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And Bunin's features of creativity are dark alleys. Questions, fates and interweaving of stories in Bunin's cycle "dark alleys"

And Bunin's features of creativity are dark alleys. Questions, fates and interweaving of stories in Bunin's cycle "dark alleys"

19.03.2019

Book " Dark alleys"Belongs to the masterpieces of world literature, the writer worked on it from 1937 to 1949. The fate of the book was difficult, it was first published in 1943 in New York with a circulation of 600 copies (11 out of 20 works were included in it). Only in 1946 did the Paris edition of the book (38 works) come out. For Bunin, the theme of love and the themes of life and death associated with it were fundamental. In his works, the beautiful and the tragic were merged into one. Responding to critics' reproaches about the naturalism of the works, Bunin wrote: "Their content is not at all frivolous, but tragic." This whole book was called after the first story "Dark Alleys".

And all the stories in this book are only about love, about its dark and, most often, gloomy and cruel alleys. In the stories of the Dark Alleys cycle, poetic and prose elements are synthesized, they constantly interact. This book is a complex genre formation with the equivalence of epic and lyrical beginnings. The epic beginning is realized through plot construction works, the dynamics of the meeting, parting, and lyrical, as due to internal monologue hero, and due to the appeal to the very theme of love, actualization landscape descriptions. The works included in the cycle "Dark Alleys" are defined as short stories or short stories. The plot of the story "Dark Alleys" is based on the meeting of Nikolai Alexandrovich and Nadezhda on one of the "big Tula roads". “Two truths” collide in the text: Nikolai Aleksandrovich: “Over the years, everything passes: love and youth”; Hopes: “Youth passes for everyone, but love does not.” N. A. “Thirty years ago he could not step over his position,” that is, through the present that makes up his life, but fate was strict with him: he was not happy; It turns out that the present of a person is determined by the past.

N.A. thought that he “lost in her the most precious thing that he found in life.” The movement of time is constant, but it has no power over people's memory. The past remains with a person while he is alive, the tragedy of anyone in the short duration of his earthly existence, so you need to appreciate those few happy moments that gives life.

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Bunin's cycle of short stories "Dark Alleys" is the best written by the author in his entire creative career. Despite the simplicity and accessibility of Bunin's style, the analysis of the work requires special knowledge. The work is studied in the 9th grade at the lessons of literature, its detailed analysis will be useful in preparing for the exam, writing creative papers, test items drawing up a story plan. We suggest that you familiarize yourself with our version of the analysis of “Dark Alleys” according to the plan.

Brief analysis

Year of writing– 1938.

History of creation The story was written in exile. Homesickness, bright memories, escape from reality, war and famine - served as an impetus for writing the story.

Subject- love lost, forgotten in the past; broken fates, Theme Of Choice And Its Consequences.

Composition- traditional for a short story, a story. Comprises three parts: arrival of the general, meeting with ex-lover and hasty departure.

Genre- short story (novella).

Direction- realism.

History of creation

In "Dark Alleys" the analysis will be incomplete without the history of the creation of the work and knowledge of some details of the writer's biography. In the poem by N. Ogaryov “ ordinary story” borrowed by Ivan Bunin the image of dark alleys. This metaphor impressed the writer so much that he endowed it with his own special meaning and made it the title of a cycle of stories. All of them are united by one theme - bright, fateful, memorable for a lifetime of love.

The work, included in the cycle of stories of the same name (1937-1945), was written in 1938, when the author was in exile. During the Second World War, hunger and poverty persecuted all the inhabitants of Europe, French city Grasse is no exception. That's where everything is written. the best works Ivan Bunin. Return to memories of great times youth, inspiration and creative work gave strength to the author to survive the separation from his homeland and the horrors of war. These eight years away from home have become the most productive and most important in creative career Bunin. Mature age, wonderful beauty landscapes, rethinking historical events And life values- became the impetus for the creation of the main work word master.

In the most terrible times, the best, subtle, poignant stories about love were written - the cycle "Dark Alleys". In the soul of every person there are places where he looks infrequently, but with special trepidation: the brightest memories, the most “dear” experiences are stored there. It was these “dark alleys” that the author had in mind when giving the title to his book and story of the same name. The story was first published in New York in 1943 in the publication “ new earth”.

Subject

Leading theme- the theme of love. Not only the story “Dark Alleys”, but all the works of the cycle are based on this wonderful feeling. Bunin, summing up his life, was firmly convinced that love is the best thing that can be given to a person in life. It is the essence, the beginning and the meaning of everything: tragic or happy story- there is no difference. If this feeling flashed through a person's life, it means that he did not live it in vain.

Human destinies, the irreversibility of events, the choice that had to be regretted are the leading motives in Bunin's story. The one who loves always wins, he lives and breathes his love, it gives him the strength to move on.

Nikolai Alekseevich, who made his choice in favor of common sense, only at the age of sixty he understands that his love for Nadezhda was the best event in his life. The theme of choice and its consequences is clearly revealed in the plot of the story: a person lives his life with the wrong people, remains unhappy, fate returns the betrayal and deceit that he allowed in his youth in relation to a young girl.

The conclusion is obvious: happiness consists in living in harmony with your feelings, and not in defiance of them. The problem of choice and responsibility for one's own and others' fate is also touched upon in the work. The issue is broad enough, despite the small volume of the story. It is interesting to note the fact that in Bunin's stories, love and marriage are practically incompatible: emotions are swift and vivid, they arise and disappear as quickly as everything in nature. social status has no meaning where love reigns. It equalizes people, makes meaningless ranks and estates - love has its own priorities and laws.

Composition

Compositionally, the story can be divided into three parts.

The first part: the arrival of the hero at the inn (descriptions of nature and the surrounding area predominate here). Meeting with a former lover - the second semantic part - mainly consists of a dialogue. In the last part, the general leaves the inn - running from his own memories and his past.

Main events- the dialogue between Nadezhda and Nikolai Alekseevich is built on two absolutely opposite views on life. She lives with love, finding consolation and joy in it, keeps the memories of her youth. In the mouth of this wise woman the author puts the idea of the story - what the work teaches us: "everything passes, but not everything is forgotten." In this sense, the characters are opposite in their views, old general several times mentions that “everything passes”. This is how his life passed, meaningless, joyless, wasted. Criticism took the cycle of stories enthusiastically, despite its courage and frankness.

Main characters

Genre

Dark alleys belongs to the genre of the story, some researchers of Bunin's work tend to consider them short stories.

The theme of love, unexpected abrupt endings, tragic and dramatic plots - all this is typical for Bunin's works. It should be noted that the lion's share of lyricism in the story - emotions, past, experiences and spiritual quest. General lyrical direction - distinguishing feature Bunin's stories. The author has a unique ability - in small epic genre fit a huge time period, reveal the soul of the character and make the reader think about the most important thing.

The artistic means used by the author are always varied: accurate epithets, vivid metaphors, comparisons and personifications. The technique of parallelism is also close to the author, quite often nature emphasizes state of mind characters.

I. A. Bunin is the first of the Russian writers who received Nobel Prize, who has achieved popularity and fame at the world level, has fans and associates, but ... deeply unhappy, because since 1920 he was cut off from his homeland and yearned for her. All the stories of the period of emigration are imbued with a sense of melancholy and nostalgia.

Inspired by the lines of the poem “An Ordinary Tale” by N. Ogarev: “All around the scarlet rose hips bloomed / There was an alley of dark lindens,” Ivan Bunin conceived the idea to write a cycle of love stories about thin human feelings. Love is different, but it's always strong feeling that changes the lives of heroes.

The story "Dark Alleys": a summary

The story "Dark Alleys", of the same name to the cycle and being the main one, was published on October 20, 1938 in the New York edition of "New Earth". Main character, Nikolai Alekseevich, accidentally meets Nadezhda, whom he seduced and abandoned many years ago. For the hero then it was just an affair with a serf girl, but the heroine seriously fell in love and carried this feeling through her whole life. After the novel, the girl got her freedom, began to earn her own living herself, currently owns an inn and "gives money on interest." Nikolai Alekseevich ruined Nadezhda's life, but was punished: his beloved wife left him as meanly as he himself had once done, and his son grew up a scoundrel. The heroes part, now forever, Nikolai Alekseevich understands what kind of love he missed. However, the hero, even in his thoughts, cannot overcome social conventions and imagine what would have happened if he had not abandoned Nadezhda.

Bunin, "Dark Alleys" - audiobook

Listening to the story "Dark Alleys" is unusually pleasant, because the poetic nature of the author's language is also manifested in prose.

The image and characteristics of the protagonist (Nikolai)

The image of Nikolai Alekseevich causes antipathy: this person does not know how to love, he sees only himself and public opinion. He is afraid of himself, of Hope, no matter what happens. But if everything is outwardly decent, you can do whatever you like, for example, break the heart of a girl for whom no one will intercede. Life punished the hero, but did not change him, did not add firmness of spirit. His image personifies the habit, everyday life.

The image and characteristics of the main character (Hope)

Much stronger is Nadezhda, who was able to survive the shame of an affair with a “master” (although she wanted to lay hands on herself, she got out of this state), and also managed to learn how to earn money on her own, and in an honest way. The coachman Klim notes the mind and justice of a woman, she “gives money at interest” and “gets richer”, but does not profit from the poor, but is guided by justice. Hope, despite the tragedy of her love, kept her in her heart for many years, forgave her offender, but did not forget. Her image is the soul, sublimity, which is not in origin, but in personality.

The main idea and main theme of the story "Dark Alleys"

Love in Bunin's "Dark Alleys" is a tragic, fatal, but no less important and wonderful feeling. It becomes eternal, because it remains forever in the memory of both heroes, it was the most precious and bright in their lives, although gone forever. If a person has ever loved like Nadezhda, he has already experienced happiness. Even if this love ended tragically. The life and fate of the heroes of the story "Dark Alleys" would be completely empty and sulfur without such a bitter and sick, but still amazing and bright feeling, which is a kind of litmus test that checks human personality for strength of mind and moral purity. Hope passes this test, but Nikolai does not. This is the idea of the work. You can read more about the theme of love in the work here:

Collection of short stories "Dark Alleys" by I.A. Bunin wrote away from his homeland, being in France and worrying about the consequences October revolution And difficult years First World War. The works included in this cycle are filled with motifs tragic fate person, the inevitability of events and longing for native land. The central theme of the collection of short stories "Dark Alleys" is love, which turns out to be closely associated with suffering and a fatal outcome.

Central to understanding the writer's intent is story of the same name collection "Dark Alleys". It was written in 1938 under the influence of a poem by N.P. Ogaryov "An Ordinary Tale", where the image of dark alleys is used, as well as philosophical thoughts L.N. Tolstoy that happiness in life is unattainable, and a person catches only his "lightning" that needs to be appreciated.

Analysis of the work of I.A. Bunin "Dark alleys"

The plot of the work is based on the meeting of two already elderly people after many years of separation. To be precise, the story refers to 35 years from last parting. Nikolai Alekseevich arrives at the inn, where he is met by the hostess Nadezhda. The woman calls the hero by name, and he recognizes his former lover in her.

Has since passed whole life, which loved ones were destined to spend separately. The thing is that Nikolai Alekseevich left a beautiful maid in his youth, who then received a free from the landowner and became the mistress of the inn. The meeting of two heroes raises inside them a whole storm of feelings, thoughts and experiences. However, the past cannot be returned and Nikolai Alekseevich leaves, imagining how life could have turned out differently if he had not neglected the feelings of Nadezhda. He is sure that he would be happy, reflects on how she would become his wife, mother of children and mistress of the house in St. Petersburg. True, all this will remain so. pipe dreams hero.

Thus, in the story "Dark Alleys" there are three main plot points:

The hero's stop at the inn
Meeting former lovers
Reflections on the road after what happened

The first part of the work is an episode before the characters recognize each other. Here prevails portrait characteristic characters. It is the social difference between people that is significant. For example, Nadezhda addresses the visitor “your excellency”, but the hero allows himself “Hey, who is there”.

The foundational moment is the meeting, which marks the second part of the plot. Here we see a description of feelings, emotions and experiences. Social boundaries are dropped, allowing you to get to know better actors, to counter their thoughts. Meeting with Hope for the hero is a rendezvous with his conscience. The reader understands that she has retained her inner integrity. Nikolai Alekseevich, on the contrary, feels his life is useless, aimless, he sees only its commonness and vulgarity.

The third part of the story is the actual departure and conversation with the coachman. For the hero, social boundaries are important, which he cannot neglect even for the sake of high feelings. Nikolai Alekseevich is ashamed of his words and revelations, regrets that he kissed the hand of the innkeeper and former lover.

Such a structure of the plot makes it possible to present love and past feelings as a flash that unexpectedly illuminated the ordinary and bored life of Nikolai Alekseevich. The story, built on the memories of the hero, is artistic technique, which allows the author to talk about familiar things more exciting and make an additional impression on the reader.

In the text of the work there are no instructive intonations, condemnation of the actions of the heroes or, conversely, manifestations of pity for them. The narrative is based on the description of the feelings and emotions of the characters, which are revealed to the reader and it is he who will have to evaluate what happened.

Characteristics of the main characters of the story "Dark Alleys"

In a positive light, the image of Hope appears. From the story we learn about her not so much, but this is enough to draw certain conclusions. The heroine is a former serf who is now the owner of a state-owned postal station. Having grown old, she continues to look beautiful, feel light and “out of age”. Nadezhda was able to get a good job in life thanks to her intelligence and honesty. The coachman, in a conversation with Nikolai Alekseevich, notes that she “gets richer, gives money in interest”, i.e. on loan. The heroine is characterized by practicality and enterprise.

She had to go through a lot. The feelings from the act of Nikolai Alekseevich were so strong that Nadezhda admits that she wanted to lay hands on herself. However, she was able to survive the difficulties and become stronger.

The woman continues to love, but she failed to forgive the betrayal of her beloved. She boldly declares this to Nikolai Alekseevich. The wisdom of Nadezhda arouses the reader's sympathy. For example, to the general's attempts to justify his act of the past, she replies that youth passes for everyone, but love never. These words of the heroine also speak of the fact that she knows how and can truly love, but this does not bring her happiness.

The image of Nikolai Alekseevich is in many ways opposed to Nadezhda. He is a nobleman and general, representative high society. Did good career, but in his personal life the hero is unhappy. His wife left him, and his son grew up to be an insolent and dishonorable person. The hero looks tired, while his former lover is full of strength and desire to act. He once long ago abandoned love and did not know it, having spent his whole life without happiness and pursuing false goals. "Everything passes. Everything is forgotten” – such is the position of the hero in relation to happiness and love.

Nikolai Alekseevich is already about 60 years old, but when he meets Nadezhda, he blushes like a young man. The military man recalls with shame that he left his beloved, but does he have the strength to fix what happened? No. The hero again chooses the easiest way and leaves.

The spiritual weakness of the character, the inability to distinguish true feelings from "a vulgar, ordinary story" they doom him and Nadezhda to suffering. Nikolai Alekseevich can only remember the past, his love, which "gave him the best moments of his life."

The love between Nadezhda and Nikolai Alekseevich turns out to be doomed, and the history of their relationship is full of drama. Why did it all happen? There are several reasons. This is also the weakness of the hero, who pushed away his loved one and did not see the future in his feelings for her. This is the role of prejudices in society, excluding the possibility of a relationship, and even more so marriage, between a nobleman and an ordinary maid.

The difference in views on love also predetermined the dramatic fate of the characters. If for Nadezhda feelings for a loved one are loyalty to oneself, driving force, inspiring and helping her in life, then for Nikolai Alekseevich love is a moment, a past story. The irony is that this particular moment, this part of life associated with an ex-lover, was the best moment in all years.

Bunin Ivan Alekseevich is one of the best writers our country. The first collection of his poems appeared in 1881. Then he wrote the stories "To the End of the World", "Tanka", "News from the Motherland" and some others. Released in 1901 new compilation"Leaf fall", for which the author received the Pushkin Prize.

Popularity and recognition come to the writer. He meets M. Gorky, A.P. Chekhov, L.N. Tolstoy.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Ivan Alekseevich created the stories "Zakhar Vorobyov", "Pines", " Antonov apples"and others, which depict the tragedy of the destitute, impoverished people, as well as the ruin of the estates of the nobles.

and emigration

Bunin took the October Revolution negatively, as social drama. He emigrated in 1920 to France. Here he wrote, in addition to other works, a cycle of short stories called "Dark Alleys" (an analysis of the story with by the same name from this collection we will spend a little lower). main topic cycle - love. Ivan Alekseevich reveals to us not only its bright sides, but also the dark ones, as the name itself speaks of.

Bunin's fate was both tragic and happy. In his art, he reached unsurpassed heights, the first of domestic writers received the prestigious Nobel Prize. But he was forced to live in a foreign land for thirty years, with longing for his homeland and spiritual intimacy with her.

Collection "Dark alleys"

These experiences served as an impetus for the creation of the cycle "Dark Alleys", the analysis of which we will analyze. This collection, in a truncated form, first appeared in New York in 1943. In 1946, the next edition came out in Paris, which included 38 stories. The collection differed sharply in its content from the way in which the theme of love was habitually covered in Soviet literature.

Bunin's view of love

Bunin had his own view of this feeling, different from others. His final was one - death or parting, regardless of how much the heroes loved each other. Ivan Alekseevich believed that it looked like a flash, but this is precisely what is beautiful. Love over time is replaced by affection, which gradually turns into everyday life. Bunin's heroes are deprived of this. They experience only a flash and part, having enjoyed it.

Consider the Analysis of the story that opens the cycle of the same name, let's start with short description plots.

The plot of the story "Dark Alleys"

Its plot is uncomplicated. General Nikolai Alekseevich, already an old man, arrives at the post station and meets his beloved here, whom he has not seen for about 35 years. Hope he learns not immediately. Now she is the hostess in which their first meeting once took place. The hero finds out that all this time she loved only him.

The story "Dark Alleys" continues. Nikolai Alekseevich is trying to justify himself to the woman for not visiting her for so many years. "Everything passes," he says. But these explanations are very insincere, clumsy. Nadezhda wisely answers the general, saying that youth passes for everyone, but love does not. The woman reproaches her lover that he left her heartlessly, so she wanted to lay hands on herself many times, but she realizes that now it is too late to reproach.

Let us dwell in more detail on the story "Dark Alleys". shows that Nikolai Alekseevich does not seem to feel remorse, but Nadezhda is right when she says that not everything is forgotten after all. The general also could not forget this woman, his first love. In vain he asks her: "Go away, please." And he says that if only God would forgive him, and Nadezhda, apparently, has already forgiven him. But it turns out that it isn't. The woman admits that she could not do it. Therefore, the general is forced to make excuses, to apologize to his former lover, saying that he was never happy, but he loved his wife without memory, and she left Nikolai Alekseevich, cheated on him. He adored his son, laid big hopes, but he turned out to be an insolent, spendthrift, without honor, heart, conscience.

Is there an old love left?

Let's analyze the work "Dark Alleys". Analysis of the story shows that the feelings of the main characters have not faded away. It becomes clear to us that the old love has been preserved, the heroes of this work love each other as before. Leaving, the general admits to himself that this woman gave him best moments life. For the betrayal of his first love, fate takes revenge on the hero. Does not find happiness in the life of the family Nikolai Alekseevich ("Dark Alleys"). An analysis of his experiences proves this. He realizes that he missed the chance given by fate once. When the coachman tells the general that this landlady gives money at interest and is very "cool", although fair: if she didn't return it on time, then blame yourself, Nikolai Alekseevich projects these words onto his life, reflects on what would have happened if he hadn't abandoned this woman.

What prevented the happiness of the main characters?

At one time, class prejudices prevented the fate of the future general from joining the fate of a commoner. But love did not leave the heart of the protagonist and prevented him from becoming happy with another woman, raising his son with dignity, as our analysis shows. "Dark Alleys" (Bunin) is a work that has a tragic connotation.

Nadezhda also carried love through her whole life and in the end she also ended up alone. She could not forgive the hero for the suffering caused, since he remained the most important in her life. dear person. Nikolai Alekseevich was unable to break the rules established in society, did not dare to act against them. After all, if the general married Nadezhda, he would meet the contempt and misunderstanding of those around him. A poor girl there was nothing left but to submit to fate. In those days, bright alleys of love between a peasant woman and a master were impossible. This is a public issue, not a private one.

The drama of the fate of the main characters

Bunin in his work wanted to show the dramatic fate of the main characters, who were forced to part, being in love with each other. In this world, love was doomed and especially fragile. But she lit up their whole life, forever remained in the memory of the best moments. This story is romantically beautiful, although dramatic.

In Bunin's work "Dark Alleys" (we are now analyzing this story), the theme of love is a through motif. It also permeates all creativity, thus linking the emigrant and Russian periods. It is she who allows the writer to correlate with the phenomena outer life emotional experiences, as well as to approach the mystery of the human soul, based on the influence of objective reality on it.

This concludes the analysis of "Dark Alleys". Everyone understands love in their own way. This amazing feeling has not yet been unraveled. The theme of love will always be relevant, because it is driving force many human actions the meaning of our lives. This conclusion is led, in particular, by our analysis. Bunin's "Dark Alleys" is a story that, even with its title, reflects the idea that this feeling cannot be fully understood, it is "dark", but at the same time beautiful.