume. The main goal of art is the self-expression of the creator with the help of his work, which is created to evoke emotions, experiences, aesthetic pleasure in the contemplator.

Various types of art, the classification table of which shows their division into types, use imagination and illusoryness instead of strict unambiguous concepts. In human life, it acts as a means of communication, enrichment with knowledge, education of values, as well as a source of aesthetic joys.

The main functions of art

Types of art (their table is presented below) exist in the world to perform certain social functions:

1. Aesthetic. Reproduction of reality according to the laws of beauty. Influence on the formation of aesthetic taste, the ability to live and feel emotions. The ability to distinguish between the sublime and the standard, the beautiful and the ugly.
2. Social. Ideological influence on society, transformation of social reality.
3. Compensatory. Solving psychological problems, Recovery peace of mind and balance. Detachment from the gray reality and everyday life by compensating for the lack of harmony and beauty.
4. Hedonistic. The ability to bring positive emotions through the contemplation of beauty.
5. Cognitive. The study and knowledge of reality with the help of which are sources of information about the processes of the public.
6. Prognostic. The ability to predict and predict the future.
7. Educational. Influence on the formation of personality and moral development of a person.

Classification of art forms

Art does not have a single form of embodiment. In this regard, it is classified according to various criteria into genres, genera, species, subspecies. There is no one generally accepted system, so art is divided into groups according to certain factors.

Dynamics is one of the criteria by which art forms are classified. The table posted in this article shows how the types of creativity are divided according to this scheme. So, according to the dynamics, art is divided into:

Temporary (dynamic);

Spatial (plastic);

Space-time (synthetic).

In accordance with the emotions expressed and the feelings evoked, it is divided into genres: comedy, tragedy, drama, etc.

The types of art are also determined by the materials used:

Traditional - paints, clay, metal, plaster, wood, granite, canvas;

Modern - electrical engineering, computers;

The main classification system distinguishes the main 5 types of art, each of which additionally has several subspecies:

Applied (labor);

Fine;

Spectacular (game);

Sound;

Verbal.

For an illustrative example, a summary table is provided for your attention, which contains all the main types of art.

Temporary	Sound
	verbal	Literature
Spatio-temporal	Spectacular
		Choreography
		A television
	Applied	Decorative and applied
		Architecture
Spatial	Fine	Photo
		Painting
		Sculpture

Literature

material carrier literary style Art is a word with which artistic images and written texts are created. It can reflect the epic narrative of certain events, the lyrical revelation of the inner world and the experience of the author, the dramatic reproduction of the actions that took place.

The literature is divided into:

historical;

scientific;

educational;

Artistic.

Reference.

The genres of works are determined by type, form, content.

Music

There is also art capable of conveying emotions in an audible form - music. It is the embodiment of artistic images, ideas, emotional experiences with the help of silence and sound organized in a special way. It's latching replay and music notation art. Music, depending on the functions, is divided into religious, military, dance, theatrical. According to the performance, it can be: instrumental, electronic, vocal, choral, chamber. Main musical genres and directions are:

Variety;

Alternative;

non-European;

ethnic;

Popular;

classical;

Avant-garde.

Applied (labor) arts

Applied arts (the table also calls them spatial) include architecture and

Architecture helps shape the spatial environment. With its help, the design and construction of various structures is carried out. It helps to make the buildings that people need correspond to their spiritual needs.

Architecture is closely related to the development of engineering and technology, so it can be used to judge scientific achievements and artistic features. different eras. Among the most famous historical styles of buildings are baroque, modern, classicism, renaissance, gothic. Depending on the purpose of the structures, architecture is divided into public, industrial, residential, landscape gardening, etc.

Decorative and applied art is a creative activity aimed at creating objects that simultaneously satisfy the artistic, aesthetic and everyday needs of people. Decorative and applied art to some extent has a national and ethnic character. Among its main types are: knitting, embroidery, lace-making, pyrography, origami, quilling, ceramics, carpet weaving, artistic painting and processing of various materials, etc. Products are made using various materials and technologies.

Fine Arts

Photography, sculpture, painting, graphics as an art form that uses an image, clearly show reality in art forms that are tangible to the eye.

Painting is a color reflection of reality on a plane. This is one of oldest species art. Depending on the subject of the picture, there are such historical, battle, mythological, animalistic, still life, landscape, portrait, household.

Graphics as an art form is the creation of a drawing with a line on a sheet or with a cutter on a hard material, followed by an imprint on paper. This type of creativity, depending on the method of applying the drawing, is divided into subspecies: engraving, bookplate, poster, woodcut, lithography, linocut, etching, printmaking. There are also book industrial and computer graphics.

Photography is the art of documenting a visual image, which is carried out with the help of a technical means. It has almost the same genres as painting.

Sculpture - the creation of three-dimensional three-dimensional With the help of this art, relief and round images are created. By size it is divided into easel, monumental, decorative.

Spectacular (playing) arts

Spectacular arts are aimed not only at but also at entertaining people. Just a person is the main object through which the spectacular art is conveyed to the viewer. It has several directions.

Choreography is the art of dance. It is the construction of images with the help of plastic movements. Dances are divided into ballroom, ritual, folk, modern. choreographic art ballet is built on musical and dance images, which are based on a certain plot.

Cinema is a synthesis of certain types of arts - theater, dance, literature. It has many genres (comedy, drama, thriller, action movie, melodrama) and subspecies (documentary, feature, series).

Circus - a demonstration of entertaining performances. Includes clowning, acrobatics, reprise, pantomime, magic tricks, etc.

Theater, like cinema, consists in combining several types of creativity - music, literature, vocals, fine arts, choreography. It can be dramatic, operatic, puppet, ballet.

Estrada is the art of small forms, which has a popular and entertaining orientation. Includes choreography, vocals, colloquial genre and others.

Mankind has been creating and studying art for centuries. It is the greatest spiritual and cultural asset of society, plays a huge role in its development and improvement.

The concept of art

Word " art" both in Russian and in many other languages ​​it is used in two senses:

• V narrow sense it specific form practical-spiritual exploration of the world;
• V wide- the highest level of skill, skills, regardless of the way in which they are manifested (the art of a stove-maker, doctor, baker, etc.).

- a special subsystem of the spiritual sphere of society, which is a creative reproduction of reality in artistic images.

Originally called art a high degree skill in something. This meaning of the word is still present in the language when we talk about the art of a doctor or teacher, about martial art or oratory. Later, the concept of "art" began to be increasingly used to describe a special activity aimed at reflecting and transforming the world in accordance with aesthetic standards, i.e. according to the laws of beauty. At the same time, the original meaning of the word has been preserved, since the highest skill is required to create something beautiful.

Subject The arts are the world and man in the totality of their relations with each other.

Form of Existence art - a work of art (poem, painting, play, film, etc.).

Art also uses special means for reproduction of reality: for literature it is a word, for music it is sound, for fine art it is color, for sculpture it is volume.

Target art is dual: for the creator it is artistic self-expression, for the viewer it is the enjoyment of beauty. In general, beauty is as closely connected with art as truth with science and goodness with morality.

Art is important component spiritual culture of mankind, a form of knowledge and reflection human environment reality. In terms of the potential for understanding and transforming reality, art is not inferior to science. However, the ways of understanding the world by science and art are different: if science uses strict and unambiguous concepts for this, then art -.

Art, as an independent and as a branch of spiritual production, grew out of the production of the material, was originally woven into it as an aesthetic, but purely utilitarian moment. an artist by nature, and he strives to bring beauty everywhere in one way or another. The aesthetic activity of a person is constantly manifested in everyday life, social life, and not only in art. going on aesthetic exploration of the world a public person.

Functions of art

Art performs a number public functions.

Functions of art can be summarized as follows:

• aesthetic function allows you to reproduce reality according to the laws of beauty, forms an aesthetic taste;
• social function manifested in the fact that art has an ideological impact on society, thereby transforming social reality;
• compensatory functions allows you to restore peace of mind, to solve psychological problems, "escape" for a while from the gray everyday life, to compensate for the lack of beauty and harmony in everyday life;
• hedonic function reflects the ability of art to bring pleasure to a person;
• cognitive function allows you to know reality and analyze it with the help of artistic images;
• predictive function reflects the ability of art to make predictions and predict the future;
• educational function manifested in the ability of works of art to shape a person's personality.

cognitive function

First of all, this cognitive function. Works of art are valuable sources of information about complex social processes.

Of course, not everyone in the surrounding world is interested in art, and if they are, then to a different degree, and the very approach of art to the object of its knowledge, the angle of its vision is very specific compared to other forms of social consciousness. The main object of knowledge in art has always been and remains. That is why art in general and in particular fiction called humanism.

educational function

Educational function - the ability to have an important impact on the ideological and moral development of a person, its self-improvement or fall.

And yet, cognitive and educational functions are not specific to art: other forms of social consciousness also perform these functions.

aesthetic function

The specific function of art, which makes it art in the true sense of the word, is its aesthetic function.

Perceiving and comprehending a work of art, we do not simply assimilate its content (like the content of physics, biology, mathematics), but let this content pass through the heart, emotions, give sensually concrete images created by the artist an aesthetic assessment as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base. , tragic or comic. Art forms in us the ability to give such aesthetic assessments, to distinguish the truly beautiful and sublime from all kinds of ersatz.

hedonic function

Cognitive, educational and aesthetic are merged in art together. Thanks to the aesthetic moment, we enjoy the content of a work of art, and it is in the process of enjoyment that we are enlightened and educated. In this regard, they talk about hedonistic(translated from Greek - pleasure) functions art.

For many centuries in the socio-philosophical and aesthetic literature the debate continues about the relationship between beauty in art and reality. This reveals two main positions. According to one of them (in Russia it was supported by N. G. Chernyshevsky), the beautiful in life is always and in all respects higher than the beautiful in art. In this case, art appears as a copy of the typical characters and objects of reality itself and a surrogate for reality. Obviously, an alternative concept is preferable (G. V. F. Hegel, A. I. Herzen and others): the beautiful in art is higher than the beautiful in life, since the artist sees more accurately and deeper, feels stronger and brighter, and that is why he can inspire with his the art of others. Otherwise (being a surrogate or even a duplicate), society would not need art.

works of art, being the substantive embodiment of human genius, become the most important spiritual and values ​​that are passed down from generation to generation, the property of the aesthetic society. Mastery of culture, aesthetic education is impossible without familiarization with art. The works of art of past centuries capture the spiritual world of thousands of generations, without mastering which a person cannot become a person in the true sense of the word. Each person is a kind of bridge between the past and the future. He must master what the past generation left him, creatively comprehend his spiritual experience, understand his thoughts, feelings, joys and sufferings, ups and downs, and pass it all on to posterity. This is the only way history moves, and in this movement a huge army belongs to art, expressing complexity and richness. spiritual world person.

Kinds of art

The primary form of art was a special syncretic(undivided) complex of creative activity. For primitive man there was no separate music, or literature, or theater. Everything was merged together in a single ritual action. Later, from this syncretic action began to stand out certain types art.

Kinds of art are historical forms artistic reflection world, using special means to build an image - sound, color, body movement, word, etc. Each art form has its own special varieties- genera and genres, which together provide a variety of artistic attitudes to reality. Let us briefly consider the main types of art and some of their varieties.

Literature uses verbal and written means to build images. There are three main types of literature - drama, epic and lyricism and numerous genres - tragedy, comedy, novel, story, poem, elegy, short story, essay, feuilleton, etc.

Music uses sound means. Music is divided into vocal (intended for singing) and instrumental. Genres of music - opera, symphony, overture, suite, romance, sonata, etc.

Dance uses means of plastic movements to build images. Allocate ritual, folk, ballroom,

modern dances, ballet. Directions and styles of dance - waltz, tango, foxtrot, samba, polonaise, etc.

Painting displays reality on a plane by means of color. Genres of painting - portrait, still life, landscape, as well as everyday, animalistic (image of animals), historical genres.

Architecture forms a spatial environment in the form of structures and buildings for human life. It is divided into residential, public, landscape gardening, industrial, etc. Allocate also architectural styles- Gothic, Baroque, Rococo, Art Nouveau, Classicism, etc.

Sculpture creates works of art that have volume and three-dimensional shape. Sculpture is round (bust, statue) and relief (convex image). The size is divided into easel, decorative and monumental.

Arts and Crafts related to application needs. This includes art objects that can be used in everyday life - dishes, fabrics, tools, furniture, clothes, jewelry, etc.

Theater organizes a special stage action through the play of actors. The theater can be dramatic, opera, puppet, etc.

Circus presents a spectacular and entertaining action with unusual, risky and funny numbers in a special arena. These are acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, horse riding, juggling, magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, animal training and so on.

Movie is a development theatrical action based on modern technical audiovisual means. The types of cinematography include fiction, documentary films, animation. The genres are comedies, dramas, melodramas, adventure movies, detectives, thrillers, etc.

Photo captures documentary visual images with the help of technical means- optical and chemical or digital. The genres of photography correspond to the genres of painting.

Stage includes small forms performing arts- dramaturgy, music, choreography, illusions, circus numbers, original performances, etc.

TO listed species art can add graphics, radio art, etc.

In order to show common features different types of art and their differences, various grounds for their classification are proposed. So, there are types of art:

• by the number of means used - simple (painting, sculpture, poetry, music) and complex, or synthetic (ballet, theater, cinema);
• according to the ratio of works of art and reality - pictorial, depicting reality, copying it, ( realistic painting, sculpture, photography), and expressive, where the fantasy and imagination of the artist create new reality(ornament, music);
• in relation to space and time - spatial (fine arts, sculpture, architecture), temporal (literature, music) and space-time (theatre, cinema);
• by the time of occurrence - traditional (poetry, dance, music) and new (photography, cinema, television, video), usually using rather complex technical means to build an image;
• according to the degree of applicability in everyday life - applied (arts and crafts) and fine (music, dance).

Each type, genus or genre reflects a special side or facet of human life, but brought together, these components of art give a comprehensive art picture peace.

Need in artistic creativity or enjoyment of works of art increases with growth cultural level person. Art becomes the more necessary, the further a person is separated from the animal state.