An example of a final essay on the topic “Courage and cowardice as an indicator inner strength with examples from the literature.
"Courage and cowardice as an indicator of a person's inner strength"
Introduction
Courage and cowardice are born deep inside a person in childhood. Awareness of one's own spiritual power is the result of the upbringing and conditions of existence of a growing person. It is these two concepts that are responsible for how strong a person becomes, how prepared he will be for the coming life.
Problem
The problem of courage and cowardice, which are indicators of the inner spiritual strength of a person and the strength of his character, is especially relevant in our time.
Thesis #1
Today, as well as several centuries ago, there are people who find the courage to resist the conditions environment. The cowardice of others does not allow them to change something in life, they are so numb with fear of reality that they are ready to easily give up what they have.
Argumentation
So in the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" we see two types of people on the example of Tikhon Kabanov and his wife Katerina. Tikhon is weak, he is cowardly, unable to fight the despotism of his mother. He cannot change anything in his life, although she does not completely suit him. Katerina finds in herself the strength and courage to resist the prevailing circumstances, even at the cost of her own life. At least, the reader feels much more respect for Katerina than for her husband.
Conclusion
We must be strong so that in moments when it is necessary, we can take the blow of life or make vital decisions. Our inner courage will overcome any difficulties. You must not allow cowardice to take over your desires and aspirations.
Thesis №2
Attempts to step over oneself, struggling with one's own cowardice or cultivating courage within, can lead a person to utter collapse. Be that as it may, it is very important to live in harmony with yourself.
Argumentation
In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky, the main character Rodion Raskolnikov tried to give himself not the qualities that were inherent in him. He changed concepts, considered cowardice what was actually the strength of his character. In an attempt to change himself, he destroyed the lives of many people, including his own.
Conclusion
You need to accept yourself the way you are. If something strongly does not suit you, for example, lacks courage of character, then you need to fight spiritual cowardice gradually, preferably with the support of loved ones.
Thesis №3
Spiritual courage invariably breeds courage in actions. Emotional cowardice portends cowardice in action.
Argumentation
In the story of A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter"We meet with two heroes who are close in age and upbringing - Peter Grinev and Shvabrin. Only now Grinev is the embodiment of courage and spiritual strength, which allowed him to adequately overcome all life tests. And Shvabrin is a coward and a scoundrel, ready to sacrifice everyone around for his own well-being.
Conclusion
A person who behaves with dignity, nobility and steadfastness undoubtedly has courage, a special inner core that helps to solve newly emerging problems. He who is cowardly is helpless before the justice of life.
General conclusion (conclusion)
From childhood, a child needs to be educated with courage, the ability to resist life's difficulties. How older man becomes, the more difficult it is for him to adjust. Therefore, the inner ability to cope with difficulties must be cultivated almost from birth.
Courage. What it is? I think that courage is decisiveness in thoughts and actions, the ability to stand up for yourself and for other people who need your help, overcoming all kinds of fears: for example, fear of the dark, of someone else's brute force, of life's obstacles and difficulties. Is it easy to be brave? Not easy. Probably, this quality should be brought up from childhood. Overcoming your fears, moving forward despite difficulties, developing willpower in yourself, not being afraid to defend your opinion - all this will help to cultivate in yourself such a quality as courage. Synonyms for the word "courage" - "courage", "decisiveness", "courage". Antonym - "cowardice". Cowardice is one of human vices. We are afraid of many things in life, but fear and cowardice are not the same thing. I think that meanness grows out of cowardice. The cowardly will always hide in the shade, stay away, fearing for his own life will betray to save himself.
People are brave and cowardly both in war and in Everyday life, and even in love, people show their best and worst qualities. Let's look at examples from fiction.
The heroine of the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" Tatyana Larina - a girl from noble family who grew up on her parents' estate. There are many of them, but we know that Tatyana differs from others in her intelligence, integrity of nature and even courage. After all, she was the first to confess her love to Onegin, wrote him a letter in which she told about her feelings. This is a bold move. It was not customary in the society in which Tatyana lived and was brought up to talk about her love, to take the first step. But we do not despise the heroine of the novel, but admire her, because she does not know how to pretend, to flirt, she behaves simply and naturally, and is capable of decisive actions. I think that Tatyana Larina is one of those women who will not be scared. life difficulties who, if necessary, will follow his beloved to any test. And for this you need a brave and strong soul.
Such qualities as courage and cowardice in love are mentioned in the wonderful story of A.I. Kuprin "Olesya". The heroine of the work, the "Witch of the Woods", as the inhabitants call her, is a whole and courageous nature. For the sake of love, she is ready for a lot. Olesya does not refuse her beloved, even knowing that she has no future with him, that her happiness is short-lived. On the advice of Ivan Timofeevich, she goes to church, from where she is driven away and then beaten by evil and cowardly people. I think that Olesya's bright and pure feeling is worthy of respect. But Ivan Timofeevich is different. Yes, he probably loves her, but he cannot imagine a girl who grew up in the middle of the forest, who cannot even read, in her living room, in a fashionable dress, among the wives of her colleagues. His indecision can also be associated with cowardice in love. It was she who became the reason that the hero of the story lost Olesya forever. Only a string of red beads remained from her as a keepsake. Talking about the love of Olesya and Ivan Timofeevich, the author wants to say that indecision and cowardice often prevent people from finding their happiness.
In conclusion, I would like to say that this topic essays made me think about the role courage and cowardice play in our lives, how to cultivate the best human qualities, become bold and strong, do not be a coward.
Courage... What is hidden in this word? I think it is a willingness to act, to commit desperate acts, to go against the trials of fate.
Courage is often associated with risk. Is it always justified? Does it always lead to the expected result? There are many answers to these questions in literary world. So, for example, in the work of A.I. Kuprin " Garnet bracelet"The problem of courage and cowardice in love is depicted. This sublime feeling can remain completely misunderstood, unsolved, if one day a person does not step over his own timidity.
On such bold move the hero of the story, Zheltkov, did not dare.
Being a petty official, he considered himself unworthy of the love of a woman like Vera Nikolaevna Sheina, his timidity and self-doubt only aggravated the situation. The hero's feelings arose long before the princess's marriage, but he did not dare to open up to her then, he missed the opportunity. He only allowed himself to write letters, which became his lifeline, because he lived only for the love of his life. For the sake of Vera Nikolaevna, who became the meaning of his existence.
The princess herself dreamed of a calm family life and found her with a cheerful and simple Vasily. However, later, sitting at the dead body of Zheltkov, she realized that, perhaps, "that love that all women dream of, but which men are no longer capable of, passed by her."
Shyness led to tragic ending the life of Zheltkov himself, he could not bear the burden unrequited love and chose your outcome.
But, fortunately, people are not always cowardly in expressing their feelings.
For example, in the work of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" we see the brave officer Grineva, who, for the sake of his beloved, is ready to take any desperate act: to go to a duel to protect the honor of Masha Mironova, to save her from the rebels. Peter's courage and determination lead him to beautiful, sensual love. As a result, even Mary herself is ready for courage: she goes to the empress to tell the whole truth about the events that took place in Belogorsk fortress, the truth that helps save her lover.
Thus, we understand: courage in love is necessary, since often a person’s future fate depends on the courage of a person, his readiness to accept recognition.
Updated: 2017-11-10
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final essay on the topic: "Courage and cowardice »
Courage is a quality that not everyone has. It can induce people to do different things, but at any moment it can turn into misfortune, grief and even death. Many writers and poets talk about courage in love, but everyone understands this quality and its manifestation in such a complex feeling differently.
We will confirm what has been said with examples from fiction. So,
can be called a brave woman. Being given in marriage to an elderly rich merchant at a young age, the heroine never knew what love was, and was not happy. But life brings her to a young worker Sergei. Passion flares up between the characters, and while the husband is on the road, they see each other. The current situation can be seen from different sides: on the one hand, adultery is big sin, but, on the other hand, love is most often above any arguments of reason. And one can understand Katerina, who decided on a bold act and wanted to fight for her happiness. But the courage of the heroine acquired dangerous traits. She decided not to be content with just a secret relationship, but went further: she killed her lawful husband, so that Sergey would later take his place. Having committed a crime, Katerina did not stop there. In order to become a full-fledged mistress and the sole owner of a large fortune, the heroine, together with Sergei, goes to kill her husband's father-in-law and nephew. Thus, we see that for the sake of love, Katerina is ready for a lot: to transcend the laws of morality and humanity. And if we are able to understand and approve of her courage in the desire to love and be loved, then her further actions are impossible to accept.
Willing to do much for love and
A young girl who lives with her grandmother in the wilderness, because they are considered witches, falls in love with a gentleman. This love is mutual. Ivan Petrovich Poroshin is ready to despise for Olesya public opinion, although it is very difficult for him to imagine her outside the setting of the forest, outside of her wild, free life. Olesya herself is constantly tormented by vague forebodings of the tragedy. She wants to believe in a happy ending to her relationship with Poroshin, but she can't. Despite this, the girl is ready to overcome her fear for the sake of love in order to prove to her man that she is able to live among people and communicate with them. To do this, Olesya goes to a church full of people. But people do not accept the girl, in her arrival they see a bad sign and severely beat Olesya. The finale of the work is sad, as the lovers were not destined to be together. Furious villagers accuse the girl of destroying the crops by a thunderstorm, so Olesya and her grandmother are forced to flee. Despite this, we admire the courage of the girl, her desire to go in love to the end. And although love was a tragedy for Olesya, we want to believe that she taught the heroine a lot, discovered in her qualities that may have been dormant until now, including courage. Olesya's act proved the depth of her feelings.
Thus, courage in love can manifest itself in different ways in people. She makes someone fight for their feelings, to prove that you are worthy of love. But sometimes this quality in achieving seemingly “legitimate” happiness makes us abandon moral norms for the sake of a loved one. In any case, there is a limit to everything, and it is very important not to cross the line of what is acceptable in relation to the people around, even for the sake of such an incredible feeling as love.
"Courage and cowardice" - arguments for the final essay
The composition in the context of this aspect can be based on a comparison of opposite manifestations of personality - from determination and courage, the manifestation of willpower and fortitude of some heroes to the desire to evade responsibility, hide from danger, show weakness, which can even lead to betrayal.
Examples of the manifestation of these qualities of a person can be found in almost any work. classical literature.
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
As an example, we can take a comparison of Grinev and Shvabrin: the first is ready to die in the battle for the fortress, directly expresses his position to Pugachev, risking his life, under pain of death remained faithful to the oath, the second was afraid for his life and went over to the side of the enemy.
The daughter of Captain Mironov turns out to be truly courageous.
The "coward" Masha, who shuddered from the shots at the exercises in the fortress, shows remarkable courage and firmness, opposes the claims of Shvabrin, being in his full power in the fortress occupied by the Pugachevites.
The title character of the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" essentially turned out to be a coward - he completely subordinated his life to the opinion of society, which he himself despised. Realizing that he is to blame for the overdue duel and can prevent it, he does not do this, as he is afraid of the opinion of the world and gossip about himself. To avoid accusations of cowardice, he kills his friend.
A striking example true courage - the main character of the novel by M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don» Grigory Melekhov. First World War picked up Gregory and spun in a whirlwind of stormy historical events. Grigory, like a true Cossack, gives himself over to the battle. He is determined and bold. Easily captures three Germans, deftly beats off a battery from the enemy, saves an officer. Evidence of his courage - St. George's crosses and medals, officer rank.
Gregory shows courage not only in battle. He is not afraid to radically change his life, to go against the will of his father for the sake of his beloved woman. Gregory does not tolerate injustice and always speaks openly about it. He is ready to drastically change his fate, but not to change himself. Grigory Melekhov showed extraordinary courage in the search for the truth. But for him, she is not just an idea, some idealized symbol of a better human existence.
He is looking for its embodiment in life. Coming into contact with many small particles of truth and ready to accept each, he often discovers their failure when faced with life, but the hero does not stop in search of truth and justice and goes to the end, making his choice at the end of the novel.
Not afraid to completely change his life and the young monk, the hero of the poem
M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri".
The dream of a free life completely captured Mtsyri, a fighter by nature, forced by circumstances to live in a gloomy monastery hated by him. He, who has not lived a day in freedom, independently decides on a brave act - an escape from the monastery in the hope of returning to his homeland. Only in the wild, in those days that Mtsyri spent outside the monastery, all the wealth of his nature was revealed: love of freedom, thirst for life and struggle, perseverance in achieving the goal, unbending willpower, courage, contempt for danger, love for nature, understanding of its beauty and power. Mtsyri shows courage, the will to win in the fight against the leopard. In his story of how he descended from the rocks to the stream, there is contempt for the danger:
But free youth is strong,
And death seemed not terrible.
Mtsyri failed to achieve his goal - to find his homeland, his people.
“The prison has left its mark on me”, - this is how he explains the reason for his failure. Mtsyri fell victim to circumstances that turned out to be stronger than him (a stable motive of fate in the works of Lermontov). But he dies adamant, his spirit is not broken.
Great courage is required to preserve oneself, one's personality in the conditions totalitarian regime, not to abandon their ideals and ideas, including in creativity, not to submit to the conjuncture. The question of courage and cowardice is one of the central ones in the novel by M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
The words of the hero of the novel, Ga-Notsri, affirm the idea that one of the main human vices is cowardice. This idea continues throughout the novel. The all-seeing Woland, opening the “curtain” of time for us, shows that the course of history does not change human nature: Judas, Aloysia (traitors, scammers) exist at all times. But betrayal is also most likely based on cowardice - a vice that has always existed, a vice that underlies many serious sins.
Aren't traitors cowards? Aren't flatterers cowards? And if a person is lying, he is also afraid of something. Back in the 18th century French philosopher K. Helvetius argued that "after courage, there is nothing more beautiful than a confession of cowardice."
In his novel, Bulgakov claims that man is responsible for the improvement of the world in which he lives. The position of non-participation is not acceptable. Can the Master be called a hero? Most likely no. The master failed to remain a fighter to the end. The Master is not a hero, he is only a servant of the truth. The Master cannot be a hero, because he got cold feet - he refused his book. He is broken by the hardships that have befallen him, but he has broken himself. Then, when he fled from reality to the Stravinsky clinic, when he assured himself that “there is no need to wonder big plans”, he doomed himself to the inaction of the spirit. He is not a creator, he is only a Master, therefore he is only granted
Yeshua is a wandering young philosopher who came to Yershalaim to preach his doctrine. He is physically weak person, but at the same time he is a spiritually strong personality, he is a man of thought. The hero does not give up his views under any circumstances. Yeshua believes that a person can be changed for the better with kindness. It is very difficult to be kind, so it is easy to replace goodness with all sorts of surrogates, which often happens. But if a person does not get scared, does not give up his views, then such goodness is omnipotent. The “tramp,” the “weak man,” managed to turn the life of Pontius Pilate, the “almighty ruler.”
Pontius Pilate - the representative of the power of imperial Rome in Judea. The rich life experience of this man helps him to understand Ha-Nozri. Pontius Pilate does not want to ruin the life of Yeshua, he tries to persuade him to a compromise, and when this fails, he wants to persuade the high priest Kaifa to pardon Ha-Nozri on the occasion of the Easter holiday. Pontius Pilate feels both pity for Yeshua, and compassion, and fear. It is fear that ultimately determines his choice. This fear is born of dependence on the state, the need to follow its interests. Pontius Pilate for M. Bulgakov is not just a coward, an apostate, but he is also a victim. By departing from Yeshua, he destroys both himself and his soul. Even after physical death, he is doomed to mental suffering, from which only Yeshua can save him.
Margarita, in the name of her love and faith in the talent of her lover, overcomes fear and her own weakness, even overcomes circumstances.
Yes, Margarita is not perfect person: becoming a witch, she destroys the house of writers, participates in Satan's ball with the greatest sinners of all times and peoples. But she didn't flinch. Margarita fights to the end for her love. It is not for nothing that Bulgakov calls for love and mercy to be the basis of human relations.
In the novel "The Master and Margarita", according to A.Z. Vulis, there is a philosophy of retribution: what you deserve, you get. The biggest vice - cowardice - will surely entail retribution: torment of the soul and conscience. Back in The White Guard, M. Bulgakov warned: "Never run away at a rat's pace into the unknown from danger."
To take responsibility for the fate of other people, perhaps weaker ones, is also a great courage. Such is Danko - the hero of the legend from the story of M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil".
Proud, "the best of all" man, Danko died for the people. The legend told by the old woman Izergil is based on an ancient legend about a man who saved people, showed them the way from impenetrable forest. Danko had a strong-willed character: the hero did not want a slave life for his tribe, and at the same time he understood that people would not be able to for a long time live in the depths of the forest without their usual space, light. Mental fortitude, inner wealth, true perfection in biblical stories embodied on the outside beautiful people. This is how the ancient idea of a person about spiritual and physical beauty was expressed: “Danko is one of those people, a young handsome man. Beautiful
Always brave." Danko believes in own forces, therefore, does not want to spend them "on thought and longing." The hero seeks to lead people out of the darkness of the forest to freedom, where there is a lot of warmth and light. Having a strong-willed character, he takes on the role of a leader, and people "all together followed him - they believed in him." The hero was not afraid of difficulties during hard way, but he did not take into account the weakness of the people, who soon "began to grumble", because they did not have Danko's stamina and did not have a strong will. The climactic episode The story became the scene of the trial of Danko, when people, tired of the severity of the path, hungry and angry, began to blame their leader for everything: “You are an insignificant and harmful person for us! You led us and tired us, and for this you will perish! Unable to endure the difficulties, people began to shift the responsibility from themselves to Danko, wanting to find the culprit for their misfortunes. The hero, selflessly loving people, realizing that without him everyone would die, “tore his chest with his hands and tore out his heart from it and raised it high above his head.” Illuminating the dark path from the impenetrable forest with his
heart, Danko led people out of the darkness to where "the sun shone, the steppe sighed, the grass shone in the diamonds of the rain and the river sparkled with gold." Danko looked at the picture that opened before him and died. The author calls his hero a proud daredevil who died for the people. The final episode makes the reader think about the moral side of the hero's act: was Danko's death in vain, are people worthy of such a sacrifice. What is important is the image of a “cautious” person who appeared in the epilogue of the story, who was frightened of something and stepped “on a proud heart with his foot”.
The writer characterizes Danko as the best of people. Indeed, the main character traits of the hero - mental fortitude, willpower, disinterestedness, the desire to wholeheartedly serve people, courage. He sacrificed his life not only for the sake of those whom he brought out of the forest, but also for himself: he could not do otherwise, the hero needed to help people. The feeling of love filled Danko's heart, was an integral part of his nature, so M. Gorky calls the hero "the best of all." Researchers note the connection of the image of Danko with Moses, Prometheus and Jesus Christ. The name Danko is associated with the same-root words "tribute", "dam", "giving". The most important words proud, brave man in the legend: “What will I do for people ?!”
Many works of classical Russian literature raise the issue of fear of life in its various manifestations. In particular, many works of A.P. are devoted to the theme of fear and cowardice. Chekhov: "Fears", "Cossack", "Champagne", "Beauties", "Lights", "Steppe", "Man in a case",
"Death of an official", "Ionych", "Lady with a dog", "Chameleon", "Chamber
No. 6", "Fear", "Black Monk", etc.
The hero of the story "Fear" Dmitry Petrovich Silin is afraid of everything. According to the author of the story, he is "sick with the fear of life." The hero, according to Chekhov, is frightened by the incomprehensible and incomprehensible. For example, Silin is afraid of terrible events, catastrophes and the most ordinary events. He is afraid of life itself. Everything that is not clear in the world around him is a threat to him. He reflects and tries to find answers to his questions about the meaning of life and human existence. He is convinced that people understand what they see and hear, and he daily poisons himself with his own fear.
He is constantly trying to hide and retire. Dmitry Petrovich seems to be running away from life: he leaves the service in St. Petersburg due to the fact that he experiences feelings of fear and fear, and decides to live alone in his estate.
And then Silin receives a second strong blow when his wife and friend betray him. When he finds out about the betrayal, fear drives him out of the house: "His hands were trembling, he was in a hurry and looked around at the house, he was probably scared." It is not surprising that the hero of the story compares himself to a newborn midge, whose life consists of nothing but horrors.
In the story "Ward No. 6", the theme of fear also comes to the fore. The hero of the story, Andrei Efimovich, is afraid of everything and everyone. Most of all, he is afraid of reality. Nature itself looks terrible to him. The most ordinary things and objects seem frightening: "Here it is reality!" Andrey Efimovich thought. The moon, and the prison, and the nails on the fence, and the distant flame in the bone factory were terrible.
The fear of the incomprehensibility of life is presented in the story "The Man in the Case". This fear causes the hero to move away from reality. The hero of the story, Belikov, is constantly trying to "hide from life" in a case. His case is made of circulars and regulations, which he constantly follows. His fear is undefined. He is afraid of everything and at the same time of nothing in particular. The most hated thing for him is not following the rules and deviating from the regulations. Even insignificant little things plunge Belikov into mystical horror. "Reality irritated him, frightened him, kept him in constant anxiety, and, perhaps, in order to justify this timidity of his, his disgust for the present, he always praised the past and what had never happened; and the ancient languages \u200b\u200bthat he taught , were for him, in essence, the same galoshes and an umbrella where he hid from real life. If Silin, out of fear of life, tries to hide in his estate, then Belikov's fear of life makes him hide in a case of rules and strict laws and, in the end, hide underground forever.
The hero of the story "About Love" Alekhine is also afraid of everything and also prefers to hide, secluded in his estate, although he had a good opportunity to engage in literature. He is even afraid of his own love and tortures himself when he overcomes this feeling and loses the woman he loves.
The fairy tale by M.E. is dedicated to the problem of fear of life. Saltykov-Shchedrin"Wise minnow". The life of a minnow flashes before the reader, simple in its structure, based on fear of the potential dangers of the world order. The hero's father and mother lived long life and died a natural death. And before departing to another world, they bequeathed to the son to be careful, since all the inhabitants of the water world, and even man, in any
the moment can ruin it. The young minnow learned the science of his parents so well that he literally imprisoned himself in an underwater hole. He came out of it only at night, when everyone was sleeping, he was malnourished and “trembled” around the clock - if only they didn’t grab him! In this fear, he lived for 100 years, really outliving his relatives, although he was a small fish that anyone can swallow. And in this sense, his life was a success. His other dream also came true - to live in such a way that no one would ever know about the existence of wise minnow.
Before his death, the hero thinks about what would happen if all the fish lived the same way as he did. And he sees: the genus of minnows would cease! All opportunities passed him by - to make friends, start a family, raise children and pass on his life experience to them. He is clearly aware of this before his death and, deep in thought, falls asleep, and then involuntarily violates the boundaries of his hole: “his snout” is shown out of the hole. And then - scope for the reader's imagination, because the author does not report what happened to the hero, but only states that he suddenly disappeared. There were no witnesses to this incident, so that not only the task of at least living unnoticed was achieved by the minnow, but also the "super task" - to disappear unnoticed as well. The author bitterly sums up the life of his hero: "He lived - trembled, and died - trembled."
Often anxiety, caring for loved ones helps to become courageous. Shows remarkable courage a little boy from the story of A.I. Kuprin "The White Poodle" In the story, all the most important events related to the white poodle Arto. The dog is one of the artists of the wandering troupe. Grandpa Lodyzhkin appreciates him very much and says about the dog: "He feeds, waters and clothes the two of us." It is with the help of the image of a poodle that the author reveals human feelings and relationships.
Grandfather and Serezha love Artoshka and treat him like a friend and family member. That is why they do not agree to sell their beloved dog for any money. But Trilly's mother believes: "Everything is sold, what is bought." When her spoiled son wanted a dog, she offered fabulous money to the artists and did not even want to listen that the dog was not for sale. When Arto could not be bought, they decided to steal it. Here, when grandfather Lodyzhkin showed weakness, Seryozha shows determination and takes a brave deed worthy of an adult: by all means return the dog. At the risk of his life, almost getting caught by the janitor, he frees his friend.
The topic of cowardice and courage has been repeatedly addressed and contemporary writers. One of the most striking works is the story
V. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow". A new student Lena Bessoltseva comes to one of the provincial schools. She is the granddaughter of an artist who leads a secluded life, which was the reason for the removal of the townspeople from him. Classmates openly make it clear new girl, whose rules are here. Over time, she begins to be despised for her kindness and gentleness, classmates give her the nickname "Scarecrow". Lena kind soul, and she tries in every possible way to establish contact with her classmates, trying not to react to the offensive nickname. However, the cruelty of children led by class leaders knows no bounds. Only one person feels sorry for the girl and begins to be friends with her - Dima Somov. One day the children decided to skip classes and go to the cinema. Dima returned to the classroom to pick up the forgotten item. He was met by a teacher, and the boy was forced to tell the truth that his classmates had run away from classes. After that, the children decide to punish Dima for his betrayal, but suddenly Lena, who has remained neutral all this time, stands up for her friend and begins to justify him. Classmates quickly forget Dima's sin and transfer their aggression to the girl. Lena was boycotted to teach her a lesson. Cruel children burn an effigy symbolizing Lena. The girl, unable to withstand such oppression any longer, asks her grandfather to leave this city. After Bessoltseva left, the children experience pangs of conscience, they understand that they have lost something really good, an honest man but it's too late to do anything.
The clear leader in the class is the Iron Button. Her behavior is determined by the desire to be special: strong-willed, principled. However, these qualities are inherent in her only externally, she needs them to maintain leadership. At the same time, she is one of the few who partly sympathizes with Lena and distinguishes her from the rest: “I did not expect this from the Scarecrow,” the Iron Button finally broke the silence. - I hit everyone. Not all of us are capable of this. It's a pity that she turned out to be a traitor, otherwise I would have made friends with her ... And you are all squishy. You don't know what you want." And she realizes the reason for this sympathy only at the very end, at the moment of parting with Bessoltseva. It becomes obvious that Lenka is not like the others. It has an inner strength, courage, which allows you to resist lies and save spirituality.
Dimka Somov occupies a special place in the system of images of the story. At first glance, this is a person who is not afraid of anything, does not depend on others, and this differs from his peers. This is manifested in his actions: in his attempts to protect Lena, in the way he freed the dog from Valka, in the desire to be independent from his parents and earn money himself. But then it turns out that, like Red, he depended on the class and was afraid to exist separately from it. Fearing the opinions of his classmates, he turned out to be capable of repeated betrayal: he betrays Bessoltseva when he does not confess his misconduct, when he burns Lenka's effigy together with everyone, when he tries to scare her, when he throws her dress around with the others. His outer beauty does not correspond to the inner content, and in the episode of farewell to Bessoltseva, he causes only pity. Thus, none of the class passed the moral test: they did not have enough moral foundation, inner strength and courage for this.
Unlike all the characters, Lena turns out to be strong personality: nothing can push her to betrayal. Several times she forgives Somov - this testifies to her kindness. She finds the strength to survive all the insults and betrayals, not to become embittered. It is no coincidence that the action takes place against the backdrop of portraits of Lena's ancestors, especially the brave General Raevsky. Apparently, they are designed to emphasize the courage characteristic of her family.
Courage and cowardice extreme situations, at war.
Most vividly true qualities human personality manifest themselves in extreme situations, in particular, in war.
Roman L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" is not only and not so much about war, but about human characters and qualities that are manifested in difficult conditions choice and the need to act. It is important for a writer to think about true courage, about courage, heroism and cowardice as personality traits. Most clearly, these qualities are manifested in military episodes.
Drawing heroes, Tolstoy uses the technique of opposition. How different we see Prince Andrei and Zherkov in the battle of Shengraben! Bagration sends Zherkov with an order to retreat to the left flank, that is, to where the most dangerous thing is now. But Zherkov is desperately cowardly and therefore jumps not to where the shooting is, but is looking for the chiefs "in a safer place where they could not be." Thus, a vital order by this adjutant
not transferred. But it is handed over by another officer - Prince Bolkonsky. He is also scared, the balls fly right over him, but he forbids himself to be cowardly.
Zherkov was afraid to get to the battery, and at the officer’s dinner he boldly and shamelessly laughed at amazing hero, but a funny and timid man - Captain Tushin. Not knowing how courageously the battery acted, Bagration scolded the captain for leaving the gun. None of the officers found the courage to say that Tushin's battery was without cover. And only Prince Andrei was indignant at these unrest in the Russian army and the inability to appreciate true heroes, and not only justified the captain, but called him and his soldier true heroes days, to which the troops owe success.
Timokhin, inconspicuous and unremarkable under normal circumstances, also demonstrates true courage: "Timokhin, with a desperate cry, rushed at the French ... with one skewer, ran into the enemy, so the French ... dropped their weapons and ran."
One of the main characters of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky, possessed such qualities as pride, courage, decency and honesty. At the beginning of the novel, he is dissatisfied with the emptiness of society and therefore goes to military service in the active army. Going to war, he dreams of accomplishing a feat and earning people's love. In the war, he shows courage and courage, the soldiers characterize him as a strong, courageous and demanding officer. In the first place, he puts honor, duty and justice. During the battle of Austerlitz, Andrey accomplishes a feat: he picks up a banner that has fallen from the hands of a wounded soldier and drags the soldiers fleeing in a panic with him.
Another hero who goes through a test of his character is Nikolai Rostov. When the plot logic leads him to the Shengraben battlefield, the “moment of truth” arrives. Until that time, the hero is absolutely sure of his courage and that he will not disgrace himself in battle. But, having seen the true face of the war, coming close to death, Rostov realizes the impossibility of murder and death. “It can't be that they want to kill me,” he thinks, running away from the French. He is confused. Instead of shooting, he throws his gun at the enemy. His fear is not fear of the enemy. He is possessed by a "feeling of fear for his happy young life."
Petya is the youngest in the Rostov family, his mother's favorite. He enters the war very young, and the main objective for him - to accomplish a feat, to become a hero: "... Petya was in a constantly happy-excited state
joy that he is big, and in constant enthusiastic haste not to miss any case of real heroism. He has little combat experience, but a lot of youthful fervor. Therefore, he boldly rushes into the thick of the battle and falls under enemy fire. Despite his young age (16), Petya is desperately brave and sees his mission in serving the fatherland.
Great Patriotic War gave much material for reflection on courage and cowardice.
True courage, courage in war can be shown not only by a soldier, a warrior, but also by a simple person who, by the forces of circumstances, is involved in a terrible cycle of events. Such a story of a simple woman is described in the novel by V.A. Zakrutkin "Mother of Man".
In September 1941, the Nazi troops advanced far into the depths of Soviet territory. Many regions of Ukraine and Belarus were occupied. He remained on the territory occupied by the Germans and a farm lost in the steppes, where a young woman Maria, her husband Ivan and their son Vasyatka lived happily. Having seized the previously peaceful and abundant land, the Nazis ruined everything, burned the farm, drove people to Germany, and hanged Ivan and Vasyatka. Only Mary managed to escape. Alone, she had to fight for her life and for the life of her unborn child.
Further events of the novel reveal the greatness of the soul of Mary, who has become truly the Mother of Man. Hungry, exhausted, she does not think about herself at all, saving the girl Sanya, mortally wounded by the Nazis. Sanya replaced the deceased Vasyatka, became a part of the life of Mary, which was trampled on by the fascist invaders. When the girl dies, Maria almost goes crazy, not seeing the meaning of her continued existence. And yet she finds the courage to live.
Feeling a burning hatred for the Nazis, Maria, having met a wounded young German, frantically throws herself at him with a pitchfork, wanting to avenge her son and husband. But the German, a defenseless boy, shouted: “Mom! Mother!" And the heart of a Russian woman trembled. The great humanism of the simple Russian soul is extremely simply and clearly shown by the author in this scene.
Maria felt her duty to the people driven to Germany, so she began to harvest from the collective farm fields not only for herself, but also for those who, perhaps, would still return home. A sense of accomplishment supported her in difficult and lonely days. Soon she had a large household, because on the plundered and burned farmstead of Mary
all living things flowed. Maria became, as it were, the mother of all the land surrounding her, the mother who buried her husband, Vasyatka, Sanya, Werner Bracht, and completely unfamiliar to her, who was killed on the front line political leader Slava. Maria was able to take under her roof seven Leningrad orphans, brought by the will of fate to her farm.
This is how this courageous woman met Soviet troops with kids. And when the first entered the burnt farm soviet soldiers, It seemed to Mary that she gave birth not only to her son, but also to all the war-deprived children of the world ...
The story of V. Bykov "Sotnikov" emphasizes the problem of genuine and imaginary courage and heroism, which is the essence of storyline works. The main characters of the story - Sotnikov and Rybak - behaved differently under the same circumstances. Rybak, being afraid, agreed to join the police, hoping to return to the partisan detachment at an opportunity. Sotnikov chooses a heroic death, because he is a man with a heightened sense of responsibility, duty, the ability not to think about himself, about his own fate, when the fate of the Motherland is being decided. The death of Sotnikov was his moral triumph: "And if anything else he cared about in life, it was his last duties towards people." The fisherman, on the other hand, discovered shameful cowardice, cowardice, and for the sake of his own salvation agreed to become a policeman: "There was an opportunity to live - this is the main thing. Everything else - then."
The enormous moral strength of Sotnikov lies in the fact that he was able to accept suffering for his people, to maintain faith, not to succumb to the thought that Rybak succumbed to.
In the face of death, a person becomes what he really is. Here the depth of his convictions, civic fortitude are tested. This idea can be traced in V. Rasputin's story "Live and Remember".
The heroes of the story, Nastena and Guskov, face a problem moral choice. A deserter husband, who became a deserter by accident: after being wounded, a vacation followed, but for some reason they didn’t give him, they were immediately sent to the front. And passing by home, an honestly fought soldier cannot stand it. He runs home, succumbs to the fear of death, becomes a deserter and a coward, condemning to death everyone for whom he went to fight, whom he loved so much: his wife Nastya and the child they had been waiting for ten years. And the rushing Nastena cannot withstand the weight that has fallen on her. Not
endures because her soul is too pure, her moral thoughts are too high, although she may not even know such a word. And she makes her choice: she goes with her unborn child into the waters of the Yenisei, because it is a shame to live like this in the world. And it is not only the deserter that Rasputin addresses his “live and remember.” He speaks to us, the living: live, remembering that you always have a choice.
In the story of K.D. Vorobyov "Killed near Moscow" tells about the tragedy of young Kremlin cadets sent to their death during the German offensive near Moscow in the winter of 1941. In the story, the writer shows "the merciless, terrible truth of the first months of the war." The heroes of K. Vorobyov's story are young... The writer tells about what the Motherland, war, enemy, home, honor, death are for them. The whole horror of war is shown through the eyes of cadets. Vorobyov draws the path of the Kremlin cadet Lieutenant Alexei Yastrebov to victory over himself, over the fear of death, the path of gaining courage. Alexey wins, because in a tragically cruel world, where the war is now the master of everything, he has retained his dignity and humanity, good nature and love for his homeland. The death of the company, the suicide of Ryumin, the death under the caterpillars of German tanks that survived the raid of cadets - all this completed the reassessment of values in the mind of the protagonist.
The story of V. Kondratiev "Sasha" reveals the whole truth about the war, smelling of sweat and blood. The battles near Rzhev were terrible, exhausting, with huge human losses. And the war does not appear in pictures of heroic battles - it's just hard, hard, dirty work. A man in war is in extreme, inhuman conditions. Will he be able to remain a man next to death, blood mixed with dirt, cruelty and pain for the desecrated land and dead friends?
Sasha is an ordinary infantryman, he has been fighting for two months now and has seen a lot of terrible things. In two months, sixteen out of one hundred and fifty people remained in the company. V. Kondratiev shows several episodes from Sasha's life. Here he gets boots for the company commander, risking his life, here he returns to the company under fire to say goodbye to the guys and give up his machine gun, here he leads the orderlies to the wounded, not relying on the fact that they themselves will find him, here he takes the German prisoner and refuses shoot him... Sasha shows desperate courage - he takes the German with his bare hands: he has no cartridges, he gave his disk to the company commander. But the war did not kill his kindness and humanity.
Ordinary girls did not want war either - the heroines of B. Vasiliev's book "The Dawns Here Are Quiet ...". Rita, Zhenya, Lisa, Galya, Sonya entered into an unequal struggle with the Nazis. The war made ordinary yesterday's schoolgirls into courageous warriors, because always "in important eras life... in the very ordinary person the spark of heroism flares up ... ".
Rita Osyanina, strong-willed and gentle, she is the most courageous and fearless, because she is a mother! She protects the future of her son, and therefore is ready to die so that he can live. Zhenya Komelkova is a cheerful, funny, beautiful, mischievous to the point of adventurism, desperate and tired of the war, of pain and love, long and painful, to a distant and married man. She, without hesitation, leads the Germans away from Vaskov and the wounded Rita. Saving them, she dies herself. “And she could have buried herself,” Vaskov says later, “but she didn’t want to.” She didn’t want to, because she realized that she was saving others, that her son needed Rita - she had to live. Willingness to die in order to save another - isn't this real courage? Sonya Gurvich - the embodiment of an excellent student and a poetic nature, a "beautiful stranger" who came out of a volume of poetry by A. Blok - rushes to save Vaskov's pouch and dies at the hands of a fascist. Liza Brichkina...
“Ah, Lisa-Lizaveta, I didn’t have time, I couldn’t overcome the quagmire of war.” But after all, without much thought, she ran back to her for help. Was it scary? Yes, sure. Alone among the swamps ... but it was necessary - and she went without a moment's hesitation. Isn't this courage born of war?
Main character B. Vasiliev’s works “He was not on the lists” - Lieutenant Nikolai Pluzhnikov, who recently graduated military school. This is an enthusiastic young man, full of hope and believing that "... every commander must first serve in the troops." Talking about short life lieutenant, B. Vasiliev shows how a young man becomes a hero.
Having been assigned to the Special Western District, Kolya was happy. As if on wings, he flew to the city of Brest-Litovsk, in a hurry to decide on a unit as soon as possible. His guide through the city was the girl Mirra, who helped him get to the fortress. Before reporting to the regimental duty officer, Kolya went into the warehouse to clean his uniform. And at that time the first explosion was heard ... So for Pluzhnikov the war began.
Barely having time to jump out before the second explosion, blocking the entrance to the warehouse, the lieutenant began his first battle. He aspired to accomplish a feat, thinking proudly: “I went on a real attack and, it seems, I killed someone. Eat
what to say..." And the very next day he was frightened by the German machine gunners and, saving his life, abandoned the fighters who had already trusted him.
From this moment, the consciousness of the lieutenant begins to change. He blames himself for cowardice and sets himself the goal: at all costs not to let the enemies capture Brest fortress. Pluzhnikov realizes that true heroism and feat require courage, responsibility, readiness to “lay down one’s life for one’s friends” from a person. And we see how the awareness of duty becomes driving force his actions: you can’t think about yourself, because the Motherland is in danger. Having gone through all the cruel trials of the war, Nikolai became an experienced fighter, ready to give everything for the sake of victory and firmly believing that "it is impossible to defeat a person, even by killing."
Feeling a blood connection with the Fatherland, he remained faithful to his military duty, calling for him to fight his enemies to the end. After all, the lieutenant could have left the fortress, and this would not have been desertion on his part, because he was not on the lists. Pluzhnikov understood that defending the Motherland was his sacred duty.
Left alone in the ruined fortress, the lieutenant met the foreman Semishny, who from the very beginning of the siege of Brest wore the banner of the regiment on his chest. Dying of hunger and thirst, with a broken spine, the foreman kept this shrine, firmly believing in the liberation of our Motherland. Pluzhnikov accepted the banner from him, having received an order to survive at all costs and return the scarlet banner to Brest.
Nikolai had to go through a lot during these harsh days of trials. But no troubles could break a person in him and extinguish his fiery love for the Fatherland, because “in important epochs of life, sometimes a spark of heroism flares up in the most ordinary person” ...
The Germans drove him into a casemate, from which there was no second way out. Pluzhnikov hid the banner and went out into the light, saying to the man sent for him: “The fortress did not fall: it simply bled out. I am her last drop...” How Nikolai Pluzhnikov is deeply revealed in his human essence in the final scene of the novel, when he, accompanied by Ruvim Svitsky, leaves the casemate. It is written, if you turn for an analogy to musical creativity, according to the principle of the final chord.
All those in the fortress looked with surprise at Nicholas, this
"the unconquered son of the unconquered Motherland." In front of them stood "an incredibly thin, no longer aged man." The lieutenant was "no cap, long
his gray hair touched his shoulders... He stood sternly upright, his head thrown high, and, without looking up, looked at the sun with blinded eyes. And from those unblinking, intent eyes, tears flowed uncontrollably.
Marveling at Pluzhnikov's heroism, the German soldiers and the general gave him the highest military honors. “But he did not see these honors, and if he did, he would not care anymore. He was above all conceivable honors, above glory, above life, above death. Lieutenant Nikolai Pluzhnikov was not born a hero. The author tells in detail about his pre-war life. He is the son of Commissar Pluzhnikov, who died at the hands of the Basmachi. Even at the school, Kolya considered himself a model of a general who participated in the Spanish events. And in the conditions of war, the unfired lieutenant was forced to take independent solutions; when he received the order to retreat, he did not leave the fortress. This structure of the novel helps to understand spiritual world not only Pluzhnikov, but all the courageous defenders of the fatherland.
